I-Rheology kanye Nokuhambisana kweI-HPMC/I-HPSInkimbinkimbi
Amagama ayisihluthulelo: i-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; isitashi se-hydroxypropyl; izakhiwo ze-rheological; ukuhambisana; ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali.
IHydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) iyi-polysaccharide polymer evame ukusetshenziswa ekulungiseni amafilimu adliwayo. Isetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokudla nemithi. Ifilimu inokucaca okuhle, izakhiwo zemishini kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela uwoyela. Kodwa-ke, i-HPMC iyijeli elenziwe nge-thermal, eliholela ekusebenzeni okungalungile kokucubungula ekushiseni okuphansi kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhiqiza okuphezulu; ngaphezu kwalokho, intengo yayo yempahla eluhlaza ebizayo ikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okubanzi okuhlanganisa nenkundla yezemithi. I-Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) iyinto edliwayo esetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wokudla nemithi. Inohlu olubanzi lwemithombo kanye nenani eliphansi. Kuyinto ekahle yokunciphisa izindleko ze-HPMC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izakhiwo zejeli ezibandayo ze-HPS zingalinganisa i-viscosity nezinye izakhiwo ze-rheological ze-HPMC. , ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo kokucubungula ekushiseni okuphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilimu edliwayo ye-HPS inezindawo ezinhle kakhulu zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo, ngakho-ke ingathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo wefilimu edliwayo ye-HPMC.
I-HPS yengezwe ku-HPMC ukuze ihlanganiswe, futhi kwakhiwa uhlelo lwejeli olubandayo nokushisa okubuyiselwe emuva lwesigaba se-HPMC. Kwaxoxwa ngomthetho wethonya wezakhiwo, indlela yokusebenzisana phakathi kwe-HPS ne-HPMC esixazululweni, ukuhambisana kanye nokuguqulwa kwesigaba sesistimu ehlanganisiwe kwaxoxwa ngayo, futhi kwasungulwa ubuhlobo phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nesakhiwo sesistimu ye-compound. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-compound lune-concentration ebalulekile (8%), ngaphansi kokuhlushwa okubucayi, i-HPMC ne-HPS zikhona emaketangeni azimele ama-molecular kanye nezifunda zesigaba; ngenhla kokuhlushwa okubucayi, isigaba se-HPS sakhiwe esixazululweni njengesikhungo sejeli, Isakhiwo se-microgel, esixhunywe ukuhlangana kwamaketanga e-HPMC amangqamuzana, sibonisa ukuziphatha okufana nokuncibilika kwe-polymer. Izici ze-rheological zesistimu ehlanganisiwe kanye nesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela zihambisana nomthetho wesamba se-logarithmic, futhi zibonisa izinga elithile lokuchezuka okuhle nokubi, okubonisa ukuthi lezi zingxenye ezimbili zinokuhambisana okuhle. Uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe luyisigaba esiqhubekayo sokuhlakazeka kwesigaba "sesiqhingi solwandle" ekushiseni okuphansi, futhi ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esiqhubekayo kwenzeka ku-4: 6 ngokuncipha kwe-HPMC / HPS compound ratio.
Njengengxenye ebalulekile yezimpahla zokudla, ukupakishwa kokudla kungavimbela ukudla ukuthi konakaliswe futhi kungcoliswe izici zangaphandle ohlelweni lokujikeleza nokugcinwa, ngaleyo ndlela kwandiswe isikhathi seshalofu nesikhathi sokugcinwa kokudla. Njengohlobo olusha lwezinto ezipakishwayo zokudla eziphephile nezidliwayo, futhi ezinenani elithile lokudla okunempilo, ifilimu edliwayo inamathemba abanzi okusebenza ekufakweni nasekugcinweni kokudla, ukudla okusheshayo namaphilisi emithi, futhi isiphenduke indawo yocwaningo ekudleni kwamanje. izinkambu ezihlobene nokupakisha.
Ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela lwe-HPMC/HPS lwalungiswa ngendlela yokusakaza. Ukuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sohlelo oluyinhlanganisela kwaphinde kwacutshungulwa ngokuskena i-electron microscopy, ukuhlaziywa kwempahla eguquguqukayo ye-thermomechanical kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela zacwaningwa. kanye ne-oxygen permeability nezinye izakhiwo ze-membrane. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi asikho isikhombimsebenzisi esisobala sezigaba ezimbili esitholakala ezithombeni ze-SEM zawo wonke amafilimu ayinhlanganisela, kunephuzu elilodwa kuphela lengilazi lokushintsha emiphumeleni ye-DMA yamafilimu amaningi ayinhlanganisela, futhi yinye kuphela inani eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa elivela kumajika e-DTG. iningi lamafilimu ayinhlanganisela. I-HPMC inokusebenzisana okuthile ne-HPS. Ukwengezwa kwe-HPS ku-HPMC kuthuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela. Izici zomshini zolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ziyahlukahluka kakhulu ngesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa kanye nokuswakama okuhlobene kwendawo ezungezile, futhi kwethula iphoyinti le-crossover, elinganikeza ireferensi yokuthuthukisa umkhiqizo ngezidingo ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza.
I-microscopic morphology, ukusatshalaliswa kwesigaba, ukuguquka kwesigaba kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezincane zesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS kwacutshungulwa ngokuhlaziywa kwe-iodine yokudaya ngokubona kwe-optical microscope, kanye nezakhiwo ezingafihli nemishini zohlelo oluyinhlanganisela zacwaningwa yi-ultraviolet spectrophotometer kanye nesihloli sempahla esisebenza ngomshini. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-microscopic morphological kanye nokusebenza okubanzi kwe-macroscopic kohlelo lokuhlanganisa lwe-HPMC/HPS lwasungulwa. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi inani elikhulu le-mesophase likhona ohlelweni lwe-compound, olunokuhambisana okuhle. Kunephuzu loguquko lwesigaba ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela, futhi leli phuzu loguquko lwesigaba linesilinganiso esithile esiyinhlanganisela nokuncika kokugxilisa ingqondo kwesixazululo. Iphuzu eliphansi kakhulu lokungafihli kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe lihambisana nephuzu lokuguqulwa kwesigaba se-HPMC ukusuka esigabeni esiqhubekayo ukuya esigabeni esihlakazekile kanye nephuzu elincane le-tensile modulus. I-modulus ye-Young kanye nobude ngesikhathi sekhefu kwehle ngokunyuka kokugxila kwesixazululo, okwakunobudlelwane obuyimbangela nokushintshwa kwe-HPMC kusukela esigabeni esiqhubekayo kuya esigabeni esihlakazekile.
I-rheometer yasetshenziselwa ukutadisha umphumela wokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali we-HPS ezimpahleni ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli ze-HPMC/HPS uhlelo lwenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo kanye ne-hot reversed-phase. Amakhono nokuguqulwa kwesigaba kwafundwa, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nejeli basungulwa. Imiphumela yocwaningo ibonisa ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inganciphisa i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ekushiseni okuphansi, ithuthukise i-fluidity yesisombululo se-compound, futhi inciphise ukwenzeka kokugunda kwe-shear; i-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inganciphisa i-viscosity eqondile yesistimu ehlanganisiwe. Esifundeni esinwebekayo, izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwesigaba sesistimu yenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS liyancishiswa, futhi ukuziphatha okuqinile kwesistimu yenhlanganisela ekushiseni okuphansi kanye noketshezi ekushiseni okuphezulu kuyathuthukiswa. I-HPMC ne-HPS benza izigaba eziqhubekayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi naphezulu, ngokulandelana, futhi njengoba izigaba ezihlakazekile zinquma izakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezakhi zejeli zesistimu eyinhlanganisela emazingeni okushisa aphezulu naphansi. Kokubili ukuguqulwa okungazelelwe kwe-viscosity curve yesistimu ehlanganisiwe kanye ne-tan delta peak ejikeni lesici sokulahlekelwa kuvela ku-45 °C, okunanela isenzakalo sesigaba esiqhubekayo esibonwa kuma-micrographs ane-iodine ku-45 °C.
Umthelela wokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali e-HPS esakhiweni sekristalu kanye nesakhiwo esihlukanisayo esincane sefilimu esiyinhlanganisela yacwaningwa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlakazeka be-synchrotron ngemisebe ye-X-ray encane, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kanye nokuzinza kokushisa kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela kwaba. wafunda ngokuhlelekile umthelela wezinguquko zesakhiwo samakhemikhali ezingxenyeni ezihlanganisiwe ku-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic zezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe. Imiphumela yemisebe ye-synchrotron ibonise ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS kanye nokwenza ngcono ukuhambisana kwezingxenye ezimbili kungavimbela ngokuphawulekayo ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwesitashi kulwelwesi futhi kukhuthaze ukwakheka kwesakhiwo esixegayo esizifanayo kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela. Izakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nezakhiwo zemishini, ukuzinza kokushisa kanye nokuphefumula komoyampilo we-HPMC/HPS ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela kuhlobene eduze nesakhiwo sayo sekristalu yangaphakathi kanye nesakhiwo sesifunda se-amorphous. Umthelela ohlangene wemiphumela emibili.
Isahluko sokuqala Isingeniso
Njengengxenye ebalulekile yezimpahla zokudla, izinto zokupakisha ukudla zingavikela ukudla ekulimaleni ngokomzimba, amakhemikhali kanye ne-biological kanye nokungcola ngesikhathi sokujikeleza nokugcinwa, ukugcina izinga lokudla ngokwalo, lula ukusetshenziswa kokudla, nokuqinisekisa ukudla. Ukugcinwa nokugcinwa isikhathi eside, futhi kunikeze ukubonakala kokudla ukuze kuhehe ukusetshenziswa futhi kuzuze inani elingaphezu kwezindleko zempahla [1-4]. Njengohlobo olusha lwezinto ezipakishwayo zokudla eziphephile nezidliwayo, futhi ezinenani elithile lokudla okunempilo, ifilimu edliwayo inamathemba abanzi okusebenza ekufakweni nasekugcinweni kokudla, ukudla okusheshayo namaphilisi emithi, futhi isiphenduke indawo yocwaningo ekudleni kwamanje. izinkambu ezihlobene nokupakisha.
Amafilimu adliwayo angamafilimu anesakhiwo senethiwekhi enezimbotshana, ngokuvamile atholakala ngokucubungula ama-polymers adliwayo emvelo. Ama-polymers amaningi emvelo akhona emvelweni anezakhiwo ze-gel, futhi izixazululo zabo ezinamanzi zingakha ama-hydrogel ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, njengamanye ama-polysaccharides emvelo, amaprotheni, i-lipids, njll. Ama-polysaccharides esakhiwo semvelo afana nesitashi ne-cellulose, ngenxa yesakhiwo sawo esikhethekile samangqamuzana e-helix ewuchungechunge olude kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali ezinzile, angafaneleka isikhathi eside nezindawo ezihlukahlukene zokulondoloza, futhi ahlolisiswe kabanzi njengezinto zokwakha ifilimu ezidliwayo . Amafilimu adliwayo enziwe nge-polysaccharide eyodwa ngokuvamile anemikhawulo ethile ekusebenzeni. Ngakho-ke, ukuze kuqedwe imikhawulo yamafilimu adliwayo e-polysaccharide eyodwa, thola izakhiwo ezikhethekile noma uthuthukise imisebenzi emisha, unciphise amanani omkhiqizo, futhi wandise ukusetshenziswa kwawo, ngokuvamile izinhlobo ezimbili zama-polysaccharides zisetshenziswa. Noma ama-polysaccharides emvelo angenhla ayahlanganiswa ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela wezakhiwo ezihambisanayo . Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yomehluko wesakhiwo samangqamuzana phakathi kwama-polymer ahlukene, kukhona i-conformational entropy ethile, futhi iningi lama-polymer complexes ahambisana ngokwengxenye noma awahambisani . I-morphology yesigaba nokuhambisana kwe-polymer complex izonquma izakhiwo zezinto ezihlanganisiwe. I-deformation kanye nomlando wokugeleza ngesikhathi sokucubungula kunomthelela omkhulu esakhiweni. Ngakho-ke, izici ze-macroscopic ezifana nezakhiwo ze-rheological ze-polymer complex system ziyafundwa. Ukuhlobana phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-microscopic morphological ezifana nokuma kwesigaba nokuhambisana kubalulekile ekulawuleni ukusebenza, ukuhlaziya nokuguqulwa kwezinto eziyinhlanganisela, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula, ukwakheka kwefomula eqondisayo kanye nokucubungula ukwakhiwa kwemishini, nokuhlola ukukhiqizwa. Ukusebenza kokucubungula komkhiqizo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezintsha ze-polymer kubaluleke kakhulu.
Kulesi sahluko, isimo socwaningo kanye nenqubekelaphambili yokusetshenziswa kwezinto zefilimu ezidliwayo kubuyekezwa ngokuningiliziwe; isimo socwaningo sama-hydrogel emvelo; inhloso kanye nendlela yokuhlanganisa i-polymer kanye nenqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lwe-polysaccharide compounding; indlela yocwaningo lwe-rheological yesistimu yokuhlanganisa; Izakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nokwakhiwa kwemodeli yesistimu yejeli ebandayo neshisayo iyahlaziywa futhi kuxoxwe ngayo, kanye nokubaluleka kocwaningo, inhloso yocwaningo kanye nocwaningo lwalokhu okuqukethwe kwephepha.
