Imvugo no guhuza ibikorwa bya HPMC / HPS

Imvugo no guhuza kwaHPMC/HPSUrusobekerane

Amagambo y'ingenzi: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; hydroxypropyl ibinyamisogwe; imiterere ya rheologiya; guhuza; guhindura imiti.

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) ni polymer polysaccharide ikunze gukoreshwa mugutegura firime ziribwa. Ikoreshwa cyane mubijyanye n'ibiryo n'ubuvuzi. Filime ifite transparency nziza, imiterere ya mashini hamwe na barrière ya peteroli. Nyamara, HPMC ni gel iterwa n'ubushyuhe, iganisha ku mikorere idahwitse ku bushyuhe buke no gukoresha ingufu nyinshi; hiyongereyeho, igiciro cyacyo gihenze kigabanya imikoreshereze yagutse harimo na farumasi. Hydroxypropyl krahisi (HPS) ni ibintu biribwa bikoreshwa cyane mubiribwa nubuvuzi. Ifite amasoko atandukanye kandi igiciro gito. Nibikoresho byiza kugabanya igiciro cya HPMC. Byongeye kandi, ubukonje bwa gel bukonje bwa HPS burashobora kuringaniza ubwiza nibindi bintu bya rheologiya ya HPMC. , kunoza imikorere yayo yo gutunganya ubushyuhe buke. Mubyongeyeho, firime iribwa ya HPS ifite inzitizi nziza ya ogisijeni, bityo irashobora kunoza cyane imiterere ya ogisijeni ya firime ya HPMC iribwa.

HPS yongerewe muri HPMC kugirango yuzuze, hanyuma hubatswe sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye ihindagurika. Itegeko ry’ingaruka z’imitungo ryaganiriweho, uburyo bw’imikoranire hagati ya HPS na HPMC mu gukemura, haganiriwe ku guhuza no guhinduranya icyiciro cya sisitemu y’imvange, maze hashyirwaho isano iri hagati y’imiterere y’imiterere n’imiterere ya sisitemu. Ibisubizo byerekana ko sisitemu yimvange ifite kwibanda cyane (8%), munsi yibitekerezo bikomeye, HPMC na HPS bibaho muminyururu yigenga ya molekile yigenga no mubice byicyiciro; hejuru yibitekerezo bikomeye, icyiciro cya HPS gikozwe mubisubizo nkikigo cya gel, Imiterere ya microgel, ihujwe no guhuza iminyururu ya molekile ya HPMC, yerekana imyitwarire isa niy'umuti wa polymer ushonga. Imiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu yikomatanyirizo hamwe nigereranya ryikomatanya bihuye namategeko ya logarithmic, kandi yerekana urwego runaka rwo gutandukana kwiza nibibi, byerekana ko ibice byombi bifite aho bihurira. Sisitemu yo guhuza ni icyiciro gikomeza icyiciro cya "inyanja-kirwa" cyubushyuhe buke, kandi icyiciro gihoraho kibaho kuri 4: 6 hamwe no kugabanuka kwa HPMC / HPS.

Nkigice cyingenzi cyibicuruzwa byibiribwa, gupakira ibiryo birashobora kubuza ibiryo kwangirika no kwanduzwa nimpamvu zituruka hanze mugihe cyo kuzenguruka no kubika, bityo bikongerera igihe cyo kubika no kubika ibiryo. Nubwoko bushya bwibikoresho byo gupakira ibiryo bifite umutekano kandi biribwa, ndetse bifite agaciro kintungamubiri, firime iribwa ifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa mubipfunyika no kubika, ibiryo byihuse na capsules ya farumasi, kandi byahindutse ubushakashatsi mubiribwa byubu. gupakira imirima ijyanye.

HPMC / HPS igizwe na membrane yateguwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gukina. Ubwuzuzanye no gutandukanya icyiciro cya sisitemu yibumbiye hamwe byakorewe ubushakashatsi kuri scanning electron microscopi, isesengura ryimitungo ya dinamike yimikorere hamwe nisesengura rya thermogravimetric, hamwe nubukanishi bwibintu bigize membrane yibumbiye hamwe. na ogisijeni yinjira hamwe nibindi bintu bya membrane. Ibisubizo byerekana ko ntamwanya ugaragara wibyiciro bibiri biboneka mumashusho ya SEM ya firime zose zihuriweho, hariho ikirahuri kimwe gusa cyo guhinduranya ikirahuri muri DMA ibisubizo bya firime nyinshi, kandi impinga imwe gusa yo kugabanuka yubushyuhe igaragara mumirongo ya DTG. ya firime nyinshi. HPMC ifite aho ihurira na HPS. Kwiyongera kwa HPS muri HPMC bitezimbere cyane imitekerereze ya ogisijeni yibice bigize membrane. Imiterere yubukanishi bwibintu bitandukanye biratandukanye cyane hamwe no kugereranya hamwe nubushuhe bugereranije bwibidukikije, kandi bikerekana aho byambukiranya imipaka, bishobora gutanga ibisobanuro byerekana neza ibicuruzwa bisabwa bitandukanye.

Microscopique morphologie, gukwirakwiza icyiciro, inzibacyuho yicyiciro nizindi microstructures ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yizwe nubushakashatsi bworoshye bwo gusiga amarangi ya iyode yo mu bwoko bwa optique ya microscope, naho gukorera mu mucyo hamwe nubukanishi bwa sisitemu yo guhuza ibice byakozwe na ultraviolet spectrophotometer hamwe nogupima imitungo ya mashini. Isano iri hagati yimiterere ya microscopique morphologique na macroscopique imikorere yuzuye ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yashizweho. Ibisubizo byerekana ko umubare munini wa mesofase uhari muri sisitemu yo guhuza, ifite ubwuzuzanye bwiza. Hariho icyiciro cyinzibacyuho muri sisitemu yo guhuza, kandi iki cyiciro cyinzibacyuho gifite igipimo runaka cyo kugereranya hamwe nigisubizo cyibisubizo. Ingingo yo hasi cyane yo gukorera mu mucyo ya sisitemu ihuza hamwe nicyiciro cyinzibacyuho ya HPMC kuva icyiciro gikomeza kugeza icyiciro gitatanye hamwe nu ngingo ntoya ya modulus. Modulus ya Young no kurambura kuruhuka byagabanutse hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo byibisubizo, byari bifitanye isano nimpamvu yo kwimuka kwa HPMC kuva mukiciro gikomeza kugera kumurongo watatanye.

Rheometero yakoreshejwe mu kwiga ingaruka zo guhindura imiti ya HPS kumiterere ya rheologiya hamwe na gel ya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye ihinduranya-feri ya gel. Ubushobozi ninzibacyuho byizwe, kandi umubano hagati ya microstructure na rheologiya na gel washyizweho. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byerekana ko hydroxypropylation ya HPS ishobora kugabanya ubukonje bwa sisitemu y’imvange ku bushyuhe buke, igateza imbere amazi y’ibisubizo, kandi bikagabanya ibintu byo kunanuka; hydroxypropylation ya HPS irashobora kugabanya umurongo wa viscosity ya sisitemu yo guhuza. Mu karere ka elastique, ubushyuhe bwinzibacyuho ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS buragabanuka, kandi imyitwarire isa nkiyimikorere ya sisitemu ivanze nubushyuhe buke kandi amazi atemba hejuru. HPMC na HPS bigize ibyiciro bikomeza ku bushyuhe buke n'ubushyuhe buri hejuru, kandi nkuko ibyiciro bitatanye bigena imiterere ya rheologiya hamwe na gel imiterere ya sisitemu ikomatanya ku bushyuhe buke kandi buke. Byombi impinduka zitunguranye muburyo bwa viscosity curve ya sisitemu ikomatanyirijwe hamwe nimpinga ya tan delta mugice cyo gutakaza igihombo igaragara kuri 45 ° C, ibyo bikaba bisubiramo icyerekezo gikomeza icyiciro cyagaragaye muri micrografi yandujwe na iyode kuri 45 ° C.

Ingaruka zo guhindura imiti ya HPS kumiterere ya kristalline hamwe na micro-igabana ya firime igizwe na firime yakozwe na tekinoroji ya synchrotron imirasire ntoya ya X-ray ikwirakwiza, hamwe nubukanishi, imiterere ya ogisijeni hamwe nubushyuhe bwa firime ya firime. sisitemu yize ku buryo bugaragara imiterere yimiterere yimiti yibigize ibice kuri microstructure hamwe na macroscopique yibintu bya sisitemu. Ibisubizo by'imirasire ya synchrotron byerekanaga ko hydroxypropylation ya HPS hamwe no kunoza ubwuzuzanye bwibice byombi bishobora kubuza cyane kongera guhinduranya krahisi muri membrane kandi bigateza imbere imiterere yimiterere isa nayo muri membrane. Imiterere ya macroscopique nkibikoresho byubukanishi, ituze ryumuriro hamwe na ogisijeni ya HPMC / HPS yibumbiye hamwe bifitanye isano rya bugufi nimiterere yimbere ya kristaline imbere hamwe nakarere ka amorphous. Ingaruka ihuriweho n'ingaruka zombi.

Igice cya mbere Intangiriro

Nkigice cyingenzi cyibicuruzwa byibiribwa, ibikoresho byo gupakira ibiryo birashobora kurinda ibiryo kwangirika kwumubiri, imiti n’ibinyabuzima ndetse n’umwanda mugihe cyo kuzenguruka no kubika, kugumana ubwiza bwibiryo ubwabyo, koroshya ibiryo, no guhaza ibiryo. Kubika igihe kirekire no kubibungabunga, no gutanga ibiryo bigaragara kugirango bikurure kandi ubone agaciro karenze ikiguzi cyibintu [1-4]. Nubwoko bushya bwibikoresho byo gupakira ibiryo bifite umutekano kandi biribwa, ndetse bifite agaciro kintungamubiri, firime iribwa ifite amahirwe menshi yo gukoreshwa mubipfunyika no kubika, ibiryo byihuse na capsules ya farumasi, kandi byahindutse ubushakashatsi mubiribwa byubu. gupakira imirima ijyanye.

Filime ziribwa ni firime zifite imiterere y'urusobekerane, mubisanzwe tubona mugutunganya polimeri ziribwa bisanzwe. Polimeri nyinshi zisanzwe ziri muri kamere zifite imiterere ya gel, kandi ibisubizo byamazi birashobora gukora hydrogène mubihe bimwe na bimwe, nka polyisikaride karemano, proteyine, lipide, nibindi. Imiterere ya polysaccharide isanzwe nka krahisi na selile, kubera imiterere yihariye ya molekile yimiterere yiminyururu miremire ya helix hamwe n’imiti ihamye y’imiti, irashobora kuba iy'igihe kirekire n’ibidukikije bitandukanye, kandi yarizwe cyane nkibikoresho byo gukora firime biribwa. Filime ziribwa zakozwe muri polysaccharide imwe akenshi zifite aho zigarukira mubikorwa. Kubwibyo, kugirango ukureho imipaka ya firime imwe ya polysaccharide iribwa, kubona ibintu byihariye cyangwa guteza imbere imirimo mishya, kugabanya ibiciro byibicuruzwa, no kwagura ibyo usabwa, mubisanzwe hakoreshwa ubwoko bubiri bwa polysaccharide. Cyangwa ibyavuzwe haruguru bya polysaccharide byiyongereye kugirango bigere ku ngaruka zumutungo wuzuzanya. Ariko, kubera itandukaniro ryimiterere ya molekile hagati ya polymers zitandukanye, hariho entropie runaka ihuza, kandi polymer nyinshi zirahuza igice cyangwa ntizihuze. Icyiciro cya morphologie hamwe no guhuza polymer complex bizagena imiterere yibintu bigize. Guhindura amateka n'amateka mugihe cyo gutunganya bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere. Kubwibyo, imiterere ya macroscopique nkimiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu ya polymer yizwe. Isano iri hagati yimiterere ya microscopique nka morphologie ya fonctionnement na guhuza ni ngombwa muguhuza imikorere, gusesengura no guhindura ibikoresho bikomatanyije, tekinoroji yo gutunganya, kuyobora igishushanyo mbonera no gutunganya imashini, no gusuzuma umusaruro. Imikorere yo gutunganya ibicuruzwa niterambere no gukoresha ibikoresho bishya bya polymer bifite akamaro kanini.

Muri iki gice, imiterere yubushakashatsi niterambere ryimikorere yibikoresho bya firime biribwa bisubirwamo birambuye; uko ubushakashatsi bwa hydrogels karemano; intego nuburyo bwo guhuza polymer niterambere ryubushakashatsi bwo guhuza polysaccharide; uburyo bwubushakashatsi bwa rheologiya bwo guhuza sisitemu; Imiterere ya rheologiya hamwe nicyitegererezo cyubwubatsi bwa sisitemu ikonje kandi ishyushye isesengurwa kandi iganirwaho, hamwe nubusobanuro bwubushakashatsi, intego yubushakashatsi nubushakashatsi bwibirimo.

1.1 Filime iribwa

Filime iribwa bivuga kongeramo plasitike hamwe noguhuza ibintu bishingiye kubintu bisanzwe biribwa (nka polysaccharide yubatswe, lipide, proteyine), binyuze mumikoranire itandukanye, hagati yo guhuza, gushyushya, gutwikira, gukama, nibindi. Firime hamwe numuyoboro wuzuye imiterere yashizweho no kuvura. Irashobora gutanga imirimo itandukanye nkibishobora guhitamo inzitizi kuri gaze, ubushuhe, ibirimo nibintu byangiza byo hanze, kugirango bizamure ubwiza bwimiterere nimiterere yimbere yibiribwa, kandi byongere igihe cyo guhunika cyangwa igihe cyo kubika ibicuruzwa byibiribwa.

1.1.1 Amateka yiterambere ya Firime ziribwa

Iterambere rya firime iribwa irashobora kuva mu kinyejana cya 12 na 13. Muri kiriya gihe, Abashinwa bakoresheje uburyo bworoshye bwo gushashara kuri kote citrusi n'indimu, byagabanije neza gutakaza amazi mu mbuto n'imboga, ku buryo imbuto n'imboga byakomezaga kurabagirana, bityo bikongerera igihe cyo kuramba n'imbuto kandi imboga, ariko bikabuza cyane guhumeka mu kirere imbuto n'imboga, bikaviramo kwangirika kwimbuto. Mu kinyejana cya 15, Abanyaziya bari baratangiye gukora firime iribwa n'amata ya soya, kandi barayakoresha mu kurinda ibiryo no kongera isura y'ibiryo [20]. Mu kinyejana cya 16, Abongereza bakoresheje ibinure mu gutwikira ibiryo kugira ngo bagabanye igihombo cy’ibiribwa. Mu kinyejana cya 19, sucrose yakoreshejwe bwa mbere nk'igifuniko kiribwa ku mbuto, amande na hazelnuts kugira ngo birinde okiside ndetse n'ubukonje mu gihe cyo kubika. Mu myaka ya 1830, firime zishyushye zashushe za paraffin zagaragaye ku mbuto nka pome na puwaro. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, filime ya Gelatin yatewe hejuru y'ibicuruzwa by'inyama n'ibindi biribwa kugira ngo bibungabungwe. Mu ntangiriro ya 1950, ibishashara bya carnauba, nibindi, byari byarakozwe mumavuta-mumazi yo gutwikira no kubungabunga imbuto n'imboga mbisi. Mu mpera za 1950, ubushakashatsi kuri firime ziribwa zikoreshwa mubikomoka ku nyama zatangiye gutera imbere, kandi urugero rwagutse kandi rwatsinze ni ibicuruzwa biva mu mara bitunganyirizwa mu mara mato mato bikinjira.

Kuva mu myaka ya za 1950, dushobora kuvuga ko igitekerezo cya firime ziribwa cyatanzwe gusa. Kuva icyo gihe, abashakashatsi benshi bagize ubushake bukomeye muri firime ziribwa. Mu 1991, Nisperes yakoresheje carboxymethyl selulose (CMC) mu gutwikira no kubungabunga ibitoki n'izindi mbuto, guhumeka imbuto byagabanutse, kandi gutakaza chlorophyll byatinze. Parike n'abandi. muri 1994 yatangaje ko inzitizi zikomeye za firime ya zein proteine ​​kuri O2 na CO2, byateje imbere gutakaza amazi, guhanagura no guhindura amabara y'inyanya. Mu 1995, Lourdin yakoresheje umuti wa alkaline wo kuvura ibinyamisogwe, yongeraho glycerine mu ikoti rya strawberry kugira ngo agire agashya, ibyo bikaba byaragabanije igabanuka ry’amazi y’ibyatsi kandi bitinda kwangirika. Baberjee yateje imbere imiterere ya firime iribwa mu 1996 akoresheje micro-liquefaction hamwe na ultrasonic ivura amazi akora firime, bityo ubunini bwibice byamazi akora firime bwaragabanutse kuburyo bugaragara kandi ihame ry’imitekerereze ya emulsiya ryaratejwe imbere. Mu 1998, Padegett n'abandi. wongeyeho lysozyme cyangwa nisin muri poroteyine ya soya ya soya iribwa kandi uyikoresha mu gupfunyika ibiryo, ugasanga gukura kwa bagiteri ya acide lactique mu biryo byabujijwe neza [30]. Mu 1999, Yin Qinghong n'abandi. yakoresheje ibishashara kugirango ikore firime yo kubika no kubika pome nizindi mbuto, zishobora kubuza guhumeka, gukumira kugabanuka no kugabanuka, no kubuza mikorobe.

Kumyaka myinshi, imigati yo guteka ibigori byo gupakira ice cream, impapuro z'umuceri glutinous zo gupakira bombo, hamwe nimpu za tofu kumasahani yinyama nibisanzwe biribwa. Ariko gukoresha ubucuruzi bwa firime ziribwa wasangaga bitabaho mu 1967, ndetse no kubika imbuto zishashaye mu bishashara byari bifite imikoreshereze mike mu bucuruzi. Kugeza mu 1986, ibigo bike byatangiye gutanga ibicuruzwa biribwa bya firime biribwa, kandi kugeza mu 1996, umubare w’amasosiyete y’amafirime aribwa wariyongereye ugera ku barenga 600. Kugeza ubu, ikoreshwa rya firime ziribwa mu kubungabunga ibipfunyika by’ibiribwa ryiyongereye, kandi ryageze kuri buri mwaka yinjiza miliyoni zirenga 100 z'amadolari y'Amerika.

1.1.2 Ibiranga nubwoko bwa firime ziribwa

Nk’ubushakashatsi bufite akamaro, firime iribwa ifite ibyiza byingenzi bikurikira: firime iribwa irashobora gukumira kugabanuka no kwangirika kwubwiza bwibiribwa biterwa no kwimuka kwimuka ryibintu bitandukanye; ibice bimwe bya firime biribwa ubwabyo bifite agaciro kintungamubiri nibikorwa byubuzima; firime iribwa ifite inzitizi zidasanzwe kuri CO2, O2 nizindi myuka; firime iribwa irashobora gukoreshwa kuri microwave, guteka, ibiryo bikaranze hamwe nubuvuzi bwa firime no gutwikira; firime iribwa irashobora gukoreshwa nka antioxydants na preservatives hamwe nizindi zitwara, bityo bikongerera igihe cyo kurya ibiryo; firime iribwa irashobora gukoreshwa nkitwara ryamabara hamwe nimbaraga zongera imirire, nibindi, kugirango ubuziranenge bwibiribwa kandi butezimbere ibyokurya; firime iribwa ifite umutekano kandi iribwa, kandi irashobora gukoreshwa hamwe nibiryo; Amafirime yo gupakira arashobora gukoreshwa mugupakira ibintu bike cyangwa ibice byibiribwa, kandi bigakora ibice byinshi byuzuzanya hamwe nibikoresho gakondo bipakira, biteza imbere inzitizi rusange yibikoresho byo gupakira.

Impamvu ituma firime zipakirwa ziribwa zifite imiterere yimikorere yavuzwe haruguru ahanini ishingiye kumiterere yimiterere yibice bitatu-byimiterere yabyo imbere, bityo bikerekana imbaraga ninzitizi. Imiterere yimikorere ya firime yo gupakira iribwa bigira ingaruka cyane kumiterere yibigize, kandi urwego rwimbere rwa polymer rwimbere, guhuza hamwe nubucucike bwimiterere y'urusobe nabyo bigira ingaruka kubikorwa bitandukanye byo gukora firime. Hariho itandukaniro rigaragara mubikorwa [15, 35]. Filime ziribwa nazo zifite ibindi bintu bimwe na bimwe nko gukemuka, ibara, gukorera mu mucyo, nibindi. Ibikoresho bikwiye byo gupakira firime birashobora gutoranywa ukurikije ibidukikije bitandukanye bikoreshwa hamwe nibitandukaniro mubintu bigomba gupakirwa.

Ukurikije uburyo bwo gukora firime iribwa, irashobora kugabanywamo firime no gutwikira: (1) Filime yigenga yateguwe mbere yiswe firime. . Filime zikoreshwa cyane cyane mubiribwa birimo ibintu bitandukanye bigomba gupakirwa kugiti cyawe (nkibipaki byikirayi hamwe nudupaki twamavuta mubiribwa byoroshye), ibiryo bifite ibintu bimwe ariko bigomba kubipakira bitandukanye (nkibipaki bito byikawa, ifu y amata, n'ibindi), n'imiti cyangwa ibicuruzwa byita ku buzima. Ibikoresho bya capsule; gutwikira bikoreshwa cyane cyane mukubungabunga ibiryo bishya nkimbuto n'imboga, ibikomoka ku nyama, gutwikira ibiyobyabwenge hamwe no guteranya microcapsules irekurwa.

Ukurikije ibikoresho bigize firime ya firime yo gupakira biribwa, irashobora kugabanywamo: firime iribwa ya polysaccharide, protein iribwa, film iribwa na lipide, firime ya mikorobe iribwa hamwe na firime iribwa.

1.1.3 Gukoresha firime iribwa

Nubwoko bushya bwibikoresho byo gupakira ibiryo bifite umutekano kandi biribwa, ndetse bifite agaciro kintungamubiri, firime iribwa ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byo gupakira ibiryo, umurima wa farumasi, kubika no kubika imbuto n'imboga, gutunganya no kubika y'inyama n'ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi, kubyara ibiryo byihuse, no gukora amavuta. Ifite ibyifuzo byinshi byo kubika ibiryo nka bombo yatetse.

1.1.3.1 Gusaba mubipfunyika ibiryo

Igisubizo cyo gukora firime gitwikiriye ibiryo bigomba gupakirwa mu gutera, gukaraba, kurohama, nibindi, kugirango hirindwe kwinjira mubushuhe, ogisijeni nibintu bya aromatiya, bishobora kugabanya neza gutakaza ibyo gupakira no kugabanya umubare wapakira ; kugabanya cyane urwego rwinyuma rwibiryo Uburemere bwibigize ibikoresho bipakira plastike byorohereza gutunganya no gutunganya, kandi bigabanya umwanda w’ibidukikije; ikoreshwa mubipfunyika bitandukanye byibigize ibice byinshi bigize ibiryo bigoye kugirango bigabanye kwimuka hagati yibice bitandukanye, bityo bigabanye umwanda kubidukikije. Mugabanye konona ibiryo cyangwa igabanuka ryubwiza bwibiryo. Filime iribwa itunganyirizwa mu mpapuro zipakira cyangwa imifuka yo gupakira ibiryo, ibyo ntibigera gusa ku mutekano, isuku no kuborohereza, ahubwo binagabanya umuvuduko w’umwanda wera ku bidukikije.

Ukoresheje ibigori, soya ningano nkibikoresho nyamukuru, firime zimeze nkimpapuro zirashobora gutegurwa no gukoreshwa mugupakira sosiso nibindi biribwa. Nyuma yo kuyikoresha, niyo yatabwa mubidukikije, irashobora kwangirika kandi irashobora guhinduka ifumbire yubutaka kugirango iteze imbere ubutaka. . Ukoresheje ibinyamisogwe, chitosani n'ibishyimbo nk'ibikoresho by'ibanze, impapuro zipfunyika ziribwa zirashobora gutegurwa mu gupakira ibiryo byihuse nk'ibiryo byihuta cyane n'amafiriti yo mu Bufaransa, byoroshye, umutekano kandi bizwi cyane; ikoreshwa mu gushiramo ibipaki, isupu ikomeye Gupakira ibiryo byoroshye nkibikoresho fatizo, bishobora gutekwa mu nkono iyo bikoreshejwe, birashobora kwirinda kwanduza ibiryo, kongera imirire, no koroshya isuku. Avoka yumye, ibirayi, n'umuceri umenetse birasemburwa bigahinduka polysaccharide, bishobora gukoreshwa mugutegura ibikoresho bishya biribwa byimbere bidafite ibara kandi bibonerana, bifite inzitizi nziza ya ogisijeni hamwe nubukanishi, kandi bikoreshwa mugupakira ifu y amata , amavuta ya salade nibindi bicuruzwa [19]. Ku biribwa bya gisirikare, nyuma y’ibicuruzwa bimaze gukoreshwa, ibikoresho gakondo bipakira bya pulasitike bijugunywa mu bidukikije kandi biba ikimenyetso cyo gukurikirana abanzi, bikaba byoroshye kwerekana aho biherereye. Mu biribwa byinshi bigize ibiryo byihariye nka pizza, ibiryo, ketchup, ice cream, yogurt, keke na desert, ibikoresho byo gupakira plastike ntibishobora kongerwaho gukoreshwa, kandi firime yo gupakira iribwa yerekana ibyiza byayo, bishobora kugabanya umubare wamatsinda Gucamo ibice kwimuka kwibintu bya flavour bitezimbere ubuziranenge nibicuruzwa byiza [21]. Filime yo gupakira iribwa irashobora gukoreshwa mugutunganya ibiryo bya microwave. Ibikomoka ku nyama, imboga, foromaje n'imbuto byapakiwe mbere yo gutera, gushiramo cyangwa koza, nibindi, bikonjeshwa kandi bikabikwa, kandi bigomba gusa kuba microwave kugirango bikoreshwe.

Nubwo impapuro zipfunyika zipakurura ibicuruzwa hamwe namashashi birahari, patenti nyinshi zanditswe mugutegura no gushyira mubikorwa ibikoresho byo gupakira biribwa. Inzego zishinzwe kugenzura ibiribwa mu Bufaransa zemeje igikapu kiribwa mu nganda cyitwa “SOLUPAN”, kigizwe na hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, krahisi na sodium sorbate, kandi iraboneka mu bucuruzi.

1.1.3.2 Gusaba mubuvuzi

Gelatin, ibikomoka kuri selile, ibinyamisogwe hamwe n amase biribwa birashobora gukoreshwa mugutegura ibishishwa byoroshye kandi bikomeye bya capsule yimiti nibicuruzwa byubuzima, bishobora kwemeza neza imikorere yimiti nibicuruzwa byubuzima, kandi bifite umutekano kandi biribwa; imiti imwe n'imwe ifite uburyohe bukaze, bigoye gukoreshwa nabarwayi. Filime zemewe, ziribwa zirashobora gukoreshwa nkibishishwa bihumura imiti nkiyi; polymer polymers zimwe na zimwe ntizishonga mu gifu (pH 1.2), ariko zishonga mu mara (pH 6.8) kandi zishobora gukoreshwa mu mara zifata ibiyobyabwenge Sustained-irekura; irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkabatwara ibiyobyabwenge bigenewe.

Blanco-Fernandez n'abandi. yateguye firime ya chitosan acetylated monoglyceride kandi ayikoresha mugusohora kurambye ibikorwa bya antioxydeant ya vitamine E, kandi ingaruka zabaye zidasanzwe. Ibikoresho byo gupakira igihe kirekire. Zhang n'abandi. ivanze na krahisi hamwe na gelatine, wongeyeho polyethylene glycol plastike, kandi ukoresha gakondo. Hollow hard capsules yateguwe nuburyo bwo kwibiza firime ikomatanya, kandi ubushakashatsi bwakozwe, gukorera mu mucyo, imiterere yubukanishi, imiterere ya hydrophilique na morphologie ya fonctionnement ya firime. ibikoresho byiza bya capsule [52]. Lal n'abandi. yakoze kafirin mu gifu kiribwa kugirango yinjire mu nda ya capetula ya parasetamol, kandi yiga imiterere yubukanishi, imiterere yumuriro, imiterere ya barrière hamwe nibisohoka byibiyobyabwenge bya firime iribwa. Ibisubizo byerekanye ko gutwikira amasaka Capsules zitandukanye zikomeye za firime ya gliadin itavunitse mu gifu, ahubwo yarekuye ibiyobyabwenge mu mara kuri pH 6.8. Paik n'abandi. yateguye uduce twa HPMC phthalate yometse kuri indomethacine, hanyuma atera amazi aribwa ya firime iribwa ya HPMC hejuru y’ibiyobyabwenge, kandi yiga igipimo cy’ibiyobyabwenge, ingano y’ibice by’ibiyobyabwenge, filime iribwa ibisubizo byerekanaga ko HPMCN ikozweho imiti yo mu kanwa indomethacine ishobora kugera ku ntego yo guhisha uburyohe bukabije bwibiyobyabwenge no kwibasira ibiyobyabwenge. Oladzadabbasabadi n'abandi. yahujwe na sago ibinyamisogwe byahinduwe na karrageenan kugirango ategure firime iribwa kugirango isimburwe na capsules gakondo ya gelatin, kandi yiga ibyumye byumye, imiterere ya thermomechanical, physicochemical properties na barrière, Ibisubizo byerekana ko firime iribwa ifite ibintu bisa na gelatine kandi irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora capsules yimiti.

1.1.3.3 Gushyira mubikorwa kubungabunga imbuto n'imboga

Mu mbuto n'imboga mbisi nyuma yo gutoranya, reaction ya biohimiki no guhumeka biracyakomeza cyane, bizihutisha kwangirika kwinyama zimbuto n'imboga, kandi biroroshye gutera igihombo cyamazi yimbuto n'imboga mubushyuhe bwicyumba, bikavamo ubwiza bwimyenda yimbere nibiranga imbuto n'imboga. kugabanuka. Kubwibyo, kubungabunga byabaye ikibazo cyingenzi mububiko no gutwara imbuto n'imboga; uburyo gakondo bwo kubungabunga bufite ingaruka mbi zo kubungabunga nigiciro kinini. Kubika neza imbuto n'imboga nuburyo bwiza cyane mukubungabunga ubushyuhe bwicyumba. Amazi aribwa ya firime aribo yometse hejuru yimbuto n'imboga, bishobora gukumira neza kwibasirwa na mikorobe, kugabanya guhumeka, gutakaza amazi no gutakaza intungamubiri zimbuto n'imboga, gutinda gusaza kwa physiologique yimbuto n'imboga, kandi ugumane imbuto n'imboga byumwimerere pompe kandi yoroshye. Kugaragara neza, kugirango ugere ku ntego yo gukomeza gushya no kongera igihe cyo kubika. Abanyamerika bakoresha acetyl monoglyceride na foromaje byakuwe mu mavuta y’ibimera nkibikoresho nyamukuru byo gutegura firime iribwa, bakanayikoresha mu guca imbuto n'imboga kugirango bikomeze gushya, birinde umwuma, umwijima no gutera mikorobe, kugirango bibungabungwe a igihe kirekire. Leta nshya. Ubuyapani bukoresha imyenda yimyanda nkibikoresho fatizo kugirango itegure firime ibika ibirayi bishya, ishobora kugera ku ngaruka nshya igereranywa n’ububiko bukonje. Abanyamerika bakoresha amavuta yimboga nimbuto nkibikoresho nyamukuru kugirango bakore amazi, kandi bagumane imbuto zaciwe nshya, basanga ingaruka zo kubungabunga ari nziza.

Marquez n'abandi. yakoresheje protein na pectine nk'ibikoresho fatizo, hanyuma yongeramo glutaminase kugirango ihuze kugirango itegure firime iribwa, yakoreshwaga mu gutwika pome nshya, inyanya na karoti, bishobora kugabanya cyane kugabanya ibiro. , kubuza imikurire ya mikorobe hejuru yimbuto n'imboga byaciwe, kandi ukongerera igihe cyo kubaho mbere yo gukomeza uburyohe nuburyohe bwimbuto n'imboga byaciwe. Shi Lei n'abandi. inzabibu zitukura zisi zitukura hamwe na firime ya chitosani iribwa, ishobora kugabanya ibiro no kugabanuka kwinzabibu, kugumana ibara numucyo winzabibu, kandi bigatinda kwangirika kwibintu byoroshye. Ukoresheje chitosan, sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose na polyacrylate nkibikoresho fatizo, Liu nibindi. yateguye firime ziribwa na multilayer coating kugirango ibungabunge imbuto n'imboga, kandi yize morphologie, solubile water, nibindi. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko sodium carboxymethyl selulose-chitosan-glycerol compte firime yagize ingaruka nziza zo kubungabunga. Izuba Rirashe n'abandi. yize firime ikomatanya ya soya proteine ​​isolate, ikoreshwa mukubungabunga strawberry, ishobora kugabanya cyane ihererekanyabubasha, ikabuza guhumeka, kandi ikagabanya umuvuduko wimbuto zaboze. Ferreira n'abandi. yakoresheje ifu n'ibisigazwa by'imbuto n'imboga hamwe n'ifu y'ibishishwa by'ibirayi kugirango ategure firime iribwa, yiga uburyo bwo gukemura amazi hamwe nubukanishi bwa firime ikomatanya, kandi akoresha uburyo bwo gutwikira kugirango habe amahembe. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko kuramba kwa hawthorn byongerewe igihe. 50%, igipimo cyo kugabanya ibiro cyaragabanutseho 30-57%, na aside kama nubushuhe ntabwo byahindutse cyane. Fu Xiaowei n'abandi. yakoze ubushakashatsi ku kubungabunga urusenda rushya na firime ya chitosan iribwa, kandi ibisubizo byagaragaje ko bishobora kugabanya cyane ubukana bwubuhumekero bwimbuto nshya mugihe cyo kubika no gutinda gusaza kwa pepeporo. Navarro-Tarazaga n'abandi. yakoresheje ibishashara byahinduwe na HPMC firime iribwa kugirango ibungabunge plum. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko ibishashara bishobora kuzamura imyuka ya ogisijeni nubushuhe hamwe nubukanishi bwa firime ya HPMC. Igipimo cyo kugabanya ibiro byamashanyarazi cyaragabanutse cyane, koroshya no kuva amaraso yimbuto mugihe cyo guhunika byatejwe imbere, kandi igihe cyo kubika amashu cyari kirekire. Tang Liying n'abandi. yakoresheje shellac alkali igisubizo muguhindura ibinyamisogwe, yateguye firime yo gupakira, kandi yiga imiterere ya firime; icyarimwe, gukoresha amazi yayo akora firime kugirango yambike imyembe kugirango agashya birashobora kugabanya neza guhumeka Birashobora gukumira ibintu byijimye mugihe cyo kubika, kugabanya igipimo cyo kugabanya ibiro no kongera igihe cyo kubika.

1.1.3.4 Gusaba mugutunganya no kubungabunga ibikomoka ku nyama

Ibikomoka ku nyama bifite intungamubiri zikungahaye hamwe n’ibikorwa by’amazi menshi byibasirwa na mikorobe mu buryo bwo gutunganya, gutwara, kubika no kubikoresha, bikaviramo umwijima w’amabara na okiside y’ibinure n’ibindi byangiritse. Kugirango hongerwe igihe cyo guhunika hamwe nubuzima bwibicuruzwa byinyama, birakenewe kugerageza kubuza ibikorwa bya enzymes mubicuruzwa byinyama no gutera mikorobe hejuru, kandi bikarinda kwangirika kwamabara numunuko biterwa na okiside yibinure. Kugeza ubu, kubika firime biribwa ni bumwe mu buryo busanzwe bukoreshwa cyane mu kubungabunga inyama mu gihugu no mu mahanga. Ugereranije nuburyo gakondo, usanga kwibasirwa na mikorobe yo hanze, okiside itera amavuta hamwe no gutakaza umutobe byatejwe imbere cyane mubicuruzwa byinyama bipfunyitse muri firime ziribwa, kandi ubwiza bwibikomoka ku nyama bwarazamutse cyane. Ubuzima bwa Shelf buraramba.

Ubushakashatsi kuri firime iribwa yibikomoka ku nyama bwatangiye mu mpera za 1950, kandi ikibazo cyatsinzwe cyane ni firime ya kolagen iribwa, yakoreshejwe cyane mu gukora isosi no kuyitunganya. Emiroglu n'abandi. wongeyeho amavuta ya sesame muri soya ya proteine ​​iribwa kugirango ikore firime ya antibacterial, kandi yiga ingaruka zayo kuri antibacterial ku nyama zinka zafunzwe. Ibisubizo byerekanye ko firime ya antibacterial ishobora kubuza cyane kubyara no gukura kwa Staphylococcus aureus. Wook n'abandi. yateguye firime iribwa ya proanthocyanidin arayikoresha mu gutwika ingurube zikonjesha kugirango zishyashya. Ibara, pH, TVB-N agaciro, acide thiobarbituric hamwe na mikorobe yo kubara inyama zingurube nyuma yo kubika iminsi 14 byakozwe. Ibisubizo byerekanye ko firime iribwa ya proanthocyanidine ishobora kugabanya neza imiterere ya acide thiobarbituric, ikarinda kwangirika kwa aside irike, kugabanya gutera no kubyara mikorobe hejuru y’ibicuruzwa by’inyama, kuzamura ubwiza bw’ibikomoka ku nyama, no kongera igihe cyo guhunika no ubuzima bwiza. Jiang Shaotong n'abandi. wongeyeho icyayi cya polifenole na allicine kuri krahisi-sodium alginate composite membrane igisubizo, hanyuma uyikoresha kugirango ubungabunge ubwiza bwingurube zikonje, zishobora kubikwa kuri 0-4 ° C muminsi irenga 19. Cartagena n'abandi. yatangaje ingaruka za antibacterial ya firime iribwa ya kolagen yongeweho hamwe na nisin antimicrobial agent mukubungabunga ibice byingurube, byerekana ko firime iribwa ya kolagen ishobora kugabanya kwimuka kwimuka yibice byingurube bikonje, bikadindiza ubwinshi bwibicuruzwa byinyama, hanyuma ukongeramo 2 firime ya kolagen hamwe na% nisin yagize ingaruka nziza zo kubungabunga. Wang Rui n'abandi. yize ku mpinduka za sodium alginate, chitosan na fibre ya carboxymethyl ukoresheje isesengura rigereranya rya pH, azote fatizo ihindagurika, umutuku n'umubare rusange w'abakoloni b'inka mu minsi 16 wabitswe. Ubwoko butatu bwa firime ziribwa za vitamine ya sodiumi yakoreshejwe kugirango ibungabunge inyama zinka zikonje. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko firime iribwa ya sodium alginate yagize ingaruka nziza yo kubungabunga ibishya. Caprioli n'abandi. gupfunyika amabere ya turkiya yatetse hamwe na sodium caseinate firime iribwa hanyuma ukayikonjesha kuri 4 ° C. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko sodium caseinate firime iribwa ishobora kugabanya inyama za turkiya mugihe cya firigo. by'uburiganya.

1.1.3.5 Gusaba mukubungabunga ibicuruzwa byo mumazi

Kugabanuka kw'ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi bigaragarira cyane cyane mu kugabanya ubuhehere ku buntu, kwangirika k'uburyohe no kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi. Kwangirika kw'ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi, okiside, gutandukana no kurya byumye biterwa na mikorobe ni ibintu byose byingenzi bigira ingaruka kumibereho yibicuruzwa byo mu mazi. Ububiko bwakonje nuburyo busanzwe bwo kubungabunga ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi, ariko hazabaho kandi urwego runaka rwo kwangirika kwiza muri iki gikorwa, kikaba gikomeye cyane ku mafi y’amazi meza.

Kubungabunga firime ziribwa kubicuruzwa byo mumazi byatangiye mumpera za 1970 none byakoreshejwe henshi. Filime iribwa irashobora kubungabunga neza ibicuruzwa byo mu mazi bikonje, bikagabanya gutakaza amazi, kandi birashobora no guhuzwa na antioxydants kugirango birinde okiside yibinure, bityo bigere ku ntego yo kongera ubuzima bwubuzima nubuzima bwiza. Meenatchisundaram n'abandi. yateguye firime ishingiye kuri firime ikarishye ikoresheje ibinyamisogwe nka matrix hanyuma yongeramo ibirungo nka karungu na cinnamoni, hanyuma irabikoresha mu kubungabunga urusenda rwera. Ibisubizo byerekanye ko firime ya krahisi iribwa ishobora guhagarika neza imikurire ya mikorobe, kugabanya umuvuduko wa okiside, kongera igihe cyo kuramba cya shitingi yera ikonjesha kuri 10 ° C na 4 ° C yari ifite iminsi 14 na 12. Cheng Yuanyuan n'abandi bigaga kubungabunga igisubizo cya pullulan kandi bakora amafi meza. Kubungabunga birashobora kubuza neza imikurire ya mikorobe, kugabanya umuvuduko wa poroteyine y’amafi n’ibinure, kandi bigira ingaruka nziza zo kubungabunga. Yunus n'abandi. umukororombya utwikiriye hamwe na firime iribwa ya gelatine yongewemo amavuta yingenzi yibibabi byamababi, kandi yiga ku ngaruka zo kubika firigo kuri 4 ° C. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko firime iribwa ya gelatine yagize akamaro mukubungabunga ubwiza bwumukororombya mugihe cyiminsi 22. igihe kirekire. Wang Siwei n'abandi. yakoresheje sodium alginate, chitosan na CMC nkibikoresho byingenzi, yongeramo aside stearic kugirango ategure amazi ya firime aribwa, kandi ayikoresha mu gutwika Penaeus vannamei kugirango agashya. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko firime igizwe na CMC na chitosani Amazi afite ingaruka nziza zo kubungabunga kandi ashobora kongera igihe cyo kubaho iminsi 2. Yang Shengping nabandi bakoresheje firime ya chitosan-icyayi polifenol iribwa mugukonjesha no kubungabunga imisatsi mishya, ishobora kubuza cyane kubyara za bagiteri hejuru yumusatsi, gutinda kurema aside hydrochloric ihindagurika, kandi ikongerera igihe cyo kumera umusatsi. iminsi igera kuri 12.

1.1.3.6 Gushyira mu biryo bikaranze

Ibiryo bikaranze cyane ni ibiryo bizwi cyane byiteguye-kurya-hamwe nibisohoka byinshi. Ipfunyitse hamwe na polysaccharide na protein ziribwa, zishobora gukumira ibara ryibiryo byibiribwa mugihe cyo gukaranga no kugabanya gukoresha amavuta. kwinjiza ogisijeni n'ubushuhe [80]. Gupfuka ibiryo bikaranze hamwe na geli ya glan birashobora kugabanya gukoresha amavuta 35% -63%, nko mugihe ukaranze sashimi, birashobora kugabanya gukoresha amavuta 63%; iyo ukaranze chipo y'ibirayi, irashobora kugabanya gukoresha amavuta 35% -63%. Kugabanya gukoresha lisansi 60%, nibindi [81].