1.1 Ifilimu edliwayo
Ifilimu edliwayo isho ukwengezwa kwama-plasticizers nama-cross-linking agents asekelwe ezintweni ezidliwayo zemvelo (ezifana ne-structural polysaccharides, lipids, proteins), ngokusebenzisana okuhlukene kwama-intermolecular, ngokusebenzisa inhlanganisela, ukufudumeza, ukunamathela, ukomisa, njll. Ifilimu enenethiwekhi enezimbobo. isakhiwo esakhiwe ngokwelashwa . Ingahlinzeka ngemisebenzi ehlukahlukene efana nezindawo zokuvimbela ezikhethekayo kugesi, umswakama, okuqukethwe kanye nezinto eziyingozi zangaphandle, ukuze kuthuthukiswe ikhwalithi yezinzwa nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sokudla, futhi kunwebe isikhathi sokulondoloza noma impilo yeshalofu yemikhiqizo yokudla .
1.1.1 Umlando Wokuthuthukiswa Kwamafilimu Adliwayo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwefilimu edliwayo kungalandelelwa emuva ekhulwini le-12 nele-13. Ngaleso sikhathi, amaShayina ayesebenzisa indlela elula yokugcoba amawolintshi nolamula, okwanciphisa ngempumelelo ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi ezithelweni nemifino, ukuze izithelo nemifino kugcine ukucwebezela kwawo kwasekuqaleni, ngaleyo ndlela kwandise impilo yeshalofu yezithelo nemifino. imifino, kodwa ivimbela ngokweqile ukuphefumula kwe-aerobic kwezithelo nemifino, okuholela ekuvundeni kwezithelo. Ngekhulu le-15, abantu base-Asiya base beqalile ukwenza ifilimu edliwayo ngobisi lwesoya, futhi bayisebenzisela ukuvikela ukudla nokwandisa ukubukeka kokudla [20]. Ngekhulu le-16, abaseBrithani basebenzisa amafutha ukuze bagqoke izindawo zokudla ukuze banciphise ukulahlekelwa umswakama wokudla. Ngekhulu le-19, i-sucrose yaqala ukusetshenziswa njengendlela edliwayo kumantongomane, ama-alimondi nama-hazelnuts ukuvimbela i-oxidation kanye ne-rancidity ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Ngawo-1830s, amafilimu entengiso kapharafini ancibilika avela ezithelweni ezifana nama-apula namapheya . Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, amafilimu e-Gelatin afafazwa phezu kwemikhiqizo yenyama nokunye ukudla ukuze kulondolozwe ukudla. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-carnauba wax, njll., yayenziwe ama-emulsions kawoyela emanzini ukuze kuhlanganiswe futhi kugcinwe izithelo nemifino emisha . Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, ucwaningo lwamafilimu adliwayo asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yenyama lwaqala ukukhula, futhi isibonelo esibanzi nesiphumelela kakhulu yimikhiqizo ye-enema ecutshungulwa isuka emathunjini amancane ezilwane ibe yizimbotshana.
Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1950s, kungashiwo ukuthi umqondo wefilimu edliwayo uhlongozwe ngempela. Kusukela lapho, abacwaningi abaningi baye bahlakulela isithakazelo esiqinile kumafilimu adliwayo. Ngo-1991, uNisperes wasebenzisa i-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) embotsheni nasekugcinweni kukabhanana nezinye izithelo, ukuphefumula kwesithelo kwancipha, futhi ukulahlekelwa kwe-chlorophyll kwabambezeleka. Park et al. ngo-1994 yabika izakhiwo ezisebenzayo zokuvimbela ifilimu ye-zein protein ku-O2 ne-CO2, eyenza ngcono ukulahleka kwamanzi, ukubola kanye nokushintsha umbala kukatamatisi. Ngo-1995, u-Lourdin wasebenzisa isisombululo se-alkaline ehlanjululwe ukwelapha isitashi, futhi wengeza i-glycerin ukuze agqoke ama-strawberry ukuze abe amasha, okwehlisa izinga lokulahlekelwa kwamanzi ama-strawberry kanye nokulibaziseka ukubola. I-Baberjee ithuthukise izakhiwo zefilimu ezidliwayo ngo-1996 nge-micro-liquefaction kanye nokwelashwa kwe-ultrasonic koketshezi olwenziwa ifilimu, ngakho usayizi wezinhlayiyana zoketshezi okwakhiwa ifilimu wancishiswa kakhulu futhi ukuqina okulinganayo kwe-emulsion kwathuthukiswa. Ngo-1998, uPadegett et al. wengeze i-lysozyme noma i-nisin efilimini edliwayo yamaprotheni kabhontshisi wesoya futhi wayisebenzisela ukugoqa ukudla, futhi wathola ukuthi ukukhula kwamabhaktheriya e-lactic acid ekudleni kwakuvinjelwe ngokuphumelelayo [30]. Ngo-1999, u-Yin Qinghong et al. wasebenzisa ingcina yezinyosi ukwenza i-ejenti yokugcoba ifilimu ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kugcinwe ama-apula nezinye izithelo, ezingavimbela ukuphefumula, ukuvimbela ukuncipha nokuncipha kwesisindo, futhi kuvimbele ukuhlasela kwamagciwane.
Iminyaka eminingi, amabhekha okubhaka ommbila okufaka u-ayisikhilimu, iphepha lerayisi eli-glutinous lokufaka uswidi, nezikhumba ze-tofu zezitsha zenyama ziyizinto ezidliwayo ezijwayelekile. Kodwa ukusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano kwamafilimu adliwayo kwakungekho nhlobo ngo-1967, futhi ngisho nokulondolozwa kwezithelo ezimbozwe nge-wax kwakunomkhawulo wokusetshenziswa kwezentengiselwano. Kuze kube ngu-1986, izinkampani ezimbalwa zaqala ukuhlinzeka ngemikhiqizo yamafilimu adliwayo, kwathi ngo-1996, isibalo sezinkampani zamafilimu adliwayo sase sikhule saba ngaphezu kuka-600. imali engenayo yonyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-100 zamadola aseMelika .
1.1.2 Izimpawu nezinhlobo zamafilimu adliwayo
Ngokocwaningo olufanele, ifilimu edliwayo inezinzuzo ezilandelayo ezivelele: ifilimu edliwayo ingavimbela ukwehla kanye nokuwohloka kwekhwalithi yokudla okubangelwa ukufuduka okufanayo kwezinto ezihlukahlukene zokudla; ezinye izingxenye zefilimu ezidliwayo ngokwazo zinenani elikhethekile lokudla okunempilo kanye nomsebenzi wokunakekelwa kwezempilo; ifilimu edliwayo inezindawo zokuvimbela ozikhethela ku-CO2, O2 namanye amagesi; ifilimu edliwayo ingasetshenziselwa i-microwave, ukubhaka, ukudla okuthosiwe kanye nefilimu yemithi nokumboza; ifilimu edliwayo ingasetshenziswa njengama-antioxidants nama-preservatives nezinye izithwali, ngaleyo ndlela andise impilo yeshalofu yokudla; ifilimu edliwayo ingasetshenziswa njengesithwali semibala kanye neziqinisi zokudla okunomsoco, njll., ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokudla kanye nokwenza ngcono izinzwa zokudla; ifilimu edliwayo iphephile futhi iyadliwa, futhi ingadliwa kanye nokudla; Amafilimu okupakisha adlekayo angasetshenziselwa ukupakisha amanani amancane noma amayunithi okudla, futhi akhe amaphakheji ayinhlanganisela yezendlalelo eziningi ngezinto zokupakisha zendabuko, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwesithiyo sonke sezinto zokupakisha .
Isizathu sokuthi kungani amafilimu okupakishwa okudliwayo abe nezinto zokusebenza ezingenhla sisekelwe ngokuyinhloko ekwakhekeni kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu ngaphakathi kwawo, ngaleyo ndlela abonise amandla athile kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela . Izakhiwo ezisebenzayo zefilimu yokupakisha edliwayo zithinteka kakhulu yizici zezingxenye zayo, futhi izinga le-polymer crosslinking yangaphakathi, ukufana nokushuba kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi nakho kuthinteka yizinqubo ezahlukene zokwenza ifilimu. Kunomehluko osobala ekusebenzeni [15, 35]. Amafilimu adliwayo nawo anezinye izici ezifana nokuncibilika, umbala, ukukhanya, njll. Izinto zokupakisha zefilimu ezidliwayo ezifanele zingakhethwa ngokwezindawo ezihlukene zokusetshenziswa kanye nomehluko wezinto zomkhiqizo okufanele zipakishwe.
Ngokwendlela yokwenza ifilimu edliwayo, ingahlukaniswa ibe amafilimu nezingubo: (1) Amafilimu azimele alungiselelwe ngaphambilini ngokuvamile abizwa ngokuthi amafilimu. (2) Ungqimba oluncane olwenzeka endaweni yokudla ngokulumboza, lucwiliswe, futhi lufuthwe lubizwa ngokuthi ukugcoba. Amafilimu asetshenziswa kakhulu ekudleni okunezithako ezihlukene ezidinga ukupakishwa ngakunye (njengamaphakethe ezinongo namaphakethe kawoyela ekudleni okulula), ukudla okunesithako esifanayo kodwa okudinga ukupakishwa ngokwehlukana (njengamaphakethe amancane ekhofi, impushana yobisi, njll.), kanye nemithi noma imikhiqizo yokunakekelwa kwezempilo. Izinto ze-Capsule; ukugcoba kusetshenziselwa ikakhulukazi ukulondolozwa kokudla okusha njengezithelo nemifino, imikhiqizo yenyama, ukugcotshwa kwezidakamizwa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwama-microcapsules alawulwayo.
Ngokwezinto zokwakha ifilimu zefilimu yokupakisha edliwayo, ingahlukaniswa: ifilimu edliwayo ye-polysaccharide, ifilimu edliwayo yamaprotheni, ifilimu edliwayo enama-lipid, ifilimu edliwayo eyi-microbial kanye nefilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo .
1.1.3 Ukusetshenziswa kwefilimu edliwayo
Njengohlobo olusha lwezinto ezipakishwayo zokudla eziphephile futhi ezidliwayo, futhi ezinenani elithile lokudla okunempilo, ifilimu edliwayo isetshenziswa kabanzi embonini yokupakisha ukudla, insimu yemithi, ukugcinwa nokugcinwa kwezithelo nemifino, ukucubungula nokugcinwa. wenyama nemikhiqizo yasemanzini, ukukhiqizwa kokudla okusheshayo, nokukhiqizwa kukawoyela. Inamathemba okusebenza abanzi ekulondolozweni kokudla okufana namaswidi athosiwe abhakiwe.
1.1.3.1 Isicelo sokupakisha ukudla
Isixazululo sokwenza ifilimu simbozwe ekudleni okufanele kuhlanganiswe ngokufafaza, ukuxubha, ukucwiliswa, njll., ukuvimbela ukungena komswakama, umoya-mpilo kanye nezinto ezinuka kamnandi, ezinganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulahleka kokupakisha nokunciphisa inani lezendlalelo zokupakisha. ; ukunciphisa kakhulu ungqimba lwangaphandle lokudla Ubunzima bezingxenye zokupakishwa kwepulasitiki kusiza ukugaywa kabusha nokucubungula kwayo, futhi kunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo; isetshenziselwa ukupakishwa okuhlukile kwezinye izingxenye zokudla okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezingxenye eziningi ukuze kuncishiswe ukufuduka okuhlangene phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene, ngaleyo ndlela kuncishiswe ukungcoliswa kwemvelo. Yehlisa ukonakala kokudla noma ukwehla kwezinga lokudla. Ifilimu edliwayo icutshungulwa ngokuqondile ephepheni lokupakisha noma izikhwama zokupakisha zokupakisha ukudla, okungaphumeleli nje kuphela ukuphepha, ukuhlanzeka nokulula, kodwa futhi kunciphisa ukucindezelwa kokungcola okumhlophe endaweni ezungezile.
Kusetshenziswa ummbila, ubhontshisi wesoya nokolweni njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko, amafilimu afana nezinhlamvu zephepha angalungiswa futhi asetshenziselwe ukupakisha amasoseji nokunye ukudla. Ngemva kokusetshenziswa, ngisho noma zilahlwe endaweni yemvelo, ziyakwazi ukubola futhi zingaguqulwa zibe umanyolo wenhlabathi ukuthuthukisa inhlabathi. . Ukusebenzisa isitashi, i-chitosan kanye nenhlese kabhontshisi njengezinto eziyinhloko, iphepha lokugoqa elidliwayo lingalungiselelwa ukupakisha ukudla okusheshayo njengama-noodle okudla okusheshayo namafrimu aseFrance, okulula, okuphephile futhi okuthandwa kakhulu; esetshenziselwa amaphakethe esinongo, amasobho aqinile Ukupakishwa kokudla okulula njengezinto ezingavuthiwe, okungaphekwa ngokuqondile ebhodweni lapho kusetshenziswa, kungavimbela ukungcoliswa kokudla, kwandise umsoco, futhi kube lula ukuhlanzwa. Ukwatapheya omisiwe, amazambane, nerayisi eliphukile kuyavutshelwa futhi kuguqulwe kube ama-polysaccharides, angasetshenziswa ukulungisa izinto ezintsha ezidliwayo zokupakisha zangaphakathi ezingenambala futhi ezisobala, ezinezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kanye nezakhiwo zemishini, futhi zisetshenziselwa ukupakisha impusha yobisi. , amafutha esaladi neminye imikhiqizo [19]. Ngokudla kwezempi, ngemva kokusetshenziswa komkhiqizo, izinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki zendabuko ziyalahlwa endaweni futhi ziba umaka wokulandelela isitha, okulula ukudalula ukuthi ukuphi. Ekudleni okukhethekile okunezingxenye eziningi ezifana ne-pizza, ikhekhe, i-ketchup, u-ayisikhilimu, iyogathi, amakhekhe nama-dessert, izinto zokupakisha zepulasitiki azikwazi ukungezwa ngokuqondile ukuze zisetshenziswe, futhi ifilimu yokupakisha edliwayo ikhombisa izinzuzo zayo eziyingqayizivele, ezinganciphisa inani lamaqembu e-Fractional. ukufuduka kwezinto zokunambitheka kuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo kanye nobuhle [21]. Ifilimu yokupakisha edliwayo ingasetshenziswa ekucubunguleni ukudla kwe-microwave yesistimu ye-batter. Imikhiqizo yenyama, imifino, ushizi nezithelo kupakishwa kusengaphambili ngokufafazwa, ukucwiliswa noma ukuxubha, njll., iqandiswe futhi igcinwe, futhi idinga kuphela ukufakwa ku-microwave ukuze isetshenziswe.
Nakuba ambalwa amaphepha okupakisha okudliwayo okudayisayo nezikhwama ezitholakalayo, amalungelo obunikazi amaningi abhalisiwe ekwakhiweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezingase zibe khona zokupakisha ezidliwayo . Iziphathimandla ezilawula ukudla zaseFrance zigunyaze isikhwama sokupakisha esidliwayo esiyimboni esibizwa ngokuthi “SOLUPAN”, esakhiwe i-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, isitashi kanye ne-sodium sorbate, futhi sitholakala ngokwentengiso .
1.1.3.2 Ukusetshenziswa Kwezokwelapha
I-Gelatin, okuphuma ku-cellulose, isitashi kanye ne-gum edliwayo kungasetshenziswa ukulungisa amagobolondo e-capsule athambile futhi aqinile emithi nemikhiqizo yezempilo, engaqinisekisa ngempumelelo ukusebenza kwemithi nemikhiqizo yezempilo, futhi iphephile futhi iyadliwa; eminye imithi inokunambitheka okubabayo kwemvelo, okunzima ukuthi isetshenziswe iziguli. Amafilimu amukelwayo, adliwayo angasetshenziswa njengezingubo zokufihla ukunambitheka kwezidakamizwa ezinjalo; amanye ama-polymer e-enteric polymer awancibiliki esiswini (pH 1.2) endaweni, kodwa ayancibilika endaweni yamathumbu (pH 6.8) futhi angasetshenziswa embotsheni yezidakamizwa ezikhishwa emathunjini; ingasetshenziswa futhi njengesithwali sezidakamizwa ezihlosiwe.
UBlanco-Fernandez et al. walungisa ifilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-chitosan acetylated monoglyceride futhi wayisebenzisela ukukhululwa okuqhubekayo komsebenzi we-antioxidant we-vitamin E, futhi umphumela wawumangalisa. Izinto zokupakisha zesikhathi eside ze-antioxidant. UZhang et al. isitashi esixutshwe ne-gelatin, sengeza i-polyethylene glycol plasticizer, futhi sisetshenziswe ngokwesiko. Ama-capsules aqinile angenalutho alungiswa inqubo yokucwiliswa kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela, futhi ukubonakala obala, izakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo ze-hydrophilic kanye ne-mofology yesigaba sefilimu eyinhlanganisela kwafundwa. izinto ezinhle ze-capsule [52]. Lal et al. yenze i-kafirin ibe isambatho esidliwayo sokumboza i-enteric yama-capsules e-paracetamol, futhi yafunda izici zemishini, izakhiwo ezishisayo, izakhiwo zokuvimbela kanye nezakhiwo zokukhulula izidakamizwa zefilimu edliwayo. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukumbozwa kwamabele Amaphilisi ahlukahlukene aqinile efilimu ye-gliadin awaphukanga esiswini, kodwa akhulula umuthi emathunjini ku-pH 6.8. Paik et al. walungisa izinhlayiya ze-HPMC ze-phthalate ezigcotshwe nge-indomethacin, futhi wafafaza uketshezi lwefilimu oludliwayo lwe-HPMC ebusweni bezinhlayiya zomuthi, futhi wafunda izinga lokungena kwezidakamizwa, isilinganiso sosayizi wezinhlayiya zezidakamizwa, ifilimu edliwayo imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-HPMCN-coated Isidakamizwa esithathwa ngomlomo i-indomethacin singafeza injongo yokuvala ukunambitheka okubabayo komuthi nokukhomba ukulethwa kwezidakamizwa . Oladzadabbasabadi et al. kuhlanganiswe i-sago isitashi esilungisiwe ne-carrageenan ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo esikhundleni samaphilisi e-gelatin yendabuko, futhi yafunda i-kinetics yayo yokomisa, izakhiwo ze-thermomechanical, izakhiwo ze-physicochemical kanye nezindawo zokuvimbela, Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi ifilimu ehlanganisiwe edliwayo inezakhiwo ezifanayo ne-gelatin futhi ingaba zingasetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni amaphilisi ekhemisi.
1.1.3.3 Ukusetshenziswa ekugcineni izithelo nemifino
Ezithelo nasemifino emisha ngemuva kokukha, ukusabela kwe-biochemical nokuphefumula kusaqhubeka ngamandla, okuzosheshisa ukulimala kwezicubu zezithelo nemifino, futhi kulula ukubangela ukulahlekelwa umswakama ezitshalweni nasemifino ekamelweni lokushisa, okuholela ekutheni izinga lezicubu zangaphakathi kanye nezakhiwo zezinzwa zezithelo nemifino. nqaba. Ngakho-ke, ukulondolozwa sekube yindaba ebaluleke kakhulu ekugcinweni nasekuthuthweni kwezithelo nemifino; Izindlela zokulondoloza zendabuko zinomphumela omubi wokulondoloza kanye nezindleko eziphezulu. Ukugcinwa kokumboza kwezithelo nemifino njengamanje kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu ekulondolozeni izinga lokushisa lasekamelweni. Uketshezi olwakha ifilimu oludliwayo lumbozwe phezu kwezithelo nemifino, okungavimbela ngempumelelo ukuhlasela kwamagciwane, kunciphise ukuphefumula, ukulahlekelwa amanzi kanye nokulahlekelwa izakhi zezicubu zezithelo nemifino, kubambezele ukuguga komzimba kwezicubu zezithelo nemifino, futhi ugcine izicubu zezithelo nemifino I-pregly plump futhi ibushelelezi. Ukubukeka okucwebezelayo, ukuze kufezwe injongo yokugcina kusha nokwelula isikhathi sokulondoloza . Abantu baseMelika basebenzisa i-acetyl monoglyceride kanye noshizi okhishwe emafutheni emifino njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko zokulungiselela ifilimu edliwayo, futhi bayisebenzise ukusika izithelo nemifino ukuze kugcinwe kuhlanzekile, kuvimbele ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukunsundu kanye nokuhlasela kwama-microorganisms, ukuze igcinwe isikhathi eside. isikhathi eside. Isimo esisha. I-Japan isebenzisa imfucumfucu kasilika njengempahla eluhlaza ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu egcina amazambane esanda kugcinwa, engagcina umphumela wokugcina ufana nowokugcina abandayo. Abantu baseMelika basebenzisa uwoyela wemifino kanye nezithelo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko zokwenza uketshezi lokugcoba, futhi bagcine isithelo esisikiwe sisisha, futhi bathola ukuthi umphumela wokulondoloza muhle.
UMarquez et al. wasebenzisa amaprotheni ama-whey kanye ne-pectin njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, futhi wengeza i-glutaminase yokuxhumanisa ukuze alungise ifilimu edliwayo eyinhlanganisela, eyayisetshenziselwa ukumboza ama-apula asanda kusikwa, utamatisi kanye nezaqathi, okunganciphisa kakhulu izinga lokulahlekelwa isisindo. , avimbele ukukhula kwama-microorganisms ebusweni bezithelo nemifino esanda kusikwa, futhi andise impilo yeshalofu ngesisekelo sokugcina ukunambitheka nokunambitheka kwezithelo nemifino esanda kusikwa . Shi Lei et al. amagilebhisi embulunga ebomvu ambozwe ngefilimu edliwayo ye-chitosan, enganciphisa ukuncipha kwesisindo kanye nezinga lokubola kwamagilebhisi, igcine umbala nokukhanya kwamagilebhisi, futhi ibambezele ukuwohloka kwezinto eziqinile ezincibilikayo . Ukusebenzisa i-chitosan, i-sodium alginate, i-sodium carboxymethylcellulose kanye ne-polyacrylate njengezinto zokusetshenziswa, uLiu et al. amafilimu adliwayo alungiswe nge-multilayer coating ukuze agcinwe kabusha izithelo nemifino, futhi atadisha i-morphology yawo, ukuncibilika kwamanzi, njll. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan-glycerol ibe nomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulondoloza. Sun Qingshen et al. wafunda ifilimu esiyinhlanganisela of soya amaprotheni isolate, esetshenziselwa ukulondolozwa sitrobheni, okungase kakhulu ukunciphisa transpiration of sitrobheni, zivimbele ukuphefumula kwabo, futhi ukunciphisa izinga izithelo ezibolile . Ferreira et al. kusetshenziswe impushana yensalela yezithelo nemifino kanye nempushana yekhasi lamazambane ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu edliwayo eyinhlanganisela, kucwaningwe ukuncibilika kwamanzi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini yefilimu eyinhlanganisela, futhi kwasebenzisa indlela yokwemboza ukuze kugcinwe i-hawthorn. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi impilo yeshalofu ye-hawthorn yandiswa. 50%, izinga lokulahlekelwa isisindo lehle ngo-30-57%, futhi i-asidi ephilayo kanye nomswakama akuzange kushintshe kakhulu. UFu Xiaowei et al. yahlola ukulondolozwa kukapelepele omusha ngefilimu edliwayo ye-chitosan, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi inganciphisa kakhulu amandla okuphefumula kapelepele omusha ngesikhathi sokugcinwa futhi ibambezele ukuguga kukapelepele. Navarro-Tarazaga et al. kusetshenziswe ifilimu edliwayo ye-HPMC eguqulwe ngengcina yezinyosi ukuze kugcinwe ama-plums. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ingcina yezinyosi ingathuthukisa izindawo zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kanye nomswakama kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zamafilimu e-HPMC. Izinga lokulahlekelwa kwesisindo se-plums lancishiswa kakhulu, ukuthambisa nokopha kwesithelo ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kwathuthukiswa, futhi isikhathi sokugcina ama-plums sande . Tang Liying et al. wasebenzisa isixazululo se-alkali se-shellac ekuguquleni isitashi, walungisa ifilimu yokupakisha edliwayo, futhi wafunda izici zayo zefilimu; ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukusebenzisa uketshezi lwayo olwakha ifilimu ukumboza umango ukuze ushaywe kunganciphisa ngokuphumelelayo ukuphefumula Kungavimbela ukwenzeka kwe-browning ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, kunciphise izinga lokulahlekelwa isisindo futhi kwandise isikhathi sokulondoloza.
1.1.3.4 Isicelo ekucutshungulweni nasekugcinweni kwemikhiqizo yenyama
Imikhiqizo yenyama enemisoco ecebile kanye nomsebenzi wamanzi amaningi ingena kalula ngama-microorganisms ohlelweni lokucubungula, ukuthutha, ukugcinwa nokusetshenziswa, okuholela ekumnyama kombala kanye ne-oxidation yamafutha nokunye ukubola. Ukuze ukwandise isikhathi sokugcina kanye nempilo yeshalofu yemikhiqizo yenyama, kuyadingeka ukuzama ukuvimbela umsebenzi wama-enzyme emikhiqizweni yenyama kanye nokuhlasela kwama-microorganisms ebusweni, futhi uvimbele ukuwohloka kombala nephunga elibangelwa i-oxidation yamafutha. Njengamanje, ukulondolozwa kwefilimu edliwayo kungenye yezindlela ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu ekulondolozeni inyama ekhaya naphesheya. Uma uyiqhathanisa nendlela yendabuko, kutholakala ukuthi ukuhlasela kwama-microorganisms angaphandle, i-oxidative rancidity yamafutha kanye nokulahlekelwa kwejusi kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu emikhiqizweni yenyama ehlanganiswe ifilimu edliwayo, futhi izinga lemikhiqizo yenyama liye lathuthukiswa kakhulu. Impilo yeshelufu inwetshiwe.