Singthong n'abandi. yakoze firime ziribwa za polysaccharide nka sodium alginate, carboxymethyl selulose na pectine, zakoreshwaga mu gutwikira imirongo yigitoki gikaranze, kandi yiga igipimo cyo kwinjiza amavuta nyuma yo gukaranga. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko pectine na carboxyl Ibitoki bikaranze byometse kuri methylcellulose byagaragaje ubuziranenge bw’imyumvire, muri byo filime iribwa ya pectin yagize ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya kwinjiza amavuta [82]. Holownia n'abandi. yometseho firime ya HPMC na MC hejuru yinkoko zuzuye inkoko zikaranze kugirango zige impinduka zikoreshwa ryamavuta, ibinure bya aside irike yubusa nagaciro k ibara ryamavuta. Mbere yo gutwikira birashobora kugabanya kwinjiza amavuta no kuzamura ubuzima bwamavuta [83]. Sheng Meixiang n'abandi. yakoze firime ziribwa za CMC, chitosan na proteyine ya soya yitaruye, yometseho ibirayi, hanyuma ayikaranga ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru kugirango yige kwinjiza amavuta, ibirimo amazi, ibara, acrylamide hamwe nubwiza bwubwonko bwibijumba. , ibisubizo byerekanaga ko poroteyine ya soya itandukanya firime iribwa igira uruhare runini mukugabanya amavuta yo gukoresha ibirayi bikaranze bikaranze, kandi firime iribwa ya chitosan igira ingaruka nziza mukugabanya ibirimo acrylamide [84]. Salvador n'abandi. yatwikiriye hejuru yimpeta zikaranze zikaranze hamwe na krahisi y ingano, ibinyamisogwe byahinduwe mu bigori, dextrin na gluten, ibyo bikaba byashoboraga kunonosora impeta y’impeta kandi bikagabanya umuvuduko wo kwinjiza amavuta [85].

1.1.3.7 Gusaba mubicuruzwa bitetse

Filime iribwa irashobora gukoreshwa nkigifuniko cyoroshye kugirango tunoze isura yibicuruzwa bitetse; Irashobora gukoreshwa nkimbogamizi yubushuhe, ogisijeni, amavuta, nibindi kugirango utezimbere ubuzima bwibicuruzwa bitetse, kurugero, firime ya chitosani iribwa ikoreshwa mugutwikira umutsima Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkigiti gifata udukoryo twinshi, nk'urugero, ibishyimbo byokeje akenshi bisizwe hamwe n'ibiti bifata umunyu hamwe n'ibirungo [87].

Christos n'abandi. yakoze firime ziribwa za sodium alginate na proteine ​​ya whey hanyuma ayisiga hejuru yumugati wa Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko igipimo cyo kubaho cya porotiyotike cyarushijeho kuba cyiza cyane, ariko ubwoko bubiri bwumugati bwerekanaga uburyo bwo kurya bwa Digestive burasa cyane, bityo rero gutwikira firime iribwa ntabwo bihindura imiterere, uburyohe hamwe nubushuhe bwa termofiziki yumugati [88]. Panuwat n'abandi. wongeyeho ibimera bya gooseberry mubutaka bwa methyl selulose kugirango utegure firime iribwa, hanyuma uyikoresha kugirango ubungabunge agashya ka cashews zokeje. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko firime iribwa ishobora guhagarika neza cashews zokeje mugihe cyo kubika. Ubwiza bwarushijeho kwangirika kandi igihe cyo kuramba cya cashews cyokeje cyongerewe iminsi 90 [89]. Schou n'abandi. yakoze firime ibonerana kandi yoroheje iribwa hamwe na sodium caseinate na glycerine, kandi yiga imiterere yubukanishi, amazi yinjira ningaruka zayo zo gupakira kumigati yatetse. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko firime iribwa ya sodium caseinate ipfunyitse imigati yatetse. Nyuma yo guteka, ubukana bwayo burashobora kugabanuka muri 6 h yo kubika ubushyuhe bwicyumba [90]. Du n'abandi. yakoresheje firime iribwa ishingiye kuri pome na firime iribwa yinyanya yongewemo namavuta yingenzi yibimera kugirango apfundikire inkoko zokeje, zitabujije gusa imikurire ya mikorobe mbere yo kotsa inkoko, ahubwo yanongereye uburyohe bwinkoko nyuma yo kotsa [91]. Javanmard n'abandi. yateguye firime iribwa ya krahisi yingano ayikoresha mu gupfunyika intoki za pisite. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko firime ya krahisi iribwa ishobora gukumira okiside ya aside irike, igahindura ubwiza bwimbuto, kandi ikongerera igihe cyo kubaho [92]. Majid n'abandi. yakoresheje firime ya poroteyine iribwa kugirango yambare ibishyimbo byokeje, bishobora kongera inzitizi ya ogisijeni, kugabanya ubukana bwibishyimbo, kunoza ubunyobwa bwokeje, no kongera igihe cyo kubika [93].

1.1.3.8 Gusaba mubicuruzwa

Inganda za bombo zifite ibisabwa cyane kugirango ikwirakwizwa ryibintu bihindagurika, bityo kuri shokora na bombo hamwe nubutaka busize neza, birakenewe ko hakoreshwa firime ziribwa zishonga amazi kugirango zisimbuze amazi yatwikiriye arimo ibintu bihindagurika. Filime yo gupakira iribwa irashobora gukora firime irinda hejuru ya bombo kugirango igabanye kwimuka kwa ogisijeni nubushuhe [19]. Gukoresha poroteyine yuzuye ya firime iribwa mubirungo birashobora kugabanya cyane ikwirakwizwa ryibigize. Iyo shokora ikoreshwa muguhunika ibiryo byamavuta nka kuki hamwe namavuta yintoki, amavuta azimukira mugice cyinyuma cya shokora, bigatuma shokora ihagarara kandi itera "ubukonje bwinyuma", ariko ibikoresho byimbere bizuma, bikavamo a Guhindura uburyohe bwayo. Ongeraho urwego rwibikoresho byo gupakira biribwa hamwe nibikorwa byamavuta birashobora gukemura iki kibazo [94].

Nelson n'abandi. yakoresheje methylcellulose firime iribwa kugirango yambike bombo irimo lipide nyinshi kandi yerekanaga lipide nke cyane, bityo bikabuza ubukonje muri shokora [95]. Meyers yakoresheje firime ya hydrogel-ibishashara bilayeri iribwa mu guhekenya amenyo, bishobora kunoza imiterere yayo, kugabanya ihindagurika ry’amazi, no kongera igihe cyayo cyo kubaho [21]. Amazi yateguwe na Fadini n'abandi. Filime ya Decollagen-cocoa iribwa ikomatanyirijwe hamwe yakozwe ku miterere y’ubukanishi no mu mazi, kandi yakoreshejwe nk'igifuniko cy'ibicuruzwa bya shokora bifite ibisubizo byiza [96].

1.1.4 Firime ziribwa za selile

Filime iribwa ya Cellulose ni ubwoko bwa firime iribwa ikozwe muri selile nyinshi cyane nibiyikomokaho muri kamere nkibikoresho nyamukuru. Filime iribwa ya Cellulose ntabwo ihumura kandi ntabwo iryoshye, kandi ifite imbaraga zubukanishi, imiterere ya barrière yamavuta, gukorera mu mucyo, guhuza n'imiterere myiza ya gaze. Nyamara, kubera imiterere ya hydrophilique ya selile, kurwanya firime iribwa na selile iribwa ni imikorere yamazi muri rusange ni mibi [82, 97-99].

Filime iribwa ya selulose ikozwe mubikoresho byimyanda munganda zikora ibiribwa irashobora kubona firime zo gupakira ziribwa nibikorwa byiza, kandi irashobora gukoresha ibikoresho byimyanda kugirango byongere agaciro kongererwa ibicuruzwa. Ferreira n'abandi. kuvanga ifu y’ibisigazwa byimbuto nimboga hamwe nifu yifu y ibirayi kugirango utegure firime ya selulose ishingiye kumirire iribwa, hanyuma uyishyira mugipfundikizo cyamahwa kugirango ibungabunge ibishya, kandi bigera kubisubizo byiza [62]. Tan Huizi n'abandi. yakoresheje fibre yimirire yakuwe mubutaka bwibishyimbo nkibikoresho fatizo hanyuma yongeramo umubare munini wibyimbye kugirango itegure firime iribwa ya fibre ya soya, ifite imiterere yubukanishi hamwe ninzitizi ya barrière [100], ikoreshwa cyane mugupakira ibiryo byihuta bya noode. , biroroshye kandi bifite intungamubiri gushonga ibintu bifatika mumazi ashyushye.

Ibikomoka ku mazi ya selile yamashanyarazi, nka methyl selulose (MC), carboxymethyl selulose (CMC) na hydroxypropyl methyl selulose (HPMC), birashobora gukora matrike ikomeza kandi ikoreshwa cyane mugutegura amafirime aribwa no gukora ubushakashatsi. Xiao Naiyu n'abandi. yakoresheje MC nkibikoresho nyamukuru bigize firime, yongeramo polyethylene glycol na calcium chloride ya calcium nibindi bikoresho byunganira, ategura firime ya MC iribwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gutera, hanyuma ayishyira mu kubungabunga olecranon, ishobora kongera umunwa wa olecranon. Ubuzima bwa pach ni iminsi 4.5 [101]. Esmaeili n'abandi. yateguye MC iribwa mukuyitera no kuyishyira mugutwikira amavuta ya microcapsules yibihingwa. Ibisubizo byerekanye ko firime ya MC ifite ingaruka nziza yo guhagarika amavuta kandi ishobora gukoreshwa mubipfunyika ibiryo kugirango wirinde kwangiza aside irike [102]. Tian n'abandi. yahinduye firime ya MC iribwa hamwe na acide stearic na acide zuzuye zidahagije, zishobora kunoza imiterere yo guhagarika amazi ya firime ziribwa MC [103]. Lai Fengying n'abandi. yize ku ngaruka z'ubwoko bwa solvent kuri gahunda yo gukora firime ya MC iribwa na firime ya barrière hamwe nubukanishi bwa firime iribwa [104].

Ibice bya CMC bifite inzitizi nziza kuri O2, CO2 n'amavuta, kandi bikoreshwa cyane mubiribwa nubuvuzi [99]. Bifani n'abandi. yateguye ibibyimba bya CMC kandi yiga ku ngaruka ziva mu bibabi ku miterere y’amazi n’amazi ya barrière. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko kongeramo ibibabi byamababi bishobora kuzamura cyane ubuhehere na ogisijeni ya barrière yibibondo, ariko ntabwo ari CO2. Imiterere ya barrière ifitanye isano nubunini bwikuramo [105]. de Moura n'abandi. yateguye chitosan nanoparticles yashimangiye firime ya CMC, kandi yiga ituze ryumuriro, imiterere yubukanishi hamwe nubushobozi bwamazi ya firime. Ibisubizo byerekana ko chitosan nanoparticles ishobora kuzamura neza imiterere yubukanishi hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro wa firime ya CMC. Imibonano mpuzabitsina [98]. Ghanbarzadeh n'abandi. yateguye firime ziribwa za CMC kandi yiga ku ngaruka za glycerol na aside oleic ku miterere ya fiziki ya chimique ya firime ya CMC. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko inzitizi za firime zateye imbere ku buryo bugaragara, ariko imiterere yubukanishi no gukorera mu mucyo byagabanutse [99]. Cheng n'abandi. yateguye carboxymethyl selulose-konjac glucomannan iribwa ikomatanya, kandi yiga ku ngaruka zamavuta yintoki kumiterere ya fiziki ya chimique ya firime. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko microsperes ntoya ya lipide ishobora kongera cyane firime ikomatanya. Ubuso bwa hydrophobicity hamwe no kugabanuka k'umuyoboro wa molekile wamazi urashobora kunoza imikorere yinzitizi yubushuhe bwa membrane [106].

HPMC ifite imiterere-shusho ya firime, kandi firime yayo iroroshye, ibonerana, idafite ibara kandi idafite impumuro nziza, kandi ifite imiterere-yamavuta-barrière, ariko imiterere yubukanishi hamwe nuburyo bwo guhagarika amazi bigomba kunozwa. Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na Zuniga n'abandi. yerekanye ko microstructure ya mbere nogukomera kwumuti wa firime HPMC bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kubuso no mumiterere yimbere ya firime, kandi uburyo ibitonyanga byamavuta byinjira mugihe cyo gushinga imiterere ya firime bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumashanyarazi no mubikorwa byubuso bwa firime. Kwiyongera kwa agent birashobora kunoza ituze ryumuti wogukora firime, ibyo nabyo bigira ingaruka kumiterere yubuso hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwa firime, ariko imiterere yubukanishi hamwe nubushobozi bwo guhumeka ntibigabanuka [107]. Klangmuang n'abandi. yakoresheje ibumba ryahinduwe kama nibishashara kugirango azamure kandi ahindure firime iribwa ya HPMC kugirango atezimbere imiterere yubukorikori hamwe nimbogamizi ya firime ya HPMC. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko nyuma y’ibishashara no guhindura ibumba, imiterere yubukanishi bwa firime iribwa ya HPMC yagereranijwe niy'amafirime aribwa. Imikorere yibigize ubuhehere yatejwe imbere [108]. Dogan n'abandi. yateguye firime iribwa ya HPMC, kandi akoresha microcrystalline selulose kugirango azamure kandi ahindure firime ya HPMC, kandi yiga uburyo bwogutwara amazi nubukanishi bwa firime. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko imiterere ya barrière yubushuhe bwa firime yahinduwe idahindutse cyane. , ariko imiterere yubukanishi yaratejwe imbere ku buryo bugaragara [109]. Choi n'abandi. wongeyeho amababi ya oregano hamwe na bergamot yamavuta muri matrike ya HPMC kugirango utegure firime iribwa, hanyuma uyishyire mubikorwa byo kubika ibishishwa bishya. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko firime iribwa ishobora guhagarika neza guhumeka neza, kugabanya umusaruro wa Ethylene, kugabanya umuvuduko wo kugabanya ibiro, no kuzamura ubwiza bw’ibiti [110]. Esteghlal n'abandi. yahujije HPMC na gelatin kugirango ategure firime ziribwa kandi yize firime ziribwa. Imiterere ya fiziki ya chimique, imiterere yubukanishi hamwe nubwuzuzanye bwa gelatine ya HPMC yerekanaga ko imiterere ya tensile ya firime ya HPMC gelatine ya firime idahindutse cyane, ishobora gukoreshwa mugutegura imiti y’imiti [111]. Villacres n'abandi. yize imiterere yubukanishi, imiterere ya barrière na antibacterial ya HPMC-imyumbati yimyumbati iribwa ikomatanya. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko firime ikomatanya yari ifite inzitizi nziza ya ogisijeni n'ingaruka za antibacterial [112]. Byun n'abandi. yateguye shellac-HPMC yibibumbano, kandi yiga ku ngaruka zubwoko bwa emulisiferi hamwe nubushuhe bwa shellac yibibumbano. Emulifiyeri yagabanije ibintu bifunga amazi ya membrane yibumbiye hamwe, ariko imiterere yubukanishi ntiyagabanutse cyane; kwiyongera kwa shellac byateje imbere cyane ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa HPMC, kandi ingaruka zayo ziyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera kwa shellac [113].

1.1.5 Amafirime ashingiye kuri firime

Ibinyamisogwe ni polymer karemano yo gutegura firime ziribwa. Ifite ibyiza byamasoko yagutse, igiciro gito, biocompatibilité nagaciro kintungamubiri, kandi ikoreshwa cyane mubikorwa byibiribwa n’imiti [114-117]. Vuba aha, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe kuri firime yuzuye ya krahisi iribwa hamwe na firime ishingiye ku ndyo yuzuye yo kubika no kubika ibiryo byagaragaye nyuma yizindi [118]. Amarose yo mu bwoko bwa amylose hamwe na hydroxypropylated yahinduwe ya krahisi ni ibikoresho by'ingenzi byo gutegura firime ziribwa zishingiye ku ngano [119]. Kwisubiraho kwa krahisi nimpamvu nyamukuru yubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora film. Iyo ibirimo amylose biri hejuru, niko bigenda bihuza intermolecular, niko byoroshye kubyara retrogradation, kandi nibyiza imitungo ikora firime, nimbaraga zanyuma za firime. binini. Amylose irashobora gukora firime zishonga mumazi zifite umwuka wa ogisijeni muke, kandi imiterere ya barrière ya firime-amylose ntizagabanuka mugihe cyubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bushobora kurinda neza ibiryo bipfunyitse [120].

Filime iribwa ya krahisi, idafite ibara kandi idafite impumuro nziza, ifite umucyo mwiza, gukurura amazi hamwe na barrière ya gazi, ariko irerekana hydrophilicity ikomeye kandi ifite imiterere mibi ya barrière, bityo ikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho bya ogisijeni y'ibiryo hamwe no gupakira amavuta [121-123]. Byongeye kandi, ibinyamisogwe bishingiye kuri krahisi bikunze gusaza no gusubira inyuma, kandi imiterere yabyo irakennye cyane [124]. Kugirango tuneshe ibitagenda neza haruguru, ibinyamisogwe birashobora guhindurwa nuburyo bwumubiri, imiti, enzymatique, genetique hamwe ninyongeramusaruro kugirango tunonosore imiterere ya firime ziribwa zishingiye kuri krahisi [114].

Zhang Zhengmao n'abandi. yakoresheje ultra-nziza ya krahisi iribwa kugirango yambike strawberry hanyuma isanga ishobora kugabanya neza gutakaza amazi, gutinda kugabanya ibirimo isukari ikabura, kandi bikongerera igihe cyo kubika strawberry [125]. Garcia n'abandi. yahinduye ibinyamisogwe hamwe nu mibare itandukanye kugirango ibone ibinyamisogwe byahinduwe byamazi, byakoreshwaga mu kubika firime nshya ya strawberry. Igipimo no kubora byari byiza kuruta iby'itsinda ridafunze [126]. Ghanbarzadeh n'abandi. yahinduwe na krahisi na citric acide ihuza kandi yabonye imiti ihuza imiti yahinduwe. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko nyuma yo guhuza ibice, imiterere ya barrière yubushuhe hamwe nubukanishi bwa firime ya krahisi byatejwe imbere [127]. Gao Qunyu n'abandi. yakoze hydrolysis ya enzymatique yo kuvura ibinyamisogwe no kubona firime iribwa ya krahisi, hamwe nubukanishi bwayo nkimbaraga zikaze, kuramba no kurwanya kugabanuka byiyongereye, kandi imikorere yinzitizi yubushuhe yiyongera hamwe nigihe cyo gukora enzyme. byateye imbere ku buryo bugaragara [128]. Parra n'abandi. yongeyeho umukozi uhuza ibinyamisogwe bya tapioca kugirango ategure firime iribwa ifite imiterere yubukanishi hamwe n’umuvuduko ukabije w’amazi [129]. Fonseca n'abandi. yakoresheje sodium hypochlorite kugirango ihindure ibinyamavuta byibirayi hanyuma itegura firime iribwa ya okiside. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko umuvuduko w’amazi yoherezwa n’amazi no kugabanuka kw’amazi byagabanutse ku buryo bugaragara, ibyo bikaba bishobora gukoreshwa mu gupakira ibiryo by’amazi menshi [130].

Guteranya ibinyamisogwe hamwe nizindi polymers ziribwa hamwe na plastiseri nuburyo bwingenzi bwo kunoza imitungo ya firime ziribwa zishingiye kuri krahisi. Kugeza ubu, polymers ikunze gukoreshwa cyane ni hydrophilique colloide, nka pectine, selile, polysaccharide yo mu nyanja, chitosan, carrageenan na xanthan gum [131].

Maria Rodriguez n'abandi. yakoresheje ibirayi bya krahisi na plasitike cyangwa surfactants nkibikoresho byingenzi byo gutegura firime ziribwa zishingiye kuri krahisi, byerekana ko plasitike ishobora kongera imiterere ya firime kandi ibishobora kugabanya uburebure bwa firime [132]. Santana n'abandi. yakoresheje nanofibers kugirango azamure kandi ahindure imyumbati yimyumbati yimyumbati, kandi abone ama firime ashingiye kumashanyarazi aribwa hamwe nibikoresho bya tekinike, imiterere ya barrière, hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro [133]. Azevedo n'abandi. poroteyine yuzuye hamwe na krike ya thermoplastique kugirango itegure ibikoresho bya firime imwe, byerekana ko poroteyine yumuyagankuba hamwe na krike ya thermoplastique bifite aho bihurira cyane, kandi poroteyine yumuvuduko irashobora kuzamura cyane ibinyamisogwe. Guhagarika amazi hamwe nubukanishi bwa firime ziribwa [134]. Edhirej n'abandi. yateguye firime iribwa ya tapioca yuzuye, kandi yiga ku ngaruka za plasitiki ku miterere yumubiri nubumashini, imiterere yubukanishi nubushyuhe bwa firime. Ibisubizo byerekana ko ubwoko hamwe nubunini bwa plasitike bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kuri firime ya tapioca. Ugereranije n’ibindi bikoresho bya pulasitiki nka urea na triethylene glycol, pectine igira ingaruka nziza zo guhindagura plastike, kandi filime ya krahisi ya pectine ifite plastike ifite uburyo bwiza bwo guhagarika amazi [135]. Saberi n'abandi. yakoresheje amashaza, guar gum na glycerine mugutegura firime ziribwa. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko ibinyamisogwe byagize uruhare runini mubyimbye bya firime, ubucucike, guhuriza hamwe, amazi yinjira nimbaraga zikomeye. Guar gum Irashobora kugira ingaruka kumbaraga zingana na modulike ya elastike ya membrane, kandi glycerol irashobora kunoza imiterere ya membrane [136]. Ji n'abandi. hiyongereyeho chitosan n'ibigori, hanyuma wongeramo calcium karubone nanoparticles kugirango utegure firime ya antibacterial. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko imigozi ya hydrogène intermolecular yakozwe hagati ya krahisi na chitosani, kandi imiterere ya firime yari kandi imitekerereze ya antibacterial yongerewe imbaraga [137]. Meira n'abandi. yazamuye kandi ihindura ibigori bya krahisi biribwa birwanya antibacterial firime hamwe na kaolin nanoparticles, hamwe nubukanishi nubushyuhe bwa firime ikomatanya byatejwe imbere, kandi ingaruka za antibacterial ntabwo zagize ingaruka [138]. Ortega-Toro n'abandi. wongeyeho HPMC kuri krahisi hanyuma wongera aside citric kugirango utegure firime iribwa. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko iyongerwaho rya HPMC na aside citricike rishobora kubuza neza gusaza kwa krahisi no kugabanya amazi y’amafirime aribwa, ariko imitekerereze ya ogisijeni igabanuka [139].

1.2 Polymer hydrogels

Hydrogels ni icyiciro cya hydrophilique polymers ifite imiterere-yimiyoboro itatu-itagabanije mumazi ariko irashobora kubyimba namazi. Macroscopically, hydrogel ifite ishusho isobanutse, ntishobora gutemba, kandi nikintu gikomeye. Mikorosikopi, molekile zishonga mumazi zirashobora gukwirakwizwa muburyo butandukanye no mubunini muri hydrogel kandi bigakwirakwira ku bipimo bitandukanye byo gukwirakwiza, bityo hydrogel ikerekana imiterere yumuti. Imiterere yimbere ya hydrogel ifite imbaraga nke kandi irasenywa byoroshye. Ari mumiterere hagati ikomeye nisukari. Ifite elastique isa nikomeye, kandi biragaragara ko itandukanye nikintu gikomeye.

1.2.1 Incamake ya hydrogels ya polymer

1.2.1.1 Ibyiciro bya hydrogels ya polymer

Polymer hydrogel ni imiterere y'urusobe rw'ibice bitatu byakozwe n'umubiri cyangwa imiti ihuza molekile ya polymer [143-146]. Ifata amazi menshi mumazi kugirango yabyimbye, kandi mugihe kimwe, irashobora kugumana imiterere yayo-itatu kandi ntishobora gushonga mumazi. amazi.

Hariho inzira nyinshi zo gutondekanya hydrogel. Ukurikije itandukaniro ryimiterere-ihuza, irashobora kugabanywamo geles yumubiri na geles ya chimique. Gele yumubiri ikorwa nubushobozi buke bwa hydrogène, imiyoboro ya ionic, imikoranire ya hydrophobique, imbaraga za der der Waals hamwe no guhuza umubiri hagati yiminyururu ya polymer nizindi mbaraga zumubiri, kandi birashobora guhinduka mubisubizo mubidukikije bitandukanye. Yitwa reversible gel; gel ya chimique mubisanzwe ni imiterere ihoraho yibice bitatu igizwe no guhuza imiyoboro ya chimique nka covalent bonds imbere yubushyuhe, urumuri, uwatangije, nibindi. Nyuma ya geli imaze gushingwa, ntishobora gusubira inyuma kandi ihoraho, izwi kandi nka Kuri kondensate nyayo [147-149]. Gele yumubiri muri rusange ntabwo isaba guhindura imiti kandi ifite uburozi buke, ariko imiterere yubukanishi irakennye kandi biragoye kwihanganira imihangayiko nini yo hanze; geles ya chimique muri rusange ifite ituze ryiza hamwe nubukanishi.

Ukurikije amasoko atandukanye, hydrogels irashobora kugabanywamo hydrogels ya polymer syntique na hydrogels naturel ya polymer. Hydrogel ya sintetike ya hydrogels ni hydrogels ikorwa na polymerisiyumu yimiti ya polymrike yubukorikori, cyane cyane aside polyacrylic, acetate polyvinyl, polyacrylamide, oxyde polyethylene, nibindi.; hydrogels isanzwe ya polymer ni hydrogels ya Polymer ikorwa no guhuza polymers karemano nka polysaccharide na proteyine muri kamere, harimo selile, alginate, krahisi, agarose, aside hyaluronike, gelatine, na kolagen [6, 7, 150], 151]. Hydrogels isanzwe ya polymer isanzwe ifite ibiranga isoko yagutse, igiciro gito nuburozi buke, hamwe na hydrogène polymer hydrogène byoroshye byoroshye gutunganya kandi bifite umusaruro mwinshi.

Ukurikije ibisubizo bitandukanye kubidukikije byo hanze, hydrogels irashobora kandi kugabanywamo hydrogels gakondo na hydrogels nziza. Hydrogels gakondo ntabwo yunvikana nimpinduka mubidukikije; hydrogels yubwenge irashobora kumva impinduka nto mubidukikije kandi ikabyara impinduka zijyanye nimiterere yumubiri hamwe nimiti [152-156]. Kuri hydrogels yubushyuhe bukabije, ingano ihinduka hamwe nubushyuhe bwibidukikije. Mubisanzwe, hydrogels ya polymer irimo amatsinda ya hydrophilique nka hydroxyl, ether na amide cyangwa hydrophobique nka methyl, ethyl na propyl. Ubushyuhe bwibidukikije bushobora kugira ingaruka ku mikoranire ya hydrophilique cyangwa hydrophobique hagati ya molekile ya gel, guhuza hydrogène n’imikoranire hagati ya molekile y’amazi n’iminyururu ya polymer, bityo bikagira ingaruka ku buringanire bwa sisitemu ya gel. Kuri hydrogels ya pH-yunvikana, sisitemu mubisanzwe irimo aside-ishingiro ihindura amatsinda nka carboxyl, amatsinda ya acide sulfonique cyangwa amatsinda ya amino. Muguhindura pH ibidukikije, ayo matsinda arashobora gukurura cyangwa kurekura proton, guhindura hydrogène ihuza muri gel hamwe no gutandukanya intungamubiri za ion imbere ninyuma, bikavamo ihinduka ryijwi rya gel. Ku muriro w'amashanyarazi, umurima wa magneti na hydrogels yorohereza urumuri, zirimo amatsinda akora nka polyelectrolytes, okiside yicyuma, hamwe nitsinda ryamafoto. Muburyo butandukanye bwo hanze, ubushyuhe bwa sisitemu cyangwa ionisiyoneri ihinduka, hanyuma ingano ya gel ihindurwa nihame risa n'ubushyuhe cyangwa hydrogel ya pH.

Ukurikije imyitwarire itandukanye ya gel, hydrogels irashobora kugabanywamo geles iterwa n'ubukonje hamwe na geles iterwa n'ubushyuhe [157]. Ubukonje bukonje, bwitwa gel ikonje mugihe gito, ni macromolecule ibaho muburyo bwa coil zidasanzwe kubushyuhe bwinshi. Mugihe cyo gukonjesha, bitewe nigikorwa cya hydrogène ya intermolecular ihuza ibice, ibice bigenda bihinduka buhoro buhoro, bityo bikarangiza inzira bivuye mubisubizo. Inzibacyuho kuri gel [158]; gel-iterwa na gelo, yitwa gel yumuriro, ni macromolecule muburyo bwo gukemura ubushyuhe buke. Mugihe cyo gushyushya, imiterere y'urusobekerane rwibice bitatu rikorwa binyuze mumikoranire ya hydrophobique, nibindi, bityo bikarangira inzibacyuho ya gelation [159], 160].

Hydrogels irashobora kandi kugabanywamo hydrogels ya homopolymeric, hydrogène ya kopolymerized hamwe na hydrogels ya interineti ihuza imiyoboro itandukanye, imiyoboro ya microscopique na hydrogels ya macroscopique ishingiye ku bunini bwa gel butandukanye, hamwe na biodegradable. Bitandukanijwe bitandukanye muri hydrogels yangirika na hydrogels idasenyuka.

1.2.1.2 Gukoresha hydrogels ya polymer karemano

Hydrogel isanzwe ya polymer ifite ibiranga biocompatibilité nziza, ihindagurika ryinshi, amasoko menshi, kumva neza ibidukikije, gufata amazi menshi nuburozi buke, kandi bikoreshwa cyane mubuvuzi bw’ibinyabuzima, gutunganya ibiribwa, kurengera ibidukikije, ubuhinzi n’amashyamba kandi Byakoreshejwe henshi. ikoreshwa mu nganda no mu zindi nzego [142, 161-165].

Gukoresha polymer naturel hydrogels mubice bifitanye isano na biomedical. Hydrogels isanzwe ya polymer ifite biocompatibilité, biodegradabilite, kandi nta ngaruka mbi zifite, bityo irashobora gukoreshwa nko kwambara ibikomere no guhuza ibice byumuntu, bishobora kugabanya neza kwibasirwa na mikorobe muri vitro, bikarinda gutakaza amazi yumubiri, kandi bikemerera ogisijeni. Kuri. Guteza imbere gukira ibikomere; Irashobora gukoreshwa mugutegura lens ya contact, hamwe nibyiza byo kwambara neza, umwuka mwiza wa ogisijeni, hamwe no kuvura indwara zamaso [166, 167]. Polimeri karemano isa nuburyo bwimiterere yinyama nzima kandi irashobora kugira uruhare muburyo busanzwe bwo guhinduranya umubiri wumuntu, bityo hydrogels irashobora gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byubwubatsi bwa tissue scafold, tissue engineering carilage gusana, nibindi. shusho kandi yatewe inshinge. Ibicuruzwa byabanjirije kubumba bifashisha amazi imiterere yihariye y'urusobekerane rw'imiterere itatu ya jel ituma igira uruhare runini mu ngingo z’ibinyabuzima mu gihe itanga umwanya wihariye kandi uhagije wo gukura kw ingirabuzimafatizo, kandi ishobora no gutera imikurire y'utugingo, gutandukana, no kwangirika no kwinjizwa n'umubiri w'umuntu [168]. Ibiti byatewe inshinge bifashisha imyitwarire yinzibacyuho ya hydrogels kugirango bibe byihuse geles nyuma yo guterwa mumuti utemba, bishobora kugabanya ububabare bwabarwayi [169]. Hydrogels zimwe na zimwe zisanzwe zangiza ibidukikije, bityo zikoreshwa cyane nkibikoresho byo kurekura ibiyobyabwenge bigenzurwa n’ibiyobyabwenge, ku buryo ibiyobyabwenge bikubiye muri byo bishobora kurekurwa mu bice bisabwa by’umubiri w’umuntu ku gihe kandi byuzuye, bikagabanya uburozi n’uruhande ingaruka zibiyobyabwenge kumubiri wumuntu [170].

Gukoresha polymer naturel hydrogels mumirima ijyanye nibiribwa. Hydrogels isanzwe ya polymer nigice cyingenzi mubiryo bitatu byabantu kumunsi, nkibiryo bimwe na bimwe, bombo, insimburangingo zinyama, yogurt na ice cream. Bikunze gukoreshwa nkibiryo byongera ibiryo mubicuruzwa byibiribwa, bishobora kunoza imiterere yumubiri no kuyiha uburyohe. Kurugero, ikoreshwa nkibyimbye mu isupu nisosi, nka emulisiferi mumitobe, kandi nkumukozi uhagarika. Mu binyobwa by’amata, nkumuti wa gelling muri pudding na aspics, nkumukozi usobanura hamwe na stabilisateur ifata inzoga, nka inhibitori ya syneresis muri foromaje, nkumuhuza muri sosiso, nkuko Inhibitori ya retrogradation ikoreshwa mu mugati no mu mavuta [171-174 ]. Duhereye ku gitabo cy’inyongeramusaruro y'ibiribwa, dushobora kubona ko umubare munini wa hydrogène polymer karemano yemewe nk'inyongeramusaruro y'ibiribwa byo gutunganya ibiryo [175]. Hydrogels isanzwe ya polymer ikoreshwa nkibikomeza intungamubiri mugutezimbere ibicuruzwa byubuzima nibiribwa bikora, nka fibre yibiryo, bikoreshwa mubicuruzwa bigabanya ibiro nibicuruzwa birwanya igogora [176, 177]; nka prebiotics, zikoreshwa mubicuruzwa byita ku buzima byita ku buzima n’ibicuruzwa byo kwirinda kanseri y’amara [178]; hydrogels isanzwe ya polymer irashobora gukorwa mubiribwa cyangwa byangirika cyangwa byangirika, bishobora gukoreshwa mubijyanye no gupakira ibiryo, nko kubika imbuto n'imboga, kubitwikira ku mbuto n'imboga Ku buso, birashobora kongera igihe cyo kuramba. y'imbuto n'imboga kandi ukomeze imbuto n'imboga bishya kandi byiza; irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkibikoresho byo gupakira ibiryo byoroshye nka sosiso hamwe nudukingirizo kugirango byorohereze [179, 180].

Gukoresha polymer hydrogels karemano mubindi bice. Kubijyanye nibikenerwa bya buri munsi, birashobora kongerwaho kubuvuzi bwuruhu rwamavuta cyangwa kwisiga, ntibishobora gusa kubuza ibicuruzwa gukama mububiko, ariko kandi bikaramba kandi bigahindura uruhu; irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwo gutunganya, gutobora no kurekura buhoro impumuro nziza muburyo bwo kwisiga; Irashobora gukoreshwa mubikenerwa bya buri munsi nk'igitambaro cy'impapuro n'impapuro [181]. Mu buhinzi, irashobora gukoreshwa mu kurwanya amapfa no kurinda ingemwe no kugabanya ubukana bw'umurimo; nk'igikoresho cyo gutwikira imbuto z'ibihingwa, kirashobora kongera cyane igipimo cyo kumera kw'imbuto; iyo ikoreshejwe muguhinga ingemwe, irashobora kongera igipimo cyo kubaho kwingemwe; imiti yica udukoko, kunoza imikoreshereze no kugabanya umwanda [182, 183]. Ku bijyanye n’ibidukikije, ikoreshwa nka flocculant na adsorbent mu gutunganya imyanda ikunze kuba irimo ion ziremereye, ibyuma bya aromatiya n amarangi mu rwego rwo kurinda umutungo w’amazi no guteza imbere ibidukikije [184]. Mu nganda, ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo kubura amazi, gucukura amavuta, ibikoresho byo gupfunyika insinga, ibikoresho bifunga ibikoresho hamwe nububiko bukonje, nibindi [185].

1.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thermogel

Cellulose ni urugimbu rusanzwe rwa macromolecular rwizwe kera, rufite umubano wa hafi n'abantu, kandi ni rwinshi muri kamere. Iraboneka cyane mu bimera byo hejuru, algae na mikorobe [186, 187]. Cellulose yagiye ikurura abantu buhoro buhoro kubera isoko yagutse, igiciro gito, gishobora kongerwa, ibinyabuzima bishobora kwangirika, umutekano, uburozi, hamwe n’ibinyabuzima byiza [188].

1.2.2.1 Cellulose n'ibiyikomokaho

Cellulose ni umurongo muremure wa polymer uterwa no guhuza ibice byubaka D-anhydroglucose binyuze muri β-1,4 glycosidic bond [189-191]. Kudashobora gukemuka. Usibye itsinda rimwe ryanyuma kuri buri mpera yumunyururu wa molekile, hariho amatsinda atatu ya hydroxyl ya polar muri buri gice cya glucose, gishobora gukora umubare munini wa hydrogène ya hydrogène idasanzwe kandi ihuza imiterere mubihe bimwe na bimwe; na selile ni imiterere ya polycyclic, kandi urunigi rwa molekile ruba rukomeye. Urunigi, kristu yo hejuru, kandi isanzwe muburyo, kuburyo ifite ibiranga urwego rwo hejuru rwa polymerizasiya, icyerekezo cyiza cya molekile, hamwe n’imiti ihamye [83, 187]. Kubera ko urunigi rwa selile rurimo umubare munini wamatsinda ya hydroxyl, irashobora guhindurwa muburyo bwa chimique nuburyo butandukanye nka esterification, okiside, na etherification kugirango ibone ibikomoka kuri selile bifite ibikoresho byiza byo gukoresha [192, 193].

Ibikomoka kuri selile ni kimwe mubya mbere byakorewe ubushakashatsi kandi bigatanga umusaruro mubijyanye na chimie polymer. Nibikoresho bya polymer nibikoresho byiza bya chimique hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha, byahinduwe muburyo bwa chimique biva muri polymer naturel. Muri byo, ether ya selile ikoreshwa cyane. Ni kimwe mu bikoresho by'ibanze bikoreshwa mu nganda zikoreshwa mu nganda [194].

Hariho ubwoko bwinshi bwa selile ya selile, yose muri rusange ifite imiterere yihariye kandi nziza, kandi yakoreshejwe henshi mubice byinshi nkibiryo nubuvuzi [195]. MC nubwoko bworoshye bwa selile ether hamwe na methyl group. Hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza, irashobora gushonga mugisubizo cya alkaline yumuti, amazi, inzoga hamwe na hydrocarubone ya hydrocarbon yumuti, bikerekana imiterere yihariye ya gel. [196]. CMC ni anionic selulose ether yakuwe muri selile naturel ya alkalisation na aside.

Ni ether ikoreshwa cyane kandi ikoreshwa cyane ya selile, ikabura mumazi [197]. HPC. HPMC, ether yingenzi ivanze, nayo ifite imiterere ya gel yumuriro, kandi imiterere ya gel ifitanye isano ninsimburangingo zombi hamwe nigipimo cyabyo [199].

1.2.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose imiterere

Hydroxypropyl methyl selulose (HPMC), imiterere ya molekile igaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1-3, ni ibisanzwe bitari ionic amazi-soluble selulose ivanze na ether. Imyitwarire ya etherification ya methyl chloride na propylene oxyde ikorwa kugirango haboneke [200,201], kandi ikigereranyo cya reaction ya chimique cyerekanwe mubishusho 1-4.

Hano hari hydroxy propoxy (- [OCH2CH (CH3)] n OH), imikorerexy (-OCH3) hamwe nitsinda rya hydroxyl ridakorewe kumiterere ya HPMC icyarimwe, kandi imikorere yayo iragaragaza ibikorwa bihuriweho mumatsinda atandukanye. [202]. Ikigereranyo kiri hagati yibi bintu byombi kigenwa n’igipimo cy’imiti yombi ya etherifingi, ubwinshi bwa misa ya hydroxide ya sodium, hamwe n’igipimo cy’imiti ya etherifing kuri buri selile ya selile [203]. Hydroxy propoxy nitsinda rikora, rishobora kuba alkylated na hydroxy alkylated; iri tsinda nitsinda rya hydrophilique rifite urunigi rurerure rwamashami, rufite uruhare runini mugukora plastike imbere yumunyururu. Methoxy nitsinda ryanyuma-rifata, biganisha ku kudakora kururu rubuga nyuma yo kubyitwaramo; iri tsinda ni hydrophobique kandi rifite imiterere mike ugereranije [204, 205]. Amatsinda ya hydroxyl adakorewe kandi mashya yatangijwe arashobora gukomeza gusimburwa, bikavamo imiterere ya chimique yanyuma, kandi imitungo ya HPMC iratandukanye murwego runaka. Kuri HPMC, umubare muto wo gusimbuza urashobora gutuma imiterere ya fiziki ya chimique itandukanye cyane [206], kurugero, imiterere ya fiziki ya chimique yimikorere miremire na hydroxypropyl HPMC iri hafi ya MC; Imikorere ya HPMC yegereye iya HPC.

1.2.2.3 Ibyiza bya hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

(1) Ubushuhe bwa HPMC

Urunigi rwa HPMC rufite hydration-dehydrasi idasanzwe kubera kwinjiza amatsinda ya hydrophobi-methyl na hydrophilic-hydroxypropyl. Buhoro buhoro bigenda bihinduka iyo bishyushye, hanyuma bigasubira mubisubizo nyuma yo gukonja. Nukuvuga ko, ifite imiterere ya gel itera ubushyuhe, kandi gelation phenomenon ni inzira ihinduka ariko ntabwo ihuye.

Kubireba uburyo bwa gelation ya HPMC, byemewe cyane ko mubushyuhe buke (munsi yubushyuhe bwa gelation), HPMC mugisubizo hamwe na molekile y'amazi ya polarike ihujwe hamwe na hydrogène kugirango ikore icyitwa "inyoni yinyoni" isa na supramolecular. Hariho ibintu byoroshye byoroshye hagati yiminyururu ya molekuline ya hydrated HPMC, usibye ibyo, hariho izindi mikoranire mike. Iyo ubushyuhe bwiyongereye, HPMC ibanza gukuramo imbaraga kugirango isenye imiyoboro ya hydrogène ya intermolecular hagati ya molekile y’amazi na molekile ya HPMC, isenya imiterere ya molekile imeze, igenda itakaza buhoro buhoro amazi aboshye ku ruhererekane rwa molekile, kandi igaragaza amatsinda ya hydroxypropyl na mikorobe. Mugihe ubushyuhe bukomeje kwiyongera (kugirango bugere ku bushyuhe bwa gel), molekile ya HPMC ikora buhoro buhoro imiterere y'urusobe rw'ibice bitatu binyuze mumashyirahamwe ya hydrophobique, geles ya HPMC amaherezo ikora [160, 207, 208].

Kwiyongera k'umunyu ngengabuzima bigira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bwa geli ya HPMC, bimwe bigabanya ubushyuhe bwa gel bitewe no gusohora ibintu, abandi bikongera ubushyuhe bwa gel kubera ikibazo cyo gushonga umunyu [209]. Hiyongereyeho umunyu nka NaCl, ibintu byo gusohora bibaho kandi ubushyuhe bwa gel bwa HPMC buragabanuka [210, 211]. Nyuma yuko umunyu wongerewe muri HPMC, molekile zamazi zirashaka cyane guhuza na ion zumunyu, kugirango umurunga wa hydrogène uri hagati ya molekile zamazi na HPMC urimburwe, urwego rwamazi ruzengurutse molekile ya HPMC rurakoreshwa, kandi molekile ya HPMC irashobora kurekurwa vuba kugirango hydrophobicity. Ishyirahamwe, ubushyuhe bwo gukora gel buragabanuka buhoro buhoro. Ibinyuranye, iyo umunyu nka NaSCN wongeyeho, ibintu byo gushonga umunyu bibaho kandi ubushyuhe bwa gel bwa HPMC bwiyongera [212]. Urutonde rwo kugabanuka kwingaruka za anion kubushyuhe bwa gel ni: SO42−> S2O32−> H2PO4−> F−> Cl−> Br−> NO3−> I−> ClO4−> SCN−, gahunda ya cations kuri kwiyongera kwa gel ni: Li +> Na +> K +> Mg2 +> Ca2 +> Ba2 + [213].

Iyo hiyongereyeho molekile ntoya nka monohydric alcool irimo amatsinda ya hydroxyl, ubushyuhe bwa gel bwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwinyongera, byerekana agaciro ntarengwa hanyuma bikagabanuka kugeza igihe gutandukanya ibice bibaye [214, 215]. Ibi biterwa ahanini nuburemere bwa molekile ntoya, igereranywa niy'amazi ya molekile ikurikirana bitewe nubunini, kandi irashobora kugera kuri misile ya misile nyuma yo guteranya.