Ucwaningo lwefilimu edliwayo yemikhiqizo yenyama lwaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, futhi icala lesicelo eliphumelele kakhulu kwakuyifilimu edliwayo ye-collagen, esetshenziswe kabanzi ekukhiqizeni nasekucutshungulweni kwamasoseji. Emiroglu et al. wengeze uwoyela wesesame efilimini edliwayo yamaprotheni kabhontshisi wesoya ukwenza ifilimu elwa namagciwane, futhi wafunda umphumela wawo wokulwa namagciwane enyameni eqandisiwe. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu ye-antibacterial ingavimbela ngokuphawulekayo ukukhiqizwa nokukhula kwe-Staphylococcus aureus. Wook et al. walungisa ifilimu edliwayo ye-proanthocyanidin futhi wayisebenzisela ukumboza ingulube eqandisiwe ukuze ibe yintsha. Umbala, i-pH, inani le-TVB-N, i-thiobarbituric acid kanye nenani le-microbial lama-chops engulube ngemva kokugcinwa kwezinsuku ezingu-14 kwafundwa. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu edliwayo ye-proanthocyanidins inganciphisa ngempumelelo ukwakheka kwe-thiobarbituric acid, ivimbele ukubola kwe-acid enamafutha, inciphise ukuhlasela kanye nokukhiqizwa kabusha kwama-microorganisms ebusweni bemikhiqizo yenyama, ithuthukise ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo yenyama, futhi yandise isikhathi sokugcina futhi impilo yeshelufu . UJiang Shaotong et al. wengeze ama-polyphenols etiye kanye ne-allicin esixazululweni se-starch-sodium alginate composite ulwelwesi lwe-alginate, futhi wawasebenzisa ukuze kulondolozwe ubusha bengulube ebandayo, engagcinwa ku-0-4 °C izinsuku ezingaphezu kweziyi-19. Cartagena et al. ibike umphumela we-antibacterial wefilimu edliwayo ye-collagen engezwe ne-nisin ejenti elwa namagciwane ekulondolozweni kwezingcezu zengulube, okubonisa ukuthi ifilimu edliwayo ye-collagen inganciphisa ukufuduka komswakama wezingcezu zengulube efriji, ibambezele i-rancidity yemikhiqizo yenyama, futhi yengeze i-2 Ifilimu ye-collagen nge% I-nisin ibe nomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulondoloza. Wang Rui et al. wafunda izinguquko ze-sodium alginate, i-chitosan ne-carboxymethyl fiber ngokuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwe-pH, i-nitrogen eyisisekelo eguquguqukayo, ububomvu kanye nenani eliphelele lamakoloni enyama yenkomo phakathi nezinsuku eziyi-16 zokugcinwa. Izinhlobo ezintathu zamafilimu adliwayo evithamini yesodium zazisetshenziselwa ukulondoloza ubusha benyama yenkomo ebandayo. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu edliwayo ye-sodium alginate ibe nomthelela omuhle wokulondoloza ubusha . UCaprioli et al. isifuba se-turkey esiphekiwe esisongwe ngefilimu edliwayo ye-sodium caseinate bese sifakwa efrijini ku-4 °C. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ifilimu edliwayo ye-sodium caseinate inganciphisa inyama ye-turkey ngesikhathi sokuqandisa. ukuganga .
1.1.3.5 Isicelo sokugcinwa kwemikhiqizo yasemanzini
Ukwehla kwekhwalithi yemikhiqizo yasemanzini kubonakala ikakhulukazi ekuncishisweni komswakama wamahhala, ukuwohloka kokunambitheka kanye nokuwohloka kokuthungwa kwemikhiqizo yasemanzini. Ukubola kwemikhiqizo yasemanzini, i-oxidation, i-denaturation kanye nokusetshenziswa okomile okubangelwa ukuhlasela kwamagciwane yizo zonke izici ezibalulekile ezithinta impilo yeshalofu yemikhiqizo yasemanzini. Ukugcinwa eqandisiwe kuyindlela evamile yokugcina imikhiqizo yasemanzini, kodwa futhi kuzoba nezinga elithile lokuwohloka kwekhwalithi kule nqubo, okuyinto ebucayi kakhulu ezinhlanzi zasemanzini ahlanzekile.
Ukulondolozwa kwefilimu edliwayo yemikhiqizo yasemanzini kwaqala ngasekupheleni kwawo-1970 futhi manje sekusetshenziswe kakhulu. Ifilimu edliwayo ingagcina ngempumelelo imikhiqizo yasemanzini eqandisiwe, inciphise ukulahleka kwamanzi, futhi ingabuye ihlanganiswe nama-antioxidants ukuvimbela i-oxidation yamafutha, ngaleyo ndlela ifinyelele inhloso yokwelula impilo yeshalofu nempilo yeshalofu . Meenatchisundaram et al. walungisa ifilimu edliwayo esekelwe isitashi esebenzisa isitashi njenge-matrix futhi wengeza izinongo ezifana ne-clove nesinamoni, futhi wayisebenzisela ukulondoloza izimfanzi ezimhlophe. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu yesitashi esidliwayo ingavimbela ngempumelelo ukukhula kwamagciwane, yehlise i-oxidation yamafutha, yelule impilo yeshalofu yezimfanzi ezimhlophe eziqandisiwe ngo-10 °C no-4 °C ubude bezinsuku eziyi-14 neziyi-12, ngokulandelana . U-Cheng Yuanyuan nabanye bafunda ngokulondolozwa kwesisombululo se-pupulan futhi benza izinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile. Ukulondolozwa kungavimbela ngempumelelo ukukhula kwamagciwane, kwehlise i-oxidation yamaprotheni ezinhlanzi namafutha, futhi kube nomphumela omuhle kakhulu wokulondoloza. Yunus et al. i-rainbow trout eboshwe ngefilimu edliwayo ye-gelatin okwafakwa kuyo amafutha abalulekile e-bay leaf, futhi yafunda umphumela wokugcinwa esiqandisini ku-4 °C. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu ye-gelatin edliwayo yayisebenza kahle ekugcineni ikhwalithi ye-rainbow trout kuze kube yizinsuku ezingu-22. isikhathi eside . Wang Siwei et al. isebenzise i-sodium alginate, i-chitosan ne-CMC njengezisetshenziswa eziyinhloko, yengeza i-stearic acid ukuze ilungiselele uketshezi lwefilimu edliwayo, futhi yayisebenzisela ukumboza i-Penaeus vannamei ukuze ibe busha. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ifilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-CMC ne-chitosan Uketshezi lunomphumela omuhle wokulondoloza futhi lunganweba impilo yeshalofu cishe ngezinsuku ezingu-2. U-Yang Shengping nabanye basebenzisa ifilimu edliwayo ye-chitosan-tea polyphenol efrijini nasekulondolozeni umsila omusha wezinwele, ongavimbela ngempumelelo ukukhiqizwa kwamagciwane ebusweni bomsila wezinwele, ukubambezela ukwakheka kwe-hydrochloric acid eguquguqukayo, futhi andise impilo yeshalofu yomsila ukuze cishe izinsuku ezingu-12 .
1.1.3.6 Ukufakwa ekudleni okuthosiwe
Ukudla okuthosiwe okujulile kuwukudla okuthandwa kakhulu osekulungele ukudliwa okunomphumela omkhulu. Igoqwe ngefilimu edliwayo ye-polysaccharide namaprotheni, engavimbela ukushintsha kombala wokudla ngesikhathi sokuthosa futhi inciphise ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela. ukungena komoyampilo nomswakama [80]. Ukumboza ukudla okuthosiwe nge-gellan gum kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela ngo-35% -63%, njengalapho kuthoswa i-sashimi, kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela ngo-63%; lapho uthosa ama-chips amazambane, kunganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela ngo-35% -63%. Kwehliswe ukusetshenziswa kukaphethiloli ngo-60%, njll. [81].
Singthong et al. wenza amafilimu adliwayo e-polysaccharides afana ne-sodium alginate, i-carboxymethyl cellulose ne-pectin, asetshenziselwa ukumboza amapheshana kabhanana othosiwe, futhi wafunda izinga lokumunca uwoyela ngemva kokuthosa. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-pectin ne-carboxyl Imicu kabhanana ethosiwe ehlanganiswe ne-methylcellulose ibonise ikhwalithi engcono yezinzwa, phakathi kwayo ifilimu ye-pectin edliwayo ibe nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekwehliseni ukumuncwa kwamafutha [82]. Holownia et al. amafilimu e-HPMC ne-MC ahlanganiswe phezu kwezibopho zenkukhu ethosiwe ukuze atadishe izinguquko ekusetshenzisweni kukawoyela, okuqukethwe kwe-acid yamahhala kanye nenani lombala kuwoyela wokuthosa. Ukugcotshwa kwangaphambili kunganciphisa ukumuncwa kwamafutha futhi kuthuthukise impilo kawoyela [83]. U-Sheng Meixiang et al. wenza amafilimu adliwayo e-CMC, i-chitosan kanye ne-soya protein isolate, ama-chips amazambane amboziwe, futhi athoswe ekushiseni okuphezulu ukuze atadishe ukumuncwa kukawoyela, okuqukethwe kwamanzi, umbala, okuqukethwe kwe-acrylamide kanye nekhwalithi yezinzwa zama-chips amazambane. , imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu edliwayo kabhontshisi kabhontshisi wesoya inomphumela obalulekile ekwehliseni ukusetshenziswa kukawoyela kwama-chips amazambane athosiwe, futhi ifilimu edliwayo ye-chitosan inomphumela ongcono ekwehliseni okuqukethwe kwe-acrylamide [84]. Salvador et al. embozwe ingaphezulu lamasongo e-squid ethosiwe ngesitashi sikakolweni, isitashi sombila esilungisiwe, i-dextrin ne-gluten, engathuthukisa ukucwazimula kwezindandatho ze-squid futhi yehlise izinga lokumunca uwoyela [85].
1.1.3.7 Ukufaka isicelo ezimpahleni ezibhakiwe
Ifilimu edliwayo ingasetshenziswa njengengubo ebushelelezi ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukubukeka kwezimpahla ezibhakwayo; ingasetshenziswa njengesithiyo somswakama, umoya-mpilo, amafutha, njll. ukuthuthukisa impilo yeshalofu yezimpahla ezibhakwayo, isibonelo, ifilimu edliwayo ye-chitosan isetshenziselwa ukumboza isinkwa esingaphezulu Ingasetshenziswa futhi njenge-adhesive for crisp snacks and snacks, isibonelo, amantongomane agazingiwe avame ukugcotshwa ngezinamatheliso ukuze agcobe usawoti kanye nezinongo [87].
UChristos et al. wenza amafilimu adliwayo e-sodium alginate ne-whey protein futhi wawagcoba phezu kwesinkwa se-Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izinga lokusinda lama-probiotics lithuthukisiwe kakhulu, kodwa izinhlobo ezimbili zesinkwa zabonisa ukuthi izindlela zokugaya zifana kakhulu, ngakho ukumbozwa kwefilimu edliwayo akuguquli ukuthungwa, ukunambitheka kanye nezakhiwo ze-thermophysical zesinkwa [88]. Panuwat et al. yengeze i-Indian gooseberry ekhishwe ku-methyl cellulose matrix ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo, futhi iyisebenzisele ukulondoloza ubusha bama-cashews athosiwe. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo inganqanda ngempumelelo ama-cashews agazingiwe ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Ikhwalithi yonakala nempilo yeshelufu yama-cashews agazingiwe yanwetshwa ngezinsuku ezingafika kweziyi-90 [89]. Schou et al. yenza ifilimu edliwayo esobala futhi eguquguqukayo ene-sodium caseinate ne-glycerin, futhi yafunda izici zayo zokusebenzisa imishini, ukungena kwamanzi kanye nomthelela wayo wokupakisha ezingcezu zesinkwa esibhakiwe. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu edliwayo ye-sodium caseinate isinkwa esibhakiwe esigoqwe. Ngemva kokwenza isinkwa, ubulukhuni baso bungancishiswa phakathi kwamahora angu-6 okugcinwa ekamelweni lokushisa [90]. Du et al. isebenzise ifilimu edliwayo esekwe ngama-apula kanye nefilimu edliwayo esekwe kutamatisi engezwe namafutha abalulekile esitshalo ukugoqa inkukhu egazingiwe, okungavimbeli nje ukukhula kwamagciwane ngaphambi kokugazinga inkukhu, kodwa futhi kwathuthukisa ukunambitheka kwenkukhu ngemva kokugazinga [91]. UJavanmard et al. walungisa ifilimu edliwayo yesitashi sikakolweni futhi wayisebenzisa ukugoqa izikhwebu ze-pistachio ezibhakiwe. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu yesitashi edliwayo ingavimbela i-oxidative rancidity yamantongomane, ithuthukise ikhwalithi yamantongomane, futhi andise impilo yawo yeshalofu [92]. Majid et al. isebenzise ifilimu edliwayo yamaprotheni e-whey ukumboza amantongomane agazingiwe, engakhuphula umgoqo we-oksijini, inciphise i-peanut rancidity, ithuthukise i-brittleness yamantongomane athosiwe, futhi yandise isikhathi sawo sokugcina [93].
1.1.3.8 Ukufakwa kwemikhiqizo yeconfectionery
Imboni kaswidi inezidingo eziphakeme zokusatshalaliswa kwezingxenye eziguquguqukayo, ngakho-ke ushokoledi namaswidi anezindawo ezipholishiwe, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa amafilimu adliwayo ancibilika emanzini ukuze athathele indawo uketshezi oluhlanganisayo oluqukethe izingxenye eziguquguqukayo. Ifilimu yokupakisha edliwayo ingakha ifilimu elivikelayo elibushelelezi ebusweni beswidi ukuze kuncishiswe ukufuduka komoyampilo nomswakama [19]. Ukusetshenziswa kwamafilimu adliwayo amaprotheni e-whey ku-confectionery kunganciphisa kakhulu ukusakazeka kwezingxenye zayo eziguquguqukayo. Lapho ushokoledi usetshenziselwa ukufaka ukudla okunamafutha njengamakhukhi kanye nebhotela lamantongomane, amafutha azothuthela oqweqweni lwangaphandle lukashokoledi, enze ushokoledi unamathele futhi ubangele "i-frost reverse", kodwa izinto zangaphakathi zizokoma, okuholela ekutheni ukushintsha ukunambitheka kwayo. Ukwengeza ungqimba lwezinto zokupakisha zefilimu ezidliwayo ezinomsebenzi wokuvimbela amafutha kungaxazulula le nkinga [94].
Nelson et al. isebenzise ifilimu edliwayo ye-methylcellulose ukuze igqoke amaswidi aqukethe ama-lipids amaningi futhi ibonise ukufinyeleleka kwe-lipid ephansi kakhulu, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbe into eqhwalelayo kushokoledi [95]. U-Meyers usebenzise ifilimu edliwayo ye-hydrogel-wax bilayer kushingamu, engathuthukisa ukunamathela kwayo, inciphise ukuguquguquka kwamanzi, futhi andise impilo yayo yeshalofu [21]. Amanzi alungiswe nguFadini et al. Ifilimu eyinhlanganisela yebhotela ye-Decollagen-cocoa yafundelwa izakhiwo zayo zokusebenzisa kanye nokungena kwamanzi, futhi yasetshenziswa njengendlela yokumboza imikhiqizo kashokoledi enemiphumela emihle [96].
1.1.4 Amafilimu Adliwayo Asuselwa Kuselulosi
Ifilimu edliwayo esekwe ku-Cellulose iwuhlobo lwefilimu edliwayo eyenziwe nge-cellulose echichima kakhulu kanye nokuphuma kwayo ngokwemvelo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko. Ifilimu edliwayo esekwe ku-cellulose ayinaphunga futhi ayinambitheki, futhi inamandla amahle emishini, izakhiwo zokuvimbela uwoyela, ukukhanya, ukuguquguquka kanye nezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvimbela igesi. Kodwa-ke, ngenxa yemvelo ye-hydrophilic ye-cellulose, ukumelana kwefilimu edliwayo esekelwe ku-cellulose ukusebenza kwamanzi ngokuvamile kubi kakhulu [82, 97-99].
Ifilimu edliwayo esekwe ku-cellulose eyenziwe ngezinto ezilahlwayo ekukhiqizweni kwemboni yokudla ingathola amafilimu okupakisha adliwayo asebenza kahle kakhulu, futhi ingaphinda isebenzise izinto ezilahlwayo ukuze kwandiswe inani elengeziwe lemikhiqizo. Ferreira et al. impushana yensalela yezithelo nemifino ehlanganisiwe ne-powder yekhasi lamazambane ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu ehlanganisiwe esekelwe ku-cellulose, futhi isetshenziswe embotsheni ye-hawthorn ukuze kugcinwe ubusha, futhi kuzuzwe imiphumela emihle [62]. Tan Huizi et al. wasebenzisa i-fiber yokudla ekhishwa ezinsizeni zikabhontshisi njengento eyisisekelo futhi wengeza inani elithile lokujiya ukuze alungise ifilimu edliwayo yefayibha kabhontshisi, enezakhiwo ezinhle zomshini kanye nezakhiwo ezithiyo [100], esetshenziselwa kakhulu ukupakisha isinongo se-noodle yokudla okusheshayo. , kulula futhi kunomsoco ukuncibilikisa iphakheji yezinto ezibonakalayo ngokuqondile emanzini ashisayo.
Okuphuma ku-cellulose encibilika emanzini, njenge-methyl cellulose (MC), i-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) kanye ne-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), kungakha i-matrix eqhubekayo futhi ivame ukusetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni nasekucwaningweni kwamafilimu adliwayo. U-Xiao Naiyu et al. wasebenzisa i-MC njengengxenye eyinhloko yokwakha ifilimu, wengeza i-polyethylene glycol ne-calcium chloride nezinye izinto ezisizayo, walungisa ifilimu edliwayo ye-MC ngendlela yokuphonsa, futhi wayisebenzisa ekulondolozeni i-olecranon, enganweba umlomo we-olecranon. Isikhathi seshelufu sepentshisi yizinsuku ezi-4.5 [101]. Esmaeili et al. lungisa ifilimu edliwayo ye-MC ngokuyiphonsa futhi isetshenziswe embotsheni yama-microcapsules kawoyela abalulekile. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ifilimu ye-MC inomphumela omuhle wokuvimbela uwoyela futhi ingasetshenziswa ekufakweni kokudla ukuvimbela ukubola kwe-fatty acid [102]. Tian et al. amafilimu adliwayo e-MC ashintshiwe ane-stearic acid kanye namafutha angagcwele, angathuthukisa izakhiwo zokuvimba amanzi zamafilimu adliwayo e-MC [103]. Lai Fengying et al. wafunda umphumela wohlobo lwe-solvent kwinqubo yokwenza ifilimu yefilimu edliwayo ye-MC kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela kanye nezakhiwo zemishini yefilimu edliwayo [104].
Ulwelwesi lwe-CMC lunezinto ezinhle zokuthibela ku-O2, CO2 namafutha, futhi lusetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokudla nemithi [99]. Bifani et al. walungisa ama-membrane e-CMC futhi wafunda umphumela weqabunga elikhishwe ezindaweni zokuvimbela amanzi kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela igesi zolwelwesi. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwezingxenye zamaqabunga kungathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zokuvimbela umswakama kanye ne-oksijini kulwelwesi, kodwa hhayi ku-CO2. Izakhiwo zokuvimbela zihlobene nokugxila kwe-extract [105]. de Moura et al. okulungiselelwe ama-chitosan nanoparticles aqinise amafilimu e-CMC, futhi afunda ukuzinza kokushisa, izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi i-chitosan nanoparticles ingathuthukisa ngempumelelo izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokuzinza okushisayo kwamafilimu e-CMC. Ucansi [98]. Ghanbarzadeh et al. walungisa amafilimu adliwayo e-CMC futhi wafunda imiphumela ye-glycerol ne-oleic acid kuzakhiwo ze-physicochemical zamafilimu e-CMC. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zokuvimbela amafilimu zathuthukiswa kakhulu, kodwa izakhiwo zemishini nokungafihli kwehle [99]. Cheng et al. walungisa ifilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-carboxymethyl cellulose-konjac glucomannan, futhi wafunda umphumela wamafutha esundu ezimpahleni ze-physicochemical zefilimu eyinhlanganisela. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ama-lipid microspheres amancane angakhuphula kakhulu ifilimu eyinhlanganisela. I-surface hydrophobicity kanye nokugoba kwesiteshi se-molecule yamanzi kungathuthukisa ukusebenza komgoqo womswakama we-membrane [106].
I-HPMC inezinto ezinhle zokwenza ifilimu, futhi ifilimu yayo iyaguquguquka, isobala, ayinambala futhi ayinaphunga, futhi inezindawo ezinhle zokuvimbela uwoyela, kodwa izici zayo zemishini kanye nezindawo zokuvimbela amanzi zidinga ukuthuthukiswa. Ucwaningo olwenziwe nguZuniga et al. ibonise ukuthi i-microstructure yokuqala kanye nokuzinza kwesisombululo sokwenza ifilimu ye-HPMC kungathinta kakhulu indawo kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sefilimu, futhi indlela amaconsi kawoyela angena ngayo ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo sefilimu ingaba nomthelela omkhulu ekudluliseni ukukhanya kanye nomsebenzi ongaphezulu wefilimu. ifilimu. Ukwengezwa kwe-ejenti kungathuthukisa ukuzinza kwesisombululo sokwenza ifilimu, okubuye kuthinte isakhiwo esingaphezulu kanye nezakhiwo ze-optical zefilimu, kodwa izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokuphefumula komoya akuncishisiwe [107]. Klangmuang et al. kusetshenziswe ubumba oluguquliwe kanye nezinyosi ukuze kuthuthukiswe futhi kuguqulwe ifilimu edliwayo ye-HPMC ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zemishini kanye nezakhiwo zokuvimbela ifilimu ye-HPMC. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ngemva kokuguqulwa kwezinyosi nobumba, izakhiwo zemishini zefilimu edliwayo ye-HPMC zaziqhathaniswa nalezo zefilimu edliwayo. Ukusebenza kwezingxenye zomswakama kwathuthukiswa [108]. Dogan et al. ilungise ifilimu edliwayo ye-HPMC, futhi yasebenzisa i-microcrystalline cellulose ukuze ithuthukise futhi iguqule ifilimu ye-HPMC, futhi yahlola ukungeneka kwamanzi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zefilimu. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi izakhiwo zokuvimbela umswakama wefilimu eguquliwe azizange zishintshe kakhulu. , kodwa izakhiwo zayo zemishini ziye zathuthukiswa kakhulu [109]. Choi et al. wengeze iqabunga le-oregano namafutha e-bergamot abalulekile ku-matrix ye-HPMC ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo, futhi kusetshenziswe ekulondolozeni ukumbozwa kwamaplamu amasha. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ifilimu ehlanganisiwe edliwayo ingavimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukuphefumula kwama-plums, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwe-ethylene, ukunciphisa izinga lokulahlekelwa isisindo, nokuthuthukisa izinga lama-plums [110]. Esteghlal et al. kuhlanganiswe i-HPMC ne-gelatin ukuze kulungiswe amafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo futhi afundelwe amafilimu ayinhlanganisela. Izakhiwo ze-physicochemical, izakhiwo zemishini kanye nokuhambisana kwe-HPMC gelatin kubonise ukuthi izakhiwo eziqinile ze-HPMC gelatin composite films azizange zishintshe kakhulu, ezingasetshenziswa ekulungiseleleni amaphilisi okwelapha [111]. Villacres et al. wafunda izakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo zesithiyo segesi kanye nezakhiwo ezilwa namagciwane ze-HPMC-cassava isitashi samafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi amafilimu ayinhlanganisela anezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kanye nemiphumela elwa namagciwane [112]. UByun et al. ilungiselele ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ye-shellac-HPMC, futhi yafunda imiphumela yezinhlobo zama-emulsifiers kanye nokugxila kwe-shellac kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela. I-emulsifier yanciphisa izakhiwo zokuvimbela amanzi ze-membrane ehlanganisiwe, kodwa izakhiwo zayo zemishini azizange zehle kakhulu; Ukwengezwa kwe-shellac kwathuthukisa kakhulu ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-membrane ye-HPMC, futhi umphumela wayo wanda ngokunyuka kokuhlushwa kwe-shellac [113].
1.1.5 Amafilimu Adliwayo Asekelwe Isitashi
Isitashi siyipolymer yemvelo yokulungiswa kwamafilimu adliwayo. Inezinzuzo zomthombo obanzi, intengo ephansi, i-biocompatibility kanye nenani lokudla okunempilo, futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi ezimbonini zokudla nemithi [114-117]. Muva nje, ucwaningo lwamafilimu acwengekile esitashi namafilimu ayinhlanganisela asekelwe isitashi okugcina ukudla nokulondoloza avele ngokulandelana [118]. Isitashi esiphezulu se-amylose kanye nesitashi saso esilungisiwe i-hydroxypropylated yizinto eziyinhloko zokulungiswa kwamafilimu adliwayo asekelwe isitashi [119]. I-retrogradation of isitashi yisona sizathu esiyinhloko sokukwazi ukwenza ifilimu. Ukuphakama kokuqukethwe kwe-amylose, kuqina ukuhlangana kwe-intermolecular, kuba lula ukukhiqiza ukubuyisela emuva, kanye nesakhiwo sokwenza ifilimu sibe ngcono, namandla okugcina efilimu. enkulu. I-Amylose ingenza amafilimu ancibilikayo emanzini ane-oxygen encane ekwazi ukungena, futhi izakhiwo zesithiyo zamafilimu aphezulu-amylose ngeke zehle ngaphansi kwezindawo zokushisa eziphakeme, ezingavikela ngokuphumelelayo ukudla okuhlanganisiwe [120].
Ifilimu edliwayo yesitashi, engenambala futhi engenaphunga, inokungafihli kahle, ukuncibilika kwamanzi kanye nezindawo zokuvimbela igesi, kodwa ikhombisa i-hydrophilicity eqinile kanye nezindawo zokuvimbela umswakama ompofu, ngakho-ke isetshenziswa kakhulu ekufakweni kwe-oksijeni yokudla kanye nesithiyo samafutha [121-123]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-membrane asekelwe isitashi athambekele ekugugeni nasekubuyiseleni emuva, futhi izakhiwo zawo zemishini zimpofu [124]. Ukuze unqobe lokhu kushiyeka okungenhla, isitashi singashintshwa ngezindlela ezingokomzimba, zamakhemikhali, ze-enzymatic, zofuzo kanye nesengezo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izakhiwo zamafilimu adliwayo anesitashi [114].
UZhang Zhengmao et al. wasebenzisa ifilimu edliwayo yesitashi ecwebezelayo ukuze agqoke ama-strawberries futhi wathola ukuthi anganciphisa ngempumelelo ukulahlekelwa kwamanzi, abambezele ukuncishiswa kokuqukethwe ushukela oncibilikayo, futhi andise ngempumelelo isikhathi sokugcinwa kwama-strawberry [125]. Garcia et al. isitashi esilungisiwe esinezilinganiso ezihlukene zamaketango ukuze kutholwe uketshezi oluguquliwe lwefilimu lwesitashi, olwalusetshenziselwa ukulondolozwa kwefilimu enamasitrobheli amasha. Izinga kanye nezinga lokubola lalingcono kuneqembu elingenalutho [126]. Ghanbarzadeh et al. isitashi esilungisiwe nge-citric acid cross-linking futhi kwatholwa ifilimu yesitashi eshintshiwe ngamakhemikhali. Ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi ngemva kokuguqulwa kokuxhumanisa, izakhiwo zokuvimbela umswakama kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zamafilimu esitashi zathuthukiswa [127]. U-Gao Qunyu et al. yenze ukwelashwa kwe-enzymatic hydrolysis yesitashi futhi yathola ifilimu edliwayo yesitashi, futhi izakhiwo zayo zokuzilungisa ezinjengamandla aqinile, ukunwebeka nokugoqa ukumelana kwanda, nokusebenza komgoqo womswakama kwanda ngokwanda kwesikhathi sesenzo se-enzyme. ngcono kakhulu [128]. Parra et al. wengeze i-ejenti exhumanisa i-tapioca isitashi ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu edliwayo enezakhiwo ezinhle zokuwumshini kanye nezinga eliphansi lokudlulisa umhwamuko wamanzi [129]. Fonseca et al. wasebenzisa i-sodium hypochlorite ukwenza isitashi samazambane oxidize futhi walungisa ifilimu edliwayo yesitashi esine-oxidized. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi izinga lokudlulisa umhwamuko wamanzi kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi kwancishiswa kakhulu, okungase kusetshenziswe ekufakweni kokudla okunomsebenzi wamanzi aphezulu [130].