(2) Gukemura HPMC

HPMC ifite amazi ashyushye adashobora gushonga hamwe nubukonje bwamazi akonje asa na MC, ariko irashobora kugabanywa muburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubukonje nubwoko bukwirakwiza ubushyuhe ukurikije amazi atandukanye [203]. HPMC itatanye ubukonje irashobora gukwirakwira vuba mumazi mumazi akonje, kandi ubukonje bwayo bwiyongera nyuma yigihe runaka, kandi bigashonga mumazi; HPMC ikwirakwiza ubushyuhe, kurundi ruhande, yerekana agglomeration mugihe wongeyeho amazi mubushyuhe buke, ariko biragoye kuyongeraho. Mu mazi yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, HPMC irashobora gukwirakwira vuba, kandi ubwiza bwiyongera nyuma yubushyuhe bugabanutse, bigahinduka igisubizo nyacyo cyamazi ya HPMC. Ubushyuhe bwa HPMC mumazi bufitanye isano nibiri mumatsinda ya mikorobe, idashobora gushonga mumazi ashyushye hejuru ya 85 ° C, 65 ° C na 60 ° C kuva hejuru kugeza hasi. Muri rusange, HPMC ntishobora gukemuka mumashanyarazi nka acetone na chloroform, ariko igashonga mumuti wamazi wa Ethanol hamwe n ibisubizo bivanze kama.

(3) Kwihanganira umunyu HPMC

Imiterere itari ionic ya HPMC ituma idashobora kuba ionis mumazi, ntabwo rero izakora hamwe nicyuma cya ion kugirango igwe. Ariko, kongeramo umunyu bizagira ingaruka kubushyuhe bwa gel HPMC. Iyo umunyu wiyongereye, ubushyuhe bwa gel bwa HPMC buragabanuka; iyo umunyu mwinshi uri munsi yumwanya wa flocculation, ubwiza bwumuti wa HPMC burashobora kwiyongera, kubishyira mubikorwa rero, intego yo kubyimba irashobora kugerwaho hiyongereyeho umunyu ukwiye [210, 216].

(4) Kurwanya Acide na alkali birwanya HPMC

Muri rusange, HPMC ifite aside-ishingiro ikomeye kandi ntabwo ihindurwa na pH kuri pH 2-12. HPMC yerekana kurwanya urwego runaka rwa acide ya dilute, ariko ikerekana ubushake bwo kugabanuka kwijimye rya acide yibanze; alkalis ntacyo igira kuri yo, ariko irashobora kwiyongera gato hanyuma igabanya buhoro buhoro igisubizo cyibisubizo [217, 218].

(5) Ingaruka zingaruka za HPMC

HPMC ni pseudoplastique, igisubizo cyacyo gihamye mubushyuhe bwicyumba, kandi ubukonje bwacyo buterwa nuburemere bwa molekile, kwibanda hamwe nubushyuhe. Mugihe kimwe, uburemere bwa HPMC buremereye, niko ubwiza bwiyongera; kubicuruzwa bimwe biremereye bya molekuline, hejuru ya HPMC yibanze, niko ubwiza bwiyongera; ubwiza bwibicuruzwa bya HPMC buragabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe, kandi bugera ku bushyuhe bwa gel, hamwe no kwiyongera gutunguranye kwijimye bitewe na gelation [9, 219, 220].

(6) Indi mitungo ya HPMC

HPMC ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya imisemburo, kandi irwanya imisemburo yiyongera hamwe nu rwego rwo gusimburwa. Kubwibyo, ibicuruzwa bifite ireme rihamye mugihe cyo kubika kuruta ibindi bicuruzwa byisukari [189, 212]. HPMC ifite ibintu bimwe na bimwe byigana. Amatsinda ya Hydrophobique arashobora kwamamazwa hejuru yicyiciro cyamavuta muri emulsiyo kugirango agire umubyimba mwinshi wa adsorption, ushobora gukora nkurwego rukingira; Amatsinda ya hydroxyl yamazi arashobora guhuzwa namazi kugirango atezimbere icyiciro gikomeza. Viscosity, ibuza guhuriza hamwe icyiciro cyatatanye, igabanya ubukana bwubuso, kandi igahindura emuliyoni [221]. HPMC irashobora kuvangwa na polymer zishonga amazi nka gelatine, methylcellulose, inzige zinzige, karrageenan na gum arabic kugirango bibe igisubizo kimwe kandi kiboneye, kandi gishobora no kuvangwa na plasitike nka glycerine na polyethylene glycol. [200, 201, 214].

1.2.2.4 Ibibazo bihari mugukoresha hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Ubwa mbere, igiciro cyo hejuru kigabanya imikoreshereze yagutse ya HPMC. Nubwo firime ya HPMC ifite umucyo mwiza, amavuta ya barrière hamwe nubukanishi. Nyamara, igiciro cyacyo kinini (hafi 100.000 / toni) kigabanya imikoreshereze yagutse, ndetse no mubikorwa bya farumasi bifite agaciro kanini nka capsules. Impamvu HPMC ihenze cyane ubanza kuko selile fatizo selile ikoreshwa mugutegura HPMC ihenze cyane. Mubyongeyeho, amatsinda abiri asimbuye, hydroxypropyl group hamwe na mikorerexyxy, yashizwe kuri HPMC icyarimwe, bigatuma gahunda yo kuyitegura igorana cyane. Biragoye, bityo ibicuruzwa bya HPMC bihenze cyane.

Icya kabiri, ubukonje buke hamwe na gel imbaraga nke za HPMC mubushyuhe buke bigabanya imikorere yayo mubikorwa bitandukanye. HPMC ni gel yumuriro, ibaho muburyo bwo gukemura ifite ubukonje buke cyane ku bushyuhe buke, kandi irashobora gukora geli isa nini cyane isa nubushyuhe bwinshi, bityo rero uburyo bwo gutunganya nko gutwikira, gutera no kwibiza bigomba gukorwa mubushyuhe bwinshi . Bitabaye ibyo, igisubizo kizatemba byoroshye, bikavamo gushiraho ibikoresho bya firime bidahuje, bizagira ingaruka kumiterere no mubikorwa byibicuruzwa. Ibikorwa nkubushyuhe bwo hejuru byongera coefficente yingorabahizi yimikorere, bigatuma ingufu zikoreshwa cyane nigiciro cyinshi.

1.2.3 Hydroxypropyl ibinyamisogwe gel ikonje

Ibinyamisogwe nibintu bisanzwe bya polymer bihujwe na fotosintezeza yibimera mubidukikije. Ibigize polysaccharide mubisanzwe bibikwa mu mbuto n'ibijumba by'ibimera mu buryo bwa granules hamwe na poroteyine, fibre, amavuta, isukari n'imyunyu ngugu. cyangwa mu mizi [222]. Ibinyamisogwe ntabwo ari isoko nyamukuru yo gufata abantu gusa, ahubwo nibikoresho byingenzi byinganda. Kubera isoko yagutse, igiciro gito, icyatsi, karemano kandi gishobora kuvugururwa, yakoreshejwe cyane mu biribwa n’ubuvuzi, fermentation, gukora impapuro, inganda n’imyenda ya peteroli [223].

1.2.3.1 Ibinyamisogwe n'ibiyikomokaho

Ibinyamisogwe ni polimeri isanzwe ifite ibice byubaka ni α-D-anhydroglucose. Ibice bitandukanye bihujwe na glycosidic bond, kandi formule yayo ni (C6H10O5) n. Igice cyurunigi rwa molekuline muri granules ihuzwa na α-1,4 glycosidic bond, ikaba ari umurongo wa amylose; ikindi gice cyurunigi rwa molekuline gihujwe na α-1,6 glycosidic bonds kuriyi shingiro, ishami rya amylopectine [224]. Muri granules ya krahisi, hari uturere twa kristalline aho molekile zitunganijwe muburyo butondekanye hamwe na amorphous uturere twa molekile zitunganijwe neza. igice. Nta mipaka isobanutse iri hagati yakarere ka kristaline nakarere ka amorphous, kandi molekile ya amylopectine irashobora kunyura mu turere twinshi twa kristaline no mu turere twa amorphous. Ukurikije imiterere karemano ya synthesis ya krahisi, imiterere ya polysaccharide muri krahisi iratandukanye nubwoko bwibimera hamwe n’aho byaturutse [225].

Nubwo ibinyamisogwe byahindutse kimwe mubikoresho byingenzi byifashishwa mu nganda bitewe n’isoko ryinshi n’umutungo ushobora kuvugururwa, ibinyamisogwe kavukire muri rusange bifite imbogamizi nko kutagira amazi meza hamwe n’imiterere ya firime, ubushobozi buke bwa emulisitiya na gell, hamwe n’umutekano udahagije. Kugirango yongere ibikorwa byayo, ibinyamisogwe mubisanzwe byahinduwe muburyo bwa fiziki kugirango bihuze nibisabwa bitandukanye [38, 114]. Hano hari amatsinda atatu ya hydroxyl yubusa kuri buri glucose yubatswe muri molekile ya krahisi. Aya matsinda ya hydroxyl arakora cyane kandi atanga krahisi hamwe nibintu bisa na polyole, bitanga amahirwe yo gutandukana kwa krahisi.

Nyuma yo guhindurwa, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bya krahisi kavukire byatejwe imbere ku rugero runini, bikuraho inenge zikoreshwa za krahisi kavukire, bityo ibinyamisogwe byahinduwe bigira uruhare runini mu nganda ziriho ubu [226]. Oxidized krahisi ni imwe mu zikoreshwa cyane zahinduwe zifite tekinoroji ikuze. Ugereranije na krahisi kavukire, okiside ya krahisi iroroshye guhindagurika. Ibyiza byo gufatana runini. Esterified krahis ni inkomoko ya krahisi ikorwa na esterification yitsinda rya hydroxyl muri molekile ya krahisi. Urwego rwo hasi cyane rwo gusimbuza rushobora guhindura cyane imiterere ya krahisi kavukire. Gukorera mu mucyo no gukora firime ya krahisi biragaragara ko byatejwe imbere. Etherified krahisi ni etherification ya matsinda ya hydroxyl muri molekile ya krahisi kugirango itange polystarch ether, kandi retrogradation yayo iracika intege. Mubihe bikomeye bya alkaline iterwa na okiside ya krahisi na esterified krahisi ntishobora gukoreshwa, umurunga wa ether urashobora kandi kuguma uhagaze neza. bikunda hydrolysis. Acide yahinduwe na acide, ibinyamisogwe bivurwa na aside kugirango byongere amylose, bivamo kongera retrogradation hamwe na paste paste. Birasa neza kandi ikora gel ikomeye iyo ikonje [114].

1.2.3.2 Hydroxypropyl imiterere ya krahisi

Hydroxypropyl krahisi (HPS), imiterere ya molekile igaragara ku gishushanyo cya 1-4, ni ether idafite ionic krahisi, itegurwa na etherification reaction ya oxyde ya propylene hamwe na krahisi mu bihe bya alkaline [223, 227, 228], hamwe na yo kugereranya reaction ya chimique irerekanwa mumashusho 1-6.

Mugihe cyo guhuza HPS, usibye kwifata hamwe na krahisi kugirango habeho hydroxypropyl krahide, okiside ya propylene irashobora kandi kubyitwaramo hamwe na hydroxypropyl krahide yabyaye iminyururu ya polyoxypropyl. urwego rwo gusimburwa. Impamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza (DS) bivuga impuzandengo yimibare ya hydroxyl yasimbuwe kumatsinda ya glucosyl. Amenshi mu matsinda ya glucosyl ya krahisi arimo amatsinda 3 ya hydroxyl ashobora gusimburwa, bityo DS ntarengwa ni 3. Urwego rwa molarike yo gusimbuza (MS) bivuga impuzandengo y'ibisimburwa kuri mole ya glucosyl [223, 229]. Imiterere yimikorere ya hydroxypropylation reaction, morphologie ya granule, hamwe nikigereranyo cya amylose na amylopectine muri krah kavukire byose bigira ingaruka kubunini bwa MS.

1.2.3.3 Ibyiza bya hydroxypropyl krahisi

(1) Ubukonje bukonje bwa HPS

Kuri paste ishyushye ya HPS ya krahisi, cyane cyane sisitemu irimo ibintu byinshi bya amylose, mugihe cyo gukonjesha, iminyururu ya molekile ya amylose muri paste paste ifatanye hamwe kugirango ibe imiterere y'urusobekerane rwibice bitatu, kandi yerekana imyitwarire igaragara nkimikorere. Ihinduka elastomer, ikora jel, kandi irashobora gusubira mubisubizo nyuma yo gushyuha, ni ukuvuga ko ifite imiterere ya gel ikonje, kandi iyi gel phenomenon ifite imiterere ihinduka [228].

Amilose ya gelatine ikomeza guhurizwa hamwe kugirango ibe coaxial single structure structure. Inyuma yizi nyubako imwe ihindagurika ni itsinda rya hydrophilique, naho imbere ni cavit hydrophobique. Ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, HPS ibaho mugisubizo cyamazi nkibishishwa bidasanzwe biva mubice bimwe bya tekinike. Iyo ubushyuhe bumaze kugabanuka, imigozi ya hydrogène hagati ya HPS n’amazi iracika, amazi yubatswe aratakara, kandi imigozi ya hydrogène hagati yiminyururu ya molekile ikomeza kubaho, amaherezo ikagira imiterere ya gel-itatu. Icyiciro cyo kuzuza umuyoboro wa gel wa krahisi ni granules isigaye cyangwa ibice bisigaye nyuma ya gelatinizasi, kandi guhuza amylopectine bimwe na bimwe bigira uruhare mu gushiraho gel [230-232].

(2) Hydrophilicity ya HPS

Kwinjiza hydrophilic hydroxypropyl matsinda bigabanya imbaraga zumubano wa hydrogène hagati ya molekile ya krahisi, bigatera umuvuduko wa molekile ya krahisi cyangwa ibice, kandi bikagabanya ubushyuhe bwo gushonga kwa microcrystal; imiterere ya granules yahinduwe, kandi hejuru ya granules irakomeye Nkuko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ibice bimwe cyangwa imyobo bigaragara, kuburyo molekile zamazi zishobora kwinjira byoroshye imbere yimbere ya krahisi, bigatuma krahisi yoroshye kubyimba na gelatine, ubushyuhe bwa gelatinisation ya krahisi buragabanuka. Mugihe urwego rwo gusimbuza rwiyongera, ubushyuhe bwa gelatinisation ya hydroxypropyl krahisi buragabanuka, amaherezo burashobora kubyimba mumazi akonje. Nyuma ya hydroxypropylation, itembera, ubushyuhe buke butajegajega, gukorera mu mucyo, gukemuka, hamwe no gukora firime ya paste ya krahisi byatejwe imbere [233-23].

(3) Guhagarara kwa HPS

HPS ni ionic krahisi ether ifite ituze ryinshi. Mugihe cya reaction yimiti nka hydrolysis, okiside, hamwe no guhuza, umurongo wa ether ntuzacika kandi insimburangingo ntizagwa. Kubwibyo, imiterere ya HPS ntabwo igerwaho cyane na electrolytite na pH, byemeza ko ishobora gukoreshwa muburyo butandukanye bwa aside-fatizo pH [236-238].

1.2.3.4 Gukoresha HPS mubiribwa nubuvuzi

HPS ntabwo ari uburozi kandi butaryoshye, hamwe nibikorwa byiza byigogora kandi ugereranije na hydrolyzate nkeya. Birazwi nkumutekano uribwa wahinduwe neza murugo no mumahanga. Nko mu myaka ya za 1950, Amerika yemeje hydroxypropyl krahisi yo gukoresha mu buryo butaziguye mu biribwa [223, 229, 238]. HPS ni ibinyamisogwe byahinduwe bikoreshwa cyane mubiribwa, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mubyimbye, guhagarika agent na stabilisateur.

Irashobora gukoreshwa mubiryo byoroshye nibiryo bikonje nkibinyobwa, ice cream, na jama; irashobora gusimbuza igice igice cyigiciro cyinshi kiribwa nka gelatine; irashobora gukorwa muri firime ziribwa kandi igakoreshwa nk'ibiryo byo gupakira no gupakira [229, 236].

HPS ikunze gukoreshwa mubijyanye nubuvuzi nkuzuza, guhambira ibihingwa bivura imiti, kubangikanya ibinini, ibikoresho bya farumasi yoroshye kandi ikomeye ya capsules, gutwikira ibiyobyabwenge, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa selile yamaraso itukura hamwe nububyimba bwa plasma, nibindi [239] .

1.3

Ibikoresho bya polymer bikoreshwa cyane mubice byose byubuzima kandi ni ngombwa kandi nibikoresho byingenzi. Iterambere rihoraho rya siyansi n’ikoranabuhanga rituma ibyo abantu basabwa birushaho kuba byinshi, kandi muri rusange biragoye ko ibikoresho bya polymer bigizwe n’ibice bimwe byuzuza ibisabwa bitandukanye by’abantu. Guhuza polymers ebyiri cyangwa nyinshi nuburyo bwubukungu kandi bunoze bwo kubona ibikoresho bya polymer hamwe nigiciro gito, imikorere myiza, gutunganya neza no gukoresha mugari, byashimishije abashakashatsi benshi kandi byitabweho cyane [240-242] .

1.3.1 Intego nuburyo bwo guhuza polymer

Intego nyamukuru yo guhuza polymer: (l) Guhindura imitungo yuzuye yibikoresho. Polimeri zitandukanye zirahujwe, kuburyo ibice byanyuma bigumana ibintu byiza bya macromolecule imwe, bigira ku mbaraga za mugenzi wawe kandi byuzuza intege nke zabyo, kandi bigahindura imitungo yuzuye yibikoresho bya polymer. (2) Kugabanya ikiguzi cyibikoresho. Ibikoresho bimwe bya polymer bifite ibintu byiza, ariko bihenze. Kubwibyo, zirashobora kwongerwaho nizindi polymers zihenze kugirango zigabanye ibiciro bitagize ingaruka kumikoreshereze. (3) Kunoza imitunganyirize yibikoresho. Ibikoresho bimwe bifite ibintu byiza ariko biragoye kubitunganya, kandi nibindi bikoresho bya polymers birashobora kongerwaho kugirango bitezimbere imitunganyirize yabyo. (4) Gushimangira umutungo runaka wibikoresho. Kugirango tunoze imikorere yibikoresho muburyo bwihariye, indi polymer ikoreshwa muguhindura. (5) Gutezimbere imikorere mishya yibikoresho.

Uburyo busanzwe bwo guhuza polymer: (l) Gushonga. Mubikorwa byo kogosha ibikoresho byo guteranya, polymers zitandukanye zirashyuha hejuru yubushyuhe bwamazi bwikigereranyo kugirango zuzuze, hanyuma zikonjeshwa kandi zisya nyuma yo guteranya. (2) Kwubaka igisubizo. Ibice byombi birasunikwa kandi bivangwa no gukoresha ibisanzwe, cyangwa ibisubizo bitandukanye bya polymer byashongeshejwe bingana, hanyuma umusemburo ukurwaho kugirango ubone polymer. (3) Kwiyongera kwa Emulsion. Nyuma yo gukurura no kuvanga emulisiyo zitandukanye zo mubwoko bumwe bwa emulisiferi, coagulant yongerwaho kugirango igabanye polymer kugirango ibone polymer. (4) Gukoporora no guteranya. Harimo graft copolymerisation, guhagarika copolymerisation hamwe na cololymerisation reaction, inzira yo guteranya iherekejwe na reaction ya chimique. (5) Guhuza imiyoboro [10].

1.3.2 Kwiyongera kwa polysaccharide karemano

Polysaccharide isanzwe nicyiciro rusange cyibikoresho bya polymer muri kamere, mubisanzwe byahinduwe muburyo bwa chimique kandi bikerekana ibintu bitandukanye byiza. Nyamara, ibikoresho bya polysaccharide imwe akenshi bigira aho bigarukira, kuberako polysaccharide itandukanye ikunze guhuzwa kugirango igere ku ntego yo kuzuza ibyiza byimikorere ya buri kintu no kwagura ibikorwa. Nko mu myaka ya za 1980, ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no guhuza polysaccharide karemano bwiyongereye cyane [243]. Ubushakashatsi kuri sisitemu karemano ya polysaccharide mugihugu ndetse no mumahanga ahanini yibanda kuri sisitemu yo guhuza curdlan na non-curdlan hamwe na sisitemu yo guhuza ubwoko bubiri bwa polysaccharide.

1.3.2.1 Itondekanya rya hydrogels ya polysaccharide karemano

Polysaccharide karemano irashobora kugabanywa muri curdlan na non-curdlan ukurikije ubushobozi bwabo bwo gukora geles. Polysaccharide zimwe zishobora gukora geles ubwazo, bityo bita curdlan, nka karrageenan, nibindi.; abandi ntibafite imiterere ya gell ubwabo, kandi bita polysaccharide itari curd, nka ganthan gum.

Hydrogels irashobora kuboneka mugushonga curdlan karemano mumuti wamazi. Ukurikije ubushyuhe bwa geli yavuyemo hamwe nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwa modulus yayo, irashobora kugabanywamo ubwoko bune bukurikira [244]:

(1) Cryogel, polysaccharide igisubizo gishobora kubona gel gusa mubushyuhe buke, nka karrageenan.

.

.

(4) Igisubizo gishobora kubona gel gusa mubushyuhe runaka hagati. Ubwoko butandukanye bwa curdlan bufite ibitekerezo byingenzi (byibuze), hejuru ya gel ishobora kuboneka. Ubwinshi bwibanze bwa gel bujyanye nuburebure burebure bwurunigi rwa polysaccharide; imbaraga za gel zigira ingaruka cyane kuburemere hamwe nuburemere bwa molekuline yumuti, kandi muri rusange, imbaraga za gel ziyongera uko kwibanda kwiyongera [245].

1.3.2.2 Sisitemu igizwe na curdlan na non-curdlan

Guteranya bitari curdlan hamwe na curdlan muri rusange bizamura imbaraga za gel ya polysaccharide [246]. Kwivanga kwa konjac gum na carrageenan byongera ituze hamwe na elastique ya gel igizwe nurusobe rwimikorere ya gel, kandi ikanoza imbaraga za gel. Wei Yu n'abandi. compound carrageenan na konjac gum, hanyuma baganira kumiterere ya gel nyuma yo guteranya. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko nyuma yo kuvanga karrageenan na konjac gum, hakozwe ingaruka zo guhuza imbaraga, maze hashyirwaho imiterere y'urusobe rwiganjemo karrageenan, gum ya konjac ikwirakwizwa muri yo, kandi umuyoboro wa gel wacyo uba mwinshi kuruta urwa karrageenan [247]. Kohyama n'abandi. yize sisitemu yo kuvanga karrageenan / konjac gum, kandi ibisubizo byerekanaga ko hamwe no kwiyongera kwuburemere bwa molekile ya konjac gum, guhangayika guturika kwa gel hamwe byakomeje kwiyongera; konjac gum hamwe nuburemere butandukanye bwa molekuline yerekanaga imiterere ya gel. ubushyuhe. Muri ubu buryo bwo guhuza ibice, gushiraho urusobe rwa gel bikorwa na karrageenan, kandi imikoranire hagati ya molekile ebyiri za curdlan ituma habaho uturere duto duhujwe [248]. Nishinari n'abandi. yize sisitemu ya gellan gum / konjac gum sisitemu, ibisubizo byerekanaga ko ingaruka za cations monovalent kuri gel compound zagaragaye cyane. Irashobora kongera sisitemu modulus hamwe nubushyuhe bwa gel. Ibice bisa bishobora guteza imbere imiterere ya geles igizwe nurwego runaka, ariko umubare mwinshi uzatera gutandukana kwicyiciro kandi bigabanye modulus ya sisitemu [246]. Breneer n'abandi. yize ibijyanye no kuvanga karrageenan, inzige zinzige na konjac gum, maze asanga karrageenan, inzige zinzige na konjac gum zishobora gutanga ingaruka zoguhuza, kandi igipimo cyiza ni inzige ibishyimbo / karrageenan 1: 5.5, konjac gum / carrageenan 1: 7 , kandi iyo bitatu byahujwe hamwe, ingaruka zo guhuza ni kimwe na karrageenan / konjac gum, byerekana ko ntaho bihurira bidasanzwe. imikoranire [249].

1.3.2.2 Sisitemu ebyiri zitari curdlan

Ibintu bibiri bya polysaccharide bidafite imiterere ya gel birashobora kwerekana imiterere ya gel binyuze mu guhuza, bikavamo ibicuruzwa bya gel [250]. Guhuza inzige zinzige ninzoka ya xanthan bitanga ingaruka zo guhuza imbaraga zitera geles nshya [251]. Igicuruzwa gishya gishobora kandi kuboneka wongeyeho xanthan gum kuri konjac glucomannan yo guhuza [252]. Wei Yanxia n'abandi. yize imiterere ya rheologiya yibintu byinzige ibishyimbo byinzige na xanthan. Ibisubizo byerekana ko ifumbire yinzige yinzige na ganthan itanga umusaruro. Iyo igipimo cyijwi kigereranijwe ni 4: 6, ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza imbaraga [253]. Fitzsimons n'abandi. hiyongereyeho konjac glucomannan hamwe na ganthan gum mubushyuhe bwicyumba no munsi yubushyuhe. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko ibice byose byerekanaga imiterere ya gel, byerekana ingaruka zo guhuza byombi. Ubushyuhe bwo kwiyongera hamwe nuburyo imiterere ya ganthan ya xanthan ntabwo byagize ingaruka ku mikoranire yabyo bombi [254]. Guo Shoujun nabandi bize ubushakashatsi bwambere bwuruvange rwumwanda wingurube ibishyimbo nigishishwa cya xanthan, kandi ibisubizo byerekanaga ko umwanda wingurube wibishyimbo nigishishwa cya xanthan bigira ingaruka zikomeye zo guhuza imbaraga. Ikigereranyo cyiza cyo guhuza ingurube yingurube nigishyimbo cya xanthan gum ni 6/4 (w / w). Ni inshuro 102 z'umuti umwe wa soya ya soya, kandi gel ikorwa mugihe ubunini bwikigina kivanze bugera kuri 0.4%. Ifumbire mvaruganda ifite ubukonje bwinshi, ituze ryiza hamwe na rheologiya, kandi ni ibiryo byiza cyane [255].

1.3.3 Guhuza ibice bya polymer

Guhuza, duhereye kuri thermodynamic point, bivuga kugera kuri molekile-urwego rwo guhuza, bizwi kandi nka solubilité. Dukurikije inyigisho y’icyitegererezo ya Flory-Huggins, ihinduka ry’ingufu ku buntu rya sisitemu ya polymer mu gihe cyo guteranya ihuza na Gibbs y’ingufu zubusa:

△���= △���-T△ S (1-1)

Muri bo, △���ni Ingufu zidafite imbaraga, △���ni ubushyuhe bugoye, ni entropie igoye; ni ubushyuhe bwuzuye; sisitemu igoye ni sisitemu ihuje gusa iyo ingufu zubusa zihindutse △���mu gihe kigoye [256].

Igitekerezo cyo kwibeshya gikomoka ku kuba sisitemu nke cyane zishobora kugera kuri thermodynamic. Ibidashoboka bivuga ubushobozi bwibice bitandukanye byo gukora ibice bimwe, kandi ibisanzwe bikoreshwa ni uko ibigo byerekana ikirahuri kimwe.

Bitandukanye nubushyuhe bwa termodinamike, guhuza rusange bivuga ubushobozi bwa buri kintu muri sisitemu yo guhuza uburyo bwo kwakirana, ibyo bikaba biva mubitekerezo bifatika [257].

Ukurikije guhuza rusange, sisitemu yo guhuza polymer irashobora kugabanywamo ibice byose bihujwe, bihuza igice kandi sisitemu zidahuye rwose. Sisitemu ihuza byuzuye bivuze ko ibivanze ari thermodinamike itaboneka kurwego rwa molekile; sisitemu ihuza igice bivuze ko ibivanze bihujwe mubushyuhe runaka cyangwa urwego rugizwe; sisitemu idahuye rwose bivuze ko ibivanze ari Molecular-urwego rwo kutabeshya ntibishobora kugerwaho mubushyuhe cyangwa ibihimbano.

Bitewe nuburyo butandukanye bwubatswe hamwe na entropie ihuza hagati ya polymers zitandukanye, sisitemu nyinshi za polymer zirahuza igice cyangwa ntizihuza [11, 12]. Ukurikije icyiciro cyo gutandukanya sisitemu yikomatanya nurwego rwo kuvanga, guhuza sisitemu ihuza igice nabyo bizahinduka cyane [11]. Imiterere ya macroscopique yibigize polymer ifitanye isano ya hafi na microscopique yimbere yimbere hamwe nimiterere yumubiri na chimique ya buri kintu. 240], rero ni ngombwa cyane kwiga microscopique morphologie no guhuza sisitemu yo guhuza.

Ubushakashatsi nuburyo buranga uburyo bwo guhuza ibice bibiri:

(1) Ubushyuhe bwikirahure T.���uburyo bwo kugereranya. Kugereranya T.���y'uruganda hamwe na T.���by'ibigize, niba ari imwe gusa T.���igaragara mu kigo, sisitemu yo guhuza ni sisitemu ihuje; niba hari bibiri T.���, na bibiri T.���imyanya yikomatanya iri mumatsinda abiri Hagati yingingo T.���yerekana ko sisitemu yo guhuza ari sisitemu ihuza igice; niba hari bibiri T.���, kandi biherereye kumwanya wibice bibiri T.���, byerekana ko sisitemu yo guhuza ari sisitemu idahuye.

T���Ibikoresho byo kwipimisha bikunze gukoreshwa muburyo bwo kugereranya ni dinamike yubushakashatsi bwa DMA (DMA) hamwe na calorimeter itandukanye (DSC). Ubu buryo bushobora kumenya byihuse guhuza sisitemu, ariko niba T.���by'ibice byombi birasa, T.���bizagaragara kandi nyuma yo guteranya, ubwo buryo rero bufite ibitagenda neza [10].

(2) Uburyo bwo kureba Morphologiya. Ubwa mbere, reba macroscopique morphologie yikigo. Niba ikomatanyirizo rifite icyiciro kigaragara cyo gutandukana, birashobora gusuzumwa mbere yuko sisitemu yimvange ari sisitemu idahuye. Icya kabiri, microscopique morphologie nuburyo bwa fonctionnement yibice byubahirizwa na microscope. Ibice byombi bihujwe rwose bizakora leta imwe. Kubwibyo, ibice hamwe nubwuzuzanye bwiza birashobora kwitegereza icyiciro kimwe cyo kugabana hamwe nubunini buto butatanye. Imigaragarire.

Ibikoresho byo kwipimisha bikunze gukoreshwa muburyo bwo kureba imiterere ya topografiya ni microscope optique hamwe na scanning electron microscope (SEM). Uburyo bwo kureba imiterere ya topografiya burashobora gukoreshwa nkuburyo bwabafasha bufatanije nubundi buryo bwo kuranga。

(3) Uburyo bwo gukorera mu mucyo. Muri sisitemu ihuza ibice, ibice byombi birashobora guhuzwa mubushyuhe runaka hamwe nurwego rugizwe, kandi gutandukanya ibyiciro bizaba birenze iyi ntera. Muburyo bwo guhindura sisitemu yimvange kuva muri sisitemu ya bahuje ibitsina ikagera kuri sisitemu y'ibyiciro bibiri, itumanaho ryayo rizahinduka, bityo guhuza kwayo kurashobora kwigwa mukwiga gukorera mu mucyo.

Ubu buryo bushobora gukoreshwa gusa nkuburyo bwabafasha, kuko mugihe ibipimo byerekana ko polimeri zombi zisa, ibice byabonetse muguhuza polymers ebyiri zidahuye nabyo birasobanutse.

(4) Uburyo bwa Rheologiya. Muri ubu buryo, impinduka zitunguranye za viscoelastic ibipimo byikomatanya zikoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyo gutandukana kwicyiciro, kurugero, ihinduka ritunguranye rya viscosity-ubushyuhe umurongo rikoreshwa mukuranga gutandukanya icyiciro, hamwe nimpinduka zitunguranye zigaragara shear stress-ubushyuhe umurongo ikoreshwa nkikimenyetso cyo gutandukana. Sisitemu yo kuvanga idafite icyiciro cyo gutandukanya nyuma yo guteranya ifite guhuza neza, naho abafite ibice byo gutandukana ntibishobora kubangikanya cyangwa kubice bimwe [258].

(5) Uburyo bwo gutandukanya Han. Umurongo wa Han ni lg���'(���. niba sisitemu yoguhuza ihuza Han umurongo wa Han ni ubushyuhe-bushingiye. Niba umurongo wa Han utandukanijwe hagati yubushyuhe butandukanye kandi ntushobora gukora umurongo nyamukuru, sisitemu yo guhuza ntishobora kubangikanya cyangwa guhuza igice. Kubwibyo, guhuza sisitemu yikomatanya birashobora gucirwa urubanza ukurikije gutandukanya umurongo wa Han.

(6) Uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo. Ubu buryo bukoresha impinduka yibisubizo kugirango biranga guhuza sisitemu. Mubisubizo bitandukanye byibisubizo, viscosity yikigo giteganijwe kurwanya ibihimbano. Niba ari umurongo ugaragara, bivuze ko sisitemu yo guhuza ihuza rwose; niba ari umubano udafite umurongo, bivuze ko sisitemu yo guhuza ibice bimwe; niba ari S-ifata umurongo, noneho irerekana ko sisitemu yo guhuza idahuye rwose.

(7) Infrared spectroscopy. Nyuma ya polymers zombi zimaze guhuzwa, niba guhuza ari byiza, hazabaho imikoranire nka hydrogène ya hydrogène, hamwe na bande yimyanya yibiranga amatsinda aranga kuri infragre ya ecran ya buri tsinda kumurongo wa polymer uzahinduka. Gusiba kuranga amatsinda aranga urwego kandi buri kintu gishobora gusuzuma guhuza sisitemu igoye.

Byongeye kandi, guhuza ibigo bishobora kandi kwigwa nisesengura rya thermogravimetric, itandukanya X-ray, inguni ntoya ya X-ray ikwirakwiza, ikwirakwiza urumuri, neutron electron ikwirakwiza, magnetiki resonance hamwe nubuhanga bwa ultrasonic [10].

1.3.4 Ubushakashatsi bwiterambere rya hydroxypropyl methylcellulose / hydroxypropyl krahisi

1.3.4.1 Guteranya hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nibindi bintu

Ibicuruzwa bya HPMC nibindi bintu bikoreshwa cyane cyane muri sisitemu yo kurekura ibiyobyabwenge hamwe nibikoresho byo gupakira biribwa cyangwa byangirika. Mu gushyira mu bikorwa imiti irekurwa n’ibiyobyabwenge, polymers ikunze kwongerwaho na HPMC harimo polymers ya sintetike nka alcool ya polyvinyl (PVA), acide lactique-glycolic acide copolymer (PLGA) na polycaprolactone (PCL), hamwe na proteyine, polymers Kamere nka polysaccharide. Abdel-Zaher n'abandi. yize imiterere yimiterere, ituze ryumuriro nubusabane bwabo nibikorwa bya HPMC / PVA, kandi ibisubizo byerekanaga ko hari ibitagenda neza imbere ya polymers zombi [259]. Zabihi n'abandi. yakoresheje uruganda rwa HPMC / PLGA kugirango ategure microcapsules kugirango irekurwe kandi irekure ya insuline, ishobora kugera kurekura mu gifu no mu mara [260]. Javed n'abandi. hydrophilic HPMC hamwe na hydrophobique PCL kandi yakoresheje inganda za HPMC / PCL nk'ibikoresho bya microcapsule yo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bigenzurwa kandi bikomeza kurekurwa, bikaba byashoboraga gusohoka mu bice bitandukanye by'umubiri w'umuntu uhindura igipimo cyo guhuza [261]. Ding n'abandi. yize ku miterere ya rheologiya nka viscosity, dinamike viscoelasticitike, kugarura ibinyabuzima, hamwe na thixotropy yinganda za HPMC / kolagen zikoreshwa mu rwego rwo gusohora ibiyobyabwenge bigenzurwa, bitanga ubuyobozi bujyanye no gukoresha inganda [262]. Arthanari, Cai na Rai n'abandi. [263-265] Inganda za HPMC na polysaccharide nka chitosan, ganthan gum, na sodium alginate zashyizwe mubikorwa byo gukingira no kurekura ibiyobyabwenge, kandi ibisubizo byagaragaje ingaruka zo kurekura ibiyobyabwenge [263-265].

Mugutezimbere ibikoresho byo gupakira biribwa cyangwa byangirika, polymers ikunze kwongerwaho na HPMC ahanini ni polymers karemano nka lipide, proteyine na polysaccharide. Karaca, Fagundes na Contreras-Oliva n'abandi. yateguye ibiryo biribwa hamwe na HPMC / lipide, kandi yabikoresheje mukubungabunga ibinyomoro, inyanya za cheri na citrusi. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko HPMC / lipid complexe membrane yagize ingaruka nziza ya antibacterial yo kubika neza [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, na Ding n'abandi. Yize ku miterere yubukanishi, ituze ryumuriro, microstructure, nubusabane hagati yibigize firime ziribwa zateguwe zateguwe na HPMC, proteine ​​ya silike, protein proteine ​​isolate, na kolagen, [269-271]. Esteghlal n'abandi. yateguye HPMC hamwe na gelatine kugirango itegure firime ziribwa kugirango ikoreshwe mu bikoresho bipakira bio [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata na Ortega-Toro n'abandi. yateguye HPMC / chitosan HPMC / xyloglucan, HPMC / ethyl selulose na HPMC / ibinyamisogwe biribwa hamwe na firime, hanyuma yiga ibijyanye nubushyuhe bwumuriro, imiterere yubukanishi, microstructure hamwe na antibacterial [139, 272-274]. Uruganda rwa HPMC / PLA rushobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gupakira ku biribwa, ubusanzwe hakoreshejwe ibicuruzwa [275].

Mugutezimbere ibikoresho byo gupakira biribwa cyangwa byangirika, polymers ikunze kwongerwaho na HPMC ahanini ni polymers karemano nka lipide, proteyine na polysaccharide. Karaca, Fagundes na Contreras-Oliva n'abandi. yateguye ibiryo biribwa hamwe na HPMC / lipide, kandi yabikoresheje mukubungabunga ibinyomoro, inyanya za cheri na citrusi. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko HPMC / lipid complexe membrane yagize ingaruka nziza ya antibacterial yo kubika neza [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, na Ding n'abandi. Yize ku miterere yubukanishi, ituze ryumuriro, microstructure, nubusabane hagati yibigize firime ziribwa zateguwe zateguwe na HPMC, proteine ​​ya silike, protein proteine ​​isolate, na kolagen, [269-271]. Esteghlal n'abandi. yateguye HPMC hamwe na gelatine kugirango itegure firime ziribwa kugirango ikoreshwe mu bikoresho bipakira bio [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata na Ortega-Toro n'abandi. yateguye HPMC / chitosan HPMC / xyloglucan, HPMC / ethyl selulose na HPMC / ibinyamisogwe biribwa hamwe na firime, hanyuma yiga ibijyanye nubushyuhe bwumuriro, imiterere yubukanishi, microstructure hamwe na antibacterial [139, 272-274]. Uruganda rwa HPMC / PLA rushobora kandi gukoreshwa nk'ibikoresho byo gupakira ku biribwa, ubusanzwe hakoreshejwe ibicuruzwa [275].

1.3.4.2 Guteranya ibinyamisogwe nibindi bintu

Ubushakashatsi ku bijyanye no guhuza ibinyamisogwe n’ibindi bintu byabanje kwibanda ku bintu bitandukanye bya hydrophobique aliphatic polyester, harimo aside polylactique (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), aside aside polybutene (PBSA), nibindi 276]. Muller n'abandi. yize ku miterere n'imiterere ya krahisi / PLA hamwe n'imikoranire hagati yabyo bombi, kandi ibisubizo byerekanaga ko imikoranire hagati yabyo yari ifite intege nke ndetse nubukanishi bwibigize byari bibi [277]. Correa, Komur na Diaz-Gomez n'abandi. yize ku miterere yubukanishi, imiterere ya rheologiya, imiterere ya gel hamwe no guhuza ibice bibiri bigize krahisi / PCL, byakoreshwaga mugutezimbere ibikoresho byangiza, ibikoresho bya biomedical nibikoresho bya Tissue Engineering Scaffolding Materials [278-280]. Ohkika n'abandi. wasanze kuvanga ibigori na PBSA bitanga icyizere cyane. Iyo ibinyamisogwe ari 5-30%, kongera ibikubiye muri granules birashobora kongera modulus no kugabanya imihangayiko no kurambura kuruhuka [281.282]. Hydrophobic aliphatic polyester ni thermodinamike idahuye na hydrophilique ya krahide, kandi ibiyunganira bitandukanye hamwe ninyongeramusaruro byongeweho mubisanzwe kugirango hongerwe icyerekezo cyimyanya hagati ya krahisi na polyester. Szadkowska, Ferri, na Li n'abandi. yize ku ngaruka ziterwa na plasitike ishingiye kuri silanol, amavuta ya anhydride ya manic, hamwe n’ibikomoka ku mavuta y’ibimera bikora ku miterere n’imiterere y’inganda za krahisi / PLA, [283-285]. Ortega-Toro, Yu n'abandi. yakoresheje aside citric na diphenylmethane diisocyanate kugirango ihuze ibinyamisogwe / PCL hamwe na krahisi / PBSA, kugirango bitezimbere ibintu bifatika kandi bihamye [286, 287].

Mu myaka yashize, ubushakashatsi bwinshi nubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku bijyanye no guhuza ibinyamisogwe na polymers karemano nka proteyine, polysaccharide na lipide. Teklehaimanot, Sahin-Nadeen na Zhang n'abandi bize ubushakashatsi ku miterere ya fiziki ya chimique ya krahisi / zein, ibinyamisogwe / proteine ​​hamwe na krahisi / gelatine, kandi ibisubizo byose byageze ku musaruro mwiza, ushobora gukoreshwa ku biribwa bya biomaterial na capsules [52, 288, 289]. Lozanno-Navarro, Talon na Ren n'abandi. yize itumanaho ryumucyo, imiterere yubukanishi, imiterere ya antibacterial hamwe na chitosan yibanda kuri firime ya krahisi / chitosan, hanyuma yongeramo ibiyikomokaho, icyayi cya polifenole nibindi bintu bya antibacterial naturel kugirango tunonosore ingaruka za antibacterial ya firime. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byerekana ko firime ya krahisi / chitosani ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu gupakira neza ibiryo n’imiti [290-292]. Kaushik, Ghanbarzadeh, Arvanitoyannis, na Zhang n'abandi. yize ku miterere ya krahisi / selile ya nanocrystal, ibinyamisogwe / carboxymethylcellulose, ibinyamisogwe / methylcellulose, hamwe na krahisi / hydroxypropylmethylcellulose ikomatanya, hamwe nibisabwa byingenzi mubikoresho byo gupakira biribwa / biodegradable [293-295]. Dafe, Jumaidin na Lascombes n'abandi. yize ibinyamisogwe / ibiryo byibiryo nka krahisi / pectine, ibinyamisogwe / agar na krahisi / karrageenan, bikoreshwa cyane cyane mubiribwa no gupakira ibiryo [296-298]. Imiterere ya fiziki ya chimique ya tapioca krahisi / amavuta y ibigori, ibinyamisogwe / lipide inganda zakozwe na Perez, De et al., Cyane cyane kugirango bayobore umusaruro wibiribwa biva hanze [299, 300].

1.3.4.3 Guteranya hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na krahisi

Kugeza ubu, nta bushakashatsi bwinshi bwakozwe kuri sisitemu yo guhuza HPMC hamwe na krahisi mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo, kandi benshi muri bo barimo kongeramo umubare muto wa HPMC muri materix yo mu bwoko bwa krahisi kugira ngo barusheho gusaza kwa krahisi. Jimenez n'abandi. yakoresheje HPMC kugirango igabanye gusaza kwa krahisi kavukire kugirango irusheho kugenda neza. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko kwiyongera kwa HPMC byagabanije gusaza kwa krahisi kandi byongera ubworoherane bwimikorere. Umwuka wa ogisijeni wa membrane yibumbiye hamwe wariyongereye cyane, ariko imikorere idakoresha amazi ntabwo. Ni bangahe byahindutse [301]. Villacres, Basch n'abandi. hiyongereyeho HPMC na tapioca krahisi kugirango bategure ibikoresho byo gupakira firime ya HPMC / krahisi, kandi yiga ku ngaruka za plasitike ya glycerine kuri firime ikomatanya n'ingaruka za potasiyumu sorbate na nisin kuri antibacterial miterere ya firime ikora. Ibisubizo Byerekana ko hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPMC, modulus ya elastique nimbaraga za tensile ya firime ikomatanya byiyongera, kuramba kuruhuka bikagabanuka, kandi imyuka yo mumazi ikagira ingaruka nke; potasiyumu sorbate na nisin byombi bishobora guteza imbere firime. Ingaruka ya antibacterial yimiti ibiri ya antibacterial nibyiza iyo ikoreshejwe hamwe [112, 302]. Ortega-Toro n'abandi. yize ku miterere ya HPMC / ibinyamisogwe bishyushye bikanda hamwe, kandi yiga ku ngaruka za aside citricike ku miterere ya membrane. Ibisubizo byerekanaga ko HPMC yatatanye mu cyiciro gikomeza, kandi aside citricike na HPMC byagize ingaruka ku gusaza kwa krahisi. ku rugero runaka rwo kubuza [139]. Ayorinde n'abandi. yakoresheje firime ya HPMC / krahisi yo gutwikira amlodipine yo mu kanwa, kandi ibisubizo byerekanaga ko igihe cyo gusenyuka no gusohora kwa firime yibintu byari byiza cyane [303].

Zhao Ming n'abandi. yize ku ngaruka za krahisi ku kigero cyo gufata amazi ya firime ya HPMC, kandi ibisubizo byerekanye ko ibinyamisogwe na HPMC byagize ingaruka zimwe zo guhuza imbaraga, bigatuma ubwiyongere bw’amazi muri rusange bwiyongera muri rusange [304]. Zhang n'abandi. yize imiterere ya firime yikigo cya HPMC / HPS hamwe na rheologiya yibisubizo. Ibisubizo byerekana ko sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ifite aho ihurira, imikorere ya membrane ikora neza, kandi imiterere ya rheologiya ya HPS kuri HPMC Ifite ingaruka nziza yo kuringaniza [305, 306]. Hariho ubushakashatsi buke kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / ibinyamisogwe birimo ibintu byinshi bya HPMC, kandi ibyinshi muribyo biri mubushakashatsi bwimikorere idahwitse, kandi ubushakashatsi bujyanye na sisitemu yububiko burabuze, cyane cyane gel ya HPMC / HPS ubukonje bukabije bwahindutse -icyiciro cya gel. Ubushakashatsi bwubukanishi buracyari mubusa.

1.4 Rheologiya ya polymer

Muburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho bya polymer, gutemba no guhindura ibintu byanze bikunze bizabaho, kandi rheologiya nubumenyi bwiga amategeko yimikorere no guhindura ibintu [307]. Gutemba ni umutungo wibikoresho byamazi, mugihe deformasiyo ari umutungo wibikoresho bikomeye (kristaline). Kugereranya muri rusange gutemba kwamazi no guhindura ibintu ni nkibi bikurikira:

Mubikorwa bifatika byinganda zikoreshwa mubikoresho bya polymer, ubwiza bwabyo hamwe nubukonje bugena imikorere yabyo. Muburyo bwo gutunganya no kubumba, hamwe noguhindura igipimo cyogosha, ubwiza bwibikoresho bya polymer birashobora kugira ubunini bunini bwibicuruzwa byinshi. Hindura [308]. Imiterere ya rheologiya nko kwijimisha no gukata kogosha bigira ingaruka kuburyo butaziguye kugenzura pompe, parufe, gutatanya no gutera mugihe cyo gutunganya ibikoresho bya polymer, kandi nibintu byingenzi byibikoresho bya polymer.

1.4.1 Viscoelasticitike ya polymers

Mu mbaraga zo hanze, amazi ya polymer ntashobora gutemba gusa, ahubwo anagaragaza guhindura ibintu, yerekana ubwoko bwimikorere ya "viscoelasticité", kandi ishingiro ryayo ni ukubana "gukomeye-amazi-ibyiciro bibiri" [309]. Nyamara, iyi viscoelasticité ntabwo ari umurongo wa viscoelasticité kuri deformations ntoya, ahubwo ni viscoelasticitike idafite umurongo aho ibikoresho byerekana ubumuga bunini hamwe no guhangayika igihe kirekire [310].

Umuti usanzwe wa polysaccharide wamazi witwa hydrosol. Mubisubizo byoroshye, macromolecules ya polysaccharide iri muburyo bwa coil yatandukanijwe. Iyo kwibandaho kwiyongera kugeza ku gaciro runaka, macromolecular coil irahuza kandi igahuzanya. Agaciro kitwa kwibanda cyane [311]. Munsi yibitekerezo byibanze, ubwiza bwigisubizo buri hasi cyane, kandi ntabwo bigira ingaruka kubipimo byogosha, byerekana imyitwarire ya Newtonian; iyo kwibandaho gukomeye kugerwaho, macromolecules igenda yimuka mu bwigunge itangira gufatana hamwe, kandi ibisubizo byijimye byiyongera cyane. kwiyongera [312]; mugihe iyo kwibanda kurenze kwibanda cyane, kugabanuka kwogosha bikemuka kandi igisubizo kigaragaza imyitwarire itari iy'amazi ya Newtonian [245].

Hydrosol zimwe zishobora gukora gele mubihe bimwe na bimwe, kandi imitungo ya viscoelastic irangwa nububiko bwa G ', modulus G yatakaye kandi biterwa ninshuro. Modulus yo kubika ihuye na elastique ya sisitemu, mugihe modulus yo gutakaza ihuye nubwiza bwa sisitemu [311]. Mugukemura ibibazo, ntaho bihurira na molekile, kuburyo hejuru yumurongo mugari, G ′ ni nto cyane kuruta G ″, kandi yerekanaga imbaraga zikomeye zishingiye. Kuva G ′ na G ″ bigereranywa na frequence ω na quadratic yayo, kimwe, iyo inshuro ari nyinshi, G ′> G ″. Iyo kwibumbira hejuru birenze kwibanda cyane, G ′ na G ″ baracyafite inshuro zishingiye. Iyo inshuro ziri hasi, G ′ <G ″, kandi inshuro ziyongera buhoro buhoro, byombi bizambuka, hanyuma bisubire kuri G ′> mukarere gakomeye G ”.

Ingingo ikomeye aho hydrosol isanzwe ya polysaccharide ihinduka gele yitwa gel point. Hano haribisobanuro byinshi bya gel point, kandi ikoreshwa cyane ni ubusobanuro bwa dinamike viscoelasticitike muri rheologiya. Iyo modulus yo kubika G ′ ya sisitemu ingana no gutakaza modulus G ″, ni gel point, na G ′> G ″ Gel ikora [312, 313].

Molekile zimwe na zimwe za polysaccharide zikora amashyirahamwe adakomeye, kandi imiterere ya gel irasenyuka byoroshye, kandi G 'nini kuruta G ”, byerekana ko biterwa na frequency nkeya; mugihe molekile zimwe na zimwe za polysaccharide zishobora gukora uturere duhamye duhuza uturere, iyo miterere ya gel irakomeye, G ′ nini cyane kuruta G ″, kandi ntigira aho ihurira [311].

1.4.2 Imyitwarire ya rheologiya ya polymer

Kuri sisitemu yuzuye ya polymer yuzuye, ikomatanya ni sisitemu imwe, kandi viscoelasticité muri rusange ni igiteranyo cyumutungo wa polymer umwe, kandi viscoelasticitike yayo ishobora gusobanurwa namategeko yoroshye yubumenyi [314]. Imyitozo yerekanye ko sisitemu ya bahuje ibitsina idafasha kunoza imiterere yimashini. Ibinyuranye, sisitemu zimwe na zimwe zifite imiterere yatandukanijwe ifite imikorere myiza [315].

Guhuza ibice bigize sisitemu ihuza ibice bizaterwa nibintu nkibipimo bya sisitemu igereranya, igipimo cyogosha, ubushyuhe nuburyo bwimiterere, byerekana guhuza cyangwa gutandukanya ibyiciro, kandi inzibacyuho kuva muburyo bwo guhuza ibice byanze bikunze. biganisha ku mpinduka zikomeye muri viscoelasticitike ya sisitemu [316, 317]. Mu myaka yashize, habaye ubushakashatsi bwinshi kumyitwarire ya viscoelastic ya sisitemu igoye igice cya sisitemu igoye. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko imyitwarire ya rheologiya ya sisitemu ivanze muri zone ihuza ihuza ibiranga sisitemu ya bahuje ibitsina. Mu gice cyo gutandukanya icyiciro, imyitwarire ya rheologiya iratandukanye rwose na zone ya bahuje ibitsina kandi iragoye cyane.

Gusobanukirwa imiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu yo guteranya ibintu bitandukanye, kugereranya ibipimo, igipimo cyogosha, ubushyuhe, nibindi bifite akamaro kanini muguhitamo neza tekinoloji yo gutunganya, gushushanya neza formulaire, kugenzura neza ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa, no kugabanya umusaruro ukwiye gukoresha ingufu. [309]. Kurugero, kubikoresho byumva ubushyuhe, ubwiza bwibintu burashobora guhinduka muguhindura ubushyuhe. Kandi kunoza imikorere yo gutunganya; Sobanukirwa na zone yogosha yibikoresho, hitamo igipimo gikwiye kugirango ugenzure imikorere yibikoresho, kandi utezimbere umusaruro.

1.4.3 Ibintu bigira ingaruka kumiterere yimiterere yikigo

1.4.3.1 Ibigize

Imiterere yumubiri na chimique nuburyo bwimbere bwa sisitemu yububiko ni uburyo bwuzuye bwerekana imisanzu ihuriweho yimiterere ya buri kintu hamwe nubusabane hagati yibigize. Kubwibyo, umubiri na chimique ya buri kintu ubwacyo gifite uruhare rukomeye muri sisitemu yo guhuza. Urwego rwo guhuza hagati ya polymers zitandukanye ziratandukanye cyane, zimwe zirahuza cyane, kandi zimwe ntizihuza rwose.

1.4.3.2 Ikigereranyo cya sisitemu yo guhuza

Imiterere ya viscoelasticitike hamwe nubukanishi bwa polymer compound sisitemu izahinduka cyane hamwe nimpinduka yikigereranyo. Ibi ni ukubera ko igipimo cyo kugereranya kigena umusanzu wa buri kintu muri sisitemu yo guhuza, kandi kigira ingaruka no kuri buri kintu. imikoranire no gukwirakwiza icyiciro. Xie Yajie n'abandi. yize chitosan / hydroxypropyl selulose isanga ubwiza bwikigo bwiyongereye cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl selile [318]. Zhang Yayuan n'abandi. yize ku ruganda rwa xanthan gum na krahisi y'ibigori asanga iyo igipimo cya xanthan gum cyari 10%, coefficient ihoraho, ihangayikishije ry'umusaruro hamwe na index ya fluid ya sisitemu igoye yiyongereye cyane. Biragaragara [319].

1.4.3.3 Igipimo cyogosha

Amazi menshi ya polymer ni amavuta ya pseudoplastique, adahuye n amategeko ya Newton. Ikintu nyamukuru kiranga ni uko ibishishwa bidahinduka cyane munsi yimyenda mito, kandi ubukonje bugabanuka cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwikigereranyo [308, 320]. Amazi atemba ya polymer yamazi arashobora kugabanwa mubice bitatu: agace gato ka Newtonian, agace kogoshesha akarere hamwe n’akarere gakomeye. Iyo igipimo cyogosha gikunda kuba zeru, guhangayika no guhangayika bihinduka umurongo, kandi imyitwarire yimigezi yamazi isa niy'amazi ya Newtonian. Muri iki gihe, ibishishwa bikunda agaciro runaka, aribyo bita zeru-shear viscosity η0. η0 yerekana igihe ntarengwa cyo kwidagadura cyibikoresho kandi ni ikintu cyingenzi cyibikoresho bya polymer, bifitanye isano nuburemere buringaniye bwa molekile ya polymer hamwe ningufu zo gukora zitembera neza. Mu gice cyogosha cyogosha, ubukonje bugenda bugabanuka buhoro buhoro hamwe no kwiyongera kwikigero cyogosha, kandi haribintu byo "kunanuka kwogosha". Aka karere nigice gisanzwe gitemba mugutunganya ibikoresho bya polymer. Mu karere gakomeye kogosha, nkuko igipimo cyogosha gikomeje kwiyongera, ubukonje bugenda bujya mubindi bihoraho, ubwonko butagira umupaka η∞, ariko aka karere mubisanzwe biragoye kuhagera.

1.4.3.4 Ubushyuhe

Ubushyuhe bugira ingaruka ku buryo butaziguye ubukana bwimikorere yubushyuhe bwa molekile, bishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumikoranire hagati yimikorere hagati yikwirakwizwa, gukwirakwiza urunigi, no kwizirika. Muri rusange, mugihe cyo gutembera ibikoresho bya polymer, kugenda kwiminyururu ya molekile bikorwa mubice; uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ubwisanzure bwubusa buriyongera, hamwe no guhangana ningendo zingingo zigabanuka, bityo ubwiza bukagabanuka. Nyamara, kuri polymers zimwe, uko ubushyuhe bwiyongera, ishyirahamwe hydrophobique riba hagati yiminyururu, bityo viscosity ikiyongera aho.

Polimeri zitandukanye zifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo kumva ubushyuhe, kandi polymer imwe yo hejuru igira ingaruka zitandukanye kumikorere yuburyo bwayo mubushyuhe butandukanye.

1.5 Ubusobanuro bwubushakashatsi, intego yubushakashatsi nibirimo muriyi ngingo

1.5.1 Ubusobanuro bwubushakashatsi

Nubwo HPMC ari ibikoresho byizewe kandi biribwa bikoreshwa cyane mubiribwa nubuvuzi, bifite firime nziza, ikwirakwiza, ikabyimba, kandi igahindura ibintu. Filime ya HPMC nayo ifite umucyo mwiza, imiterere ya barrière, hamwe nubukanishi. Nyamara, igiciro cyacyo kinini (hafi 100.000 / toni) kigabanya imikoreshereze yagutse, ndetse no mubikorwa bya farumasi bifite agaciro kanini nka capsules. Byongeye kandi, HPMC ni gel iterwa n'ubushyuhe, ibaho muburyo bwo gukemura hamwe n'ubukonje buke ku bushyuhe buke, kandi irashobora gukora geli imeze nk'icyuma kimeze nk'ubushyuhe bwo hejuru, bityo rero uburyo bwo gutunganya nko gutwikira, gutera no gutobora bigomba gutwarwa hanze ku bushyuhe bwinshi, bikavamo ingufu nyinshi zikoreshwa kandi nigiciro kinini. Ibyiza nka viscosity yo hasi hamwe na gel imbaraga za HPMC mubushyuhe buke bigabanya imikorere ya HPMC mubisabwa byinshi.

Ibinyuranye, HPS ni ibikoresho bihendutse (hafi 20.000 / toni) biribwa nabyo bikoreshwa cyane mubiribwa nubuvuzi. Impamvu HPMC ihenze cyane nuko selile y'ibikoresho fatizo ikoreshwa mugutegura HPMC bihenze kuruta ibinyamisogwe bibisi bikoreshwa mugutegura HPS. Mubyongeyeho, HPMC yashizwemo nimbaraga ebyiri, hydroxypropyl na mikorerexy. Nkigisubizo, inzira yo kwitegura iragoye cyane, igiciro rero cya HPMC kiri hejuru cyane ugereranije na HPS. Uyu mushinga urizera gusimbuza zimwe muri HPMCs zihenze na HPS ihendutse, no kugabanya igiciro cyibicuruzwa hashingiwe ku gukomeza imirimo isa.

Mubyongeyeho, HPS ni gel ikonje, ibaho muburyo bwa viscoelastic gel mubushyuhe buke kandi ikora igisubizo gitemba mubushyuhe bwinshi. Kubwibyo, kongeramo HPS muri HPMC birashobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa gel ya HPMC no kongera ububobere bwayo mubushyuhe buke. imbaraga za gel, zitezimbere imikorere yubushyuhe buke. Byongeye kandi, firime iribwa ya HPS ifite imyuka myiza ya ogisijeni, bityo kongera HPS muri HPMC birashobora kunoza imitekerereze ya ogisijeni ya firime iribwa.

Muri make, guhuza HPMC na HPS: Icya mbere, bifite akamaro gakomeye. HPMC ni gel ishyushye, na HPS ni gel ikonje. Muguhuza byombi, hariho teoretiki ingingo yinzibacyuho hagati ya geles zishyushye nubukonje. Ishyirwaho rya HPMC / HPS sisitemu ikonje kandi ishyushye hamwe nubushakashatsi bwayo irashobora gutanga inzira nshya kubushakashatsi bwubu bwoko bwubukonje nubushyuhe bwahinduwe bwa fonction gel ， bwashyizeho ubuyobozi buyobora. Icya kabiri, irashobora kugabanya ibiciro byumusaruro no kuzamura inyungu yibicuruzwa. Binyuze mu guhuza HPS na HPMC, ikiguzi cy'umusaruro kirashobora kugabanuka mubijyanye n'ibikoresho fatizo no gukoresha ingufu z'umusaruro, kandi inyungu y'ibicuruzwa irashobora kunozwa cyane. Icya gatatu, irashobora kunoza imikorere yo gutunganya no kwagura porogaramu. Kwiyongera kwa HPS birashobora kongera imbaraga hamwe na gel imbaraga za HPMC mubushyuhe buke, kandi bikanoza imikorere yabyo mubushyuhe buke. Byongeye, imikorere yibicuruzwa irashobora kunozwa. Wongeyeho HPS kugirango utegure firime iribwa ya HPMC / HPS, imitekerereze ya ogisijeni ya firime iribwa irashobora kunozwa.

Ubwuzuzanye bwa sisitemu ya polymer irashobora kumenya mu buryo butaziguye microscopique morphologie hamwe nibintu byuzuye bigize uruganda, cyane cyane imiterere yubukanishi. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa cyane kwiga guhuza sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. HPMC na HPS byombi ni hydrophilique polysaccharide ifite ibice bimwe byubaka-glucose kandi byahinduwe nitsinda rimwe rikora hydroxypropyl, ritezimbere cyane guhuza sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. Nyamara, HPMC ni gel ikonje kandi HPS ni gel ishyushye, kandi imyitwarire ya gel ihindagurika ya bombi iganisha ku gutandukanya icyiciro cya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. Muri make, icyiciro cya morphologie hamwe ninzibacyuho yicyiciro cya HPMC / HPS ubukonje-bushyushye bwa gel igizwe na sisitemu iragoye cyane, kubwibyo guhuza no gutandukanya ibyiciro bya sisitemu bizaba bishimishije cyane.

Imiterere ya morphologie nimyitwarire ya rheologiya ya sisitemu igoye ya sisitemu. Ku ruhande rumwe, imyitwarire ya rheologiya mugihe cyo gutunganya izagira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere ya sisitemu; kurundi ruhande, imyitwarire ya rheologiya ya sisitemu irashobora kwerekana neza impinduka mumiterere yimiterere ya sisitemu. Niyo mpamvu, bifite akamaro kanini kwiga imiterere yimiterere ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yo kuyobora umusaruro, gutunganya no kugenzura ubuziranenge.

Imiterere ya macroscopique nkimiterere ya morphologie, guhuza hamwe na rheologiya ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye ya gel ivanze ifite imbaraga, kandi igaterwa nuruhererekane rwibintu nkibisubizo byibisubizo, igipimo cyo guhuza, igipimo cyogosha nubushyuhe. Isano iri hagati yimiterere ya microscopique morphologique hamwe na macroscopique ya sisitemu ya sisitemu igizwe irashobora kugengwa no kugenzura imiterere ya morphologie no guhuza sisitemu ihuriweho.

1.5.2 Intego yubushakashatsi

Sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye ihinduranya icyiciro cya gel gel yubatswe, hubatswe imiterere yimiterere ya rheologiya, kandi ingaruka zimiterere yumubiri na chimique yibigize, igipimo cyo guhuza hamwe nuburyo bwo gutunganya kumiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu. Filime iribwa ya HPMC / HPS yarateguwe, kandi imitungo ya macroscopique nkibikoresho bya mashini, uburyo bwo guhumeka ikirere hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwa firime bwakozweho ubushakashatsi, hanashakishwa ibintu n’amategeko bigira ingaruka. Wige neza gahunda yinzibacyuho, guhuza no gutandukanya icyiciro cya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye ihinduranya-feri ya gel igoye, igenzure ibintu bigira ingaruka hamwe nuburyo bukoreshwa, kandi ushireho isano iri hagati yimiterere ya microscopique na macroscopique. Imiterere ya morphologiya no guhuza sisitemu igizwe ikoreshwa mugucunga ibintu byibikoresho.

1.5.3 Ibirimo ubushakashatsi

Kugirango ugere ku ntego yubushakashatsi buteganijwe, iyi mpapuro izakora ubushakashatsi bukurikira:

. Sisitemu. Hakozwe iperereza ku mategeko n’amategeko y’imiterere ya rheologiya nka thixotropy na thixotropy, kandi hashyizweho ubushakashatsi ku buryo bwo gukora gel ikonje kandi ishyushye.

. igeragezwa ryumutungo wubukanishi ryakoreshejwe mukwiga imiterere yihariye ya buri kintu, ibigize firime ikomatanya Ingaruka yikigereranyo nubushuhe bugereranije nibidukikije kumiterere ya mashini ya firime; ikoreshwa ryikigereranyo cya ogisijeni yipimisha hamwe na UV-Vis spectrophotometero kugirango bige ku ngaruka zumutungo wihariye wibigize hamwe nu kigereranyo cy’imvange kuri ogisijeni no gukwirakwiza urumuri rwa firime ikomatanya Guhuza no gutandukanya icyiciro cya HPMC / HPS ubukonje- sisitemu ishyushye ya gel igizwe na sisitemu yakozwe na scanning electron microscopi, isesengura rya thermogravimetric hamwe nisesengura rya thermomechanical.

. Filime iribwa ya HPMC / HPS yarateguwe, kandi ingaruka ziterwa no guhuza ibice hamwe no kugereranya ibice byagabanijwe no guhinduranya icyiciro cya sample byakozwe na microscope optique hamwe nuburyo bwo gusiga iyode; Itegeko ryoguhuza ibice hamwe nuburinganire bwikigereranyo kumiterere yubukanishi hamwe nogukwirakwiza urumuri rwicyitegererezo. Hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku isano iri hagati ya microstructure hamwe nubukanishi bwa HPMC / HPS ubukonje-bushyushye bwa sisitemu ya gel composite ya sisitemu.

. Ingaruka zo gusimbuza HPS, igipimo cyogosha nubushyuhe kuri viscosity hamwe nindi miterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu ivanze, hamwe na point de point de gele, modulus frequency dependance hamwe nibindi bintu bya gel hamwe namategeko yabo yizwe hakoreshejwe rheometero. Ikwirakwizwa ry'ubushyuhe bushingiye ku cyiciro no gukwirakwiza icyiciro cy'icyitegererezo cyizwe no kwanduza iyode, kandi uburyo bwa gelation bwa HPMC / HPS bukonje-bushyushye bwahinduwe na feri ya geli.

. Filime iribwa ya HPMC / HPS yarateguwe, kandi ingaruka za degre yo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl kumiterere ya kristu hamwe na micro-domain imiterere ya firime ikomatanya yakozwe nubushakashatsi bwa synchrotron imirasire ntoya ya X-ray ikwirakwiza. Amategeko agenga impamyabumenyi ya HPS hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza imiterere ya mashini ya membrane yibumbiye hamwe yakozwe nubushakashatsi bwumutungo wa mashini; amategeko agenga impamyabumenyi ya HPS yo gusimbuza umwuka wa ogisijeni wa membrane yibumbiye hamwe yakozwe na test ya ogisijeni yinjira; HPS hydroxypropyl Ingaruka zo gusimbuza amatsinda kumiterere yubushyuhe bwa firime ya HPMC / HPS.

Igice cya 2 Kwiga ibijyanye na sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS

Filime isanzwe ya polymer iribwa irashobora gutegurwa nuburyo bworoshye butose [321]. Ubwa mbere, polymer irashonga cyangwa ikwirakwizwa mugice cyamazi kugirango hategurwe ihagarikwa ryamafirime iribwa cyangwa ikora firime, hanyuma yibanda mugukuraho umusemburo. Hano, ibikorwa bisanzwe bikorwa mukumisha ubushyuhe buke buke. Ubu buryo busanzwe bukoreshwa mugukora firime ziribwa zateguwe mbere, cyangwa gutwikira ibicuruzwa neza hamwe nigisubizo cyo gukora firime mukibiza, kwoza cyangwa gutera. Igishushanyo mbonera cyo gutunganya amafirime aribwa bisaba kubona amakuru yukuri ya rheologiya yamazi akora firime, afite akamaro kanini mugucunga ubuziranenge bwibicuruzwa byapakirwa biribwa bipfunyika hamwe na coatings [322].

HPMC ni ifu yumuriro, ikora gel mubushyuhe bwinshi kandi iri mubisubizo byubushyuhe buke. Iyi mitungo ya gel yumuriro ituma ubukonje bwayo mubushyuhe buke cyane, ibyo bikaba bidahuye nibikorwa byihariye byo kubyara nko kwibiza, gukaraba no kwibiza. imikorere, bivamo imikorere idahwitse kubushyuhe buke. Ibinyuranye, HPS ni gel ikonje, gel igaragara neza mubushyuhe buke, n'ubushyuhe bwinshi. Igisubizo cyo hasi cyibisubizo. Kubwibyo, binyuze mubihuza byombi, imiterere ya rheologiya ya HPMC nkubukonje bwubushyuhe buke irashobora kuringanizwa kurwego runaka.

Iki gice cyibanze ku ngaruka ziterwa no gukemura ibibazo, kugereranya hamwe nubushyuhe ku miterere ya rheologiya nka zeru-shear viscosity, indangagaciro zitemba hamwe na thixotropy ya HPMC / HPS ubukonje-bushyushye bwa sisitemu ya gel. Amategeko yinyongera akoreshwa muburyo bwambere kuganira kubijyanye na sisitemu yo guhuza.

2.2 Uburyo bw'igerageza

2.2.1 Gutegura igisubizo cya HPMC / HPS

Banza upime ifu yumye ya HPMC na HPS, hanyuma uvange ukurikije 15% (w / w) hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye bya 10: 0, 7: 3, 5: 5, 3: 7, 0:10; hanyuma ongeramo 70 ° C mumazi ya C, koga vuba muminota 30 kuri 120 rpm / min kugirango ukwirakwize HPMC; hanyuma shyushya igisubizo hejuru ya 95 ° C, shyira vuba kuri 1 h kumuvuduko umwe kugirango gelatine rwose HPS; gelatinisation irangiye Nyuma yibyo, ubushyuhe bwumuti bwaragabanutse vuba kugera kuri 70 ° C, HPMC irashonga burundu mukubyutsa umuvuduko wa 80 rpm / min kuminota 40. (W / w yose muriyi ngingo ni: yumye ishingiro ryicyitegererezo / igisubizo rusange).

2.2.2 Imiterere yimiterere ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS

2.2.2.1 Ihame ryo gusesengura imvugo

Rheometre izunguruka ifite ibikoresho byombi hejuru no hepfo ibangikanye, kandi byoroheje byogosha bishobora kugerwaho binyuze mumikorere igereranije hagati ya clamps. Rheometer irashobora kugeragezwa muburyo bwintambwe, uburyo bwo gutembera nuburyo bwo kunyeganyega: muburyo bwintambwe, rheometero irashobora gukoresha impagarara zinzibacyuho kurugero, zikoreshwa cyane mugupima ibisubizo biranga inzibacyuho nigihe gihoraho-cyigihe cyicyitegererezo. Isuzuma nigisubizo cya viscoelastic nko kuruhuka guhangayika, kunyerera no gukira; muburyo bwo gutembera, rheometero irashobora gushira umurongo kumurongo, ikoreshwa cyane mugupima ubwiza bwikitegererezo cyikigereranyo cyikigero cyogosha no guterwa nubushuhe kubushyuhe na thixotropy; muburyo bwo kunyeganyega, rheometero irashobora kubyara sinusoidal ihinduranya ihindagurika ryinyeganyeza, rikoreshwa cyane cyane mukugena akarere ka viscoelastic umurongo, gusuzuma ubushyuhe bwumuriro hamwe nubushyuhe bwa sample.

2.2.2.2 Uburyo bwo kugerageza uburyo bwo kugenda

Ikibaho kibangikanye gifite umurambararo wa mm 40 cyakoreshejwe, naho isahani yashyizwe kuri mm 0,5.

1. Viscosity ihinduka hamwe nigihe. Ubushyuhe bwikizamini bwari 25 ° C, igipimo cyogosha cyari 800 s-1, naho igihe cyo gukora cyari 2500 s.

2. Viscosity iratandukanye nigipimo cyogosha. Ubushyuhe bwikigereranyo 25 ° C, igipimo cyambere-shear 800 s-1, igihe cyo kubanziriza 1000 s; igipimo cyogosha 10²-10³s.

Guhagarika umutima (τ) nigipimo cyogosha (γ) gikurikiza amategeko yububasha bwa Ostwald-de Waele:

̇Τ = K.γ n (2-1)

aho τ ni impagarara zogosha, Pa;

γ ni igipimo cyogosha, s-1;

n ni indangagaciro;

K ni coefficient ya viscosity, Pa · sn.

Isano iri hagati yubukonje (ŋ) yumuti wa polymer nigipimo cyogosha (γ) urashobora gushyirwaho na moderi ya karren:

Muri bo,ŋ0ubwoya bwogosha, Pa s;

ŋ∞ni ubwonko butagira umupaka, Pa s;

λni igihe cyo kuruhuka, s;

n ni icyogosha cyerekana ；

3. Uburyo butatu bwo gupima thixotropy. Ubushyuhe bwo gupima ni 25 ° C, a. Icyiciro gihagaze, igipimo cyogosha ni 1 s-1, naho igihe cyo gukora ni 50 s; b. Icyiciro cyo gukata, igipimo cyo gukata ni 1000 s-1, naho igihe cyo gukora ni 20 s; c. Inzira yo kugarura imiterere, igipimo cyogosha ni 1 s-1, naho igihe cyo gukora ni 250 s.

Muburyo bwo kugarura imiterere, urwego rwo kugarura imiterere nyuma yigihe cyo gukira kugaragazwa nigipimo cyo gukira kwijimye:

DSR = ŋt ⁄ ŋ╳100%

Muri bo,ŋt ni viscosity mugihe cyo kugarura imiterere ts, Pa s;

hŋni ubwiza ku iherezo ryicyiciro cya mbere, Pa s.

2.3 Ibisubizo n'ibiganiro

2.3.1 Ingaruka yigihe cyogosha kumiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu

Ku gipimo gihoraho cyogosha, ikigaragara kigaragara gishobora kwerekana inzira zitandukanye hamwe no kongera igihe cyogosha. Igishushanyo 2-1 cyerekana umurongo usanzwe wijimye hamwe nigihe muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko hamwe no kwagura igihe cyo kogosha, ibigaragara bigaragara ko bigabanuka bikomeje. Iyo igihe cyo kogosha kigeze kuri 500 s, ubwiza bugera kumurongo uhamye, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko ubwiza bwa sisitemu yimvange munsi yo kogosha byihuse bifite agaciro runaka. Igihe gishingiye kuri, ni ukuvuga, thixotropy yerekanwa mugihe runaka.

Kubwibyo, mugihe wiga amategeko atandukanye yubusembwa bwa sisitemu yikomatanya hamwe nigipimo cyogosha, mbere yikizamini nyacyo-gihamye cyogosha, hasabwa igihe runaka cyo kwihuta-mbere-yogosha kugira ngo bikureho ingaruka za thixotropy kuri sisitemu. . Rero, amategeko yo guhinduka kwijimye hamwe nigipimo cyogosha nkikintu kimwe kiboneka. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ubwiza bwintangarugero zose bwageze kumurongo uhagaze mbere ya 1000 s ku gipimo cyinshi cya 800 1 / s hamwe nigihe, kidateganijwe hano. Kubwibyo, mugihe kizaza cyubushakashatsi, ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mbere ya 1000 s ku gipimo cyinshi cya 800 1 / s kugira ngo bikureho ingaruka za thixotropy yingero zose.

2.3.2 Ingaruka zo kwibanda kumiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu yo guhuza

Mubisanzwe, ubwiza bwibisubizo bya polymer bwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo. Igicapo 2-2 cerekana ingaruka zo kwibanda kumurongo wikigereranyo cyubwiza bwimikorere ya HPMC / HPS. Duhereye ku gishushanyo, dushobora kubona ko ku gipimo kimwe cyogosha, ubwiza bwa sisitemu yimvange bwiyongera buhoro buhoro hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo. Ubukonje bwibisubizo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye byagabanutse buhoro buhoro hamwe niyongera ryikigero cyogosha, byerekana ibintu byogosha byogosha, byerekanaga ko ibisubizo bivanze nibitekerezo bitandukanye byari ibya pseudoplastique. Nyamara, igipimo cyoguterwa nubwiza bwerekanaga inzira itandukanye hamwe nihinduka ryibisubizo byibisubizo. Iyo igisubizo cyibanze kiri hasi, icyogoshe cyo kugabanuka cyibisubizo ni bito; hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo byibisubizo, shear thinning phenomenon yumuti uhuriweho biragaragara cyane.

2.3.2.1 Ingaruka zo kwibanda kuri zeru shear viscosity ya sisitemu ivanze

Igipimo cyimiterere ya viscosity-shear ya sisitemu yimvange yibitekerezo bitandukanye byashyizweho nicyitegererezo cya Carren, kandi zero-shear viscosity yumuti wibisubizo byavanywe hanze (0.9960 <R₂ <0.9997). Ingaruka zo kwibanda kumyumvire yumuti wibisubizo urashobora kwigwa cyane wiga isano iri hagati ya zeru shear viscosity hamwe nibitekerezo. Kuva ku gishushanyo cya 2-3, birashobora kugaragara ko isano iri hagati ya zeru-shear viscosity hamwe no kwibanda kumuti wikomatanya ikurikiza amategeko yububasha:

aho k na m bihagaze.

Muburyo bubiri bwa logarithmic, ukurikije ubunini bwumusozi m, birashobora kugaragara ko kwishingikiriza kumurongo byerekana inzira ebyiri zitandukanye. Dukurikije inyigisho ya Dio-Edwards, iyo yibanze cyane, ahahanamye ni hejuru (m = 11.9, R2 = 0,9942), ibyo bikaba ari ibisubizo byoroshye; mugihe kiri hejuru cyane, ahahanamye ni muke (m = 2.8, R2 = 0.9822), ikaba ari igisubizo cyibisubizo. Kubwibyo, kwibanda kuri C * ya sisitemu yo guhuza irashobora kugenwa kuba 8% binyuze mu masangano y'utwo turere twombi. Ukurikije umubano uhuriweho na leta zitandukanye hamwe nubushuhe bwa polymers mugukemura, harasabwa icyitegererezo cya leta ya molekile ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS mugisubizo cyubushyuhe buke, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2-3.

HPS ni gel ikonje, ni gel imiterere yubushyuhe buke, kandi ni igisubizo cyubushyuhe bwinshi. Ku bushyuhe bwikizamini (25 ° C), HPS ni leta ya gel, nkuko bigaragara mumurongo wubururu mubishusho; muburyo bunyuranye, HPMC ni gel ishyushye, Ku bushyuhe bwikizamini, iri mubisubizo, nkuko bigaragara muri molekile itukura.

Mubisubizo byoroshye bya C <C *, iminyururu ya HPMC ibaho cyane cyane nkurwego rwigenga rwigenga, kandi ingano itandukanijwe ituma iminyururu itandukana; byongeye kandi, icyiciro cya HPS geli ikorana na molekile nkeya ya HPMC kugirango ibe yose Ifishi hamwe na HPMC iminyururu yigenga ibaho itandukanye hagati yabyo, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2-2a.

Hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshi, intera iri hagati yurunigi rwigenga rwimigozi nuduce twa fonction yagabanutse buhoro buhoro. Iyo kwibandaho gukomeye C * kugerwaho, molekile ya HPMC ikorana nicyiciro cya gel ya HPS igenda yiyongera buhoro buhoro, kandi iminyururu yigenga ya HPMC itangira guhuza, ikora icyiciro cya HPS nkikigo cya gel, kandi iminyururu ya molekile ya HPMC irahujwe. kandi bihujwe hamwe. Imiterere ya microgel irerekanwa mumashusho 2-2b.

Hamwe no kwiyongera kwokwibanda, C> C *, intera iri hagati yicyiciro cya HPS gel iragabanuka, kandi iminyururu ya polymer ya HPMC hamwe nakarere ka HPS igenda iba ingorabahizi kandi imikoranire irakomeye, bityo igisubizo kigaragaza imyitwarire bisa nibya polymer bishonga, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2-2c.

2.3.2.2 Ingaruka zo kwibanda kumyitwarire ya sisitemu ya sisitemu

Amategeko yububasha bwa Ostwald-de Waele (reba formula (2-1)) akoreshwa muguhuza impagarara zogosha nogukata igipimo cyikigero (kiterekanwa mumyandiko) ya sisitemu yimvange hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye, hamwe nibipimo bitemba n hamwe na coefficient ya viscosity K irashobora kuboneka. , ibisubizo bikwiye ni nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2-1.

Imbonerahamwe 2-1 Indangagaciro yimyitwarire (n) nigipimo cyerekana amazi (K) yumuti wa HPS / HPMC hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye kuri 25 ° C.

Ibintu bitemba byamazi ya Newtonian ni n = 1, ibyerekanwa byamazi ya pseudoplastique ni n <1, naho kure n itandukana na 1, niko imbaraga za pseudoplastique zamazi, kandi ibyerekanwa bitemba byamazi ni n> 1. Birashobora kugaragara kuva kumeza 2-1 ko n indangagaciro zibisubizo byingirakamaro hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye byose biri munsi ya 1, byerekana ko ibisubizo bivanze byose ari pseudoplastique. Mugihe gito, n agaciro k'igisubizo cyongeye gusubirwamo cyegereye 0, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko igisubizo cyibanze cyibanze cyegereye amazi ya Newtonian, kubera ko mubisubizo bito bito, iminyururu ya polymer ibaho itigenga. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo byibisubizo, n agaciro ka sisitemu yimvange yagabanutse buhoro buhoro, ibyo bikaba byerekanaga ko kwiyongera kwibitekerezo byongereye imyitwarire ya pseudoplastique yumuti wibisubizo. Imikoranire nko guhuzagurika yabaye hagati yicyiciro cya HPS, kandi imyitwarire yacyo yari yegereye iya polymer yashonga.

Iyo yibanze cyane, coefficente ya viscosity K ya sisitemu yimvange ni nto (C <8%, K <1 Pa · sn), kandi hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshi, K agaciro ka sisitemu yimvange gahoro gahoro gahoro gahoro, byerekana ko ububobere bwa sisitemu yo guhuza yagabanutse, ibyo bikaba bihujwe no kwibanda kuri zero shear viscosity.

2.3.3 Ingaruka yikigereranyo cyo kugereranya kumiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu yo guhuza

Igishushanyo 2-4 Viscosity va shear igipimo cya HPMC / HPS hamwe nikigereranyo gitandukanye kuri 25 ° C.

Imbonerahamwe 2-2 Indangagaciro yimyitwarire (n) nigipimo cyerekana amazi (K) yumuti wa HPS / HPMC hamwe nikigereranyo kivanze kuri 25 °

Igishushanyo cya 2-4 cyerekana ingaruka zo kugereranya ku gipimo cyoguterwa na HPMC / HPS ikomatanya igisubizo. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko ubwiza bwa sisitemu ikomatanya irimo ibintu bike bya HPS (HPS <20%) bidahinduka cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwikigero cyogosha, cyane cyane ko muri sisitemu yimvange irimo HPS nkeya, HPMC muburyo bwo gukemura ku bushyuhe buke ni icyiciro gikomeza; ubwiza bwibintu bya sisitemu hamwe nibintu byinshi bya HPS bigenda bigabanuka buhoro buhoro hamwe no kwiyongera kwikigero cyogosha, byerekana ibintu byogosha byogosha, byerekana ko igisubizo kivanze ari amazi ya pseudoplastique. Ku gipimo kimwe cyogosha, ubwiza bwibisubizo byiyongera byiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, biterwa ahanini nuko HPS iri mumiterere ya gel igaragara cyane mubushyuhe buke.

Ukoresheje itegeko ryimbaraga za Ostwald-de Waele (reba formula (2-1)) kugirango uhuze umurongo wikigereranyo cyogukata (kuterekanwa mumyandiko) ya sisitemu yimvange hamwe nikigereranyo gitandukanye, icyerekezo gitemba n hamwe na coefficient ya viscosity K, ibisubizo bikwiye bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 2-2. Birashobora kugaragara kumeza ko 0.9869 <R2 <0.9999, ibisubizo bikwiye nibyiza. Indanganturo ya n nisanganya ya sisitemu igabanuka gahoro gahoro hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, mugihe coefficente ya viscosity K yerekana inzira igenda yiyongera buhoro buhoro hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, byerekana ko iyongerwaho rya HPS rituma igisubizo kivanze kigaragara neza kandi bigoye gutemba . Iyi myumvire ijyanye n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa Zhang, ariko ku kigereranyo kimwe cyo guhuza, n agaciro k’igisubizo kivanze kiri hejuru y’ibisubizo bya Zhang [305], biterwa ahanini n’uko mbere yogosha byakozwe muri ubu bushakashatsi kugira ngo bikureho ingaruka za thixotropy ikurwaho; ibisubizo bya Zhang nigisubizo cyibikorwa byahujwe na thixotropy nigipimo cyogosha; gutandukanya ubu buryo bubiri bizaganirwaho ku buryo burambuye mu gice cya 5.

2.3.3.1 Ingaruka yikigereranyo cyo guhuza kuri zeru shear viscosity ya sisitemu yo guhuza

Isano iri hagati yimiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu ya homogeneous polymer compound na sisitemu ya rheologiya yibigize muri sisitemu ihuye n amategeko yo gukusanya logarithmic. Kuri sisitemu igizwe n'ibice bibiri, isano iri hagati ya sisitemu yo guhuza hamwe na buri kintu gishobora kugaragazwa nuburinganire bukurikira:

Muri byo, F ni imiterere yumutungo wa rheologiya ya sisitemu igoye;

F1, F2 nibintu byerekana imiterere yibice 1 nibice 2, kimwe;

∅1 na ∅2 ni ibice byinshi bigize igice cya 1 nigice cya 2, hamwe na ∅1 ∅2.

Kubwibyo, zeru-shear viscosity ya sisitemu yo guhuza nyuma yo guhuza hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye byo guteranya bishobora kubarwa ukurikije ihame rya logarithmic incamake yo kubara agaciro kahanuwe. Indangagaciro zigeragezwa zibisubizo byimbaraga hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye byavanze byakomeje kwimurwa na carren ikwiranye nubwiza bwikigero cyikigero. Agaciro kahanuwe ka zeru zeru ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS hamwe na ratios itandukanye igereranijwe nagaciro kagereranijwe, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2-5.