Ukuhlanganisa isitashi namanye ama-polymers adliwayo kanye nama-plasticizers kuyindlela ebalulekile yokuthuthukisa izakhiwo zamafilimu adliwayo asekelwe isitashi. Njengamanje, ama-polymer ayinkimbinkimbi asetshenziswa kakhulu ama-hydrophilic colloid, njenge-pectin, i-cellulose, i-polysaccharide yasolwandle, i-chitosan, i-carrageenan ne-xanthan gum [131].
UMaria Rodriguez et al. wasebenzisa isitashi samazambane kanye nama-plasticizers noma ama-surfactants njengezinto eziyinhloko zokulungiselela amafilimu adliwayo asekelwe isitashi, okubonisa ukuthi ama-plasticizers angakhuphula ukuguquguquka kwefilimu kanye nama-surfactants anganciphisa ukunwebeka kwefilimu [132]. Santana et al. wasebenzisa ama-nanofibers ukuze athuthukise futhi aguqule amafilimu adliwayo esitashi se-cassava, futhi wathola amafilimu ayinhlanganisela asekelwe isitashi anezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zemishini, izakhiwo zesithiyo, nokuzinza kwe-thermal [133]. Azevedo et al. amaprotheni e-whey ahlanganisiwe anesitashi se-thermoplastic ukuze alungise izinto zefilimu ezifanayo, okubonisa ukuthi amaprotheni e-whey kanye nesitashi se-thermoplastic sinokunamathela okuqinile kobuso obuhlangene, futhi amaprotheni e-whey angathuthukisa kakhulu ukutholakala kwesitashi. Ukuvimbela amanzi kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zamafilimu adliwayo [134]. U-Edhirej et al. walungisa ifilimu edliwayo esekwe isitashi se-tapioca, futhi wafunda umphumela we-plasticizer esakhiweni somzimba namakhemikhali, izakhiwo zemishini kanye nezakhiwo ezishisayo zefilimu. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi uhlobo nokugxila kwe-plasticizer kungathinta kakhulu ifilimu ye-tapioca isitashi. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-plasticizers afana ne-urea ne-triethylene glycol, i-pectin inomphumela omuhle kakhulu we-plasticizing, futhi ifilimu yesitashi ye-pectin-plasticized inezindawo ezinhle zokuvimbela amanzi [135]. Saberi et al. kusetshenziswe isitashi sephizi, i-guar gum kanye ne-glycerin ekulungiseleleni amafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi isitashi se-pea sadlala indima enkulu ekugqileni kwefilimu, ukuminyana, ukubumbana, ukungena kwamanzi kanye namandla okuqina. I-Guar gum Ingathinta amandla aqinile kanye ne-elastic modulus ye-membrane, futhi i-glycerol ingathuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwe-membrane [136]. Ji et al. i-chitosan ehlanganisiwe kanye nesitashi sombila, futhi yengeza i-calcium carbonate nanoparticles ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu elwa namagciwane esekelwe isitashi. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi amabhondi e-hydrogen e-intermolecular akhiwa phakathi kwesitashi ne-chitosan, futhi izakhiwo zemishini zefilimu zathuthukiswa futhi izakhiwo ze-antibacterial zathuthukiswa [137]. UMeira et al. ifilimu ye-antibacterial ethuthukisiwe neshintshiwe ye-corn starch ene-kaolin nanoparticles, kanye nezakhiwo zomshini nezokushisa zefilimu eyinhlanganisela zathuthukiswa, futhi umphumela we-antibacterial awuzange uthinteke [138]. Ortega-Toro et al. wengeze i-HPMC kusitashi futhi wengeza i-citric acid ukuze ulungiselele ifilimu edliwayo. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-HPMC ne-citric acid kungavimbela ngokuphumelelayo ukuguga kwesitashi futhi kunciphise ukungena kwamanzi kwefilimu edliwayo, kodwa izakhiwo zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo ziyehla [139].
1.2 Ama-polymer hydrogel
Ama-Hydrogel ayikilasi lama-polymers angama-hydrophilic anesakhiwo senethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ezingancibiliki emanzini kodwa angavuvukaliswa ngamanzi. Ngokwe-macroscopically, i-hydrogel inomumo oqondile, ayikwazi ukugeleza, futhi iyinto eqinile. Ngokwe-Microscopically, ama-molecule ancibilikayo emanzini angasatshalaliswa ngezindlela ezihlukene nosayizi ku-hydrogel futhi asakazeke ngamanani ahlukene wokusabalalisa, ngakho i-hydrogel ikhombisa izakhiwo zesixazululo. Isakhiwo sangaphakathi sama-hydrogel sinamandla alinganiselwe futhi sibhujiswa kalula. Isesimweni esiphakathi kokuqinile noketshezi. Inokunwebeka okufana nokuqinile, futhi ihluke ngokusobala kwesiqinile sangempela.
1.2.1 Uhlolojikelele lwama-polymer hydrogel
1.2.1.1 Ukuhlelwa kwama-polymer hydrogel
I-polymer hydrogel iyisakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu esakhiwe ngokuxhumanisa ngokomzimba noma kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwama-molecule e-polymer [143-146]. Imunca amanzi amaningi emanzini ukuze ikhukhumale, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ingakwazi ukugcina ukwakheka kwayo okunezinhlangothi ezintathu futhi ingancibiliki emanzini. amanzi.
Kunezindlela eziningi zokuhlukanisa ama-hydrogel. Ngokusekelwe kumehluko wezakhiwo zokuxhumanisa, zingahlukaniswa ngama-gel angokwenyama namajeli amakhemikhali. Amajeli angokwenyama akhiwa amabhondi e-hydrogen abuthakathaka, izibopho ze-ionic, ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, amandla e-van der Waals kanye nokuhlangana ngokomzimba phakathi kwamaketanga e-polymer yamangqamuzana namanye amandla angokwenyama, futhi angaguqulwa abe yizixazululo ezindaweni ezahlukene zangaphandle. Ibizwa ngokuthi ijeli ebuyela emuva; ijeli yamakhemikhali imvamisa iyisakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu esihlala unomphela esakhiwe ngokuxhumanisa amabhondi amakhemikhali njengamabhondi ahlangene lapho kukhona ukushisa, ukukhanya, isiqalisi, njll. Ngemva kokwakhiwa kwejeli, ayibuyiseleki emuva futhi ingunaphakade, eyaziwa nangokuthi Okwe-condensate yeqiniso [147-149]. Amajeli angokwenyama ngokuvamile awadingi ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali futhi anobuthi obuphansi, kodwa izakhiwo zabo zemishini zimpofu futhi kunzima ukumelana nokucindezeleka okukhulu kwangaphandle; amajeli amakhemikhali ngokuvamile anokuqina okungcono kanye nezakhiwo zemishini.
Ngokusekelwe emithonjeni ehlukene, ama-hydrogel angahlukaniswa abe ama-polymer hydrogel okwenziwa kanye nama-polymer hydrogel emvelo. Ama-hydrogel e-polymer Synthetic angama-hydrogel akhiwe ngamakhemikhali e-polymerization yama-polymers okwenziwa, ikakhulukazi afaka i-polyacrylic acid, i-polyvinyl acetate, i-polyacrylamide, i-polyethylene oxide, njll.; ama-polymer hydrogel emvelo angama-Polymer hydrogel akhiwa ngokuxhumanisa ama-polymers emvelo afana nama-polysaccharides namaprotheni emvelo, okuhlanganisa i-cellulose, i-alginate, isitashi, i-agarose, i-hyaluronic acid, i-gelatin, ne-collagen [6, 7, 150], 151]. Ama-polymer hydrogel emvelo avame ukuba nezici zomthombo obanzi, intengo ephansi kanye nobuthi obuphansi, futhi ama-polymer hydrogel okwenziwa ngokuvamile alula ukucutshungulwa futhi anesivuno esikhulu.
Ngokusekelwe ezimpendulo ezahlukene endaweni yangaphandle, ama-hydrogel angabuye ahlukaniswe abe ama-hydrogel endabuko kanye nama-smart hydrogel. Ama-hydrogel endabuko awazwani nezinguquko endaweni yangaphandle; ama-hydrogel ahlakaniphile angakwazi ukuzwa izinguquko ezincane endaweni yangaphandle futhi akhiqize izinguquko ezihambisanayo esakhiweni somzimba kanye nezakhiwo zamakhemikhali [152-156]. Kuma-hydrogel azwela izinga lokushisa, ivolumu iyashintsha ngokushisa kwemvelo. Ngokuvamile, ama-polymer hydrogel anjalo aqukethe amaqembu e-hydrophilic afana ne-hydroxyl, i-ether kanye namaqembu e-amide noma e-hydrophobic njenge-methyl, ethyl ne-propyl. Ukushisa kwendawo yangaphandle kungathinta ukusebenzisana kwe-hydrophilic noma i-hydrophobic phakathi kwama-molecule e-gel, i-hydrogen bonding kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi namaketanga e-polymer, ngaleyo ndlela kuthinte ibhalansi yesistimu yejeli. Kuma-hydrogel azwela i-pH, uhlelo ngokuvamile luqukethe amaqembu okuguqula i-acid-base njengamaqembu e-carboxyl, amaqembu e-sulfonic acid noma amaqembu e-amino. Esimweni esishintshayo se-pH, lawa maqembu angakwazi ukumunca noma ukukhulula ama-proton, aguqule ukubopha kwe-hydrogen kujeli kanye nomehluko phakathi kokugxiliswa kwe-ion yangaphakathi nangaphandle, okuholela ekushintsheni kwevolumu yejeli. Okwenkambu kagesi, indawo kazibuthe kanye nama-hydrogel azwela ukukhanya, aqukethe amaqembu asebenzayo njenge-polyelectrolytes, ama-metal oxides, namaqembu azwelayo, ngokulandelanayo. Ngaphansi kwezisusa ezihlukile zangaphandle, izinga lokushisa lesistimu noma i-ionization degree liyashintshwa, bese ivolumu yejeli iguqulwa ngesimiso esifana nezinga lokushisa noma i-hydrogel ezwela i-pH.
Ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni okuhlukene kwejeli, ama-hydrogel angahlukaniswa abe ama-gel-induced gels kanye nama-thermal-induced gels [157]. Ijeli ebandayo, ebizwa ngokuthi ijeli ebandayo ngamafuphi, iyi-macromolecule ekhona ngendlela yamakhoyili angahleliwe ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Phakathi nenqubo yokupholisa, ngenxa yesenzo se-intermolecular hydrogen bond, izingcezu ze-helical zenziwa kancane kancane, ngaleyo ndlela ziqedele inqubo kusuka kwisisombululo. Ukushintshela kujeli [158]; ijeli eyenziwe nge-thermo, ebizwa ngokuthi i-thermal gel, i-macromolecule esesimweni sokuxazulula ekushiseni okuphansi. Phakathi nenqubo yokushisa, isakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu sakhiwe ngokusebenzisana kwe-hydrophobic, njll, ngaleyo ndlela kugcwalise ukuguqulwa kwe-gelation [159], 160].
Ama-Hydrogel angabuye ahlukaniswe abe ama-homopolymeric hydrogel, ama-hydrogel e-copolymerized kanye nama-hydrogel enethiwekhi angena ngaphakathi ngokusekelwe ezicini ezihlukahlukene zenethiwekhi, ama-microscopic hydrogel nama-macroscopic hydrogel asekelwe kosayizi abahlukene bejeli, kanye nezakhiwo ezibolayo. Ihlukaniswe ngokuhlukile ngama-hydrogel abolayo kanye nama-hydrogel angaboli.
1.2.1.2 Ukusetshenziswa kwama-polymer hydrogel emvelo
Ama-polymer hydrogel emvelo anezici zokuvumelana okuhle kwe-biocompatibility, ukuguquguquka okuphezulu, imithombo eningi, ukuzwela imvelo, ukugcinwa kwamanzi aphezulu kanye nobuthi obuphansi, futhi asetshenziswa kabanzi ku-biomedicine, ukucubungula ukudla, ukuvikelwa kwemvelo, ezolimo kanye nokukhiqizwa kwamahlathi futhi iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi. esetshenziswa embonini nakweminye imikhakha [142, 161-165].