Umurongo utudomo igice mubishushanyo nigiciro cyahanuwe cya zeru shear viscosity yumuti wibisubizo byabonetse kubitegeko bya logarithmic sum, kandi igishushanyo cyumurongo utudomo nigiciro cyikigereranyo cya sisitemu yo guhuza hamwe nikigereranyo gitandukanye. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko agaciro k'igeragezwa k'igisubizo kivanze kigaragaza ikintu cyiza-kibi-gutandukana ugereranije n'itegeko ryo guhuza, byerekana ko sisitemu y'imvange idashobora kugera ku guhuza kwa termodinamike, kandi sisitemu yo guhuza ni icyiciro gikomeza-gutatanya kuri ubushyuhe buke Imiterere ya "nyanja-kirwa" ya sisitemu y'ibyiciro bibiri; hamwe no kugabanuka guhoraho kwa HPMC / HPS igereranya, icyiciro gikomeza cya sisitemu yo guhuza cyahindutse nyuma yikigereranyo cyo guhuza cyari 4: 6. Igice kivuga ku bushakashatsi burambuye.

Birashobora kugaragara neza uhereye ku gishushanyo ko iyo igipimo cya HPMC / HPS ari kinini, sisitemu yimvange igira itandukaniro ribi, ibyo bikaba bishobora kuba kubera ko ubukonje bwinshi HPS butangwa mubice bitatanye murwego rwo hasi rwijimye HPMC ikomeza icyiciro hagati . Hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, hariho gutandukana kwiza muri sisitemu yo guhuza, byerekana ko icyiciro cyinzibacyuho gikomeza kibaho muri sisitemu yo guhuza iki gihe. HPS ifite ububobere buke ihinduka icyiciro gikomeza cya sisitemu yo guhuza, mugihe HPMC itatanye mugice gikomeza cya HPS muburyo bumwe.

2.3.3.2 Ingaruka yikigereranyo cyo guhuza kumyitwarire ya fluid ya sisitemu yo guhuza

Igishushanyo cya 2-6 byerekana urutonde rwimikorere n ya sisitemu igizwe nkumurimo wibirimo HPS. Kuva ibipimo ngenderwaho n byashyizwe kumurongo wa log-logarithmic, n dore umurongo ugereranije. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, indangagaciro ya n n sisitemu ya compound igenda igabanuka gahoro gahoro, byerekana ko HPS igabanya imiterere ya fluid ya Newtonian yumuti wibisubizo kandi ikanoza imyitwarire ya pseudoplastique. Igice cyo hepfo ni gel leta ifite ububobere buke. Birashobora kandi kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko isano iri hagati yerekana urutonde rwimikorere ya sisitemu yikomatanyirizo hamwe nibiri muri HPS ihuye numubano umwe (R2 ni 0.98062), ibi byerekana ko sisitemu yimvange ifite ubwuzuzanye bwiza.

2.3.3.3 Ingaruka yikigereranyo cyo guhuza kuri coefficient ya viscosity ya sisitemu yo guhuza

Igicapo 2-7 cerekana coefficient ya viscosity K yumuti uhuriweho nkigikorwa cyibirimo HPS. Birashobora kugaragara mubishushanyo ko K agaciro ka HPMC yera ari nto cyane, mugihe K agaciro ka HPS yera nini nini, ifitanye isano na gel ya HPMC na HPS, biri mubisubizo hamwe na leta ya gel kuri ubushyuhe buke. Iyo ibikubiye mu bice biri hasi-viscosity biri hejuru, ni ukuvuga, iyo ibikubiye muri HPS ari bike, coefficente ya viscosity coefficient de l'homme yegeranye niy'ibigize bike-viscosity HPMC; mugihe iyo ibikubiye murwego rwo hejuru-viscosity biri hejuru, K agaciro k ibisubizo bivanze byiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS byiyongereye cyane, byerekanaga ko HPS yongereye ubwiza bwa HPMC mubushyuhe buke. Ibi bigaragaza cyane cyane uruhare rwubwiza bwicyiciro cyikurikiranya kubwiza bwa sisitemu yimvange. Mubihe bitandukanye aho ibice byo hasi-viscosity bigize icyiciro gikomeza kandi igice-cyinshi-cyinshi nicyiciro gikomeza, umusanzu wicyiciro cyikurikiranya cyimyororokere kumyanya ya sisitemu yimvange biragaragara ko bitandukanye. Iyo ubukonje buke HPMC nicyiciro gikomeza, ubwiza bwa sisitemu yimvange bugaragaza cyane cyane uruhare rwubwiza bwicyiciro gikomeza; kandi iyo HPS-yuzuye cyane ni icyiciro gikomeza, HPMC nkicyiciro cyatatanye bizagabanya ubukonje bwa HPS-yuzuye cyane. Ingaruka.

2.3.4 Thixotropy

Thixotropy irashobora gukoreshwa mugusuzuma ituze ryibintu cyangwa sisitemu nyinshi, kubera ko thixotropy ishobora kubona amakuru kumiterere yimbere hamwe nurwego rwibyangiritse byogosha [323-325]. Thixotropy irashobora guhuzwa ningaruka zigihe gito namateka yogosha biganisha kumahinduka ya microstructural [324, 326]. Uburyo butatu bwa thixotropique bwakoreshejwe mukwiga ingaruka zimibare itandukanye yo guhuza kumiterere ya thixotropique ya sisitemu yo guhuza. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 2-5, ingero zose zerekanye impamyabumenyi zitandukanye za thixotropy. Ku gipimo gito cyogosha, ubwiza bwibisubizo byiyongereye byiyongereye cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, ibyo bikaba byari bihujwe no guhindura ibishishwa bya zeru-shear hamwe nibirimo HPS.

Impamyabumenyi yo kugarura imiterere DSR yingero zifatika mugihe gitandukanye cyo gukira zibarwa na formula (2-3), nkuko bigaragara mumbonerahamwe 2-1. Niba DSR <1, icyitegererezo gifite ubukana buke buke, kandi icyitegererezo ni thixotropic; muburyo bunyuranye, niba DSR> 1, icyitegererezo gifite anti-thixotropy. Duhereye ku mbonerahamwe, dushobora kubona ko agaciro ka DSR ya HPMC yuzuye ari hejuru cyane, hafi 1, ibi ni ukubera ko molekile ya HPMC ari urunigi rukomeye, kandi igihe cyayo cyo kuruhuka ni gito, kandi imiterere igarurwa vuba munsi yimbaraga nyinshi. Agaciro DSR ya HPS ni mike ugereranije, yemeza ko ifite imbaraga zikomeye za thixotropique, cyane cyane ko HPS ari urunigi rworoshye kandi igihe cyo kuruhuka ni kirekire. Imiterere ntabwo yakize neza mugihe cyo kugerageza.

Kubisubizo byingirakamaro, mugihe kimwe cyo gukira, mugihe ibirimo HPMC birenze 70%, DSR igabanuka byihuse hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, kubera ko urunigi rwa molekile ya HPS ari urunigi rworoshye, n'umubare w'iminyururu ikomeye. muri sisitemu yo guhuza yiyongera hiyongereyeho HPS. Niba bigabanijwe, igihe cyo kwidagadura igice rusange cya molekuline ya sisitemu yo guhuza ibice birebire, kandi thixotropy ya sisitemu yimvange ntishobora kugarurwa vuba mugikorwa cyogosha cyane. Iyo ibikubiye muri HPMC bitageze kuri 70%, DSR yiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwibiri muri HPS, byerekana ko hari imikoranire hagati yiminyururu ya molekile ya HPS na HPMC muri sisitemu yimvange, itezimbere muri rusange gukomera kwa molekile ibice muri sisitemu yikomatanya kandi bigabanya igihe cyo kwidagadura cya sisitemu yimvange iragabanuka, kandi thixotropy iragabanuka.

Byongeye kandi, agaciro ka DSR ya sisitemu ivanze yari hasi cyane ugereranije na HPMC yera, byagaragazaga ko thixotropy ya HPMC yazamutse cyane muguhuza. Indangagaciro za DSR hafi ya zose zintangarugero muri sisitemu yo guhuza zari nyinshi kuruta iz'iza HPS, byerekana ko ituze rya HPS ryatejwe imbere ku rugero runaka.

Birashobora kandi kugaragara kumeza ko mugihe gitandukanye cyo gukira, indangagaciro za DSR zose zerekana ingingo yo hasi mugihe ibirimo HPMC ari 70%, kandi mugihe ibirimo ibinyamisogwe birenze 60%, agaciro DSR yikigo irarenze irya HPS. Indangagaciro za DSR muri 10 s za sample zose zegeranye cyane nagaciro ka DSR yanyuma, byerekana ko imiterere ya sisitemu igizwe ahanini yarangije imirimo myinshi yo kugarura imiterere muri 10 s. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko icyitegererezo hamwe nibintu byinshi bya HPS byerekanaga uburyo bwo kwiyongera mbere hanyuma bikagabanuka hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo gukira, byagaragazaga ko ingero zifatika nazo zerekanye urwego runaka rwa thixotropy hakoreshejwe icyogosho gito, kandi imiterere yabo ntigihungabana.

Isesengura ryujuje ubuziranenge bwibice bitatu bya thixotropy rihuye nibyavuye muri raporo y'ibizamini bya thixotropique, ariko ibisubizo byo gusesengura ingano ntabwo bihuye n'ibisubizo by'ibizamini bya thixotropique. Thixotropy ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yapimwe nuburyo bwa mpeta ya thixotropique hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS [305]. Kwangirika byabanje kugabanuka hanyuma biriyongera. Ikizamini cya thixotropique gishobora gusa kwerekana ko hariho ibintu bya thixotropique, ariko ntibishobora kubyemeza, kubera ko impeta ya thixotropique ari igisubizo cyibikorwa icyarimwe cyigihe cyo gukata nigipimo cyogosha [325-327].

2.4 Incamake y'iki gice

Muri iki gice, gel gel yumuriro HPMC hamwe na gel ikonje ya HPS yakoreshejwe nkibikoresho fatizo byingenzi kugirango hubakwe ibyiciro bibiri bigize sisitemu ya gel ikonje kandi ishyushye. Ingaruka yimiterere ya rheologiya nka viscosity, imiterere yimigezi na thixotropy. Ukurikije umubano uhuriweho na leta zitandukanye hamwe nubushuhe bwa polymers mugukemura, hasabwa icyitegererezo cya leta ya molekile ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ya sisitemu yo gukemura ubushyuhe buke. Ukurikije amahame ya logarithmic yincamake yimiterere yibice bitandukanye muri sisitemu yo guhuza, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe buhuza sisitemu. Iby'ingenzi byagaragaye ni ibi bikurikira:

1. Ingero zifatanije hamwe nubushakashatsi butandukanye zose zerekanaga urwego runaka rwo kunanura imisatsi, kandi urwego rwo kunanagura imisatsi rwiyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshi.
2. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwokwibanda, indangagaciro yimikorere ya sisitemu yikomatanya yagabanutse, hamwe na zeru-shear viscosity hamwe na coefficient ya viscosity yariyongereye, byerekana ko imyitwarire isa nkiyimikorere ya sisitemu yongerewe imbaraga.
3. Hariho kwibumbira hamwe (8%) muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, munsi yibitekerezo bikomeye, iminyururu ya molekile ya HPMC hamwe nakarere ka HPS gel mugice cyibisubizo bitandukanijwe kandi bibaho byigenga; iyo kwibandaho gukomeye kugerwaho, mugisubizo gikomatanyije Hashyizweho leta ya microgel hamwe nicyiciro cya HPS nkikigo cya gel, kandi iminyururu ya molekile ya HPMC irahujwe kandi ihujwe; hejuru yibitekerezo bikomeye, iminyururu ya HPMC yuzuye iminyururu ya macromolecular no guhuza hamwe nakarere ka HPS icyiciro kiraruhije, kandi imikoranire iraruhije. cyane, igisubizo rero cyitwara nka polymer yashonga.
4. Ikigereranyo cyo guhuza gifite ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere ya rheologiya yumuti wa HPMC / HPS. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwibirimo bya HPS, ibintu byo kogosha ibintu bya sisitemu yo guhuza ibintu biragaragara cyane, indangagaciro zitemba zigenda zigabanuka buhoro buhoro, hamwe na zeru-shear viscosity hamwe na coefficient ya viscosity byiyongera buhoro buhoro. yiyongera, byerekana ko imyitwarire imeze nkibintu bigoye byateye imbere cyane.
5. Zeru-shear viscosity ya sisitemu yububiko yerekana ibintu byiza-bibi-gutandukana ugereranije na logarithmic incamake. Sisitemu yo guhuriza hamwe ni ibyiciro bibiri hamwe na fonctionnement ikwirakwiza icyiciro "inyanja-kirwa" imiterere yubushyuhe buke, kandi, Nkuko igipimo cya HPMC / HPS cyagabanutse nyuma ya 4: 6, icyiciro gikomeza cya sisitemu yo guhuza cyahindutse.
6. Hariho umurongo ugaragara hagati yerekana urutonde rwikigereranyo nigereranya ryikigereranyo cyibisubizo byahujwe hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye byo guhuza, byerekana ko sisitemu yo guhuza ifite guhuza neza.
7. Kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, mugihe ibice byo hasi-viscosity ari icyiciro gikomeza kandi igice kinini-cyinshi ni icyiciro gikomeza, umusanzu wicyiciro cya fonctionnement ya viscosity kuri viscosity ya sisitemu yimvange iratandukanye cyane. Iyo HPMC ifite ubukonje buke nicyiciro gikomeza, ubwiza bwa sisitemu yimvange bugaragaza cyane cyane uruhare rwikurikiranya ryicyiciro; mugihe iyo HPS-yuzuye cyane nicyiciro gikomeza, HPMC nkicyiciro cyo gutatanya bizagabanya ubukonje bwa HPS-yuzuye cyane. Ingaruka.
8. Ibyiciro bitatu bya thixotropy byakoreshejwe mukwiga ingaruka zo kugereranya kuri thixotropy ya sisitemu ivanze. Thixotropy ya sisitemu ivanze yerekanaga inzira yo kubanza kugabanuka hanyuma ikiyongera hamwe no kugabanuka kwa HPMC / HPS.
9. Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi byavuzwe haruguru byerekana ko binyuze mu guhuza HPMC na HPS, imiterere ya rheologiya yibice byombi, nko kuba viscosity, shear thinning phenomenon na thixotropy, byaringanijwe kurwego runaka.

Igice cya 3 Gutegura nibyiza bya HPMC / HPS Biribwa Byuzuye Filime

Gukomatanya polymer nuburyo bwiza cyane bwo kugera kubikorwa byinshi byuzuzanya, guteza imbere ibikoresho bishya nibikorwa byiza, kugabanya ibiciro byibicuruzwa, no kwagura ibikoresho bikoreshwa [240-242, 328]. Noneho, kubera imiterere ya molekulire itandukanye hamwe na entropiya ihuza hagati ya polymers zitandukanye, sisitemu nyinshi zo guhuza polymer ntizihuza cyangwa zihuza igice [11, 12]. Imiterere yubukanishi nibindi bintu bya macroscopique ya sisitemu ya polymer ifitanye isano ya hafi na fiziki ya chimique ya buri kintu, igipimo cyo guhuza buri kintu, guhuza ibice, hamwe na microscopique y'imbere nibindi bintu [240, 329].

Urebye imiterere yimiti, HPMC na HPS byombi ni hydrophilique curdlan, bifite ubumwe bumwe - glucose, kandi byahinduwe nitsinda rimwe rikora - itsinda rya hydroxypropyl, bityo HPMC na HPS bigomba kugira icyiciro cyiza. Ubushobozi. Nyamara, HPMC ni gel iterwa n'ubushyuhe, iri muburyo bwo gukemura ifite ubukonje buke cyane ku bushyuhe buke, kandi ikora colloid ku bushyuhe bwinshi; HPS ni gel iterwa n'ubukonje, ni gel ubushyuhe buke kandi iri mubisubizo byubushyuhe bwinshi; imiterere ya gel nimyitwarire biratandukanye rwose. Kwivanga kwa HPMC na HPS ntabwo bifasha gushiraho sisitemu imwe kandi ihuza neza. Urebye imiterere yimiti hamwe nubushyuhe bwa termodinamike, bifite akamaro kanini nibyingenzi kandi bifite akamaro ko guhuza HPMC na HPS kugirango hashyizweho sisitemu ikonje ikonje.

Iki gice cyibanze ku kwiga ku miterere yihariye yibigize muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye, igereranya ry’ubushuhe hamwe n’ubushuhe bugereranije bw’ibidukikije kuri morphologie ya microscopique, guhuza no gutandukanya ibyiciro, imiterere yubukanishi, ibintu byiza , hamwe nubushyuhe bwo guta ibintu bya sisitemu. N'ingaruka z'imiterere ya macroscopique nka barrière barrière.

3.1 Ibikoresho n'ibikoresho

3.1.1 Ibikoresho byingenzi byubushakashatsi

3.1.2 Ibikoresho byingenzi nibikoresho

3.2 Uburyo bw'igerageza

3.2.1 Gutegura firime ya HPMC / HPS iribwa

Ifu ya 15% (w / w) yumye ya HPMC na HPS yavanze na 3% (w / w) plasitike ya polyethylene glycol yateranijwe mumazi ya deionion kugirango ibone amazi yuzuye ya firime, hamwe na firime iribwa ya HPMC / HPS yateguwe nuburyo bwo gukina.

Uburyo bwo kwitegura: banza upime ifu yumye ya HPMC na HPS, hanyuma ubivange ukurikije ibipimo bitandukanye; hanyuma ongeramo amazi 70 ° C, hanyuma ukangure vuba kuri 120 rpm / min muminota 30 kugirango ukwirakwize HPMC; hanyuma shyushya igisubizo hejuru ya 95 ° C, koga vuba kumuvuduko umwe kuri 1 h kugirango gelatine rwose HPS; nyuma ya gelatinisation irangiye, ubushyuhe bwigisubizo buragabanuka vuba kugera kuri 70 ° C, kandi igisubizo kivangwa kumuvuduko gahoro wa 80 rpm / min kuminota 40. Gusenya burundu HPMC. Suka 20 g yumuti uvanze wa firime ivanze mumasahani ya polystirene petri ya diameter ya cm 15, uyijugunye neza, hanyuma uyumishe kuri 37 ° C. Filime yumye irakurwa muri disiki kugirango ibone ibyokurya bihujwe.

Filime ziribwa zose zagereranijwe kuri 57% yubushuhe muminsi irenga 3 mbere yo kwipimisha, kandi igice cya firime kiribwa cyakoreshejwe mugupima imitungo yubukanishi cyagereranijwe nubushyuhe bwa 75% muminsi irenga 3.

3.2.2 Micromorphologie ya firime iribwa ya HPMC / HPS

3.2.2.1 Ihame ryisesengura ryo gusikana microscope ya electron

Imbunda ya electron hejuru ya Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) irashobora gusohora electron nyinshi. Nyuma yo kugabanywa no kwibandaho, irashobora gukora urumuri rwa electron hamwe ningufu runaka nimbaraga. Gutwarwa na magnetique yumurima wo gusikana, ukurikije igihe runaka hamwe nu mwanya wateganijwe Sikana hejuru yicyitegererezo ingingo ku ngingo. Bitewe no gutandukanya ibiranga micro-ubuso bwubuso, imikoranire hagati yicyitegererezo nigiti cya elegitoronike izatanga ibimenyetso bya elegitoronike ya kabiri hamwe nimbaraga zitandukanye, zegeranijwe na detector hanyuma zihindurwamo ibimenyetso byamashanyarazi, byongerwaho na videwo no kwinjiza kuri gride yigituba cyamashusho, nyuma yo guhindura umucyo wigishushanyo, ishusho ya kabiri ya elegitoronike irashobora kuboneka ishobora kwerekana morphologie nibiranga micro-karere hejuru yicyitegererezo. Ugereranije na microscopes gakondo ya optique, imikemurire ya SEM ni ndende cyane, hafi 3nm-6nm yubuso bwurugero rwicyitegererezo, ikaba ikwiriye cyane kurebera hamwe imiterere ya mikorobe hejuru yibikoresho.

3.2.2.2 Uburyo bwikizamini

Filime iribwa yashyizwe muri desiccator kugirango yumuke, hanyuma hatoranywa ingano ikwiye ya firime iribwa, yomeka kuri stade idasanzwe ya SEM hamwe na kashe yangiza, hanyuma yomekaho zahabu hamwe na coater vacuum. Mugihe cyikizamini, icyitegererezo cyashyizwe muri SEM, hanyuma microscopique morphologie yicyitegererezo iragaragara kandi ifotorwa inshuro 300 ninshuro 1000 gukuza munsi ya electron yihuta ya voltage ya 5 kV.

3.2.3 Itumanaho ryoroheje rya HPMC / HPS iribwa ikomatanya

3.2.3.1 Ihame ryisesengura rya UV-Vis spectrophotometrie

UV-Vis spectrophotometer irashobora gusohora urumuri hamwe nuburebure bwa 200 ~ 800nm ​​hanyuma ikayirasa kuri kiriya kintu. Uburebure bwihariye bwumucyo mumucyo yibyabaye byinjizwa nibikoresho, kandi imbaraga za molekulari yinyeganyeza urwego rwinzibacyuho hamwe ninzibacyuho yingufu za elegitoronike bibaho. Kubera ko buri kintu gifite imiterere itandukanye ya molekile, atome na molekuline itandukanye, buri kintu gifite uburyo bwihariye bwo kwinjiza ibintu, kandi ibirimo birashobora kugenwa cyangwa kugenwa ukurikije urwego rwo kwinjirira muburebure bwihariye bwumurongo wihariye. Kubwibyo, UV-Vis spectrophotometric isesengura nimwe muburyo bwiza bwo kwiga ibigize, imiterere n'imikoranire yibintu.

Iyo urumuri rwumucyo rugonze ikintu, igice cyumucyo cyabaye cyakiriwe nikintu, ikindi gice cyumucyo cyabaye kinyuzwa mubintu; ikigereranyo cyumucyo woherejwe nuburemere bwumucyo niwohereza.

Inzira yumubano hagati yo gukurura no kohereza ni:

Muri byo, A ni ukwinjira;

T ni ihererekanyabubasha,%.

Kwinjira kwa nyuma byakosowe kimwe no kwinjiza × 0,25 mm / ubugari.

3.2.3.2 Uburyo bwo kugerageza

Tegura ibisubizo 5% bya HPMC na HPS, ubivange ukurikije ibipimo bitandukanye, usukemo g 10 yumuti ukora firime mumafunguro ya polystirene petri ya diametre ya cm 15, hanyuma uyumishe kuri 37 ° C kugirango ukore firime. Kata firime iribwa muri 1mm × 3mm yumurongo wurukiramende, uyishyire muri cuvette, hanyuma ukore firime iribwa hafi yurukuta rwimbere rwa cuvette. WFZ UV-3802 UV-vis spectrophotometero yakoreshejwe mu gusikana ingero z'uburebure bwuzuye bwa 200-800 nm, kandi buri cyitegererezo cyageragejwe inshuro 5.

3.2.4 Imiterere yimikorere ya thermomechanical ya HPMC / HPS firime ziribwa

3.2.4.1 Ihame ryisesengura ryimikorere ya thermomechanical

Isesengura rya Dynamic Thermomechanical Analyse (DMA) nigikoresho gishobora gupima isano iri hagati yubushyuhe nubushyuhe bwikitegererezo munsi yumutwaro runaka wubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwa programme, kandi irashobora kugerageza imiterere yubukorikori bwikitegererezo mugihe cyo guhinduranya ibihe hamwe nigihe, ubushyuhe n'ubushyuhe. umubano.

Polimeri nyinshi zifite imiterere ya viscoelastic, ishobora kubika ingufu za mashini nka elastomer kuruhande rumwe, kandi igakoresha ingufu nka mucus kurundi ruhande. Iyo imbaraga zisimburana zagiye zikoreshwa, igice cya elastike gihindura ingufu mumbaraga zishobora kubikwa; mugihe igice cya viscous gihindura ingufu mumbaraga zubushyuhe kandi kikabura. Ibikoresho bya polymer byerekana muri rusange ibintu bibiri byubushyuhe buke bwikirahure hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa reberi, kandi ubushyuhe bwinzibacyuho hagati yibi bihugu byombi ni ubushyuhe bwikirahure. Ubushyuhe bwikirahure bugira ingaruka kuburyo butaziguye kumiterere nimiterere yibikoresho, kandi nikimwe mubyingenzi biranga ubushyuhe bwa polymers.

Mugusesengura imiterere ya thermomechanical yimiterere ya polymers, viscoelasticitike ya polymers irashobora kugaragara, kandi ibipimo byingenzi bigena imikorere ya polymers birashobora kuboneka, kugirango bibe byakoreshwa neza mubidukikije bikoreshwa. Mubyongeyeho, isesengura ryimikorere ya thermomechanical yunvikana cyane kubyerekeranye nikirahure, gutandukanya icyiciro, guhuza-guhuza, korohereza ibintu hamwe na molekile igenda murwego rwose rwibice bya molekile, kandi irashobora kubona amakuru menshi kumiterere nimiterere ya polymers. Bikunze gukoreshwa mukwiga molekile ya polymers. imyitwarire. Ukoresheje ubushyuhe bwo guhanagura uburyo bwa DMA, ibibaho byinzibacyuho nkikirahure kirashobora kugeragezwa. Ugereranije na DSC, DMA ifite sensibilité yo hejuru kandi irakwiriye cyane gusesengura ibikoresho bigereranya imikoreshereze nyayo.

3.2.4.2 Uburyo bwo kugerageza

Hitamo icyitegererezo gisukuye, kimwe, kiringaniye kandi kitarangiritse, hanyuma ubikatemo 10mm × 20mm imirongo y'urukiramende. Ingero zapimwe muburyo bukabije hakoreshejwe Pydris Diamond dinamike ya thermomechanical analyses yo muri PerkinElmer, muri Amerika. Ubushyuhe bwo gupima bwari 25 ~ 150 ° C, ubushyuhe bwari 2 ° C / min, inshuro 1 Hz, kandi ikizamini cyasubiwemo kabiri kuri buri cyitegererezo. Mugihe cyubushakashatsi, modulus yo kubika (E ') hamwe nigihombo (E ”) cyicyitegererezo cyaranditswe, kandi igipimo cyigihombo cyatakaye na modulus yo kubika, ni ukuvuga tangent angle tan δ, nacyo gishobora kubarwa.

3.2.5 Ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa HPMC / HPS biribwa firime

3.2.5.1 Ihame ryisesengura rya termogravimetric

Thermal Gravimetric Analyser (TGA) irashobora gupima ihinduka ryubwinshi bwikitegererezo hamwe nubushyuhe cyangwa igihe mubushyuhe bwateganijwe, kandi birashobora gukoreshwa mukwiga ibishobora guhinduka, gushonga, sublimation, umwuma, kubora no okiside yibintu mugihe cyo gushyushya . nibindi bintu bifatika byumubiri nubumara. Isano ifitanye isano hagati yuburemere bwibintu nubushyuhe (cyangwa igihe) byabonetse nyuma yicyitegererezo cyageragejwe cyitwa thermogravimetric (umurongo wa TGA). kugabanya ibiro hamwe nandi makuru. Inkomoko ya Thermogravimetric curve (DTG curve) irashobora kuboneka nyuma yuburyo bwa mbere bukomoka kumurongo wa TGA, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza ihinduka ryikigereranyo cyo kugabanya ibiro byikigereranyo cyapimwe hamwe nubushyuhe cyangwa igihe, kandi impinga ni ingingo ntarengwa yo guhoraho igipimo.

3.2.5.2 Uburyo bwo kugerageza

Hitamo firime iribwa ifite ubunini bumwe, uyikatemo uruziga rufite diameter imwe na disiki ya testografi ya trimogravimetric, hanyuma ubishyire hejuru kuri disiki yikizamini, hanyuma ugerageze mu kirere cya azote gifite umuvuduko wa 20 mL / min . Ubushyuhe bwari 30-700 ° C, ubushyuhe bwari 10 ° C / min, kandi buri cyitegererezo cyageragejwe kabiri.

3.2.6.1 Ihame ryo gusesengura imitungo itoroshye

3.2.6 Ibintu bya Tensile bya HPMC / HPS biribwa bya firime

Ikizamini cyumutungo wubukanishi gishobora gukoresha umutwaro uhagaze kuri spline kumurongo wa metero ndende munsi yubushyuhe bwihariye, ubushuhe nubushyuhe bwihuse kugeza umugongo umenetse. Mugihe cyikizamini, umutwaro washyizwe kumurongo hamwe nubunini bwawo wanditswemo nuwipimishije imitungo yumukanishi, hanyuma umurongo uhangayitse mugihe cyo guhindagurika kwa spine. Uhereye kumurongo uhangayitse, imbaraga zingana (ζt), kurambura kuruhuka (εb) na moderi ya elastike (E) irashobora kubarwa kugirango isuzume imiterere ya firime.

Umubano uhangayikishije ibikoresho urashobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri: akarere gahindura imiterere ya elastike nakarere ka deformasique. Muri zone deformasique ya elastike, guhangayika no guhangayikishwa nibikoresho bifitanye isano, kandi guhindura iki gihe birashobora kugarurwa rwose, bikaba bihuje n amategeko ya Cook; muri zone deformasique ya plastike, guhangayika no guhangayikishwa nibikoresho ntibikiri umurongo, kandi deformisiyo ibaho muriki gihe ntishobora gusubira inyuma, amaherezo ibintu biravunika.

Imbaraga zingana kubara formula ：

Aho: ni imbaraga zingana, MPa;

p ni umutwaro ntarengwa cyangwa kumena umutwaro, N;

b ni icyitegererezo cy'ubugari, mm;

d nubunini bwikitegererezo, mm.

Inzira yo kubara kurambura:

Aho: εb ni kurambura kuruhuka,%;

L ni intera iri hagati yikimenyetso iyo icyitegererezo kimenetse, mm;

L0 nuburebure bwumwimerere bwa sample, mm.

Inzira yo kubara ya Elastike:

Muri byo: E ni modulus ya elastike, MPa;

ζ ni stress, MPa;

ε.

3.2.6.2 Uburyo bwo kwipimisha

Hitamo icyitegererezo gisukuye, kimwe, kiringaniye kandi kitarangiritse, reba uburinganire bwigihugu GB13022-91, hanyuma ubikatemo ibice bimeze nkibiragi bifite uburebure bwa 120mm, intera yambere hagati yimiterere ya 86mm, intera iri hagati yikimenyetso cya 40mm, na ubugari bwa 10mm. Ibice byashyizwe kuri 75% na 57% (mu kirere cya sodium chloride yuzuye na sodium bromide yumuti), kandi bingana iminsi irenga 3 mbere yo gupima. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, ASTM D638, 5566 igerageza imitungo ya mashini ya Instron Corporation yo muri Amerika hamwe na clamp yayo 2712-003 ikoreshwa mugupima. Umuvuduko ukabije wari mm 10 / min, kandi icyitegererezo cyasubiwemo inshuro 7, kandi impuzandengo yabazwe.

3.2.7 Oxygene yemewe ya HPMC / HPS iribwa ikomatanya

3.2.7.1 Ihame ryo gusesengura umwuka wa ogisijeni

Nyuma yikigereranyo cyikizamini kimaze gushyirwaho, cavity yikizamini igabanyijemo ibice bibiri, A na B; umwuka mwiza wa ogisijeni utemba ufite umuvuduko runaka unyura mu cyuho cya A, kandi umuvuduko wa azote ufite umuvuduko runaka unyura mu cyuho cya B. mugihe cyibizamini, A cavity Umwuka wa ogisijeni winjira mucyitegererezo mu cyuho cya B, na ogisijeni yinjiye mu cyuho cya B itwarwa na azote hanyuma igasiga umwobo wa B kugira ngo igere kuri sensor ya ogisijeni. Rukuruzi rwa ogisijeni ipima umwuka wa ogisijeni mu rugendo rwa azote kandi ikanasohora ibimenyetso by'amashanyarazi bihuye, bityo ikabara urugero rwa ogisijeni. kohereza.

3.2.7.2 Uburyo bwikizamini

Toranya firime ziribwa zangiritse, uzikatemo 10.16 x 10.16 cm zintangarugero zisa na diyama, utwikire hejuru yimpande za clamp hamwe namavuta ya vacuum, hanyuma ushireho urugero kubizamini. Ikizamini ukurikije ASTM D-3985, buri cyitegererezo gifite ubuso bwa cm 50.

3.3 Ibisubizo n'ibiganiro

3.3.1 Isesengura rya Microstructure ya firime ziribwa

Imikoranire hagati yibigize bigize firime ikora firime nuburyo bwo gukama-igena imiterere yanyuma ya firime kandi bigira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere itandukanye yumubiri nubumara bya firime [330, 331]. Imiterere ya gel isanzwe hamwe nigereranya ryikigereranyo cya buri kintu gishobora kugira ingaruka kumiterere yikomatanya, ibyo bikagira ingaruka kumiterere yubuso hamwe nimiterere yanyuma ya membrane [301, 332]. Kubwibyo, isesengura rya microstructural ya firime irashobora gutanga amakuru ajyanye no guhinduranya molekuline ya buri kintu, nacyo gishobora kudufasha kumva neza imiterere ya bariyeri, imiterere yubukanishi, hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwa firime.

Ubuso bwa scanning electron microscope micrographs ya HPS / HPMC firime ziribwa hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye bigaragara mumashusho 3-1. Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3-1, ingero zimwe na zimwe zerekanaga uduce duto duto hejuru, zishobora guterwa no kugabanuka kw’ubushyuhe mu cyitegererezo mu gihe cy’ikizamini, cyangwa n’igitero cy’ibiti bya electron mu cyuho cya microscope [122 , 139]. Mu gishushanyo, HPS membrane hamwe na HPMC yera. Ibibyimba byerekanaga microscopique igaragara neza, kandi microstructure ya membrane ya HPS yera yari imwe kandi yoroshye kuruta membrane ya HPMC yera, ishobora guterwa ahanini na macromolecules ya krahisi (molekile ya amylose na molekile ya amylopectine) mugihe cyo gukonjesha.) Yageze kuri gahunda nziza ya molekile. mu gisubizo cyamazi. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko sisitemu ya amylose-amylopectine-amazi mugihe cyo gukonja

Hashobora kubaho uburyo bwo guhatana hagati yo gushiraho gel no gutandukanya icyiciro. Niba igipimo cyo gutandukanya icyiciro kiri munsi yikigereranyo cyo gukora gel, gutandukana kwicyiciro ntibizabaho muri sisitemu, bitabaye ibyo, gutandukanya ibyiciro bizaba muri sisitemu [333, 334]. Byongeye kandi, iyo ibirimo amylose birengeje 25%, gelatinisiyasi ya amylose hamwe numuyoboro uhoraho wa amylose urashobora kubuza cyane kugaragara gutandukanya ibice [334]. Amylose yibigize HPS ikoreshwa muriyi mpapuro ni 80%, hejuru ya 25%, bityo bikerekana neza ko ibintu byiza bya HPS bisangiye kimwe kandi byoroshye kuruta ibibyimba bya HPMC.

Birashobora kugaragara duhereye ku kugereranya imibare ko ubuso bwa firime zose zihuriweho zisa naho zidakabije, kandi udusimba tumwe na tumwe tudasanzwe tunyanyagiye, byerekana ko hari urwego runaka rudasobanutse hagati ya HPMC na HPS. Byongeye kandi, ibice byose hamwe nibirimo byinshi bya HPMC byerekanaga imiterere imwe kuruta iyifite HPS nyinshi. HPS ishingiye kuri 37 ° C ubushyuhe bwa firime

Ukurikije imiterere ya gel, HPS yerekanye imiterere ya gel; mugihe hashingiwe kumiterere ya gel yumuriro ya HPMC, HPMC yerekanaga igisubizo kimeze nkamazi. Muri membrane igizwe nibintu byinshi bya HPS (7: 3 HPS / HPMC), HPS ya viscous nicyiciro gikomeza, kandi HPMC imeze nkamazi ikwirakwizwa mugice kinini cya HPS icyiciro gikomeza nkicyiciro cyatatanye, kikaba kidakwiye. kugabana kimwe icyiciro cyatatanye; Muri firime igizwe nibintu byinshi bya HPMC (3: 7 HPS / HPMC), HPMC ifite ubukonje buke ihinduka mu cyiciro gikomeza, kandi HPS ifite ibicucu ikwirakwizwa mu cyiciro gito cya HPMC nk'icyiciro cyatatanye, kikaba gifasha. ishingwa ryicyiciro kimwe. Sisitemu.

Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko nubwo firime zose zigizwe zerekana imiterere yubuso butagaragara kandi butemewe, ntamwanya ugaragara waboneka, byerekana ko HPMC na HPS bifite aho bihurira. Filime ya HPMC / ibinyamisogwe idafite plasitike nka PEG yerekanye itandukaniro rigaragara [301], bityo bikerekana ko hydroxypropyl ihindura ibinyamisogwe hamwe na plasitike ya PEG bishobora kunoza ubwuzuzanye bwa sisitemu.

3.3.2 Isesengura ryibintu byiza bya firime ziribwa

Ibikoresho byohereza urumuri rwa firime ziribwa za HPMC / HPS hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye byageragejwe na UV-vis spectrophotometer, naho UV yerekanwe mubishusho 3-2. Ninini nini yohereza urumuri, niko firime imwe kandi ikorera mu mucyo; muburyo bunyuranye, ntoya ntoya yohereza urumuri, niko firime itaringaniye kandi itagaragara. Birashobora kugaragara kuva ku gishushanyo cya 3-2 (a) ko firime zose zigizwe zerekana icyerekezo kimwe hamwe no kwiyongera kwuburebure bwa scanning murwego rwuzuye rwo gusikana, kandi urumuri rwiyongera buhoro buhoro hamwe no kwiyongera kwumuraba. Kuri 350nm, imirongo ikunda kuba mubibaya.

Hitamo ihererekanyabubasha ku burebure bwa 500nm kugirango ugereranye, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3-2 (b), ihererekanyabubasha rya firime nziza ya HPS iri munsi ya firime ya HPMC, kandi hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPMC, ubwikorezi buragabanuka mbere, hanyuma ikiyongera nyuma yo kugera ku giciro gito. Iyo ibirimo HPMC byiyongereye kugera kuri 70%, ihererekanyabubasha rya firime yibintu byari byinshi kuruta ibya HPS nziza. Birazwi neza ko sisitemu ya bahuje ibitsina izerekana urumuri rwiza, kandi agaciro kayo koherejwe na UV muri rusange ni hejuru; ibikoresho bitemewe muri rusange nibisanzwe kandi bifite agaciro ka UV yohereza. Indangagaciro zo kohereza za firime (7: 3, 5: 5) zari munsi yizindi firime za HPS na HPMC, byerekana ko hari urwego runaka rwo gutandukanya ibice hagati yibice bibiri bigize HPS na HPMC.

Igishushanyo cya 3-2 UV yerekanwe muburebure bwose (a), no kuri 500 nm (b), kuri firime ya HPS / HPMC. Umurongo ugereranya ± gutandukana bisanzwe. ac: inyuguti zitandukanye ziratandukanye cyane hamwe nuruvange rutandukanye (p <0.05), rushyirwa mubikorwa byuzuye

3.3.3 Isesengura ryimikorere ya thermomechanical ya firime ziribwa

Igicapo 3-3 cerekana imbaraga za thermomechanical yimiterere ya firime ziribwa za HPMC / HPS hamwe nuburyo butandukanye. Birashobora kugaragara kuva ku gishushanyo cya 3-3 (a) ko modulus yo kubika (E ') igabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPMC. Byongeye kandi, modulus yo kubika ingero zose yagabanutse buhoro buhoro hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera, usibye ko modulus yo kubika firime nziza ya HPS (10: 0) yiyongereyeho gato nyuma yubushyuhe bwiyongereye kuri 70 ° C. Ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, kuri firime igizwe nibintu byinshi bya HPMC, modulus yo kubika ya firime ikora ifite icyerekezo kigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe; mugihe kuburugero hamwe nibirimo byinshi bya HPS, modulus yo kubika iragabanuka gato hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe.

Igishushanyo 3-3 Modulus yo kubika (E ′) (a) no gutakaza tangent (tan δ) (b) ya firime ya HPS / HPMC

Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3-3 (b) ko ibyitegererezo birimo HPMC birenze 30% (5: 5, 3: 7, 0:10) byose byerekana impinga yikirahure, hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPMC, inzibacyuho yikirahure ubushyuhe bwinzibacyuho bwimukiye mubushyuhe bwo hejuru, byerekana ko imiterere yumunyururu wa HPMC yagabanutse. Ku rundi ruhande, icyuma cyiza cya HPS cyerekana ibahasha nini ihwanye na 67 ° C, mu gihe ibice bigize ibice 70% bya HPS bidafite ikirahure kigaragara. Ibi birashobora kuba kubera ko hari urwego runaka rwimikoranire hagati ya HPMC na HPS, bityo bikagabanya urujya n'uruza rw'ibice bya molekuline ya HPMC na HPS.

3.3.4 Isesengura ryubushyuhe bwumuriro wa firime ziribwa

Igishushanyo cya 3-4 Imirongo ya TGA (a) nibikomokaho (DTG) umurongo (b) wa firime ya HPS / HPMC

Ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa firime iribwa ya HPMC / HPS yageragejwe nisesengura rya thermogravimetric. Igicapo 3-4 cerekana umurongo wa thermogravimetric (TGA) hamwe nigipimo cyacyo cyo kugabanya ibiro (DTG) ya firime ikomatanya. Uhereye ku murongo wa TGA mu gishushanyo cya 3-4 (a), urashobora kubona ko icyitegererezo cya membrane icyitegererezo hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye byerekana ibyiciro bibiri bigaragara bya termogravimetricike hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe. Guhindagurika kw'amazi yamamajwe na macromolecule ya polysaccharide bivamo icyiciro gito cyo kugabanuka kuri 30–180 ° C mbere yuko iyangirika ry'ubushyuhe nyirizina ribaho. Ibikurikiraho, hari icyiciro kinini cyo kugabanya ibiro kuri 300 ~ 450 ° C, hano icyiciro cyo kwangirika k'ubushyuhe bwa HPMC na HPS.

Uhereye ku murongo wa DTG ku gishushanyo cya 3-4 (b), urashobora kubona ko ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwumuriro wa HPS na HPMC yera ari 338 ° C na 400 ° C, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe bwa HPMC ni hejuru ya HPS, byerekana ko HPMC Ihagaze neza yumuriro kuruta HPS. Iyo ibirimo HPMC byari 30% (7: 3), impinga imwe yagaragaye kuri 347 ° C, ibyo bikaba bihuye nimpinga iranga HPS, ariko ubushyuhe bwari hejuru yubushyuhe bwo gutakaza ubushyuhe bwa HPS; iyo HPMC yari 70% (3: 7), gusa impinga iranga HPMC yagaragaye kuri 400 ° C; mugihe ibikubiye muri HPMC byari 50%, impinga ebyiri zangirika zumuriro zagaragaye kumurongo wa DTG, 345 ° C na 396 ° C. Impinga ihuye nimpinga ziranga HPS na HPMC, ariko, impinga yubushyuhe bwumuriro ihuye na HPS ni nto, kandi impinga zombi zifite ihinduka runaka. Birashobora kugaragara ko ibyinshi mubibumbano byerekana gusa impinga imwe iranga impinga imwe ihuye nikintu runaka, kandi irahagarikwa ugereranije nibice byera, byerekana ko hari itandukaniro runaka hagati ya HPMC na HPS. urwego rwo guhuza. Ubushyuhe bwo gutakaza ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa membrane yibumbiye hejuru yari hejuru ya HPS yera, byerekana ko HPMC ishobora kuzamura ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa membrane ya HPS kurwego runaka.

3.3.5 Isesengura ryimiterere yimikorere ya firime iribwa

Imiterere ya firime ya HPMC / HPS igizwe na ratios zitandukanye zapimwe nisesengura ryumutungo wubukanishi kuri 25 ° C, ubuhehere bugereranije bwa 57% na 75%. Igicapo 3-5 cerekana modulus ya elastike (a), kurambura kuruhuka (b) n'imbaraga zingana (c) za firime ya HPMC / HPS hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye mubushuhe butandukanye. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko iyo ubushuhe bugereranije ari 57%, modulus ya elastique nimbaraga zingana za firime nziza ya HPS nini nini, kandi HPMC yera niyo ntoya. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwibirimo bya HPS, modulus ya elastique n'imbaraga za tensile za firime yibintu byiyongereye ubudahwema. Kurambura kumeneka ya HPMC isukuye ni nini cyane kuruta iy'icyuma cyiza cya HPS, kandi byombi biraruta ibya membrane.

Iyo ubuhehere bugereranije bwari hejuru (75%) ugereranije nubushuhe bugereranije na 57%, modulus ya elastike nimbaraga za tensile byintangarugero zose byagabanutse, mugihe kurambura kuruhuka byiyongereye cyane. Ibi biterwa cyane cyane nuko amazi, nka plasitiki rusange, ashobora kugabanya matrix ya HPMC na HPS, kugabanya imbaraga hagati yiminyururu ya polymer, no kunoza urujya n'uruza rw'ibice bya polymer. Ku butumburuke buri hejuru, modulus ya elastique n'imbaraga zingana za firime nziza ya HPMC yari hejuru ugereranije na firime nziza ya HPS, ariko kurambura kuruhuka byari hasi, igisubizo cyari gitandukanye rwose nibisubizo byubushyuhe buke. Twabibutsa ko itandukaniro ryimiterere yubukanishi bwa firime ikomatanya hamwe nibipimo byibice biri hejuru yubushyuhe bwa 75% bihabanye rwose nubushyuhe buke ugereranije nurubanza rufite ubushuhe bugereranije bwa 57%. Munsi yubushyuhe bwinshi, ubuhehere buri muri firime buriyongera, kandi amazi ntabwo agira ingaruka zimwe na zimwe zo guhindagura plastike kuri matrise ya polymer, ariko kandi ateza imbere kongera krike. Ugereranije na HPMC, HPS ifite imyumvire ikomeye yo kongera gukora, bityo ingaruka zubushuhe bugereranije kuri HPS nini cyane kuruta HPMC.

Igishushanyo cya 3-5 Imiterere ya firime ya HPS / HPMC ifite ibipimo bitandukanye bya HPS / HPMC byagereranijwe mubihe bitandukanye byo kwicisha bugufi (RH). *: inyuguti zitandukanye zinyuranye ziratandukanye cyane na RH zitandukanye, zikoreshwa mubitabo byuzuye

3.3.6 Isesengura rya Oxygene Yemewe ya Firime ziribwa

Filime iribwa ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byo gupakira ibiryo kugirango byongere ubuzima bwibiryo, kandi imikorere ya barriène ya ogisijeni nimwe mubimenyetso byingenzi. Kubwibyo, igipimo cyo kohereza ogisijeni ya firime ziribwa zifite ibipimo bitandukanye bya HPMC / HPS byapimwe ku bushyuhe bwa 23 ° C, kandi ibisubizo bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3-6. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo cyerekana ko umwuka wa ogisijeni wa membrane ya HPS isukuye uri hasi cyane ugereranije na HPMC yera, byerekana ko ururenda rwa HPS rufite inzitizi nziza ya ogisijeni kurusha HPMC. Bitewe n'ubukonje buke no kuba hari uturere twa amorphous, HPMC iroroshye gukora imiterere y'urusobekerane ruto ruke muri firime; ugereranije na HPS, ifite imyumvire yo hejuru yo kongera gukora, kandi biroroshye gukora imiterere yuzuye muri firime. Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko firime ya krahisi ifite imiterere myiza ya ogisijeni ugereranije nizindi polymers [139, 301, 335, 336].

Igishushanyo 3-6 Oxygene yemewe ya firime ya HPS / HPMC

Kwiyongera kwa HPS birashobora kugabanya cyane umwuka wa ogisijeni wa membrane ya HPMC, kandi umwuka wa ogisijeni winjira mubice bigabanuka cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS. Kwiyongera kwa HPS ya ogisijeni idashobora kwanduzwa birashobora kongera ubukana bwumuyoboro wa ogisijeni muri membrane igizwe, ibyo bikaba biganisha ku kugabanuka kw umuvuduko wa ogisijeni kandi amaherezo bikagabanya umwuka wa ogisijeni. Ibisubizo nkibi byavuzwe ku zindi nyenyeri kavukire [139,301].

3.4 Incamake y'iki gice

Muri iki gice, ukoresheje HPMC na HPS nkibikoresho nyamukuru, no kongeramo polyethylene glycol nka plastike, firime ziribwa za HPMC / HPS zifite ibipimo bitandukanye byateguwe nuburyo bwo gukina. Ingaruka yimiterere yihariye yibigize hamwe nikigereranyo cyo guhuza kuri microscopique morphologie ya membrane yibumbiye hamwe yakozwe na scanne electron microscopi; imiterere yubukanishi bwa membrane yibumbiye hamwe yakozwe na mashini-yimiterere. Ingaruka yimiterere yibigize hamwe nikigereranyo cyo kugereranya kumiterere ya ogisijeni ya barrière no kohereza urumuri rwa firime ikomatanya yakozwe nubushakashatsi bwa ogisijeni yohereza hamwe na UV-vis spectrophotometer. Gusikana electron microscopi, isesengura rya thermogravimetric hamwe nisesengura ryumuriro wa dinamike byakoreshejwe. Isesengura ryimashini nubundi buryo bwisesengura bwakoreshejwe mukwiga guhuza no gutandukanya icyiciro cya sisitemu ikonje ikonje. Iby'ingenzi byagaragaye ni ibi bikurikira:

1. Ugereranije na HPMC isukuye, HPS yoroheje iroroshye gukora imiterere ya microscopique yuburinganire kandi bworoshye. Ibi biterwa ahanini na molekulari nziza yo gutondekanya macromolecules ya krahisi (molekile ya amylose na molekile ya amylopectine) mugisubizo cyamazi yo mumazi mugihe cyo gukonja.
2. Imvange hamwe nibirimo HPMC birashoboka cyane gukora imiterere ya homogeneous membrane. Ibi ahanini bishingiye kumiterere ya gel ya HPMC na HPS. Ku bushyuhe bwo gukora firime, HPMC na HPS byerekana igisubizo gike-viscosity leta hamwe na gel-viscosity gel. Icyiciro kinini-cyinshi cyatatanye icyiciro gikwirakwizwa mugice gito-cyijimye gikomeza icyiciro. , biroroshye gukora sisitemu imwe.
3. Ubushuhe bugereranije bugira ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere ya firime ya HPMC / HPS, kandi urugero rwingaruka zayo rwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS. Mugihe gito ugereranije nubushuhe, byombi modulus ya elastique nimbaraga zamafirime ya firime yibintu byiyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, kandi kurambura kumena firime yibihimbano byari hasi cyane ugereranije nibya firime nziza. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushuhe bugereranije, modulus ya elastique nimbaraga za firime zingana byagabanutse, kandi kurambura kuruhuka byiyongereye kuburyo bugaragara, kandi isano iri hagati yimiterere yimashini ya firime ikomatanya hamwe nigereranya ryerekanaga uburyo butandukanye bwimpinduka muburyo butandukanye. ugereranije n'ubushuhe. Imiterere yubukorikori bwibice hamwe nibintu bitandukanye byuzuzanya byerekana ihuriro mubihe bitandukanye ugereranije nubushuhe butandukanye, butanga amahirwe yo guhindura imikorere yibicuruzwa ukurikije ibisabwa bitandukanye.
4. Kwiyongera kwa HPS byateje imbere cyane imiterere ya ogisijeni ya barrière yibigize. Umwuka wa ogisijeni wa membrane igizwe wagabanutse cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS.
5. Muri HPMC / HPS sisitemu ikonje kandi ishyushye ya gel ivanze, hariho guhuza bimwe mubice byombi. Ntamwanya ugaragara wibyiciro bibiri wabonetse mumashusho ya SEM ya firime zose zahujwe, ama firime menshi yibihimbano yari afite aho ahinduranya ikirahuri kimwe gusa mubisubizo bya DMA, kandi impinga imwe gusa yo guta ubushyuhe yagaragaye mumirongo ya DTG yibice byinshi. firime. Irerekana ko hari ibisobanuro runaka hagati ya HPMC na HPS.

Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi byavuzwe haruguru byerekana ko guhuza HPS na HPMC bidashobora kugabanya gusa umusaruro wakozwe na firime ya HPMC iribwa, ariko kandi binatezimbere imikorere yayo. Imiterere yubukanishi, inzitizi ya ogisijeni hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwa firime iribwa ishobora kugerwaho muguhindura igipimo cyo guhuza ibice byombi hamwe nubushuhe bugereranije bwibidukikije.

Igice cya 4 Isano iri hagati ya Micromorphologie nubukanishi bwa sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS

Ugereranije no kuvanga entropie yo hejuru mugihe cyo kuvanga ibyuma bivanze, kuvanga entropy mugihe cyo guhuza polymer mubisanzwe ni bito cyane, kandi ubushyuhe bwo guteranya mugihe cyo guteranya mubisanzwe nibyiza, bikavamo inzira yo guhuza polymer. Guhindura imbaraga za Gibbs kubuntu ni byiza (���>) rero, formulaire ya polymer ikunda gukora ibice bitandukanijwe na sisitemu y'ibyiciro bibiri, kandi polymer ihuza neza ni gake cyane [242].

Sisitemu zidasanzwe zishobora kugera kuri molekuline yo mu rwego rwo kutamenya neza muri termodinamike no gukora ibice bimwe, bityo rero sisitemu nyinshi ya polymer ntishobora kuboneka. Nyamara, sisitemu nyinshi za polymer zirashobora kugera kuri reta ihujwe mubihe bimwe na bimwe hanyuma igahinduka sisitemu yo guhuza hamwe nubwuzuzanye [257].

Imiterere ya macroscopique nkibikoresho byubukanishi bwa sisitemu ya polymer igizwe ahanini nubusabane hamwe na morphologie yibice byibigize, cyane cyane guhuza ibice nibigize ibice bikomeza kandi bitatanye [301]. Niyo mpamvu, bifite akamaro kanini kwiga microscopique morphologie na macroscopique yibintu bya sisitemu ikomatanya no gushyiraho umubano hagati yabyo, bifite akamaro kanini kugenzura imitungo yibikoresho bigizwe no kugenzura imiterere yicyiciro no guhuza sisitemu ihuriweho.

Muburyo bwo kwiga morphologie nigishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu igoye, ni ngombwa cyane guhitamo uburyo bukwiye bwo gutandukanya ibice bitandukanye. Nyamara, gutandukanya HPMC na HPS biragoye rwose, kuko byombi bifite umucyo mwiza kandi bisa nkibishobora guhinduka, biragoye rero gutandukanya ibice byombi na microscopi optique; hiyongereyeho, kubera ko byombi ari ibikoresho bishingiye kuri karubone, bityo byombi bigira ingufu zisa, bityo rero biragoye no gusikana microscopi ya electron kugirango tumenye neza ibice byombi. Fourier ihindura infrarafurike ya sprosroscopi irashobora kwerekana impinduka muri morphologie nigishushanyo cyicyiciro cya sisitemu ya protein-krahisi igereranije nubuso bwakarere ka polysaccharide kuri cm 1180-953 cm-1 na bande ya amide kuri cm 1750-1483 cm-1 [52, 337], ariko ubu buhanga buragoye kandi mubisanzwe bisaba imirasire ya synchrotron Fourier ihindura tekinike ya infragre kugirango itange itandukaniro rihagije kuri sisitemu ya Hybrid HPMC / HPS. Hariho kandi tekinike yo kugera kuri uku gutandukanya ibice, nko gukwirakwiza microscopi electronique hamwe no gukwirakwiza X-ray ntoya, ariko ubwo buhanga busanzwe buragoye [338]. Muri iyi ngingo, hakoreshejwe uburyo bworoshye bwo gusiga iyode ya optique ya microscope isesengura, kandi ihame ryuko itsinda ryanyuma ryimiterere ya amylose rishobora gukoreshwa hamwe na iyode kugirango ibe igizwe ningingo zikoreshwa mu gusiga irangi rya HPMC / HPS ukoresheje irangi rya iyode, bityo ko HPS Ibigize byari bitandukanye nibice bya HPMC n'amabara yabo atandukanye munsi ya microscope. Kubwibyo, iyode yo kwisiga optique ya microscope isesengura nuburyo bworoshye kandi bunoze bwubushakashatsi kuri morphologie nigishushanyo mbonera cya sisitemu ishingiye kuri sisitemu.

Muri iki gice, microscopique morphologie, ikwirakwizwa ryicyiciro, inzibacyuho yizindi nizindi microstructures ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yizwe hakoreshejwe isesengura rya iyode irangi rya microscope; nubukanishi nibindi bikoresho bya macroscopique; kandi binyuze mu isesengura rifitanye isano na microscopique morphologie na macroscopique yibintu bitandukanye byakemuwe hamwe nibipimo byuzuzanya, hashyizweho umubano hagati ya microstructure na macroscopique ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, kugirango ugenzure HPMC / HPS. Tanga ishingiro ryumutungo wibikoresho.

4.1 Ibikoresho n'ibikoresho

4.1.1 Ibikoresho byingenzi byubushakashatsi

4.2 Uburyo bw'igerageza

4.2.1 Gutegura igisubizo cya HPMC / HPS

Tegura igisubizo cya HPMC nigisubizo cya HPS kuri 3%, 5%, 7% na 9% yibanze, reba 2.2.1 kuburyo bwo gutegura. Kuvanga igisubizo cya HPMC nigisubizo cya HPS ukurikije 100: 0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 45:55, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 0: Ibipimo 100 bitandukanye byavanze ku muvuduko wa 250 rmp / min kuri 21 ° C kuri 30 min, hanyuma haboneka ibisubizo bivanze hamwe nibitekerezo bitandukanye kandi byabonetse.

4.2.2 Gutegura HPMC / HPS igizwe na membrane

Reba 3.2.1.

4.2.3 Gutegura HPMC / HPS igizwe na capsules

Reba igisubizo cyateguwe nuburyo muri 2.2.1, koresha ifu idafite ibyuma kugirango uyibike, hanyuma uyumishe kuri 37 ° C. Kuramo capsules zumye, gabanya ibirenze, hanyuma ubishyire hamwe kugirango bibe bibiri.

4.2.4 HPMC / HPS igizwe na firime optique microscope

4.2.4.1 Amahame ya Optical Microscopy Isesengura

Microscope optique ikoresha ihame rya optique ryo gukuza amashusho ukoresheje lens ya convex, kandi ikoresha lens ebyiri zihuza kugirango yongere impande zifungura ibintu bito byegeranye n'amaso, kandi binagure ubunini bwibintu bito bidashobora gutahurwa nijisho ryumuntu. kugeza ubunini bwibintu bishobora gutahurwa nijisho ryumuntu.

4.2.4.2 Uburyo bwo kugerageza

Ibisubizo bya HPMC / HPS byubushakashatsi butandukanye hamwe nibipimo byuzuzanya byavanywe kuri 21 ° C, bimanikwa kumurongo wikirahure, bijugunywa murwego ruto, hanyuma byumishwa mubushyuhe bumwe. Filime zandujwe n'umuti wa iyode 1% (g 1 ya iyode na 10 g ya potasiyumu iyode yashyizwe muri flask ya 100 mL ya volumetric, hanyuma ushonga muri Ethanol), ishyirwa mu murima wa microscope yoroheje kugira ngo urebe kandi ifotore.

4.2.5 Ihererekanyabubasha rya firime ya HPMC / HPS

4.2.5.1 Ihame ryisesengura rya UV-vis spectrophotometry

Kimwe na 3.2.3.1.

4.2.5.1 Uburyo bwikizamini

Reba 3.2.3.2.

4.2.6 Imiterere ya Tensile ya firime ya HPMC / HPS

4.2.6.1 Ihame ryo gusesengura imitungo itoroshye

Kimwe na 3.2.3.1.

4.2.6.1 Uburyo bwo kugerageza

Ingero zapimwe nyuma yo kunganya ubushyuhe bwa 73% kuri 48 h. Reba 3.2.3.2 kuburyo bwo gukora ikizamini.

4.3 Ibisubizo n'ibiganiro

4.3.1 Kwitegereza ibicuruzwa mu mucyo

Igicapo 4-1 cerekana firime ziribwa hamwe na capsules zateguwe muguhuza HPMC na HPS mukigereranyo cya 70:30. Nkuko bigaragara kuri iki gishushanyo, ibicuruzwa bifite umucyo mwiza, byerekana ko HPMC na HPS bifite ibipimo bisa nkibishobora kuvunika, kandi uruganda rumwe rushobora kuboneka nyuma yo guhuza byombi.

4.3.2 Amashusho meza ya microscope yibikoresho bya HPMC / HPS mbere na nyuma yo kwanduza

Igicapo 4-2 cerekana morfologiya isanzwe mbere na nyuma yo gusiga irangi rya HPMC / HPS hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye byuzuzanya byagaragaye munsi ya microscope optique. Nkuko bigaragara kuri iki gishushanyo, biragoye gutandukanya icyiciro cya HPMC nicyiciro cya HPS mumashusho atanduye; irangi ryuzuye HPMC na HPS yera yerekana amabara yabo yihariye, ni ukubera ko reaction ya HPS na iyode ikoresheje iyode irangi Ibara ryayo iba umwijima. Kubwibyo, ibyiciro bibiri muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS biratandukanye kandi biragaragara neza, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko HPMC na HPS bitari bibi kandi ntibishobora gukora ibice bimwe. Nkuko bigaragara kuri iki gishushanyo, uko HPS igenda yiyongera, ubuso bwahantu hijimye (icyiciro cya HPS) mumashusho bukomeza kwiyongera nkuko byari byitezwe, bityo bikemeza ko ibyiciro bibiri byongeye kubaho muriki gikorwa. Iyo ibiri muri HPMC birenze 40%, HPMC yerekana uko icyiciro gikomeza, kandi HPS ikwirakwizwa mugice gikomeza cya HPMC nkicyiciro cyatatanye. Ibinyuranye, iyo ibiri muri HPMC biri munsi ya 40%, HPS yerekana imiterere yicyiciro gikomeza, kandi HPMC ikwirakwizwa mugice gikomeza cya HPS nkicyiciro gitatanye. Kubwibyo, muri 5% ya HPMC / HPS ikemura, hamwe nibirimo HPS igenda yiyongera, ibinyuranye byabaye mugihe igipimo cyo guhuza cyari HPMC / HPS 40:60. Icyiciro gikomeza gihinduka kuva icyiciro cya mbere cya HPMC kugeza icyiciro cya nyuma cya HPS. Iyo witegereje imiterere yicyiciro, birashobora kugaragara ko icyiciro cya HPMC muri matrike ya HPS ari serefegitura nyuma yo gutatana, mugihe imiterere yatatanye yicyiciro cya HPS muri matrike ya HPMC idasanzwe.

Byongeye kandi, mu kubara igipimo cyubuso bwakarere gafite ibara ryumucyo (HPMC) nigice cyijimye cyijimye (HPS) murwego rwa HPMC / HPS nyuma yo gusiga irangi (utitaye kumiterere ya mesofase), wasangaga agace ka HPMC (ibara ryoroheje) / HPS (ibara ryijimye) mubishushanyo Ikigereranyo gihora kinini kuruta igipimo cya HPMC / HPS. Kurugero, mu gishushanyo cyerekana irangi rya HPMC / HPS hamwe n’ikigereranyo cya 50:50, ubuso bwa HPS mukarere ka intera ntibubarwa, kandi ikigereranyo cyumucyo / umwijima ni 71/29. Igisubizo cyemeza ko hariho umubare munini wa mesofase muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS.

Birazwi neza ko sisitemu yo guhuza polymer ihujwe rwose ni gake cyane kuko mugihe cyo guhuza polymer, ubushyuhe bwo guhuza ubusanzwe buba bwiza kandi entropiya yo guhuza ikunze guhinduka bike, bityo bikavamo imbaraga zubusa mugihe cyo guhuza impinduka zikagira agaciro keza. Nyamara, muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, HPMC na HPS baracyasezeranya kwerekana urwego runini rwo guhuza, kubera ko HPMC na HPS byombi ari hydrophilique polysaccharide, bifite ibice bimwe byubaka - glucose, kandi bigatsinda itsinda rimwe ryimikorere ryahinduwe hamwe hydroxypropyl. Ikintu cya mesofase nyinshi muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yerekana kandi ko HPMC na HPS mubigo bifite urwego runaka rwo guhuza, kandi ibintu nkibi bibaho muri sisitemu yo kuvanga inzoga ya krahisi-polyvinyl hamwe na plastike yongeyeho. yagaragaye [339].

4.3.3 Isano iri hagati ya microscopique morphologie na macroscopique ya sisitemu ya compound

Isano iri hagati ya morphologie, icyiciro cyo gutandukanya icyiciro, gukorera mu mucyo hamwe nubukanishi bwa sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yakozwe muburyo burambuye. Igicapo 4-3 cerekana ingaruka zibiri muri HPS kumiterere ya macroscopique nko gukorera mu mucyo hamwe na modulus ya tensile ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko gukorera mu mucyo HPMC isumba iy' HPS itanduye, cyane cyane ko kongera guhinduranya ibinyamisogwe bigabanya gukorera mu mucyo wa HPS, kandi guhindura hydroxypropyl ya krahisi nayo ni impamvu y'ingenzi yo kugabanya gukorera mu mucyo HPS [340, 341]. Urashobora kuboneka uhereye ku gishushanyo ko ihererekanyabubasha rya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS izaba ifite agaciro gake hamwe n’itandukaniro ryibirimo HPS. Ihererekanyabubasha rya sisitemu, murwego rwibirimo HPS munsi ya 70%, yiyongera hamweit igabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS; iyo HPS irenze 70%, iriyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS. Iyi phenomenon isobanura ko sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS idasobanutse, kubera ko icyiciro cyo gutandukanya icyiciro cya sisitemu kiganisha ku kugabanuka kwumucyo. Ibinyuranye na byo, Modulus ya Young ya sisitemu yo guhuza ibice nayo yagaragaye byibuze byibuze bifite ibipimo bitandukanye, kandi Modulus ya Young yakomeje kugabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, kandi igera ku ntera yo hasi mugihe ibirimo HPS byari 60%. Modulus yakomeje kwiyongera, kandi modulus yiyongereyeho gato. Modulus ya Young ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yerekanaga agaciro gake, yanagaragaje ko sisitemu yimvange yari sisitemu idasobanutse. Ingingo yo hasi cyane yohereza urumuri rwa sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ihuza hamwe nicyiciro cyinzibacyuho ya HPMC icyiciro gikomeza kugeza icyiciro cyatatanye hamwe nu mwanya wo hasi wagaciro ka modulus ya Young mubishusho 4-2.

4.3.4 Ingaruka yibisubizo byibisubizo kuri microscopique morphologie ya sisitemu yo guhuza

Igicapo 4-4 cerekana ingaruka yibisubizo byibisubizo kuri morphologie no guhinduranya icyiciro cya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. Nkuko bigaragara kuri iki gishushanyo, sisitemu yo hasi ya 3% ya HPMC / HPS ya sisitemu, mu kigereranyo cya HPMC / HPS ni 40:60, isura yimiterere ikomeza irashobora kugaragara; mugihe murwego rwo hejuru rwibisubizo 7%, iyi miterere ikomeza igaragara mubishushanyo hamwe na 50:50. Igisubizo cyerekana ko icyiciro cyinzibacyuho ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS igizwe ningingo runaka ishingiye, hamwe na HPMC / HPS igereranya ryikigereranyo cyinzibacyuho yiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo byibisubizo, kandi HPS ikunda gukora icyiciro gikomeza. . . Mubyongeyeho, domaine ya HPS yatatanye mugice cya HPMC ikomeza yerekanaga imiterere na morphologie bisa no guhindura ibitekerezo; mugihe HPMC yatatanye ibyiciro bitatanye mugice cya HPS ikomeza yerekanaga imiterere na morphologie zitandukanye mubitekerezo bitandukanye. hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo byibisubizo, agace gakwirakwiza HPMC karushijeho kuba kadasanzwe. Impamvu nyamukuru yibi bintu ni uko ubwiza bwumuti wa HPS burenze kure ubw'umuti wa HPMC ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, kandi impengamiro yicyiciro cya HPMC yo gukora imiterere itunganijwe neza irahagarikwa kubera ubuso bwubuso.

4.3.5 Ingaruka yibisubizo byibisubizo kumiterere ya sisitemu ya compound

Bihuye na morphologie yo ku gishushanyo cya 4-4, Igishushanyo 4-5 cyerekana imiterere ihindagurika ya firime yibumbiye hamwe yashizweho mubisubizo bitandukanye. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo cyerekana ko Modulus no kuramba mugihe cyo gusenya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikunda kugabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo byibisubizo, ibyo bikaba bijyana no guhindura buhoro buhoro HPMC kuva mubyiciro bikomeza kugeza ku cyiciro gitatanye ku gishushanyo cya 4 -4. Imiterere ya microscopique irahoraho. Kubera ko Modulus ya Young ya homopolymer ya HPMC iruta iya HPS, hateganijwe ko Modulus ya Young ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS izatezimbere mugihe HPMC ari icyiciro gikomeza.

4.4 Incamake y'iki gice

Muri iki gice, hateguwe ibisubizo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe na firime ziribwa zifite ubunini butandukanye hamwe n’ibipimo byuzuzanya, kandi hateguwe kandi imiterere ya microscopique morphologie hamwe n’inzibacyuho ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS byagaragaye hakoreshejwe isesengura rya microscope optique yode yandujwe kugirango itandukane ibyiciro bya krahisi. Ikwirakwizwa ryumucyo hamwe nubukanishi bwa firime iribwa ya HPMC / HPS yakozwe na UV-vis spectrophotometer hamwe nugupima imitungo ya mashini, kandi ingaruka ziterwa no kwibanda hamwe no kugereranya ibintu kumiterere ya optique hamwe nubukanishi bwa sisitemu yo guhuza. Isano iri hagati ya microstructure na macroscopique ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yashyizweho muguhuza microstructure ya sisitemu igizwe, nka microstructure, inzibacyuho yo gutandukanya ibyiciro, hamwe na macroscopique nkibintu bya optique hamwe nubukanishi. Iby'ingenzi byagaragaye ni ibi bikurikira:

1. Uburyo bwa optique ya microscope yo gutandukanya ibyiciro bya krahisi ikoresheje iyode ni uburyo bworoshye, butaziguye kandi bunoze bwo kwiga morphologie hamwe ninzibacyuho ya sisitemu ishingiye kuri sisitemu. Hamwe na iyode, icyiciro cya krahisi kigaragara cyijimye kandi cyijimye munsi ya microscopi yoroheje, mugihe HPMC idasize irangi bityo igaragara nkibara ryoroshye.
2. Sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ntabwo yunvikana, kandi hariho icyiciro cyinzibacyuho muri sisitemu yo guhuza, kandi iyi ntera yinzibacyuho ifite igipimo runaka cyo kugereranya no gukemura ibibazo.
3. Sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ifite ubwuzuzanye bwiza, kandi umubare munini wa mesofase urahari muri sisitemu yo guhuza. Mu cyiciro giciriritse, icyiciro gikomeza kiratatana mugice cyatatanye muburyo bwa buke.
4. Icyiciro cyatatanye cya HPS muri matrike ya HPMC cyerekanye imiterere isa nuburinganire butandukanye; HPMC yerekanye morphologie idasanzwe muri matrike ya HPS, kandi kutubahiriza morfologiya byiyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera.
5. Isano iri hagati ya microstructure, inzibacyuho yicyiciro, gukorera mu mucyo nubukanishi bwa sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yashizweho. a. Ingingo yo hasi cyane yo gukorera mu mucyo ya sisitemu ihuza hamwe nicyiciro cyinzibacyuho ya HPMC kuva icyiciro gikomeza kugeza icyiciro cyatatanye hamwe ningingo ntoya yo kugabanuka kwa modulus. b. Module ya Young no kurambura kuruhuka bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo byibisubizo, ibyo bikaba bifitanye isano nimpinduka zijyanye na morphologie ya HPMC kuva icyiciro gikomeza kugeza icyiciro gitatanye muri sisitemu.

Muri make, imiterere ya macroscopique ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ifitanye isano ya hafi na microscopique morphologique yimiterere, inzibacyuho, gutandukanya ibyiciro nibindi bintu, kandi imiterere yibigize irashobora kugengwa no kugenzura imiterere yicyiciro no guhuza ibice. Sisitemu.

Igice cya 5 Ingaruka za HPS Hydroxypropyl Impamyabumenyi yo Gusimbuza Imiterere ya Rheologiya ya Sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS

Birazwi neza ko impinduka nto mumiterere yimiti ya krahisi ishobora gutera impinduka zikomeye mumiterere ya rheologiya. Kubwibyo, guhindura imiti bitanga amahirwe yo kunoza no kugenzura imiterere yimiterere yibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri krahisi [342]. Na none, kumenya uruhare rwimiterere yimiti yimiti kumiterere ya rheologiya irashobora kumva neza imiterere yimiterere yibicuruzwa bishingiye kuri krahisi, kandi bigatanga urufatiro rwo gushushanya ibinyamisogwe byahinduwe bifite imikorere yimikorere ya krahisi [235]. Hydroxypropyl krahisi ni krahisi yabigize umwuga ikoreshwa cyane mubiribwa nubuvuzi. Ubusanzwe itegurwa na etherification reaction ya krah kavukire hamwe na oxyde ya propylene mubihe bya alkaline. Hydroxypropyl nitsinda rya hydrophilique. Kwinjiza aya matsinda mumurongo wa krahisi irashobora kuvunika cyangwa guca intege imigozi ya hydrogène idasanzwe ikomeza imiterere ya granule. Kubwibyo, imiterere ya fiziki ya chimique ya hydroxypropyl krahisi ifitanye isano nurwego rwo gusimbuza amatsinda ya hydroxypropyl kumurongo wa molekile [233, 235, 343, 344].

Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwakoze ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl ku miterere ya fiziki ya chimique ya hydroxypropyl krah. Han n'abandi. yize ku ngaruka za hydroxypropyl ibishashara bya hydroxypropyl ibigori na hydroxypropyl ibigori ku miterere n'ibiranga retrogradation biranga umutsima w'umuceri wo muri Koreya glutinous. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko hydroxypropylation ishobora kugabanya ubushyuhe bwa gelatinisiyumu ya krahisi kandi bikazamura ubushobozi bwo gufata amazi ya krahisi. imikorere, kandi yabujije cyane gusaza ibintu byo gusaza kwa krahisi muri koreya yumuceri ya glutinous [345]. Kaur n'abandi. yize ku ngaruka zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl ku miterere ya fiziki ya chimique yubwoko butandukanye bwibinyamisogwe byibirayi, maze isanga urugero rwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza ibirayi by ibirayi bitandukanye nubwoko butandukanye, ningaruka zabyo kumiterere ya krahisi ifite ubunini bunini cyane; hydroxypropylation reaction itera ibice byinshi hamwe na groove hejuru ya granules; insimburangingo ya hydroxypropyl irashobora kunoza cyane imiterere yo kubyimba, gukomera kwamazi no gukomera kwa krahisi muri dimethyl sulfoxide, no kunoza krahisi gukorera mu mucyo wa paste [346]. Amategeko n'abandi. yize ku ngaruka zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl kumiterere yibirayi byiza. Ubushakashatsi bwerekanye ko nyuma yo guhindura hydroxypropyl, ubushobozi bwo kubyimba ku buntu hamwe n’amazi meza ya krahisi byatejwe imbere; kongera kwisubiramo no gusubiramo ibinyamisogwe kavukire byarabujijwe; Kurya neza biratera imbere [347]. Schmitz n'abandi. yateguye hydroxypropyl tapioca krahisi isanga ifite ubushobozi bwo kubyimba no kwiyegeranya, umuvuduko ukabije wo gusaza, hamwe no guhagarara gukonje cyane [344].

Nyamara, hari ubushakashatsi buke ku miterere ya rheologiya ya hydroxypropyl krahisi, kandi ingaruka zo guhindura hydroxypropyl kumiterere ya rheologiya hamwe na gel imiterere ya sisitemu ishingiye kuri krahisi ntikivugwa kugeza ubu. Chun n'abandi. yize rheologiya yubushyuhe buke (5%) hydroxypropyl umuceri wumuceri. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko ingaruka zo guhindura hydroxypropyl kuri reta ihagaze neza kandi ifite imbaraga za viscoelasticitike yumuti wa krahisi yari ifitanye isano nurwego rwo gusimburwa, kandi umubare muto wa hydroxypropyl Propyl usimbuye urashobora guhindura cyane imiterere yimiterere yibisubizo bya krahisi; coefficente ya viscosity ya krahisi igabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza, kandi ubushyuhe bushingiye kumiterere ya rheologiya bwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl. Umubare ugabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimburwa [342]. Lee n'abandi. yize ku ngaruka zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl ku miterere y’umubiri n’imiterere ya rheologiya y’ibijumba by’ibijumba, kandi ibisubizo byagaragaje ko ubushobozi bwo kubyimba hamwe n’amazi yo mu mazi ya krahisi yiyongereye hamwe n’iyongera ry’urwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl; Agaciro keza kagabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl; coefficient ya viscosity, complexe viscosity, guhangayikishwa numusaruro, viscosity igoye hamwe na dinamike modulus yumuti wa krahisi byose bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl, indangagaciro ya fluid hamwe nigihombo Yiyongera hamwe nurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl; imbaraga za gel za krahisi zigabanuka, guhagarara gukonje byiyongera, kandi ingaruka za syneresis ziragabanuka [235].

Muri iki gice, ubushakashatsi bwakozwe ku ngaruka zo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl ku miterere ya rheologiya na gel ya HPMC / HPS sisitemu ikonje kandi ishyushye ya gel. Inzibacyuho ifite akamaro kanini mugusobanukirwa byimbitse isano iri hagati yimiterere nimiterere ya rheologiya. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwa gelation ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ihinduranya-gukonjesha ibice byaganiriweho mbere, kugirango hatangwe ubuyobozi bujyanye nubundi buryo busa na sisitemu yo guhinduranya ubushyuhe.

5.1 Ibikoresho n'ibikoresho

5.1.1 Ibikoresho byingenzi byubushakashatsi

5.1.2 Ibikoresho byingenzi nibikoresho

5.2 Uburyo bw'igerageza

5.2.1 Gutegura ibisubizo bivanze

Hateguwe ibisubizo 15% bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye (100/0, 50/50, 0/100) na HPS hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl (G80, A939, A1081). Uburyo bwo gutegura A1081, A939, HPMC nibisubizo byabyo byerekanwe muri 2.2.1. G80 hamwe nibisubizo byayo hamwe na HPMC bihinduranya mukuzunguruka mu bihe bya 1500psi na 110 ° C muri autoclave, kubera ko G80 kavukire kavukire ari amylose (80%), kandi ubushyuhe bwa gelatinizasi burenga 100 ° C, budashobora kuba yagezweho nuburyo bwambere bwamazi-kwiyuhagira gelatinisation [348].

5.2.2 Imiterere yimiterere ya HPMC / HPS ikomatanya ibisubizo hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye za HPS hydroxypropyl

5.2.2.1 Ihame ryo gusesengura imvugo

Kimwe na 2.2.2.1

5.2.2.2 Uburyo bwo kugerageza uburyo bwo kugenda

Ikibaho kibangikanye gifite umubyimba wa mm 60 cyakoreshejwe, kandi isahani yashyizwe kuri mm 1.

1. Hariho uburyo bwo gupima ibizamini mbere yo gukata hamwe na tixotropy-ibyiciro bitatu. Kimwe na 2.2.2.2.
2. Uburyo bwo gupima uburyo butabanje gukemurwa na thixotropic impeta ya thixotropy. Ubushyuhe bwo gupima ni 25 ° C, a. Gukata ku kongera umuvuduko, igipimo cyogosha intera 0-1000 s-1, igihe cyo kogosha 1 min; b. Guhora kogosha, igipimo cyogosha 1000 s-1, igihe cyo kogosha 1 min; c. Kugabanya umuvuduko wogukata, igipimo cyikigereranyo ni 1000-0s-1, naho igihe cyo kogosha ni 1 min.

5.2.2.3 Uburyo bwo kugerageza uburyo bwa Oscillation

Ikibaho kibangikanye gifite umurambararo wa mm 60 cyakoreshejwe, naho isahani yashyizwe kuri mm 1.

1. Guhindura ibintu bihindagurika. Ubushyuhe bwikizamini 25 ° C, inshuro 1 Hz, guhindura 0.01-100%.
2. Gusikana ubushyuhe. Inshuro 1 Hz, guhindura 0.1%, a. Uburyo bwo gushyushya, ubushyuhe 5-85 ° C, ubushyuhe bwa 2 ° C / min; b. Uburyo bukonje, ubushyuhe 85-5 ° C, igipimo cyo gukonja 2 ° C / min. Ikimenyetso cya peteroli ya silicone ikoreshwa hafi yicyitegererezo kugirango wirinde gutakaza ubushuhe mugihe cyo kwipimisha.
3. Gukuraho inshuro. Guhinduka 0.1%, inshuro 1-100 rad / s. Ibizamini byakorewe kuri 5 ° C na 85 ° C, kandi bingana n'ubushyuhe bw'ikizamini mu minota 5 mbere yo kwipimisha.

Isano iri hagati yo kubika G ′ no gutakaza modulus G ″ yumuti wa polymer hamwe ninshuro zingana ω ikurikiza amategeko yimbaraga:

aho n ′ na n ″ ni ahantu hahanamye G′-log ω na log G ″ -log ω;

G0 ′ na G0 ″ nibisobanuro bya log G′-log ω na log G ″ -log ω, uko bikurikirana.

5.2.3 Microscope nziza

5.2.3.1 Ihame ryibikoresho

Kimwe na 4.2.3.1

5.2.3.2 Uburyo bwo kugerageza

Igisubizo cya 3% 5: 5 HPMC / HPS cyakuwe mubushyuhe butandukanye bwa 25 ° C, 45 ° C, na 85 ° C, bimanikwa kumurongo wikirahure wabitswe mubushyuhe bumwe, hanyuma bijugunywa muri firime yoroheje. igisubizo cyumuti kandi cyumye kubushyuhe bumwe. Filime zashizwemo igisubizo cya iyode 1%, zishyirwa murwego rwa microscope yoroheje yo kureba no gufotora.

5.3 Ibisubizo n'ibiganiro

5.3.1 Isesengura ryimiterere nuburyo bwo gutemba

5.3.1.1

Ukoresheje uburyo bwo gupima ibintu bitabanje gukemurwa hamwe nuburyo bwa thixotropique impeta ya thixotropique, ubushakashatsi bwibisubizo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nibice bitandukanye byo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl HPS. Ibisubizo byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 5-1. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko ubwiza bwintangarugero zose bwerekana ko igabanuka ryikigereranyo cyiyongera ryikigero cyogosha bitewe ningufu zogosha, byerekana urwego runaka rwogosha. Byinshi mu bisubizo byinshi bya polymer ibisubizo cyangwa gushonga bigenda bitandukana cyane na molekuline ihindagurika munsi yimisatsi, bityo bikagaragaza imyitwarire ya pseudoplastique [305, 349, 350]. Nyamara, impagarike yo kugabanuka ya HPMC / HPS ikomatanya ibisubizo bya HPS hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye za hydroxypropyl ziratandukanye.

Igicapo 5-1 Viscosities v.

Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko urugero rwa viscosity na shear thinning sample ya HPS ntangarugero iruta iy'icyitegererezo cya HPMC / HPS, mugihe icyiciro cyo kunanura igisubizo cya HPMC aricyo gito cyane, cyane cyane kubera ubwiza bwa HPS ku bushyuhe buke buri hejuru cyane ugereranije na HPMC. Mubyongeyeho, kubisubizo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe ningero zingana zingana, ubwiza bwiyongera hamwe nimpamyabumenyi ya HPS hydroxypropyl. Ibi birashobora kuba kubera ko iyongerwaho ryamatsinda ya hydroxypropyl muri molekile ya krahisi isenya imiyoboro ya hydrogène intermolecular bityo bigatuma habaho gusenyuka kwa granules. Hydroxypropylation yagabanije cyane icyogoshesha cyogosha cya krahisi, kandi icyogosha cyogosha cya krahisi kavukire nicyo cyagaragaye cyane. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl urwego rwo gusimbuza, urwego rwo kugabanuka rwa HPS rwaragabanutse buhoro buhoro.

Ibyitegererezo byose bifite impeta ya thixotropique kumurongo wogukurikirana-kugabanuka, byerekana ko ingero zose zifite urwego runaka rwa thixotropy. Imbaraga za thixotropique zigaragazwa nubunini bwimpeta ya thixotropique. Ibyinshi bya thixotropique icyitegererezo ni [351]. Isohora ryerekana n hamwe na coefficient coefficient K yicyitegererezo gishobora kubarwa n amategeko agenga ingufu za Ostwald-de Waele (reba ikigereranyo (2-1)).

Imbonerahamwe 5-1 Indangagaciro yimyitwarire (n) hamwe nigipimo cyerekana amazi (K) mugihe cyo kongera umuvuduko no kugabanuka kwimikorere hamwe na thixotropy loop agace ka HPS / HPMC hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydropropyl ya HPS kuri 25 ° C.

Imbonerahamwe 5-1 yerekana icyerekezo cyerekana n, coefficient ya viscosity K hamwe na thixotropic ring ring of HPMC / HPS ibisubizo hamwe nibice bitandukanye byo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl HPS murwego rwo kongera kogosha no kugabanuka. Birashobora kugaragara kumeza ko indangagaciro yerekana n yingero zose ziri munsi ya 1, byerekana ko ibisubizo byicyitegererezo byose ari pseudoplastique. Kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ifite impamyabumenyi imwe yo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl ya HPS, indangagaciro ya n yiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPMC, byerekana ko iyongerwaho rya HPMC rituma igisubizo kivanze kigaragaza ibintu bikomeye biranga amazi ya Newtonian. Ariko, hamwe no kwiyongera kwibirimo bya HPMC, coefficente ya viscosity K yagabanutse ubudasiba, byerekana ko iyongerwaho rya HPMC ryagabanije ubukonje bwumuti wibisubizo, kubera ko coefficente ya viscosity K yagereranyaga nubwiza. N agaciro na K agaciro ka HPS isukuye hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye za hydroxypropyl murwego rwo kuzamuka kwicyiciro cyombi cyaragabanutse hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yogusimbuza, byerekana ko guhindura hydroxypropylation bishobora kunoza pseudoplastique ya krahisi kandi bikagabanya Viscosity yumuti wibisubizo. Ibinyuranye na byo, agaciro ka n kiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza icyiciro cyo kugabanuka, byerekana ko hydroxypropylation itezimbere imyitwarire ya Newtonian yimyitwarire yumuti nyuma yo kogosha byihuse. N agaciro na K agaciro ka sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yibasiwe na hydroxypropylation ya HPS na HPMC, ibisubizo byibikorwa byabo hamwe. Ugereranije no kwiyongera kwogosha icyiciro, n agaciro kintangarugero zose mukugabanuka kwicyiciro cyabaye kinini, mugihe K indangagaciro zabaye nto, byerekana ko ubwiza bwibisubizo bivanze bwagabanutse nyuma yo kogosha byihuse, na Imyitwarire ya Newtonian yimyitwarire yikibazo yariyongereye. .

Ubuso bwimpeta ya thixotropique bwaragabanutse hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPMC, byerekana ko iyongerwaho rya HPMC ryagabanyije thixotropy yumuti wibisubizo kandi byongera umutekano muke. Kubisubizo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nikigereranyo kimwe cyo guhuza, ubuso bwimpeta ya thixotropique buragabanuka hiyongereyeho impamyabumenyi ya hydroxypropyl ya HPS, byerekana ko hydroxypropylation iteza imbere umutekano wa HPS.