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-polymer hydrogel emvelo emikhakheni ehlobene ne-biomedical. Ama-hydrogel emvelo e-polymer ane-biocompatibility enhle, i-biodegradability, futhi ayinayo imiphumela emibi enobuthi, ngakho-ke angasetshenziswa njengezingubo zokugqoka amanxeba futhi axhumane ngokuqondile nezicubu zomuntu, ezinganciphisa ngempumelelo ukuhlasela kwe-microorganisms in vitro, uvimbele ukulahlekelwa uketshezi lomzimba, futhi uvumele umoya-mpilo. ukudlula. Ikhuthaza ukuphulukiswa kwesilonda; ingasetshenziswa ukulungisa amalensi okuxhumana, ngezinzuzo zokugqoka ngokunethezeka, ukungena kahle kwe-oxygen, kanye nokwelashwa okusizayo kwezifo zamehlo [166, 167]. Ama-polymers emvelo afana nokwakheka kwezicubu eziphilayo futhi angabamba iqhaza kumetabolism evamile yomzimba womuntu, ngakho-ke ama-hydrogel anjalo angasetshenziswa njengezinto zokwakha zescaffold zobunjiniyela bezicubu, ukulungisa uqwanga lobunjiniyela bezicubu, njll. Izikafula zobunjiniyela bezicubu zingahlukaniswa zibe pre- izikafula ezibunjiwe nezibunjwe ngomjovo. Ama-stents abunjwe ngaphambili asebenzisa amanzi uhlaka olukhethekile lwenethiwekhi ye-3-dimensional yejeli luyenza ikwazi ukudlala indima ethile esekelayo ezicutshini zebhayoloji ngenkathi ihlinzeka ngendawo ethile yokukhula eyanele yamaseli, futhi ingadala ukukhula kwamaseli, ukuhlukaniswa, kanye nokonakala kanye ukumuncwa umzimba womuntu [168]. Ama-stents abunjwe ngomjovo asebenzisa indlela yokuguquka kwesigaba sama-hydrogel ukuze enze ama-gel ngokushesha ngemva kokujova esimweni sesisombululo esigelezayo, esinganciphisa ubuhlungu beziguli [169]. Amanye ama-polymer hydrogel emvelo azwela imvelo, ngakho-ke asetshenziswa kabanzi njengezinto zokukhululwa ezilawulwa yizidakamizwa, ukuze izidakamizwa ezifakwe kuzo zingadedelwa ezingxenyeni ezidingekayo zomzimba womuntu ngendlela enqunyelwe isikhathi neyobuningi, ukunciphisa ubuthi nohlangothi. imiphumela yezidakamizwa emzimbeni womuntu [170].
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-polymer hydrogel emvelo emikhakheni ehlobene nokudla. Ama-polymer hydrogel emvelo ayingxenye ebalulekile yokudla okuthathu kwabantu ngosuku, njengamanye ama-dessert, amaswidi, esikhundleni senyama, iyogathi no-ayisikhilimu. Ivame ukusetshenziswa njengesengezo sokudla ezimpahleni zokudla, ezingathuthukisa izakhiwo zayo zomzimba futhi zinikeze ukunambitheka okubushelelezi. Isibonelo, isetshenziswa njenge-thickener kumasobho namasoso, njenge-emulsifier kujusi, nanjenge-ejenti yokumisa. Eziphuzweni zobisi, njenge-ejenti ye-gelling ku-puddings nama-aspics, njenge-ejenti ecacisayo kanye ne-foam stabilizer kubhiya, njenge-syneresis inhibitor kushizi, njenge-binder kumasoseji, njengoba i-starch retrogradation Inhibitors isetshenziswa kusinkwa nebhotela [171-174] ]. Kusukela ku-Food Additives Handbook, kungabonakala ukuthi inani elikhulu lama-polymer hydrogel emvelo avunyelwe njengezithasiselo zokudla zokucubungula ukudla [175]. Ama-polymer hydrogel emvelo asetshenziswa njengeziqinisi ezinomsoco ekuthuthukiseni imikhiqizo yezempilo nokudla okusebenzayo, njengemicu yokudla, esetshenziselwa imikhiqizo yokulahlekelwa isisindo kanye nemikhiqizo yokulwa nokuqothulwa [176, 177]; njengama-prebiotics, asetshenziswa emikhiqizweni yokunakekelwa kwezempilo yamakholoni kanye nemikhiqizo yokuvimbela umdlavuza wekoloni [178]; ama-polymer hydrogel emvelo angenziwa abe yizingubo ezidliwayo noma ezonakalisiwe noma amafilimu, angasetshenziswa emkhakheni wezinto zokupakisha ukudla, njengokugcinwa kwezithelo nemifino, ngokuzimboza ezithelweni nasemifino Ngaphezulu, kungandisa impilo yeshalofu. wezithelo nemifino futhi ugcine izithelo nemifino kusha futhi kuthambile; ingasetshenziswa futhi njengezinto zokupakisha zokudla okulula njengamasoseji nama-condiments ukuze kube lula ukuhlanza [179, 180].
Izicelo zama-polymer hydrogel emvelo kweminye imikhakha. Ngokuqondene nezidingo zansuku zonke, zingafakwa ekunakekelweni kwesikhumba esicwebezelayo noma izimonyo, ezingakwazi ukuvimbela kuphela umkhiqizo ukuba wome endaweni yokugcina, kodwa futhi umswakama ongapheli kanye nomswakama wesikhumba; ingasetshenziselwa ukwenza isitayela, i-moisturizing kanye nokukhululwa kancane kwamakha e-makeup yobuhle; Ingasetshenziswa ezidingweni zansuku zonke ezifana namathawula ephepha namanabukeni [181]. Kwezolimo, ingasetshenziswa ukumelana nesomiso nokuvikela izithombo kanye nokunciphisa umfutho wabasebenzi; njenge-ejenti yokugqoka imbewu yezitshalo, ingakhuphula kakhulu izinga lokuhluma kwembewu; uma isetshenziselwa ukutshala izithombo, ingakhuphula izinga lokusinda kwezithombo; izibulala-zinambuzane, ngcono ukusetshenziswa kanye nokunciphisa ukungcola [182, 183]. Ngokuya ngemvelo, isetshenziswa njenge-flocculant kanye ne-adsorbent yokuhlanza indle evame ukuqukatha ama-ion ensimbi esindayo, amakhompiyutha anephunga elimnandi nodayi ukuvikela imithombo yamanzi nokuthuthukisa imvelo [184]. Embonini, isetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokuqeda amanzi emzimbeni, okokugcoba okumbayo, izinto zokugoqa ikhebula, izinto zokuvala kanye ne-ejenti yokugcina ebandayo, njll. [185].
1.2.2 I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thermogel
I-Cellulose iyinhlanganisela yemvelo ye-macromolecular eye yafundwa ekuqaleni, inobudlelwane obuseduze nabantu, futhi iyinsada kakhulu ngokwemvelo. Itholakala kabanzi ezitshalweni eziphakeme, ama-algae nama-microorganisms [186, 187]. I-Cellulose kancane kancane idonse ukunakwa okusabalele ngenxa yomthombo wayo obanzi, intengo ephansi, evuselelekayo, ebolayo, ephephile, engenabuthi, kanye ne-biocompatibility enhle [188].
1.2.2.1 I-Cellulose kanye nokuphuma kwayo kwe-ether
I-Cellulose iyi-polymer ye-long-chain eqondile eyakhiwe ngokuxhunywa kwamayunithi esakhiwo se-D-anhydroglucose ngokusebenzisa i-β-1,4 glycosidic bond [189-191]. Ayincibiliki. Ngaphandle kweqembu elilodwa ekugcineni ekupheleni kweketango lamangqamuzana, kunamaqembu amathathu e-polar hydroxyl kuyunithi ngayinye ye-glucose, engenza inani elikhulu le-intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bond ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile; futhi i-cellulose iyisakhiwo se-polycyclic, futhi iketango lamangqamuzana liqinile. I-Chain, i-crystallinity ephezulu, futhi ejwayelekile kakhulu ngesakhiwo, ngakho-ke inezici zezinga eliphezulu le-polymerization, i-molecular orientation enhle, nokuzinza kwamakhemikhali [83, 187]. Njengoba iketango le-cellulose liqukethe inani elikhulu lamaqembu e-hydroxyl, lingashintshwa ngamakhemikhali ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene ezifana ne-esterification, i-oxidation, ne-etherification ukuze kutholwe okuphuma ku-cellulose okunezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu zokusebenza [192, 193].
Okuphuma ku-cellulose kungenye yemikhiqizo yokuqala eyacwaningwa futhi yakhiqizwa emkhakheni we-polymer chemistry. Ziyizinto zamakhemikhali ezinhle ze-polymer ezinezinhlobonhlobo zokusetshenziswa, eziguqulwa ngamakhemikhali zisuka ku-polymer cellulose yemvelo. Phakathi kwabo, i-cellulose ethers isetshenziswa kabanzi. Ingenye yezinto ezisetshenziswa kakhulu zamakhemikhali ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini [194].
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zama-cellulose ethers, wonke lawo ngokuvamile anezindawo zawo eziyingqayizivele nezinhle kakhulu, futhi asetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni eminingi efana nokudla nemithi [195]. I-MC iwuhlobo olulula lwe-cellulose ether eneqembu le-methyl. Ngokukhula kwe-substitution degree, ingancibilika kusisombululo se-alkaline ehlanjululwe, amanzi, utshwala kanye ne-solvent ye-hydrocarbon enephunga elimnandi ngokushintshana, ibonise izakhiwo zejeli ezishisayo. [196]. I-CMC i-anionic cellulose ether etholakala ku-cellulose yemvelo nge-alkalization kanye ne-acidification.
Iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu futhi esetshenziswa kakhulu i-cellulose ether, encibilika emanzini [197]. I-HPC, i-hydroxyalkyl cellulose ether etholwe nge-alkalizing ne-etherifying cellulose, ine-thermoplasticity enhle futhi ibonisa izakhiwo zejeli ezishisayo, futhi izinga lokushisa layo lejeli lithintwa kakhulu izinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl [198]. I-HPMC, i-ether ebalulekile exubile, nayo inezindawo zejeli ezishisayo, futhi izakhiwo zayo zejeli zihlobene nama-substituent amabili kanye nezilinganiso zazo [199].
1.2.2.2 Isakhiwo se-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
I-Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1-3, i-ether ejwayelekile engeyona i-ionic emanzini encibilika kalula. Ukusabela kwe-etherification kwe-methyl chloride ne-propylene oxide kwenziwa ukuze kutholwe i- [200,201], futhi i-chemical reaction equation iboniswa kuMfanekiso 1-4.
Kukhona i-hydroxy propoxy (-[OCH2CH(CH3)] n OH), i-methoxy (-OCH3) namaqembu e-hydroxyl angaphenduliwe kuyunithi yesakhiwo ye-HPMC ngesikhathi esifanayo, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuwukubonakaliswa kwesenzo esihlanganyelwe samaqembu ahlukahlukene. [202]. Isilinganiso phakathi kwama-substituent amabili sinqunywa ubukhulu besilinganiso sama-ejenti amabili etherifying, ukuhlushwa kanye nesisindo se-sodium hydroxide, kanye nenani lesilinganiso se-etherifying ejenti ngeyunithi yesisindo se-cellulose [203]. I-Hydroxy propoxy iyiqembu elisebenzayo, elingase libe ne-alkylated futhi i-hydroxy alkylated; leli qembu liyiqembu le-hydrophilic elineketanga elide elinamagatsha, elidlala indima ethile ekwenzeni ipulasitiki ngaphakathi kweketanga. I-Methoxy iyiqembu le-end-capping, eliholela ekungasebenzini kwalesi sizinda sokusabela ngemva kokusabela; leli qembu liyiqembu le-hydrophobic futhi linesakhiwo esifushane [204, 205]. Amaqembu e-hydroxyl angaphenduliwe nasanda kwethulwa angaqhubeka nokushintshwa, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwamakhemikhali kokugcina okuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi izici ze-HPMC ziyahlukahluka phakathi kwebanga elithile. Ku-HPMC, inani elincane lokushintsha lingenza izici zayo ze-physicochemical zihluke kakhulu [206], isibonelo, izakhiwo ze-physicochemical ze-methoxy ephezulu kanye ne-hydroxypropyl ephansi ye-HPMC ziseduze ne-MC; Ukusebenza kwe-HPMC kuseduze nalokho kwe-HPC.
1.2.2.3 Izakhiwo ze-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
(1) I-Thermogelability ye-HPMC
Iketango le-HPMC linezici eziyingqayizivele ze-hydration-dehydration ngenxa yokwethulwa kwamaqembu e-hydrophobic-methyl kanye ne-hydrophilic-hydroxypropyl. Ishintsha kancane kancane i-gelation lapho ishisa, futhi ibuyela esimweni sesixazululo ngemva kokupholisa. Okusho ukuthi, inezakhiwo zejeli ezibangelwa ukushisa, futhi i-gelation phenomenon iyinqubo ehlehliswayo kodwa engafani.
Ngokuphathelene nendlela ye-gelation ye-HPMC, kuyamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi emazingeni okushisa aphansi (ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa le-gelation), i-HPMC kusixazululo kanye nama-molecule wamanzi ase-polar ahlanganiswe ndawonye ngamabhondi e-hydrogen ukuze akhe A okuthiwa "i-birdcage" -like isakhiwo se-supramolecular. Kunokubophana okulula phakathi kwamaketanga emolekyuli ye-HPMC enamanzi, ngaphandle kwalokho, kukhona okunye ukusebenzisana okumbalwa. Lapho izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-HPMC iqala ukumunca amandla ukuze iphule izibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi nama-molecule e-HPMC, ibhubhise ukwakheka kwamangqamuzana okufana nekheji, kancane kancane ilahlekelwe amanzi abophekile ochungechungeni lwamangqamuzana, futhi iveze obala i-hydroxypropyl namaqembu e-methoxy. Njengoba izinga lokushisa liqhubeka nokwanda (ukufinyelela izinga lokushisa lejeli), ama-molecule e-HPMC kancane kancane akha isakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu ngokusebenzisa inhlangano ye-hydrophobic, amajeli e-HPMC agcina enza [160, 207, 208].