5.3.1.2 Uburyo bwo kogosha hamwe mbere yo gukata nuburyo butatu bwa thixotropique

Uburyo bwo kogosha hamwe na pre-shear bwakoreshejwe mukwiga ihinduka ryubwiza bwibisubizo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl HPS hamwe nigipimo cyogosha. Ibisubizo byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 5-2. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko igisubizo cya HPMC cyerekana ko nta cyogosha cyogosha, mugihe izindi ngero zerekana ko zogosha. Ibi bihuye nibisubizo byabonetse hamwe nuburyo bwo kogosha mbere yo kogosha. Birashobora kandi kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko ku gipimo gito cyo gukata, urugero rwa hydroxypropyl rwasimbuwe cyane rugaragaza akarere ka kibaya.

Igicapo 5-2 Viscosities v.

Zeru-shear viscosity (h0), indangagaciro zitemba (n) hamwe na coefficente ya viscosity (K) yabonetse muguhuza irerekanwa mumeza 5-2. Duhereye ku mbonerahamwe, turashobora kubona ko kuburugero rwiza rwa HPS, n indangagaciro zabonetse muburyo bwombi ziyongera hamwe nurwego rwo gusimbuza, byerekana ko imyitwarire imeze nkibikomeye byumuti wa krahisi bigabanuka uko urwego rwo gusimbuza rwiyongera. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwibirimo bya HPMC, n indangagaciro zose zerekanaga inzira yo kumanuka, byerekana ko HPMC yagabanije imyitwarire imeze nkigisubizo. Ibi birerekana ko ibisubizo byisesengura byuburyo bubiri bihuye.

Ugereranije amakuru yabonetse kuburugero rumwe muburyo butandukanye bwikizamini, usanga agaciro ka n kabonetse nyuma yo kogoshesha buri gihe ari kinini kurenza uburyo bwabonetse muburyo butabanje gukemurwa, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko sisitemu yibumbiye hamwe na pre -uburyo bwo kogosha nuburyo bukomeye nkimyitwarire iri munsi yuburyo bupimwe nuburyo butabanje gukemurwa. Ibi ni ukubera ko ibisubizo byanyuma byabonetse mubizamini nta pre-shear mubyukuri nigisubizo cyibikorwa byahujwe nigipimo cyogosha nigihe cyo gukata, mugihe uburyo bwikizamini hamwe na pre-shear bwambere bukuraho ingaruka ya thixotropique hamwe nogosha cyane mugihe runaka cya igihe. Kubwibyo, ubu buryo burashobora kumenya neza neza uburyo bwo gutemagura ibintu no gutembera kuranga sisitemu.

Duhereye ku mbonerahamwe, dushobora kandi kubona ko ku kigereranyo kimwe cyo guhuza (5: 5), n agaciro ka sisitemu yo guhuza yegeranye na 1, kandi mbere yogosha n yiyongera hamwe nurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl Byerekana ko HPMC ari icyiciro gikomeza muri sisitemu yo guhuza, kandi HPMC igira ingaruka zikomeye kuburugero rwa krahisi ifite impamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl nkeya, ibyo bikaba bihuye nigisubizo ko n agaciro kiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza utabanje gukata ibinyuranye. K indangagaciro za sisitemu hamwe ninzego zitandukanye zo gusimbuza muburyo bubiri zirasa, kandi nta cyerekezo kigaragara cyihariye, mugihe ubukonje bwa zeru-shear bwerekana icyerekezo kigabanuka, kubera ko ubukana bwa zeru-shear butigenga kubogosha. igipimo. Ubwiza bwimbere bushobora kwerekana neza imiterere yibintu ubwabyo.

Igishushanyo 5-3 Intera eshatu thixotropy ya HPS / HPMC ivanga igisubizo hamwe na hydropropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS

Uburyo butatu bwa thixotropique bwakoreshejwe mukwiga ingaruka za dogere zitandukanye za hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl krahisi kuri thixotropique ya sisitemu ya compound. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5-3 ko murwego rwo hasi rwogosha, igisubizo cyijimye kigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPMC, kandi bikagabanuka niyongera ryimpamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza, ibyo bikaba bihuye n amategeko agenga ubukana bwa zeru.

Urwego rwo kugarura imiterere nyuma yigihe gitandukanye murwego rwo kugarura rugaragazwa nigipimo cyo kugarura ubukonje DSR, kandi uburyo bwo kubara bwerekanwe muri 2.3.2. Birashobora kugaragara kuva kumeza 5-2 ko mugihe kimwe cyo gukira, DSR ya HPS yera iri hasi cyane ugereranije na HPMC yera, ibyo bikaba ahanini biterwa nuko molekile ya HPMC ari urunigi rukomeye, kandi igihe cyo kuruhuka ni gito, kandi imiterere irashobora kugarurwa mugihe gito. gukira. Mugihe HPS ari urunigi rworoshye, igihe cyo kuruhuka ni kirekire, kandi kugarura imiterere bifata igihe kirekire. Hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza, DSR ya HPS yera igabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza, byerekana ko hydroxypropylation ituma ihindagurika ryimikorere ya molekile ya krahisi kandi bigatuma igihe cyo kuruhuka cya HPS kirekire. DSR yumuti wikomatanya iri munsi yicyiza cya HPS nicyitegererezo cyiza cya HPMC, ariko hamwe niyongera ryurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl ya HPS, DSR yicyitegererezo cyiyongera, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko thixotropy ya sisitemu yimvange yiyongera hamwe na kwiyongera kwa HPS hydroxypropyl. Iragabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza radical, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibisubizo bitabanje gukemurwa.

Imbonerahamwe 5-2 Zero shear viscosity (h0), indangagaciro yimyitwarire (n), igipimo cyerekana amazi (K) mugihe cyo kwiyongera nigipimo cyo kugarura imiterere (DSR) nyuma yigihe runaka cyo gukira kubisubizo bya HPS / HPMC hamwe na hydropropyl zitandukanye impamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza HPS kuri 25 ° C.

Muncamake, ikizamini gihoraho-kitabanje gukemurwa hamwe na thixotropic ring thixotropy test irashobora gusesengura neza ingero zifite itandukaniro rinini, ariko kubice hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye za HPS hydroxypropyl hamwe nibitandukaniro rito Ubushakashatsi bwibisubizo bwibisubizo burahabanye ibisubizo nyabyo, kuberako amakuru yapimwe aribisubizo byuzuye byingaruka zogukurikirana nigihe cyo gukata, kandi ntishobora kwerekana rwose ingaruka zimpinduka imwe.

5.3.2 Agace keza ka viscoelastic

Birazwi neza ko kuri hydrogel, modulus yo kubika G ′ igenwa nubukomere, imbaraga numubare wiminyururu ikora neza, kandi modulus yo gutakaza G ′ ′ igenwa no kwimuka, kugenda no guterana kwa molekile nto hamwe nitsinda rikora . Igenwa no gukoresha ingufu zishyamirana nko kunyeganyega no kuzunguruka. Ikimenyetso kibaho cyo guhuza ububiko bwa modul G ′ no gutakaza modulus G ″ (ni ukuvuga tan δ = 1). Inzibacyuho kuva mubisubizo kuri gel yitwa gel point. Ububiko bwa modulus G ′ hamwe nigihombo modulus G ″ akenshi bikoreshwa mukwiga imyitwarire ya gelation, igipimo cyimiterere nimiterere yimiterere ya gel umuyoboro wa gel [352]. Barashobora kandi kwerekana imiterere yimbere imbere hamwe na molekulire mugihe cyo gushiraho imiyoboro ya gel. imikoranire [353].

Igicapo 5-4 cerekana umurongo wohanagura wibisubizo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nibice bitandukanye byo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl HPS kumurongo wa Hz 1 na 0.01% -100%. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko mu gice cyo hasi cyo guhindura ibintu (0.01-1%), ingero zose usibye HPMC ni G ′> G ″, zerekana imiterere ya gel. Kuri HPMC, G ′ iri mumiterere yose Urwego ruhinduka buri gihe ruri munsi ya G ”, byerekana ko HPMC iri mubisubizo. Mubyongeyeho, gushingira kumiterere ya viscoelasticitike yingero zitandukanye ziratandukanye. Kuri sample ya G80, inshuro ziterwa na viscoelasticitike iragaragara cyane: iyo deformasiyo irenze 0.3%, birashobora kugaragara ko G 'igabanuka buhoro buhoro, iherekejwe no kwiyongera gukomeye kwa G ”. kwiyongera, kimwe no kwiyongera gukomeye muri tan δ; no guhuza iyo umubare wa deforme ari 1.7%, byerekana ko imiterere ya geli ya geli ya G80 yangiritse cyane nyuma yuko deforme irenga 1.7%, kandi iri mubisubizo.

Igishushanyo 5-4 Modulus yo kubika (G ′) hamwe na modulus yo gutakaza (G ″) v.

Igishushanyo cya 5-5 tan δ vugana na HPMC / HPS ivanga igisubizo hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydropropyl ya HPS

Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo cyerekana ko umurongo ugizwe na viscoelastic agace ka HPS isukuye bigaragara ko wagabanutse hamwe no kugabanuka kwa hydroxypropyl. Muyandi magambo, nkuko HPS hydroxypropyl urwego rwo gusimbuza yiyongera, impinduka zikomeye mumatara δ umurongo zikunda kugaragara murwego rwo hejuru rwo guhindura ibintu. By'umwihariko, umurongo wa viscoelastic region ya G80 niwo mugufi cyane mubitegererezo. Kubwibyo, umurongo wa viscoelastic agace ka G80 ukoreshwa mukumenya

Ibipimo byo kumenya agaciro ka deforme ihinduka murwego rukurikira rwibizamini. Kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ifite igipimo kimwe cyo guhuza, akarere ka viscoelastic umurongo nako kagabanuka hamwe no kugabanuka kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza urugero rwa HPS, ariko ingaruka zo kugabanuka kurwego rwa hydroxypropyl kurwego rwo gusimbuza umurongo wa viscoelastic ntabwo bigaragara cyane.

5.3.3 Imiterere ya Viscoelastic mugihe cyo gushyushya no gukonjesha

Imiterere ya viscoelastic ya HPMC / HPS ikomatanya ibisubizo bya HPS hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl irerekanwa mumashusho 5-6. Nkuko bigaragara kuri iki gishushanyo, HPMC yerekana ibyiciro bine mugihe cyo gushyushya: akarere ka kibaya cyambere, ibyiciro bibiri bigize imiterere, nakarere ka nyuma. Mu cyiciro cya mbere cyibibaya, G ′ <G ″, indangagaciro za G ′ na G ″ ni nto, kandi zikunda kugabanuka gato hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe, byerekana imyitwarire isanzwe ya viscoelastic. Ubushyuhe bwa termal ya HPMC bufite ibyiciro bibiri bitandukanye byuburyo bwubatswe bugengwa n’isangano rya G ′ na G ″ (ni ukuvuga aho inzibacyuho-gel ihinduka, hafi 49 ° C), ibyo bikaba bihuye na raporo zabanjirije iyi. Bikurikiranye [160, 354]. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, kubera ishyirahamwe rya hydrophobique hamwe n’ishyirahamwe rya hydrophilique, HPMC ikora buhoro buhoro imiterere ihuza imiyoboro [344, 355, 356]. Mu karere ka kibaya cyumurizo, indangagaciro za G ′ na G ″ ziri hejuru, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko imiterere ya net ya HPMC yashizweho byuzuye.

Ibi byiciro bine bya HPMC bigaragara muburyo bukurikiranye uko ubushyuhe bugabanuka. Ihuriro rya G ′ na G ″ ryimukira mu karere k'ubushyuhe buke kuri dogere 32 ° C mu gihe cyo gukonja, bishobora guterwa na hystereze [208] cyangwa ingaruka z’urunigi rw’ubushyuhe buke [355]. Kimwe na HPMC, izindi ngero mugihe cyo gushyushya Hariho kandi ibyiciro bine, kandi ibintu bihinduka bibaho mugihe cyo gukonja. Nyamara, birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko G80 na A939 byerekana inzira yoroshye idafite aho ihurira na G 'na G ”, kandi umurongo wa G80 ntushobora no kugaragara. Umwanya wa platifomu inyuma.

Kuri HPS isukuye, urwego rwo hejuru rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl rushobora guhindura ubushyuhe bwambere nubwa nyuma bwo gukora gel, cyane cyane ubushyuhe bwambere, ni 61 ° C kuri G80, A939, na A1081. , 62 ° C na 54 ° C. Byongeye kandi, kuburugero rwa HPMC / HPS rufite igipimo kimwe cyo guhuza, uko urwego rwo gusimbuza rwiyongera, indangagaciro za G ′ na G ″ zombi zikunda kugabanuka, ibyo bikaba bihuye n’ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwabanje [357, 358]. Mugihe urwego rwo gusimbuza rwiyongera, imiterere ya gel iba yoroshye. Kubwibyo, hydroxypropylation isenya imiterere yatunganijwe ya krahisi kavukire kandi ikanoza hydrophilique [343].

Kuburugero rwa HPMC / HPS, byombi G ′ na G ″ byagabanutse hamwe no kwiyongera kwa degre ya hydroxypropyl ya HPS, ibyo bikaba byari bihuye nibisubizo bya HPS nziza. Byongeye kandi, hiyongereyeho HPMC, impamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza yagize ingaruka zikomeye kuri G ′ Ingaruka hamwe na G ”ntigaragara cyane.

Imirongo ya viscoelastic ya sample yose ya HPMC / HPS yerekanaga icyerekezo kimwe, gihuye na HPS mubushyuhe buke na HPMC mubushyuhe bwinshi. Muyandi magambo, ku bushyuhe buke, HPS yiganje mu miterere ya viscoelastic ya sisitemu ivanze, mugihe ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru HPMC igena imiterere ya viscoelastic ya sisitemu ivanze. Ibisubizo ahanini biterwa na HPMC. By'umwihariko, HPS ni gel ikonje, ihinduka kuva muri geli ikajya muburyo bwo gukemura iyo ishyushye; muburyo bunyuranye, HPMC ni gel ishyushye, igenda ikora buhoro buhoro hamwe nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwiyongera. Kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, mubushyuhe buke, imiterere ya gel ya sisitemu ivanze ahanini itangwa na gel ikonje ya HPS, kandi mubushyuhe bwinshi, mubushyuhe bwinshi, gelation ya HPMC yiganje muri sisitemu.

Igishushanyo cya 5-6 Modulus yo kubika (G ′), modulus yo gutakaza (G ″) hamwe na tan δ nubushyuhe bwa HPS / HPMC bivanga igisubizo hamwe na hydroypropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS

Modulus ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, nkuko byari byitezwe, iri hagati ya moduli ya HPMC yera na HPS yera. Byongeye kandi, sisitemu igoye yerekana G ′> G ″ murwego rwose rwo gusuzuma ubushyuhe, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko HPMC na HPS zombi zishobora gukora hydrogène ya hydrogène intermolecular hamwe na molekile zamazi, kandi zishobora no guhuza hydrogène ya intermolecular. Mubyongeyeho, Ku gihombo cyo kugabanuka, sisitemu zose zigoye zifite tan δ hejuru ya 45 ° C, byerekana ko inzibacyuho ikomeza yabayeho muri sisitemu igoye. Iki cyiciro cyinzibacyuho kizaganirwaho muri 5.3.6. komeza ikiganiro.

5.3.4 Ingaruka yubushyuhe kuri viscosity

Gusobanukirwa n'ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku miterere ya rheologiya y'ibikoresho ni ngombwa kubera ubwinshi bwubushyuhe bushobora kubaho mugihe cyo gutunganya no kubika [359, 360]. Mu ntera ya 5 ° C - 85 ° C, ingaruka z'ubushyuhe ku miterere igoye ya HPMC / HPS ikomatanya ibisubizo hamwe na dogere zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl HPS irerekanwa ku gishushanyo cya 5-7. Kuva ku gishushanyo cya 5-7 (a), birashobora kugaragara ko ubukonje bugoye bwa HPS bugabanuka cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe; ubwiza bwa HPMC bwera bugabanuka gato kuva kubanza kugera kuri 45 ° C hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe. gutera imbere.

Imirongo ya viscosity yingero zose zifatanije zerekanaga ibintu bisa nubushyuhe, ubanza kugabanuka hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera hanyuma kwiyongera hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera. Byongeye kandi, ubwiza bwikigereranyo cyahujwe cyegereye icya HPS ku bushyuhe buke kandi hafi ya HPMC ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Igisubizo nacyo kijyanye nimyitwarire idasanzwe ya gelation ya HPMC na HPS. Umuhengeri wo gutondekanya icyitegererezo cyahujwe werekanye inzibacyuho yihuse kuri 45 ° C, birashoboka ko biterwa nimpinduka zicyiciro muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. Ariko, birakwiye ko tumenya ko ubwiza bwa G80 / HPMC 5: 5 bwikigereranyo cyubushyuhe buri hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru burenze ubw'ubwa HPMC bwera, buterwa ahanini nubwinshi bwimbere bwa G80 mubushyuhe bwinshi [361]. Munsi yikigereranyo kimwe, ibibyimba bya sisitemu yo guhuza bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl ya HPS. Kubwibyo, kwinjiza amatsinda ya hydroxypropyl muri molekile ya krahisi bishobora gutuma habaho gucika imigozi ya hydrogène idasanzwe muri molekile ya krahisi.

Igishushanyo 5-7 Ubushuhe bugoye hamwe nubushyuhe bwa HPS / HPMC buvanze hamwe na hydroypropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS

Ingaruka yubushyuhe kuri viscisite igoye ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ihuza isano ya Arrhenius mubushuhe runaka, kandi ubukonje bugoye bufitanye isano nubushyuhe. Ingano ya Arrhenius niyi ikurikira:

Muri byo, η * ni ibintu bigoye cyane, Pa s;

A ni ihoraho, Pa s;

T ni ubushyuhe bwuzuye, K;

R ni gaze ihoraho, 8.3144 J · mol - 1 · K - 1;

E nimbaraga zo gukora, J · mol - 1.

Bikwiranye na formula (5-3), ubukonje-ubushyuhe bwumurongo wa sisitemu yimvange irashobora kugabanywamo ibice bibiri ukurikije tan δ impinga ya 45 ° C; sisitemu ikomatanya kuri 5 ° C - 45 ° C na 45 ° C - 85 ° Indangagaciro zingufu zo gukora E hamwe na A zihoraho A zabonetse muguhuza urwego rwa C zirerekanwa mumeza 5-3. Indangagaciro zabazwe zingufu zo gukora E ziri hagati ya −174 kJ · mol - 1 na 124 kJ · mol - 1, naho indangagaciro zihoraho A ziri hagati ya 6.24 × 10−11 Pa · s na 1.99 × 1028 Pa · s. Muburyo bukwiye, coefficient zifitanye isano zari hejuru (R2 = 0.9071 –0.9892) usibye icyitegererezo cya G80 / HPMC. Icyitegererezo cya G80 / HPMC gifite coeffisente yo hasi (R2 = 0.4435) mu bushyuhe bwa dogere 45 ° C - 85 ° C, ibyo bikaba bishobora guterwa n'uburemere bukabije bwa G80 n'uburemere bwihuse ugereranije n’ibindi bipimo bya Crystallisation ya HPS [ 362]. Uyu mutungo wa G80 utuma bishoboka cyane gukora ibice bidahuje ibitsina iyo bihujwe na HPMC.

Mu bushyuhe bwa dogere 5 ° C - 45 ° C, E agaciro ka sample ya HPMC / HPS iri munsi gato ugereranije na HPS yera, bishobora guterwa n'imikoranire hagati ya HPS na HPMC. Mugabanye ubushyuhe bushingiye kumyuka. E agaciro ka HPMC isukuye kurenza iyindi ngero. Ingufu zo gukora kuri sample zose zirimo ibinyamisogwe byari bifite agaciro keza, byerekana ko ku bushyuhe bwo hasi, kugabanuka kwijimye hamwe nubushyuhe ntibyagaragaye cyane kandi ibyerekanwe byagaragazaga imiterere isa na krahisi.

Imbonerahamwe 5-3 Ibipimo bya Arrhenius (E: imbaraga zo gukora; A: guhoraho; R 2: coefficient de l'homée) kuva Eq. (1) kuri HPS / HPMC ivanze na degre zitandukanye za hydroxypropylation ya HPS

Nyamara, mubushyuhe bwo hejuru buringaniye bwa 45 ° C - 85 ° C, E agaciro kahindutse muburyo bwiza hagati yicyitegererezo cyiza cya HPS na HPMC / HPS, naho E agaciro ka HPSs yari 45,6 kJ · mol - 1 - Mubipimo bya 124 kJ · mol - 1, E indangagaciro za complexe ziri murwego rwa -3,77 kJ · mol - 1– -72.2 kJ · mol - 1. Ihinduka ryerekana ingaruka zikomeye za HPMC ku mbaraga zo gukora za sisitemu igoye, kuko E agaciro ka HPMC yera -174 kJ mol - 1. E indangagaciro za HPMC zuzuye hamwe na sisitemu ikomatanyirijwe hamwe ni mbi, byerekana ko ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, ubukonje bwiyongera hamwe n’ubushyuhe bwiyongera, kandi uruganda rugaragaza imyitwarire ya HPMC imeze.

Ingaruka za HPMC na HPS kuri viscisite igoye ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yubushyuhe bwo hejuru hamwe nubushyuhe buke burahuye nibintu byaganiriweho.

5.3.5

Igishushanyo cya 5-8 cyerekana umurongo wo guhanagura inshuro 5 ° C ya HPMC / HPS ibisubizo bya HPS hamwe na dogere zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko HPS itanduye yerekana imyitwarire isanzwe imeze (G ′> G ″), mugihe HPMC ari imyitwarire isa n’amazi (G ′ <G ″). Byose bya HPMC / HPS byerekanaga imyitwarire ikomeye. Kuri byinshi byintangarugero, byombi G ′ na G ″ byiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera inshuro, byerekana ko imyitwarire imeze nkibintu bikomeye.

HPMCs yuzuye yerekana inshuro zisobanutse zigoye kubona mubitegererezo bya HPS. Nkuko byari byitezwe, sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yerekanye urwego runaka rwisunga inshuro. Kuri HPS zose zirimo ingero, n ′ buri gihe iba munsi ya n ″, kandi G ″ igaragaza imbaraga zishingiye kuri frequence kurusha G ′, byerekana ko izo ngero zoroshye kurusha viscous [352, 359, 363]. Kubwibyo, imikorere yintangarugero ihuriweho igenwa ahanini na HPS, biterwa ahanini nuko HPMC itanga igisubizo cyo hasi cyibisubizo byubushyuhe buke.

Imbonerahamwe 5-4 n ′, n ″, G0 ′ na G0 ″ kuri HPS / HPMC ifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydropropyl ya HPS kuri 5 ° C nkuko byagenwe na Eqs. (5-1) na (5-2)

Igishushanyo cya 5-8 Modulus yo kubika (G ′) hamwe na modulus yo gutakaza (G ″) hamwe ninshuro ya HPS / HPMC ivanze hamwe na hydroypropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS kuri 5 ° C.

HPMCs yuzuye yerekana inshuro zisobanutse zigoye kubona mubitegererezo bya HPS. Nkuko byari byitezwe kuri HPMC / HPS, sisitemu ya ligand yerekanaga urwego runaka rwisunga inshuro. Kuri HPS zose zirimo ingero, n ′ buri gihe iba munsi ya n ″, kandi G ″ igaragaza imbaraga zishingiye kuri frequence kurusha G ′, byerekana ko izo ngero zoroshye kurusha viscous [352, 359, 363]. Kubwibyo, imikorere yintangarugero ihuriweho igenwa ahanini na HPS, biterwa ahanini nuko HPMC itanga igisubizo cyo hasi cyibisubizo byubushyuhe buke.

Igishushanyo cya 5-9 cyerekana umurongo wohanagura inshuro za HPMC / HPS ibisubizo bya HPS hamwe na dogere zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl kuri 85 ° C. Nkuko bigaragara kuri iki gishushanyo, izindi ngero zose za HPS usibye A1081 zerekanye imyitwarire isanzwe imeze nkimyitwarire. Kuri A1081, indangagaciro za G 'na G ”zegeranye cyane, kandi G' ni nto cyane ugereranije na G”, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko A1081 yitwara nk'amazi.

Ibi birashobora kuba kubera ko A1081 ari gel ikonje kandi ikanyuramo gel-to-solution ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Ku rundi ruhande, ku byitegererezo bifite igipimo kimwe cyo guhuza, indangagaciro za n ′, n ″, G0 ′ na G0 ″ (Imbonerahamwe 5-5) zose zaragabanutse hiyongereyeho impamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl, byerekana ko hydroxypropylation yagabanije gukomera- nk'imyitwarire ya krahisi ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru (85 ° C). By'umwihariko, n ′ na n ″ ya G80 yegereye 0, yerekana imyitwarire ikomeye-imeze; bitandukanye, n ′ na n ″ indangagaciro za A1081 ziri hafi ya 1, zerekana imyitwarire ikomeye. Indangagaciro n 'na n ”zihuye namakuru ya G' na G”. Byongeye kandi, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5-9, urugero rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl rushobora kuzamura cyane inshuro zishingiye kuri HPS ku bushyuhe bwinshi.

Igicapo 5-9 Modulus yo kubika (G ′) hamwe na modulus yo gutakaza (G ″) hamwe ninshuro ya HPS / HPMC ivanze hamwe na hydroypropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS kuri 85 ° C.

Igishushanyo 5-9 cyerekana ko HPMC yerekana imyitwarire isanzwe imeze (G ′> G ″) kuri 85 ° C, ibyo bikaba biterwa ahanini nubushyuhe bwa thermogel. Mubyongeyeho, G ′ na G ″ ya HPMC biratandukana ninshuro Ubwiyongere ntabwo bwahindutse cyane, byerekana ko budafite ishingiro ryumvikana.

Kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, indangagaciro za n ′ na n ″ zombi ziri hafi ya 0, kandi G0 ′ irarenze cyane G0 (Imbonerahamwe ″ 5-5), yemeza imyitwarire yayo imeze nk ikomeye. Kurundi ruhande, hydroxypropyl isimbuye irashobora guhindura HPS kuva kumyitozo-isa nimyitwarire isa n’amazi, ibintu bitabaho mubisubizo byakomatanijwe. Byongeye kandi, kuri sisitemu yo guhuza yongeweho na HPMC, hamwe no kwiyongera kwinshuro, G 'na G ”byagumye bihagaze neza, kandi indangagaciro za n' na n” zari hafi ya HPMC. Ibisubizo byose byerekana ko HPMC yiganjemo viscoelasticitike ya sisitemu ikomatanyije ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru bwa 85 ° C.

Imbonerahamwe 5-5 n ′, n ″, G0 ′ na G0 ″ kuri HPS / HPMC hamwe na hydropropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS kuri 85 ° C nkuko byagenwe na Eqs. (5-1) na (5-2)

5.3.6 Morphologiya ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS

Icyiciro cyinzibacyuho ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yakozwe na iyode yerekana microscope optique. Sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ifite igipimo cya 5: 5 yageragejwe kuri 25 ° C, 45 ° C na 85 ° C. Amashusho ya microscope yumucyo hepfo yerekana mubishusho 5-10. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko nyuma yo gusiga irangi iyode, icyiciro cya HPS gisizwe irangi ryijimye, naho icyiciro cya HPMC cyerekana ibara ryoroshye kuko ridashobora gusiga irangi iyode. Kubwibyo, ibyiciro bibiri bya HPMC / HPS birashobora gutandukanywa neza. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, ubuso bwakarere kijimye (icyiciro cya HPS) bwiyongera kandi ubuso bwakarere keza (icyiciro cya HPMC) buragabanuka. By'umwihariko, kuri 25 ° C, HPMC (ibara ryiza) nicyiciro gikomeza muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, kandi icyiciro gito cya HPS icyiciro (ibara ryijimye) gikwirakwizwa mugice cya HPMC gikomeza. Ibinyuranye, kuri 85 ° C, HPMC yahindutse icyiciro gito cyane kandi gifite imiterere idasanzwe ikwirakwizwa mugice cya HPS ikomeza.

Igishushanyo 5-8 Morphologiya irangi irangi 1: 1 HPMC / HPS ivanze kuri 25 ° C, 45 ° C na 85 ° C

Hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe, hagomba kubaho inzira yinzibacyuho ya morphologie yicyiciro gikomeza kuva HPMC kugera HPS muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. Mubyigisho, bigomba kubaho mugihe viscosity ya HPMC na HPS ari kimwe cyangwa bisa cyane. Nkuko bigaragara kuri micrografi ya 45 ° C ku gishushanyo cya 5-10, igishushanyo mbonera cyicyiciro cya "nyanja-kirwa" ntigaragara, ariko icyiciro gikomeza kiragaragara. Iri genzura ryemeza kandi ko icyiciro cyinzibacyuho yicyiciro gikomeza gishobora kuba cyabereye ku mpinga ya tan δ mu gukwirakwiza ibintu-ubushyuhe bwagabanijwe bwaganiriweho muri 5.3.3.

Birashobora kandi kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko ku bushyuhe buke (25 ° C), ibice bimwe byumwijima HPS yatatanye byerekana urwego runaka rwamabara meza, bishobora kuba biterwa nuko igice cyicyiciro cya HPMC kibaho mugice cya HPS muri buryo bw'icyiciro gitatanye. hagati. Ku bw'amahirwe, ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru (85 ° C), uduce duto duto twijimye dukwirakwizwa mu cyiciro cyiza cya HPMC cyatatanye, kandi utwo duce duto twijimye ni icyiciro gikomeza HPS. Izi nyigisho zerekana ko urwego runaka rwa mesofase rubaho muri sisitemu ya HPMC-HPS, bityo bikerekana ko HPMC ifite aho ihurira na HPS.

5.3.7 Igishushanyo mbonera cyinzibacyuho ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS

Hashingiwe ku myitwarire ya rheologiya ya kera ya polymer ibisubizo hamwe na gel hamwe hamwe [216, 232] hamwe no kugereranya ninganda zaganiriweho mu mpapuro, harasabwa icyitegererezo cyamahame yo guhindura imiterere yibigo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nubushyuhe, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo 5-11.

Igishushanyo 5-11 Imiterere yubushakashatsi bwa sol-gel ya HPMC (a); HPS (b); na HPMC / HPS (c)

Imyitwarire ya gel ya HPMC hamwe nuburyo bujyanye nigisubizo-gel inzibacyuho yizwe cyane [159, 160, 207, 208]. Imwe mu zemewe cyane ni uko iminyururu ya HPMC ibaho mugisubizo muburyo bwo guhuriza hamwe. Aya matsinda arahuzwa no kuzinga ibintu bimwe na bimwe bidafite insimburangingo cyangwa ingirabuzimafatizo ya selile, kandi bigahuzwa n'uturere twasimbujwe cyane hamwe na hydrophobique yo guteranya amatsinda ya methyl hamwe na hydroxyl. Ku bushyuhe buke, molekile zamazi zigira akazu kameze nkakazu hanze ya methyl hydrophobique hamwe nububiko bwamazi hanze yitsinda rya hydrophilique nka hydroxyl, bikabuza HPMC gukora imiyoboro ya hydrogène ihuza ubushyuhe buke. Mugihe ubushyuhe bwiyongera, HPMC ikuramo ingufu kandi akazu k’amazi hamwe n’ibikonoshwa by’amazi byacitse, aribwo buryo bwo gukemura ibibazo-gel. Kumeneka kw'akazu k'amazi hamwe n'igikonoshwa cy'amazi byerekana amatsinda ya methyl na hydroxypropyl mu bidukikije byo mu mazi, bigatuma ubwiyongere bukabije bw’ubusa. Ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, kubera ishyirahamwe rya hydrophobi ryamatsinda ya hydrophobique hamwe n’amashyirahamwe ya hydrophilique y’amatsinda ya hydrophilique, imiterere y'urusobe rw'ibice bitatu bya gel amaherezo yarashizweho, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5-11 (a).

Nyuma ya gelatinizasi ya krahisi, amylose irashonga ikava muri granules kugirango ibe imiterere imwe ihindagurika, ikomeza gukomeretsa kandi amaherezo ikerekana imiterere ya coil idasanzwe. Iyi miterere imwe ya helix ikora hydrophobique cavity imbere hamwe na hydrophilique hejuru. Iyi miterere yuzuye ya krahisi itanga ituze ryiza [230-232]. Kubwibyo, HPS ibaho muburyo bwa variable coil coil hamwe na bimwe birambuye kurambura ibice byamazi mubisubizo byamazi mubushyuhe bwinshi. Mugihe ubushyuhe bugabanutse, imigozi ya hydrogène hagati ya HPS na molekile zamazi ziracika kandi amazi aboshye arabura. Hanyuma, imiyoboro y'urusobekerane rw'ibice bitatu ikorwa bitewe no gushiraho imigozi ya hydrogène hagati y'iminyururu ya molekile, hanyuma hakabaho gel, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5-11 (b).

Mubisanzwe, iyo ibice bibiri bifite viscosité zitandukanye cyane byongeweho, igice kinini cyijimye gikunda gukora icyiciro gitatanye kandi kigatatana mugice gikomeza cyibice byo hasi. Ku bushyuhe buke, ubwiza bwa HPMC buri hasi cyane ugereranije na HPS. Kubwibyo, HPMC ikora icyiciro gikomeza kizengurutse cyane-viscosity HPS gel icyiciro. Ku nkombe z'ibyiciro byombi, amatsinda ya hydroxyl ku munyururu wa HPMC atakaza igice cy'amazi aboshye kandi agakora imiyoboro ya hydrogène intermolecular ihuza iminyururu ya HPS. Mugihe cyo gushyushya, iminyururu ya molekile ya HPS yimutse kubera kwinjiza ingufu zihagije kandi ikora imigozi ya hydrogène hamwe na molekile zamazi, bikaviramo gucika imiterere ya gel. Muri icyo gihe, imiterere y’amazi n’inyubako y’amazi ku ruhererekane rwa HPMC yarasenyutse kandi buhoro buhoro irashwanyagurika kugira ngo yerekane amatsinda ya hydrophilique hamwe n’amatsinda ya hydrophobi. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, HPMC ikora imiterere y'urusobekerane rwa gel kubera imiyoboro ya hydrogène ya intermolecular hamwe na hydrophobique, bityo bigahinduka icyiciro kinini cyogukwirakwiza icyiciro cya HPS gikomeza icyiciro cya coil, nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5-11 (c). Kubwibyo, HPS na HPMC byiganjemo imiterere ya rheologiya, imiterere ya gel hamwe na morphologie ya fonction ya gele ikomatanya ku bushyuhe buke kandi buri hejuru.

Kwinjiza amatsinda ya hydroxypropyl muri molekile ya krahisi isenya imiterere yimbere yimbere ya hydrogène ya hydrogène yimbere, kuburyo molekile ya amylose ya gelatinike iba yabyimbye kandi irambuye, ibyo bikaba byongera ubwinshi bwamazi meza ya molekile kandi bikabuza imyumvire ya molekile ya krahisi kwishora muburyo butemewe. mu gisubizo cy'amazi [362]. Kubwibyo, ibintu byinshi na hydrophilique ya hydroxypropyl ituma guhuza iminyururu ya molekile ya amylose no gushinga uturere duhuza bigoye [233]. Kubwibyo, hamwe no kugabanuka kwubushyuhe, ugereranije na krahisi kavukire, HPS ikunda gukora imiterere y'urusobe rworoshye kandi rworoshye.

Hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza, hari uduce twinshi twarambuye twa tekinike ya HPS mu gisubizo cya HPS, ishobora gukora imiyoboro myinshi ya hydrogène ihuza imiyoboro ihuza urunigi rwa HPMC ku mbibi z’ibyiciro byombi, bityo bikagira imiterere imwe. Byongeye kandi, hydroxypropylation igabanya ubukonje bwa krahisi, igabanya itandukaniro ryubwiza hagati ya HPMC na HPS muburyo bwo gukora. Kubwibyo, icyiciro cyinzibacyuho muri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ihinduka mubushyuhe buke hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl ya HPS. Ibi birashobora kwemezwa nimpinduka zitunguranye zijimye hamwe nubushyuhe bwurugero rwasubiwemo muri 5.3.4.

5.4 Umutwe Incamake

Muri iki gice, hateguwe ibisubizo bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye za HPS hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza HPS, kandi ingaruka zimpamyabumenyi ya hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza HPS kumiterere ya rheologiya hamwe na gel ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye ya gel yasesenguwe na rheometero. Ikwirakwizwa ryicyiciro cya HPMC / HPS sisitemu ikonje kandi ishyushye ya gel ikomatanya yakozwe na iyode yerekana isesengura rya microscope optique. Iby'ingenzi byagaragaye ni ibi bikurikira:

1. Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, ubwiza bwogosha no gutemagura umuti wa HPMC / HPS byagabanutse hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl ya HPS. Ibi biterwa cyane cyane nuko kwinjiza hydroxypropyl groupe muri molekile ya krahisi byangiza imiterere ya hydrogène ya hydrogène idasanzwe kandi ikanoza hydrophilique ya krahisi.
2. Ku bushyuhe bwicyumba, zeru-shear viscosity h0, indangagaciro yerekana n, hamwe na coefficient K ya HPMC / HPS ibisubizo byatewe na HPMC na hydroxypropylation. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPMC, zero shear viscosity h0 iragabanuka, indangagaciro ya n yiyongera, hamwe na coefficient K ya viscosity K igabanuka; zeru shear viscosity h0, indangagaciro n n coefficient coefficient K ya HPS yera yose yiyongera hamwe na hydroxyl Hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza propyl, iba nto; ariko kuri sisitemu yo guhuza, zero shear viscosity h0 igabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimburwa, mugihe indangagaciro yerekana n hamwe nubwiza bwama K bwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimburwa.
3. Uburyo bwo kogosha hamwe na pre-shearing hamwe na thixotropy yibyiciro bitatu birashobora kwerekana neza neza ububobere, imigezi hamwe na thixotropy yumuti wibisubizo.
4. Agace k'umurongo wa viscoelastic ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS igabanuka hamwe no kugabanuka kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza HPS.
5. Muri ubu buryo bukonje-bushyashya bwa gel, sisitemu ya HPMC na HPS irashobora gukora ibyiciro bikomeza kubushyuhe buke kandi bukabije. Ihinduka ryimiterere yicyiciro rishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumurongo wijimye, imiterere ya viscoelastic, kwishingira inshuro hamwe na gel ya gel igoye.
6. Nkibice bitatanye, HPMC na HPS birashobora kumenya imiterere ya rheologiya hamwe na gel ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ya sisitemu yubushyuhe bwo hejuru kandi buke. Imirongo ya viscoelastic ya HPMC / HPS ingero zifatika zahujwe na HPS ku bushyuhe buke na HPMC ku bushyuhe bwinshi.
7. Urwego rutandukanye rwo guhindura imiti yimiterere ya krahisi nayo yagize ingaruka zikomeye kumiterere ya gel. Ibisubizo byerekana ko ibintu bigoye cyane, kubika ububiko, hamwe no gutakaza modulus byose bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl ya HPS. Kubwibyo, hydroxypropylation ya krahisi kavukire irashobora guhungabanya imiterere yayo kandi ikongera hydrophilicity ya krahisi, bikavamo ubworoherane bwa gel.
8. Hydroxypropylation irashobora kugabanya imyitwarire imeze nkibisubizo bya krahisi ku bushyuhe buke hamwe n’imyitwarire isa n’amazi ku bushyuhe bwinshi. Ku bushyuhe buke, indangagaciro za n ′ na n ″ zabaye nini hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS hydroxypropyl; ku bushyuhe bwinshi, n ′ na n ″ indangagaciro zabaye nto hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl ya HPS.
9. Isano iri hagati ya microstructure, imiterere ya rheologiya hamwe na gel ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yashizweho. Byombi impinduka zitunguranye muburyo bwa viscosity curve ya sisitemu ikomatanyirijwe hamwe na tan δ impinga yibihombo bigabanuka kugaragara kuri 45 ° C, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibintu bikurikirana bikomeza kugaragara muri micrografi (kuri 45 ° C).

Muncamake, sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikonje-ishyushye ya gel ikomatanya yerekana ubushyuhe budasanzwe bugenzurwa nicyiciro cyimiterere nimiterere. Binyuze mu miti itandukanye ya krahisi na selile, sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye irashobora gukoreshwa mugutezimbere no gukoresha ibikoresho byubwenge bifite agaciro kanini.

Igice cya 6 Ingaruka zo Gusimbuza HPS Impamyabumenyi kuri Sisitemu no Guhuza Sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS Ikomatanya Membrane

Birashobora kugaragara kuva mu gice cya 5 ko ihinduka ryimiterere yimiti yibigize muri sisitemu yo guhuza igena itandukaniro ryimiterere ya rheologiya, imiterere ya gel nibindi bikoresho byo gutunganya sisitemu. Muri rusange imikorere ifite ingaruka zikomeye.

Iki gice cyibanze ku ngaruka zimiterere yimiti yibigize kuri microstructure hamwe na macroscopique yibiranga HPMC / HPS yibumbiye hamwe. Ufatanije ningaruka zigice cya 5 kumiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu igizwe, imiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yashyizweho- isano hagati yimiterere ya firime.

6.1 Ibikoresho n'ibikoresho

6.1.1 Ibikoresho byingenzi byubushakashatsi

6.1.2 Ibikoresho byingenzi nibikoresho

6.2 Uburyo bw'igerageza

6.2.1 Gutegura HPMC / HPS igizwe nibice bitandukanye bya HPS hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza

Igiteranyo cyibisubizo byibisubizo ni 8% (w / w), igipimo cya HPMC / HPS ni 10: 0, 5: 5, 0:10, plasitike ni 2,4% (w / w) polyethylene glycol, Iribwa firime ikomatanya ya HPMC / HPS yateguwe nuburyo bwo gukina. Kuburyo bwihariye bwo gutegura, reba 3.2.1.

6.2.2 Microdomain imiterere ya HPMC / HPS igizwe nibice bitandukanye bya hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza HPS;

6.2.2.1 Ihame ryisesengura rya microstructure isesengura imirasire ya synchrotron ntoya-inguni X-ikwirakwiza

Umumarayika muto X-ray Ikwirakwiza (SAXS) bivuga ibintu byo gutatanya biterwa nurumuri rwa X-rumurikira icyitegererezo munsi yikizamini mu nguni nto yegereye urumuri rwa X. Ukurikije itandukanyirizo rya elegitoronike ya nanoscale hagati yo gutatanya no hagati ikikije, ntoya ya X-ray ikwirakwiza ikunze gukoreshwa mubushakashatsi bwibikoresho bikomeye, colloidal, na fluid polymer murwego rwa nanoscale. Ugereranije na tekinoroji ya X-ray itandukanya, SAXS irashobora kubona amakuru yimiterere kurwego runini, rushobora gukoreshwa mugusesengura ihinduka ryiminyururu ya polymer, imiterere yigihe kirekire, hamwe nicyiciro cyicyiciro no gukwirakwiza icyiciro cya sisitemu igoye ya polymer. . Synchrotron X-ray yumucyo ni ubwoko bushya bwumucyo mwinshi-mwinshi, ufite ibyiza byubwiza buhanitse, polarisiyasi ndende, impiswi ntoya, umucyo mwinshi, hamwe no gukusanya hejuru, kuburyo ishobora kubona amakuru yimiterere ya nanoscale yibikoresho byihuse kandi neza. Gusesengura ibice bya SAXS byibipimo byapimwe birashobora kubona uburinganire bwuburinganire bwikigereranyo cya elegitoronike, uburinganire bwicyiciro kimwe cya elegitoronike yubucucike (gutandukana kwiza kuri Porod cyangwa Debye's theorem), hamwe no gusobanuka kwimiterere yibice bibiri (gutandukana nabi na Porod cyangwa theorem ya Debye). ). Umubyimba, ubunini buringaniye, ibice bitandukanya ibice, ubuso bwihariye hamwe nibindi bipimo.

6.2.2.2 Uburyo bwikizamini

Muri Centre ya Radiyo ya Synchrotron yo muri Ositaraliya (Clayton, Victoria, Ositaraliya), hifashishijwe imirasire y’imirasire y’isekuru ya gatatu ku isi (flux 1013 foton / s, uburebure bwa 1.47 Å) yakoreshejwe kugirango hamenyekane imiterere ya micro-domaine nandi makuru ajyanye na hamwe. firime. Uburyo bubiri bwo gukwirakwiza icyitegererezo cyakusanyirijwe hamwe na deteri ya Pilatus 1M (ubuso bwa 169 × 172 mm, ubunini bwa pigiseli 172 × 172), kandi icyitegererezo cyapimwe cyari mu ntera ya 0.015 <q <0.15 Å - 1 ( q ni ikwirakwizwa rya vector) Imbere yimbere-imwe ntoya-inguni ya X-ray ikwirakwiza umurongo iboneka muburyo bubiri bwo gutatanya na software ya ScatterBrain, hamwe na vector q ikwirakwiza inguni ya 2 ihindurwa na formula i /, nihehe ya X-ray yumurambararo. Amakuru yose yari asanzwe asanzwe mbere yisesengura ryamakuru.

6.2.3 Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric ya HPMC / HPS igizwe nibice bitandukanye bya hydroxypropyl ya HPS

6.2.3.1 Ihame ryisesengura rya termogravimetric

Kimwe na 3.2.5.1

6.2.3.2 Uburyo bwikizamini

Reba 3.2.5.2

6.2.4 Imiterere ya Tensile ya firime ya HPMC / HPS ifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye za HPS hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza

6.2.4.1 Ihame ryo gusesengura imitungo itoroshye

Kimwe na 3.2.6.1

6.2.4.2 Uburyo bwikizamini

Reba 3.2.6.2

Ukoresheje ISO37 isanzwe, yaciwemo ibice bisa na dumbbell, bifite uburebure bwa 35mm, intera iri hagati yumurongo wa 12mm, nubugari bwa 2mm. Ibizamini byose byapimwe byagereranijwe kuri 75% yubushyuhe burenze 3 d.

6.2.5.

6.2.5.1 Ihame ryisesengura rya ogisijeni

Kimwe na 3.2.7.1

6.2.5.2 Uburyo bwo kugerageza

Reba 3.2.7.2

6.3 Ibisubizo n'ibiganiro

6.3.1 Isesengura ryimiterere ya Crystal ya firime ya HPMC / HPS hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye za HPS hydroxypropyl

Igicapo 6-1 cerekana inguni ntoya X-ray ikwirakwiza ya firime ya HPMC / HPS hamwe na dogere zitandukanye za HPS hydroxypropyl. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko mubipimo binini binini bya q> 0.3 Å (2θ> 40), impinga zigaragara ziranga igaragara muri sample zose. Uhereye kuri X-ray ikwirakwiza ya firime isukuye (Igicapo 6-1a), HPMC ifite isuku ya X-ray ikwirakwiza hejuru ya 0.569 Å, byerekana ko HPMC ifite impagarike ya X-ray ikwirakwiza impande zose. karere ka 7.70 (2θ> 50). Ikirangantego kiranga impinga, byerekana ko HPMC ifite imiterere ya kristaline hano. Byombi byerekana urugero rwa A939 na A1081 byerekana amashusho yerekana imishwarara itandukanye ya X-ray ikwirakwiza kuri 0.397 Å, byerekana ko HPS ifite impagarike iranga kristaline mu karere kagari ka 5.30, ibyo bikaba bihuye na B yo mu bwoko bwa B ya kristaline. Birashobora kugaragara neza mubishushanyo ko A939 hamwe na hydroxypropyl isimbuye ifite ubuso bunini kuruta A1081 hamwe nabasimbuye cyane. Ibi biterwa cyane cyane nuko kwinjiza hydroxypropyl mumatsinda ya molekuline ya krahisi isenya imiterere yambere yatunganijwe ya molekile ya krahisi, byongera ingorane zo guhinduranya no guhuza imiyoboro ya molekile ya krahisi, kandi bigabanya urwego rwo kongera kwisubiramo. Hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl groupe, ingaruka zo guhagarika itsinda rya hydroxypropyl kumurwi wa krike yongeye kugaragara.

Birashobora kugaragara uhereye kuri ntoya ya X-ray ikwirakwiza ibintu byerekana urugero (Ishusho 6-1b) ko firime ya HPMC-HPS yose yerekanaga impinga zigaragara kuri 0.569 Å na 0.397 Å, bihuye na kirisiti ya 7.70 HPMC impinga ziranga, kimwe. Agace k'imisozi ya HPS korohereza firime ya HPMC / A939 nini cyane ugereranije n'iya firime ya HPMC / A1081. Kuvugurura byahagaritswe, ibyo bikaba bihuza no guhinduranya agace ka HPS kristallisation hamwe nurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl muri firime nziza. Agace k'imisozi ya kristaline ihuye na HPMC kuri 7.70 kuri membrane igizwe hamwe na dogere zitandukanye zo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl ntabwo yahindutse cyane. Ugereranije nubunini bwikitegererezo cyibintu bisukuye (Igicapo 5-1a), uturere twa mpinga ya kristu ya HPMC hamwe nimpinga ya HPS yo gutondekanya ibyitegererezo byagabanutse, ibyo bikaba byerekanaga ko binyuze mubihuza byombi, HPMC na HPS bishobora kuba ingirakamaro kuri irindi tsinda. Gusubiramo ibintu byo gutandukanya firime bigira uruhare runini rwo kubuza.

Igishushanyo cya 6-1 SAXS yerekana firime ya HPMC / HPS hamwe na hydroxypropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS

Mu gusoza, kwiyongera kwa HPS hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza no guhuza ibice byombi birashobora kubuza ibintu kongera gukora ibintu bya HPMC / HPS bigize membrane ku rugero runaka. Ubwiyongere bwa hydroxypropyl urwego rwo gusimbuza HPS ahanini rwabujije kongera gukora HPS muri membrane yibumbiye hamwe, mugihe ibice bibiri bigize ibice byagize uruhare runini mu guhagarika HPS na HPMC muri membrane.

6.3.2.

Impuzandengo y'urunigi (R) ya molekile ya polysaccharide nka molekile ya krahisi na molekile ya selile iri mu ntera ya 1000-1500 nm, na q iri hagati ya 0.01-0.1 Å-1, hamwe na qR >> 1. Nkuko bivugwa na Amata ya poroderi, urugero rwa firime polysaccharide irashobora kugaragara Isano iri hagati yinguni ntoya ya X-ray ikwirakwiza nimbaraga zingana:

Muri ibi, I (q) am nto-nguni X-ray ikwirakwiza ubukana;

q ni impande zinyanyagiye;

α ni umusozi wa Porod.

Umusozi wa Porod α ufitanye isano nuburyo buvunitse. Niba α <3, byerekana ko imiterere yibintu isa naho irekuye, hejuru yuwatatanye iroroshye, kandi ni ibice byinshi, hamwe nuburinganire bwacyo D = α; niba 3 <α <4, byerekana ko imiterere yibintu ari yuzuye kandi ikwirakwiza ni ubuso butajegajega, bukaba ari agace kavunitse, hamwe nuburinganire bwacyo D = 6 - α.

Igicapo 6-2 cerekana ibibanza bya lnI (q) -lnq yibibanza bya HPMC / HPS hamwe nibice bitandukanye bya HPS hydroxypropyl. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye ku gishushanyo ko ingero zose zigaragaza imiterere-yimiterere isa nigice runaka, kandi umusozi wa Porod α uri munsi ya 3, byerekana ko firime ikomatanya yerekana ibice byinshi, kandi ubuso bwa firime ikomatanya ugereranije neza. Ibipimo by'ibice byinshi bya HPMC / HPS bigizwe nibice bitandukanye byo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl ya HPS bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 6-1.

Imbonerahamwe 6-1 yerekana igipimo cyibice bya HPMC / HPS igizwe nibice bitandukanye bya hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza HPS. Birashobora kugaragara kumeza ko kuburugero rwiza rwa HPS, ibipimo byavunitse bya A939 byasimbuwe na hydroxypropyl nkeya birenze cyane ibya A1081 byasimbuwe na hydroxypropyl ndende, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl, muri membrane Ubucucike bwimiterere-isa iragabanuka cyane. Ni ukubera ko kwinjiza amatsinda ya hydroxypropyl kumurongo wa molekile ya krahisi bibangamira cyane guhuza ibice bya HPS, bigatuma igabanuka ryubwinshi bwimiterere isa nayo muri firime. Hydrophilic hydroxypropyl groupe irashobora gukora hydrogène intermolecular ihuza na molekile zamazi, bikagabanya imikoranire hagati yibice bya molekile; amatsinda manini ya hydroxypropyl agabanya kwiyunga no guhuza ibice bya molekuline ya krahisi, bityo hamwe niyongerekana ryikigereranyo cyo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl, HPS ikora ibintu bisa nkibisanzwe.

Kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / A939, ibipimo byavunitse bya HPS birenze ibya HPMC, ni ukubera ko ibinyamisogwe byongeye kwisubiramo, kandi hashyizweho urwego rwateganijwe hagati yiminyururu ya molekile, biganisha ku miterere isa nayo muri membrane. . Ubucucike bukabije. Ibipimo byavunitse byurugero rwikigereranyo biri munsi yibyibice bibiri byera, kuko binyuze mukuzuzanya, guhuza ibice bya molekile yibice byombi bibangamiwe, bikavamo ubwinshi bwimiterere isa nayo igabanuka. Ibinyuranye, muri sisitemu ya HPMC / A1081, ibipimo byavunitse bya HPS biri hasi cyane ugereranije na HPMC. Ni ukubera ko kwinjiza amatsinda ya hydroxypropyl muri molekile ya krahisi bibuza cyane kongera guhinduranya ibinyamisogwe. Imiterere-isa nayo mubiti irarekuye. Muri icyo gihe, ibipimo byavunitse by'icyitegererezo cya HPMC / A1081 birenze ibyo HPS yera, nayo itandukanye cyane na sisitemu ya HPMC / A939. Imiterere isa nayo, urunigi rumeze nka molekile ya HPMC irashobora kwinjira mu mwobo wuburyo bwarwo, bityo bikazamura ubucucike bwimiterere isa na HPS, ibyo bikaba byerekana kandi ko HPS ifite insimburangingo ya hydroxypropyl ishobora gukora urwego rumwe nyuma yo guteranya hamwe na HPMC. ibiyigize. Duhereye ku mibare yimiterere ya rheologiya, birashobora kugaragara ko hydroxypropylation ishobora kugabanya ubukonje bwa krahisi, bityo mugihe cyo guteranya, itandukaniro ryubwiza hagati yibice byombi muri sisitemu yo guhuza iragabanuka, ibyo bikaba bifasha cyane gushinga bahuje ibitsina ibice.

Igishushanyo cya 6-2 lnI (q) -lnq imiterere hamwe nu murongo ujyanye na firime ya HPMC / HPS hamwe na hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza impamyabumenyi ya HPS

Imbonerahamwe 6-1 Imiterere yimiterere yibice bya HPS / HPMC ivanze na firime zitandukanye za hydroxypropyl zo gusimbuza HPS

Kubice bigize ibice bifite igipimo kimwe cyo kugereranya, ibipimo byavunitse nabyo bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl groupe. Kwinjiza hydroxypropyl muri molekile ya HPS birashobora kugabanya guhuza ibice bya polymer mubice bya sisitemu, bityo bikagabanya ubucucike bwa membrane; HPS hamwe na hydroxypropyl isimbuye cyane ifite guhuza neza na HPMC, Byoroshye gukora ibice bimwe kandi byuzuye. Kubwibyo, ubucucike bwimiterere-isa nayo muri membrane yibice bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza HPS, ibyo bikaba ibisubizo byingaruka ziterwa nimpamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl hamwe no guhuza ibice byombi murwego rwo guhuza Sisitemu.

6.3.3 Isesengura ryubushyuhe bwumuriro wa firime ya HPMC / HPS hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye za HPS hydroxypropyl

Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric ryakoreshejwe mugupima ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa HPMC / HPS ziribwa hamwe na degre zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl. Igicapo 6-3 cerekana umurongo wa thermogravimetric (TGA) hamwe nigipimo cyo kugabanya ibiro (DTG) ya firime ikomatanya hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl HPS. Birashobora kugaragara uhereye kumurongo wa TGA ku gishushanyo cya 6-3 (a) ko icyitegererezo cya membrane icyitegererezo hamwe na degre zitandukanye zo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl. Hariho ibintu bibiri bigaragara bya termogravimetricike ihinduka hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushyuhe. Ubwa mbere, hari intambwe ntoya yo kugabanya ibiro kuri 30 ~ 180 ° C, iterwa ahanini no guhindagurika kwamazi yamamajwe na macromolecule ya polysaccharide. Hariho icyiciro kinini cyo kugabanya ibiro kuri 300 ~ 450 ° C, aricyo cyiciro nyacyo cyo kwangirika k'ubushyuhe, ahanini biterwa no kwangirika k'ubushyuhe bwa HPMC na HPS. Birashobora kandi kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko kugabanuka kwibiro bya HPS hamwe na dogere zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl birasa kandi bitandukanye cyane na HPMC. Hagati yubwoko bubiri bwo kugabanya ibiro kuri HPMC yuzuye hamwe nicyitegererezo cya HPS.

Uhereye ku murongo wa DTG ku gishushanyo cya 6-3 (b), urashobora kubona ko ubushyuhe bwo gutakaza ubushyuhe bwa HPS butyoroye hamwe na dogere zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl byegeranye cyane, kandi ubushyuhe bwo hejuru yubushyuhe bwa A939 na A081 ni 310 ° C. na 305 ° C, buri gihe Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwicyitegererezo cya HPMC buri hejuru cyane ugereranije na HPS, kandi ubushyuhe bwacyo ni 365 ° C; Filime ya HPMC / HPS ifite impinga ebyiri zo kwangirika kwumuriro kumurongo wa DTG, bihuye no kwangirika kwubushyuhe bwa HPS na HPMC. Impinga ziranga, zerekana ko hari urwego runaka rwo gutandukanya ibyiciro muri sisitemu yo guhuza hamwe hamwe na 5: 5, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibisubizo byangirika byumuriro wa firime ikomatanya hamwe na 5: 5 mugice cya 3 Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru yubushyuhe bwa HPMC / A939 icyitegererezo cya firime ni 302 ° C na 363 ° C; Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe bwa HPMC / A1081 icyitegererezo cya firime ni 306 ° C na 363 ° C. Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwikigereranyo cya firime yimuwe bwimuriwe mubushyuhe buke ugereranije nicyitegererezo cyibintu byera, byerekanaga ko ubushyuhe bwumuriro bwikigereranyo bwagabanutse. Kuburugero rufite igipimo kimwe cyo guhuza, ubushyuhe bwo hejuru yubushyuhe bwumuriro bwaragabanutse hamwe niyongerekana rya hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza hydrogipropyl, byerekana ko ubushyuhe bwumuriro wa firime yibintu byagabanutse hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl. Ni ukubera ko kwinjiza amatsinda ya hydroxypropyl muri molekile ya krahisi bigabanya imikoranire hagati yibice bya molekile kandi bikabuza guhinduranya gahunda ya molekile. Bihuye nibisubizo ko ubucucike bwimiterere isa nabwo bugabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl.

Igishushanyo cya 6-3 Imirongo ya TGA (a) hamwe nibikomokaho (DTG) umurongo (b) wa firime ya HPMC / HPS hamwe na hydroxypropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS

6.3.4 Isesengura ryimiterere yimikorere ya HPMC / HPS igizwe nibice bitandukanye bya HPS hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza

Igishushanyo cya 6-5 Imiterere ya firime ya HPMC / HPS hamwe na hydroxypropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS

Imiterere ihindagurika ya firime ya HPMC / HPS ifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl yageragejwe nisesengura ryumutungo wa mashini kuri 25 ° C na 75% ugereranije nubushuhe. Igishushanyo cya 6-5 cyerekana modulus ya elastike (a), kurambura kuruhuka (b) n'imbaraga zingana (c) za firime ikomatanya ifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye za HPS hydroxypropyl. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo ko kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / A1081, hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, modulus ya elastique hamwe nimbaraga za firime ya compteur yagabanutse buhoro buhoro, kandi kurambura kuruhuka byiyongereye cyane, byari bihuye na 3.3. 5 Ubushyuhe bwo hagati kandi buri hejuru. Ibisubizo bya membrane yibumbiye hamwe nibipimo bitandukanye byo guhuza byari bihuye.

Kubice bya HPS byera, byombi modulus ya elastique hamwe nimbaraga ziyongereye byiyongereye hamwe no kugabanuka kwa HPS hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza, byerekana ko hydroxypropylation igabanya ubukana bwimyanya ndangagitsina kandi igahindura imikorere yayo. Ibi biterwa ahanini nuko hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yogusimbuza, hydrophilicity ya HPS iriyongera, kandi imiterere ya membrane igenda irekura, ibyo bikaba bihuye nigisubizo ko ibipimo byavunitse bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza inguni nto X- ikizamini cyo gukwirakwiza imirasire. Nyamara, kurambura kuruhuka bigabanuka hamwe no kugabanuka kurwego rwo gusimbuza itsinda rya HPS hydroxypropyl, biterwa ahanini nuko kwinjiza hydroxypropyl groupe muri molekile ya krahisi bishobora kubuza kongera kwubaka krahisi. Ibisubizo bihuye no kwiyongera no kugabanuka.

Kuri HPMC / HPS igizwe na membrane ihwanye ningero zingana, modulus ya elastike yibikoresho bya membrane yiyongera hamwe no kugabanuka kwa degre ya hydroxypropyl ya HPS, hamwe nimbaraga za tensile hamwe no kurambura kuruhuka byombi bigabanuka no kugabanuka kurwego rwo gusimbuza. Birakwiye ko tumenya ko imiterere yubukorikori bwibintu bitandukanye bigenda bitandukana rwose hamwe nikigereranyo cyo guhuza hamwe na dogere zitandukanye zo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl. Ibi biterwa cyane cyane nubukanishi bwimiterere yibibumbano ntabwo bigira ingaruka gusa kurwego rwo gusimbuza HPS kumiterere ya membrane, ariko nanone biterwa no guhuza ibice bigize sisitemu. Ubukonje bwa HPS buragabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza, nibyiza cyane gukora uruganda rumwe mukomatanya.

6.3.5.

Oxidation iterwa na ogisijeni nintambwe yambere muburyo bwinshi bwo kwangiza ibiryo, bityo firime ziribwa hamwe nibintu bimwe na bimwe bibuza ogisijeni irashobora kuzamura ubwiza bwibiryo kandi bikongera ubuzima bwibiryo [108, 364]. Kubera iyo mpamvu, hapimwe igipimo cyo kwanduza ogisijeni ya HPMC / HPS igizwe na degre zitandukanye za hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza HPS, kandi ibisubizo bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 5-6. Birashobora kugaragara ku gishushanyo cyerekana ko umwuka wa ogisijeni wibintu byose byera bya HPS biri hasi cyane ugereranije nibya HPMC byera, byerekana ko HPS ifite imiterere ya barrière nziza ya ogisijeni kurusha HPMC, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibisubizo byabanje. Kubice byiza bya HPS bifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl, umuvuduko wa ogisijeni wiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimburwa, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko agace ogisijeni yinjira mubintu bya membrane yiyongera. Ibi bihuye nisesengura rya microstructure yinguni ntoya ya X-ray ikwirakwiza ko imiterere ya membrane igenda yoroha hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl, bityo umuyoboro winjira wa ogisijeni muri membrane ukaba munini, na ogisijeni muri membrane gucengera Nkuko akarere kiyongera, umuvuduko wa ogisijeni nawo wiyongera buhoro buhoro.

Igishushanyo cya 6-6 Oxygene yinjira muri firime ya HPS / HPMC hamwe na hydroxypropyl itandukanye yo gusimbuza HPS

Kuri membrane igizwe na degre zitandukanye zo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl, umuvuduko wa ogisijeni ugabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl. Ibi biterwa cyane cyane nuko muri sisitemu yo guhuza 5: 5, HPS ibaho muburyo bwicyiciro cyatatanye mugice gito gikomeza HPMC icyiciro gikomeza, kandi ubwiza bwa HPS buragabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl. Uko itandukaniro rito ryijimye, niko ryorohereza gushiraho urugingo rumwe, niko umuyoboro wa ogisijeni winjira mu bikoresho bya membrane, kandi n’umuvuduko ukabije wa ogisijeni.

6.4 Umutwe Incamake

Muri iki gice, HPMC / HPS firime ziribwa zateguwe zateguwe hifashishijwe HPS na HPMC hamwe nimpamyabumenyi zitandukanye zo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl, no kongeramo polyethylene glycol nka plastiki. Ingaruka za degre zitandukanye zo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl kumiterere ya kristu hamwe na microdomain imiterere ya membrane yibumbiye hamwe yakozwe na radiyo ya synchrotron imirasire ntoya ya X-ray ikwirakwiza. Ingaruka za hydroxypropyl zitandukanye zo gusimbuza HPS kumiterere yubushyuhe bwumuriro, imiterere yubukanishi hamwe na ogisijeni yinjira mumyanya ndangagitsina hamwe namategeko yabyo byakozwe nubushakashatsi bwa thermogravimetric, ibizamini byumutungo wa mashini hamwe nipimisha ogisijeni. Iby'ingenzi byagaragaye ni ibi bikurikira:

1. Kuri HPMC / HPS igizwe na membrane ihwanye ningero zingana, hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza, ahantu h'impinga ya hrstallisation ihuye na HPS kuri 5.30 iragabanuka, mugihe agace ka kristu kangana na HPMC kuri 7.70 ntigahinduka cyane, byerekana ko the hydroxypropylation ya krahisi irashobora kubuza kongera guhinduranya ibinyamisogwe muri firime ikomatanya.
2. Ugereranije nibintu bisukuye bya HPMC na HPS, ahantu hahanamye cyane hristalisation ya HPS (5.30) na HPMC (7.70) yibibumbano bigabanutse, ibyo bikaba byerekana ko binyuze muguhuza byombi, HPMC na HPS byombi bishobora gukora neza muri ibice byose. Gusubiramo ikindi kintu kigira uruhare runini rwo kubuza.
3. Ibice byose bya HPMC / HPS byerekanaga imiterere-yimiterere ya frake. Kuri membrane yibumbiye hamwe igereranya rimwe, ubwinshi bwibintu bya membrane byagabanutse cyane hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl; gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl hasi Ubucucike bwibintu bigize membrane biri munsi cyane ugereranije nibintu bibiri byera, mugihe ubucucike bwibintu bigize membrane hamwe na degre yo hejuru yo gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl isumba iy'icyuma cyiza cya HPS, aricyo ahanini kubera ko ubucucike bwibintu bigize membrane bigira ingaruka icyarimwe. Ingaruka za hydroxypropylation ya HPS mukugabanya kugabanya igice cya polymer guhuza no guhuza ibice bibiri bigize sisitemu.
4. Hydroxypropylation ya HPS irashobora kugabanya ituze ryumuriro wa firime ya HPMC / HPS, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwumuriro wa firime ya firime ikomatanya ikajya mukarere k’ubushyuhe buke hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza, ibyo bikaba biterwa nuko itsinda rya hydroxypropyl muri molekile ya krahisi. Intangiriro igabanya imikoranire hagati yingingo ya molekile kandi ikabuza guhinduranya gahunda ya molekile.
5. Modulus ya elastike n'imbaraga zingana za membrane nziza ya HPS yagabanutse hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl ya HPS, mugihe kurambura kuruhuka byariyongereye. Ibi biterwa cyane cyane nuko hydroxypropylation ibuza kongera kwisubiramo kwa krahisi kandi bigatuma firime ikomatanya ikora ibintu byoroshye.
6. Moderi ya elastike ya firime ya HPMC / HPS yagabanutse hiyongereyeho impamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl ya HPS, ariko imbaraga zingutu no kurambura kuruhuka byariyongereye, kubera ko imiterere yubukanishi bwa firime ikomatanya itagize ingaruka kumpamyabumenyi ya HPS hydroxypropyl. Usibye ingaruka za, binagira ingaruka no guhuza ibice bibiri bigize sisitemu.
7. Umwuka wa ogisijeni wa HPS usukuye wiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza, kubera ko hydroxypropylation igabanya ubucucike bw’akarere ka amorphous HPS kandi ikongera ubuso bwa ogisijeni yinjira muri membrane; HPMC / HPS yibibumbano bya ogisijeni bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl, ibyo bikaba biterwa ahanini nuko hyperhydroxypropylated HPS ifite imikoranire myiza na HPMC, bigatuma ubwiyongere bukabije bw’umuyoboro wa ogisijeni winjira muri membrane. Kugabanya umwuka wa ogisijeni.

Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi byavuzwe haruguru byerekana ko imiterere ya macroscopique nkimiterere yubukanishi, ituze ryumuriro hamwe na ogisijeni yinjira muri membrane ya HPMC / HPS ifitanye isano rya bugufi n’imiterere yimbere ya kristaline imbere hamwe n’imiterere yakarere ka amorphous, ntabwo bigira ingaruka ku gusimbuza HPS hydroxypropyl gusa, ahubwo na hamwe. Ingaruka yibice bibiri bihuza sisitemu ya ligand.

Umwanzuro na Outlook

1. Umwanzuro

Muri iyi mpapuro, gel yumuriro HPMC hamwe na gel ikonje ya HPS iruzuzanya, kandi hubatswe HPMC / HPS imbeho ikonje kandi ishyushye. Igisubizo cyibisubizo, igipimo cyo kugereranya hamwe ningaruka zo kogosha kuri sisitemu yimvange byizwe muburyo bwimbitse ingaruka zimiterere ya rheologiya nka viscosity, index index na thixotropy, ihujwe nubukanishi, imiterere ya thermomechanical, imbaraga za ogisijeni, uburyo bwo kohereza urumuri hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro wa firime ikomatanya yateguwe nuburyo bwo gukina. Imiterere yuzuye, hamwe na divayi iyode irangi ihuza, ihinduka ryicyiciro hamwe na morphologie ya sisitemu ya compteur yakozwe na microscopi optique, hanyuma hashyirwaho isano iri hagati ya microstructure na macroscopique ya HPMC / HPS. Kugirango ugenzure imiterere yibigize mugucunga imiterere yicyiciro no guhuza sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ukurikije isano iri hagati yimiterere ya macroscopique nuburyo bwa micromorphologique ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. Hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka ziterwa na HPS ya chimique ifite impamyabumenyi zitandukanye kumiterere ya rheologiya, imiterere ya gel, microstructure hamwe na macroscopique ya membrane, isano iri hagati ya microstructure na macroscopique ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ikonje kandi ishyushye ya gel gel. Umubano hagati yibi byombi, nicyitegererezo cyumubiri washyizweho kugirango usobanure uburyo bwa gelation hamwe ningaruka zabyo hamwe namategeko ya gel ikonje kandi ishyushye muri sisitemu. Ubushakashatsi bujyanye nabwo bwafashe imyanzuro ikurikira.

1. Guhindura igipimo cyo guhuza sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS irashobora kunoza cyane imiterere yimiterere nkubwiza, amazi, na thixotropy ya HPMC mubushyuhe buke. Isano iri hagati yimiterere ya rheologiya na microstructure ya sisitemu yimvange yarushijeho kwigwa. Ibisubizo byihariye nibi bikurikira:

. Iyo igipimo cyo guhuza kiri hejuru (byinshi muri HPMC), HPMC ifite ubukonje buke nicyiciro gikomeza, kandi HPS nicyiciro cyatatanye. Kuri sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, mugihe ibice byo hasi-viscosity ari icyiciro gikomeza kandi igice kinini-cyinshi ni icyiciro gikomeza, umusanzu wicyiciro cya fonctionnement ya viscosity kuri viscosity ya sisitemu yimvange iratandukanye cyane. Iyo HPMC ifite ubukonje buke nicyiciro gikomeza, ubwiza bwa sisitemu yimvange bugaragaza cyane cyane uruhare rwikurikiranya ryicyiciro; mugihe HPS-yuzuye cyane nicyiciro gikomeza, HPMC nkicyiciro cyatatanye bizagabanya ubukonje bwa HPS-yuzuye cyane. Ingaruka. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS hamwe nibisubizo byibisubizo muri sisitemu yimvange, ibintu bya viscosity na shear thinning ibintu bya sisitemu yimvange bigenda byiyongera buhoro buhoro, amazi yagabanutse, kandi imyitwarire imeze nkiyimikorere ya sisitemu yongerewe imbaraga. Viscosity na thixotropy ya HPMC iringanizwa no gukora hamwe na HPS.

(2) Kuri sisitemu yo guhuza 5: 5, HPMC na HPS birashobora gukora ibyiciro bikomeza kubushyuhe buke kandi bukabije. Ihinduka ryimiterere yicyiciro rishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye kumurongo wijimye, imiterere ya viscoelastic, kwishingira inshuro hamwe na gel ya gel igoye. Nkibice bitatanye, HPMC na HPS birashobora kumenya imiterere ya rheologiya hamwe na gel ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS ya sisitemu yubushyuhe bwo hejuru kandi buke. Imirongo ya viscoelastic ya HPMC / HPS ingero zifatika zahujwe na HPS ku bushyuhe buke na HPMC ku bushyuhe bwinshi.

(3) Isano iri hagati ya microstructure, imiterere ya rheologiya na gel ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS yashizweho. Impinduka zombi zitunguranye muburyo bwa viscosity curve ya sisitemu ikomatanyirijwe hamwe nimpinga ya tan delta murwego rwo gutakaza igihombo igaragara kuri 45 ° C, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibintu bikurikirana bikomeza kugaragara muri micrografi (kuri 45 ° C).

1. Mu kwiga microstructure hamwe nubukanishi, imiterere ya thermomechanical dinamike, itumanaho ryumucyo, umwuka wa ogisijeni hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro wa membrane yibumbiye hamwe byateguwe hifashishijwe ibipimo bitandukanye byo guhuza hamwe nibisubizo byibisubizo, byahujwe no gukoresha amarangi ya iyode ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya microscopi, ubushakashatsi Icyiciro cya morphologie, inzibacyuho no guhuza byakorewe iperereza, kandi isano iri hagati ya microstructure hamwe na macroscopique yibiranga ibigo byashyizweho. Ibisubizo byihariye nibi bikurikira:

. Amenshi muri firime ahuriweho afite icyerekezo kimwe gusa cyikirahure mubisubizo bya DMA, kandi ama firime menshi ahuriweho afite impinga imwe gusa yo guta ubushyuhe mumurongo wa DTG. Ibi hamwe byerekana ko HPMC ifite aho ihurira na HPS.

. Mugihe gito ugereranije nubushuhe, byombi modulus ya elastique nimbaraga zamafirime ya firime yibintu byiyongereye hamwe no kwiyongera kwa HPS, kandi kurambura kumena firime yibihimbano byari hasi cyane ugereranije nibya firime nziza. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwubushuhe bugereranije, modulus ya elastique nimbaraga za firime zingana byagabanutse, kandi kurambura kuruhuka byiyongereye kuburyo bugaragara, kandi isano iri hagati yimiterere yimashini ya firime ikomatanya hamwe nigereranya ryerekanaga uburyo butandukanye bwimpinduka muburyo butandukanye. ugereranije n'ubushuhe. Imiterere yubukorikori bwibice hamwe nibintu bitandukanye byuzuzanya byerekana ihuriro mubihe bitandukanye ugereranije nubushuhe butandukanye, butanga amahirwe yo guhindura imikorere yibicuruzwa ukurikije ibisabwa bitandukanye.

(3) Isano iri hagati ya microstructure, inzibacyuho yicyiciro, gukorera mu mucyo nubukanishi bwa sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS. a. Ingingo yo hasi cyane yo gukorera mu mucyo ya sisitemu ihuza hamwe nicyiciro cyinzibacyuho ya HPMC kuva icyiciro gikomeza kugeza icyiciro cyatatanye hamwe ningingo ntoya yo kugabanuka kwa modulus. b. Module ya Young no kurambura kuruhuka bigabanuka hamwe no kwiyongera kwibisubizo byibisubizo, ibyo bikaba bifitanye isano nimpinduka zijyanye na morphologie ya HPMC kuva icyiciro gikomeza kugeza icyiciro gitatanye muri sisitemu.

.

1. Ingaruka zo guhindura imiti ya HPS kumiterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu yibintu hamwe nibintu byuzuye bya membrane yibumbiye hamwe nka kristu, imiterere yakarere ka amorphous, imiterere yubukanishi, umwuka wa ogisijeni hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro. Ibisubizo byihariye nibi bikurikira:

. hydroxypropylation ya HPS irashobora kugabanya umurongo wa viscoelastic umurongo wa sisitemu yikomatanya, kugabanya ubushyuhe bwinzibacyuho ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, no kunoza imyitwarire imeze nkimikorere ya sisitemu ivanze nubushyuhe buke nubushuhe bwubushyuhe bwinshi.

. Kwinjiza amatsinda manini ya hydroxypropyl kumurongo wa molekile ya krahisi bigabanya guhuza no gutondekanya kuri gahunda ya molekile ya HPS, bikavamo gushiraho uburyo bworoshye-busa na HPS. Kuri sisitemu igoye, kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl ituma urunigi rumeze nka molekile ya HPMC rwinjira mukarere ka cavite koroheje ka HPS, bitezimbere ubwuzuzanye bwa sisitemu igoye kandi bikazamura ubwinshi bwimiterere isa na HPS. Ubwuzuzanye bwa sisitemu yububiko bwiyongera hamwe no kwiyongera kurwego rwo gusimbuza hydroxypropyl groupe, ibyo bikaba bihuye nibisubizo byimiterere ya rheologiya.

. Ingaruka ihuriweho ningaruka zombi zo guhuza ibice byombi.

1. Mu kwiga ku ngaruka ziterwa no gukemura ibibazo, ubushyuhe no guhindura imiti ya HPS ku miterere ya rheologiya ya sisitemu ivanze, uburyo bwa gelation ya HPMC / HPS ubukonje-bushyashya bwa sisitemu ya gel ivanze. Ibisubizo byihariye nibi bikurikira:

. iyo kwibandaho gukomeye kugerwaho, icyiciro cya HPS gikozwe mubisubizo nka kondensate. Centre ya gel ni imiterere ya microgel ihujwe no guhuza iminyururu ya HPMC; hejuru yibitekerezo byibanze, guhuza biragoye kandi imikoranire irakomeye, kandi igisubizo kigaragaza imyitwarire isa niyya polymer yashonga.

. Ku bushyuhe buke, ubwiza bwa HPMC buri hasi cyane ugereranije na HPS, bityo HPMC ikora icyiciro gikomeza kizengurutse icyiciro kinini cya HPS gel. Ku nkombe z'ibyiciro byombi, amatsinda ya hydroxyl kumurongo wa HPMC atakaza igice cyamazi ahuza kandi agakora imiyoboro ya hydrogène intermolecular ihuza urunigi rwa molekile ya HPS. Mugihe cyo gushyushya, iminyururu ya molekile ya HPS yimutse kubera kwinjiza ingufu zihagije kandi ikora imigozi ya hydrogène hamwe na molekile zamazi, bikaviramo gucika imiterere ya gel. Muri icyo gihe, inyubako y’amazi n’ibikoresho by’amazi ku munyururu wa HPMC byarasenyutse, buhoro buhoro birashwanyagurika kugira ngo bishyire ahagaragara amatsinda ya hydrophilique hamwe n’amatsinda ya hydrophobi. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi, HPMC ikora imiterere y'urusobekerane rwa gel kubera imiyoboro ya hydrogène intermolecular hamwe na hydrophobique, bityo bigahinduka icyiciro kinini-cyinshi cyakwirakwijwe mugice cya HPS gikomeza icyiciro cya tekinike.

. Hamwe no kwiyongera kwa hydroxypropyl yo gusimbuza, hari uduce twinshi twarambuye twa tekinike ya HPS mu gisubizo cya HPS, ishobora gukora imiyoboro myinshi ya hydrogène ihuza imiyoboro ihuza urunigi rwa HPMC ku mbibi z’ibyiciro byombi, bityo bikagira imiterere imwe. Hydroxypropylation igabanya ubukana bwa krahisi, kugirango itandukaniro ryubwiza hagati ya HPMC na HPS murirwo rugabanye, ibyo bikaba bifasha gushiraho ibice byinshi, kandi agaciro ntarengwa kinyuranyo cyubwiza hagati yibice byombi byimukira muke akarere k'ubushyuhe.

2. Ingingo zo guhanga udushya

1. Amategeko y’ingaruka yimiterere ya rheologiya, imiterere ya gel hamwe nubwuzuzanye bwa sisitemu yimvange yarushijeho kwigwa, kandi icyiciro cya morphologie na fonctionnement ya sisitemu yimvange cyarushijeho kwigwa hamwe no kureba iyode yo gusiga iyode ya microscope optique, na micro-morphologie imiterere ya sisitemu yo guhuza yashyizweho- Imiterere ya Rheologiya-gel imikoranire. Ku nshuro yambere, moderi ya Arrhenius yakoreshejwe kugirango ihuze itegeko ryimiterere ya gel yubukonje nubushyuhe bwahinduwe-icyiciro cya geles mubushuhe butandukanye.

2. Ikwirakwizwa ryicyiciro, inzibacyuho yo guhuza no guhuza sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS byagaragaye hamwe na tekinoroji yo gusesengura iyode yo mu bwoko bwa iyode yo mu bwoko bwa optique ya microscope, kandi imiterere ya transparency-mashini yashizweho ihuza imiterere ya optique hamwe nubukanishi bwa firime. Isano iri hagati ya microstructure na macroscopique nkibintu-ibyiciro bya morphologie hamwe nibitekerezo-bya mikoranike-icyiciro cya morphologie. Nibwo bwambere kwitegereza mu buryo butaziguye amategeko yo guhindura icyiciro cya morphologie yiyi sisitemu yikomatanya hamwe, igereranyo, ubushyuhe hamwe nubushuhe, cyane cyane ibihe byinzibacyuho ningaruka zo guhinduka kwicyiciro kumiterere ya sisitemu.

3. Ibintu n'amategeko, byabonetse kunshuro yambere ko ubwiza bwa sisitemu yibintu bifitanye isano nubucucike bwimiterere isa nayo muri membrane yibumbiye hamwe, ikanagena neza imiterere ya macroscopique nka ogisijeni yinjira hamwe nubukanishi bwa compteur. membrane, kandi ishyiraho imiterere ya rheologiya-microstructure-membrane isano hagati yibintu bifatika.

3. Ibitekerezo

Mu myaka yashize, guteza imbere ibikoresho bipfunyika ibiryo byizewe kandi biribwa ukoresheje polymer karemano ishobora kuvugururwa nkibikoresho fatizo byahindutse ubushakashatsi mubijyanye no gupakira ibiryo. Muri iyi nyandiko, polysaccharide isanzwe ikoreshwa nkibikoresho nyamukuru. Muguhuza HPMC na HPS, igiciro cyibikoresho fatizo kiragabanuka, imikorere yo gutunganya HPMC ku bushyuhe buke iratera imbere, kandi imikorere ya barriène ya ogisijeni ikora ya membrane igizwe neza. Binyuze mu isesengura rya rheologiya, isesengura rya iyode yo kwisiga optique ya microscope isesengura hamwe na microstructure ya firime hamwe nisesengura ryimikorere yuzuye, icyiciro cya morphologie, inzibacyuho, gutandukanya ibyiciro no guhuza ubukonje-bushyushye bwahinduwe na fonction gel igizwe na sisitemu. Isano iri hagati ya microstructure na macroscopique yibintu bya sisitemu igizwe. Ukurikije isano iri hagati yimiterere ya macroscopique nuburyo bwa micromorphologique ya sisitemu ya HPMC / HPS, imiterere yicyiciro hamwe nubwuzuzanye bwa sisitemu ikora irashobora kugenzurwa kugirango igenzure ibikoresho. Ubushakashatsi buri muriyi nyandiko bufite akamaro gakomeye kayobora mubikorwa nyabyo; uburyo bwo gushiraho, bugira ingaruka kumategeko namategeko yubukonje kandi bushyushye bwa geles ikomatanyirijwe hamwe, nuburyo busa na sisitemu yo guhuza imbeho ikonje kandi ishyushye. Ubushakashatsi bwuru rupapuro butanga icyitegererezo cyo gutanga icyerekezo cyogutezimbere no gukoresha ibikoresho bidasanzwe bigenzurwa nubushyuhe. Ibisubizo byubushakashatsi byuru rupapuro bifite agaciro keza. Ubushakashatsi bwuru rupapuro burimo guhuza ibiryo, ibikoresho, gel hamwe nizindi nzego. Bitewe no kugabanya igihe nuburyo bwubushakashatsi, ubushakashatsi bwiyi ngingo buracyafite ingingo nyinshi zitarangiye, zishobora kwimbitse no kunozwa uhereye kumpande zikurikira. kwagura:

Ibice:

1. Gucukumbura ingaruka ziterwa numubare wamashami atandukanye, uburemere bwa molekuline nubwoko butandukanye bwa HPS kumiterere ya rheologiya, imiterere ya membrane, morphologie ya fonction, hamwe no guhuza sisitemu yimvange, no gucukumbura amategeko yingaruka zayo muburyo bwo gukora gel. Sisitemu.
2. Iperereza ku ngaruka zo gusimbuza HPMC hydroxypropyl, impamyabumenyi yo gusimbuza mikorobe, uburemere bwa molekuline n'inkomoko ku miterere ya rheologiya, imiterere ya gel, imiterere ya membrane hamwe na sisitemu ihuza sisitemu y'imvange, hanyuma usesengure ingaruka zo guhindura imiti ya HPMC ku kangaratete. Ingaruka y'amategeko yo gushiraho gel.
3. Hakozwe ubushakashatsi ku ngaruka z'umunyu, pH, plasitike, guhuza imiyoboro, antibacterial agent hamwe nubundi buryo bwo guhuza imiterere ya rheologiya, imiterere ya gel, imiterere ya membrane n'imiterere yabo n'amategeko yabo.

Gusaba:

1. Hindura uburyo bwo gupakira ibintu bipfunyika ibirungo, udupfunyika twimboga hamwe nisupu ikomeye, kandi wige ingaruka zo kubungabunga ibirungo, imboga nisupu mugihe cyo kubika, imiterere yubukorikori bwibikoresho, hamwe nimpinduka mumikorere yibicuruzwa iyo bikorewe imbaraga ziva hanze. , hamwe no gukemura amazi hamwe nisuku yibikoresho. Irashobora kandi gukoreshwa mubiribwa byasunitswe nk'ikawa n'icyayi cyamata, hamwe no gupakira ibiryo bya keke, foromaje, deserte nibindi biribwa.
2. Hindura uburyo bwa formulaire yo gukoresha imiti ya botaniki yimiti ya capsules, wongere wige uburyo bwo gutunganya no guhitamo neza imiti ifasha, hanyuma utegure ibicuruzwa bya capsule. Ibipimo bifatika na chimique nkibikonjesha, igihe cyo gusenyuka, ibyuma biremereye, hamwe na mikorobe byageragejwe.
3. Kuburyo bushya bwo gukoresha imbuto n'imboga, ibikomoka ku nyama, nibindi, ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutunganya gutera, gushiramo, no gushushanya, hitamo amata akwiye, kandi wige igipimo cyimbuto kiboze, gutakaza ubushuhe, kurya intungamubiri, gukomera y'imboga nyuma yo gupakira mugihe cyo guhunika, gloss na flavour nibindi bipimo; ibara, pH, TVB-N agaciro, acide thiobarbituric numubare wa mikorobe yibicuruzwa byinyama nyuma yo gupakira.