Ukwengezwa kosawoti we-inorganic kunomthelela othile ekushiseni kwejeli ye-HPMC, okunye kunciphisa izinga lokushisa lejeli ngenxa yento ebangela usawoti, kanti abanye bandisa izinga lokushisa lejeli ngenxa yesenzakalo sokuchithwa kukasawoti [209]. Ngokungezwa kosawoti njenge-NaCl, isenzakalo sokwenza usawoti ngaphandle kwenzeka futhi izinga lokushisa lejeli le-HPMC liyehla [210, 211]. Ngemva kokufakwa kukasawoti ku-HPMC, ama-molecule amanzi athambekele kakhulu ekuhlanganiseni nama-ion kasawoti, ukuze isibopho se-hydrogen phakathi kwama-molecule amanzi kanye ne-HPMC sibhujiswe, ungqimba lwamanzi oluzungeze ama-molecule e-HPMC ludliwe, futhi ama-molecule e-HPMC angakhululwa ngokushesha i-hydrophobicity. Ukuhlangana, izinga lokushisa lokwakheka kwejeli liyancipha kancane kancane. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho usawoti onjenge-NaSCN wengezwa, isenzakalo sokuchithwa kukasawoti kwenzeka futhi izinga lokushisa lejeli le-HPMC liyakhuphuka [212]. Ukuhleleka komphumela onciphayo wama-anion kumazinga okushisa ejeli yilena: SO42− > S2O32− > H2PO4− > F− > Cl− > Br− > NO3−> I- > ClO4− > SCN−, ukuhleleka kwama-cations ukwanda kwezinga lokushisa lejeli ngu: Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+ [213].
Lapho amanye ama-molecule amancane ezinto eziphilayo anjengama-alcohol e-monohydric aqukethe amaqembu e-hydroxyl engezwa, izinga lokushisa lejeli liyakhuphuka ngokunyuka kwenani elingeziwe, libonisa inani eliphezulu bese lehla kuze kube yilapho kwenzeka ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba [214, 215]. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kungenxa yesisindo sawo samangqamuzana amancane, esiqhathaniseka nesamangqamuzana amanzi ngokulandelana kobukhulu, futhi angakwazi ukuzuza ukuhlukahluka kwezinga lamangqamuzana ngemva kokuhlanganiswa.
(2) Ukunyibilika kwe-HPMC
I-HPMC inamanzi ashisayo angancibiliki namanzi abandayo afana ne-MC, kodwa ingahlukaniswa ngohlobo olubandayo lokuhlakazeka kanye nohlobo lokuhlakazeka okushisayo ngokuya ngokuncibilika kwamanzi okuhlukile [203]. I-HPMC ehlakazekile ebandayo ingahlakaza ngokushesha emanzini emanzini abandayo, futhi i-viscosity yayo iyanda ngemva kwesikhathi esithile, futhi incibilika ngempela emanzini; I-HPMC ehlakazekile ngokushisa, ngokuphambene nalokho, ibonisa i-agglomeration lapho ungeza amanzi ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi, kodwa kunzima kakhulu ukungeza. Emanzini aphezulu okushisa, i-HPMC ingahlakazwa ngokushesha, futhi i-viscosity iyanda ngemva kokuncipha kwezinga lokushisa, ibe isisombululo sangempela se-HPMC samanzi. Ukuncibilika kwe-HPMC emanzini kuhlobene nokuqukethwe kwamaqembu e-methoxy, angancibiliki emanzini ashisayo angaphezu kuka-85 °C, 65 °C no-60 °C ukusuka phezulu ukuya phansi. Ngokuvamile, i-HPMC ayincibiliki kuzincibilikisi zemvelo njenge-acetone ne-chloroform, kodwa incibilika kusisombululo esinamanzi se-ethanol kanye nezixazululo zemvelo ezixubile.
(3) Ukubekezelela usawoti kwe-HPMC
Imvelo engeyona i-ionic ye-HPMC iyenza ingakwazi ukwenziwa ionisi emanzini, ngakho-ke ngeke isabele ngama-ion ensimbi ukuze imvula. Kodwa-ke, ukwengeza usawoti kuzothinta izinga lokushisa lapho ijeli ye-HPMC yakheka khona. Lapho ukuhlushwa kukasawoti kukhuphuka, izinga lokushisa lejeli le-HPMC liyehla; lapho ukuhlushwa kukasawoti kuphansi kunephuzu le-flocculation, i-viscosity yesisombululo se-HPMC ingandiswa, ngakho-ke ekusetshenzisweni, inhloso yokuqina ingafinyelelwa ngokungeza inani elifanele likasawoti [210, 216].
(4) Ukumelana ne-Acid ne-alkali ye-HPMC
Ngokuvamile, i-HPMC inokusimama okuqinile kwe-acid-base futhi ayithinteki i-pH ku-pH 2-12. I-HPMC ikhombisa ukumelana nezinga elithile le-asidi ehlanjululwayo, kodwa ikhombisa ukuthambekela kokuncipha kwe-viscosity ye-asidi egxilile; ama-alkali anomphumela omncane kuwo, kodwa angakhula kancane bese ehlisa kancane i-viscosity yesixazululo [217, 218].
(5) Isici sethonya se-HPMC viscosity
I-HPMC iyi-pseudoplastic, isixazululo sayo sizinzile ekamelweni lokushisa, futhi i-viscosity yayo ithintwa isisindo samangqamuzana, ukugxila kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ngesikhathi sokuhlushwa okufanayo, ukuphakama kwesisindo samangqamuzana e-HPMC, ukuphakama kwe-viscosity; kumkhiqizo ofanayo wesisindo se-molecular, ukuphakama kwe-HPMC ephezulu, i-viscosity ephezulu; i-viscosity yomkhiqizo we-HPMC iyancipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, futhi ifinyelele izinga lokushisa lokwakheka kwejeli, ngokunyuka okungazelelwe kwe-viscosity ngenxa ye-gelation [9, 219, 220].
(6) Ezinye izakhiwo ze-HPMC
I-HPMC inokumelana okuqinile nama-enzyme, futhi ukumelana kwayo nama-enzyme kuyanda ngezinga lokushintsha. Ngakho-ke, umkhiqizo unekhwalithi ezinzile ngesikhathi sokugcinwa kuneminye imikhiqizo kashukela [189, 212]. I-HPMC inezici ezithile zokuhlanganisa. Amaqembu e-Hydrophobic methoxy angakhangiswa ebusweni besigaba samafutha ku-emulsion ukuze enze ungqimba oluqinile lwe-adsorption, olungasebenza njengesendlalelo sokuzivikela; amaqembu e-hydroxyl ancibilikayo emanzini angahlanganiswa namanzi ukuze kuthuthukiswe isigaba esiqhubekayo. I-Viscosity, ivimbela ukuhlangana kwesigaba esihlakazekile, inciphisa ukungezwani kwendawo, futhi iqinise i-emulsion [221]. I-HPMC ingaxutshwa nama-polymers ancibilikayo emanzini afana ne-gelatin, i-methylcellulose, i-locust bean gum, i-carrageenan ne-gum arabic ukuze kwakheke isixazululo esifana nesento esobala, futhi ingaxutshwa nama-plasticizers afana ne-glycerin ne-polyethylene glycol. [200, 201, 214].
1.2.2.4 Izinkinga ezikhona ekusetshenzisweni kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Okokuqala, intengo ephezulu ikhawulela ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kwe-HPMC. Nakuba ifilimu ye-HPMC inokucaca okuhle, izakhiwo zokuvimbela amafutha kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Kodwa-ke, intengo yayo ephezulu (cishe i-100,000/ton) ikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okubanzi, ngisho nasezinhlelweni zemithi zenani eliphakeme njengamaphilisi. Isizathu sokuthi kungani i-HPMC ibize kangaka okokuqala kungenxa yokuthi i-cellulose yempahla eluhlaza esetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-HPMC ibiza kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amaqembu amabili abambele, i-hydroxypropyl group kanye neqembu le-methoxy, axhunyelelwa ku-HPMC ngesikhathi esisodwa, okwenza inqubo yayo yokulungiselela ibe nzima kakhulu. Inkimbinkimbi, ngakho imikhiqizo ye-HPMC ibiza kakhulu.
Okwesibili, i-viscosity ephansi kanye nezakhiwo zamandla ejeli ephansi ye-HPMC emazingeni okushisa aphansi kunciphisa ukucutshungulwa kwayo ezinhlelweni ezahlukahlukene. I-HPMC iyijeli eshisayo, ekhona esimweni sesixazululo esine-viscosity ephansi kakhulu ekushiseni okuphansi, futhi ingakha ijeli eqinile efana ne-viscous ekushiseni okuphezulu, ngakho-ke izinqubo zokucubungula ezifana nokumboza, ukufutha kanye nokucwiliswa kufanele kwenziwe ekushiseni okuphezulu. . Uma kungenjalo, isisombululo sizogeleza kalula phansi, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwezinto zefilimu ezingezona ezilinganayo, ezizothinta ikhwalithi nokusebenza komkhiqizo. Ukusebenza okunjalo kokushisa okuphezulu kwandisa i-coefficient yobunzima bokusebenza, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphezulu.
1.2.3 Ijeli ebandayo yesitashi seHydroxypropyl
Isitashi siyinhlanganisela yemvelo ye-polymer ehlanganiswe yi-photosynthesis yezitshalo endaweni yemvelo. Ama-polysaccharides akhona ngokuvamile agcinwa embewini nasezigabeni zezitshalo ngendlela yama-granules kanye namaprotheni, imicu, amafutha, ushukela namaminerali. noma empandeni [222]. Isitashi akuwona kuphela umthombo oyinhloko wokudla amandla kubantu, kodwa futhi i-industrial material eluhlaza. Ngenxa yomthombo wayo obanzi, intengo ephansi, eluhlaza, yemvelo futhi evuselelekayo, iye yasetshenziswa kabanzi ekudleni nasemithi, ukuvutshelwa, ukwenza iphepha, izimboni zendwangu kanye ne-petroleum [223].
1.2.3.1 Isitashi kanye nokuphuma kwaso
Isitashi i-polymer ephezulu yemvelo eyunithi yayo yesakhiwo iyunithi ye-α-D-anhydroglucose. Amayunithi ahlukene axhunywe ngamabhondi e-glycosidic, futhi ifomula yawo yamangqamuzana ithi (C6H10O5) n. Ingxenye yochungechunge lwamangqamuzana kuma-starch granules ixhunywe yi-α-1,4 glycosidic bond, okuyi-amylose eqondile; enye ingxenye yochungechunge lwamangqamuzana ixhunywe yi-α-1,6 glycosidic bond ngalesi sisekelo, okuyi-branched amylopectin [224]. Kuma-starch granules, kunezifunda ze-crystalline lapho ama-molecule ahlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile kanye nezifunda ze-amorphous lapho ama-molecule ahlelwa ngokungahlelekile. ukwakheka kwengxenye. Awukho umngcele ocacile phakathi kwesifunda se-crystalline kanye nesifunda se-amorphous, futhi ama-amylopectin ama-molecule angadlula ezindaweni eziningi ze-crystalline nezifunda ze-amorphous. Ngokusekelwe kumvelo yemvelo ye-starch synthesis, isakhiwo se-polysaccharide esitashi siyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo zezitshalo nezindawo zomthombo [225].
Nakuba isitashi sesiphenduke enye yezinto ezibalulekile zokukhiqiza ezimbonini ngenxa yomthombo waso obanzi kanye nezakhiwo ezivuselelekayo, isitashi somdabu ngokuvamile sinezinkinga ezifana nokungancibiliki kahle kwamanzi kanye nezakhiwo zokwakha amafilimu, amakhono aphansi okufaka i-emulsifying kanye ne-gelling, kanye nokungaqini kahle okwanele. Ukuze kwandiswe uhla lwayo lokusebenza, isitashi ngokuvamile siguqulwa ngokwe-physicochemically ukuze sivumelane nezidingo ezahlukene zohlelo lokusebenza [38, 114]. Kunamaqembu amathathu e-hydroxyl yamahhala kuyunithi ngayinye yesakhiwo se-glucose kuma-molecule esitashi. Lawa maqembu e-hydroxyl asebenza kakhulu futhi anikeza isitashi esinezakhiwo ezifana nama-polyols, anikeza ithuba lokusabela kokuvela kwesitashi.
Ngemva kokuguqulwa, ezinye izakhiwo zesitashi somdabu ziye zathuthukiswa kakhulu, zanqoba ukungasebenzi kahle kwesitashi somdabu, ngakho isitashi esishintshiwe sidlala indima ebalulekile embonini yamanje [226]. Isitashi esine-oxidized singesinye sezitashi eziguquliwe ezisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinobuchwepheshe obuvuthiwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesitashi somdabu, isitashi esine-oxidized kulula ukusigaxa. Izinzuzo zokunamathela okuphezulu. I-Esterified isitashi iwukuphuma kwesitashi okwakhiwa yi-esterification yamaqembu e-hydroxyl kuma-molecule esitashi. Izinga eliphansi kakhulu lokushintsha lingashintsha kakhulu izakhiwo zesitashi somdabu. Ukungafihli kanye nezakhiwo zefilimu zokunamathisela isitashi ngokusobala ziyathuthukiswa. Isitashi se-Etherified ukusabela kwe-etherification kwamaqembu e-hydroxyl kuma-molecule esitashi ukuze kukhiqizwe i-polystarch ether, futhi ukubuyiselwa kwayo emuva kuba buthaka. Ngaphansi kwezimo eziqinile ze-alkaline lapho isitashi esifakwe i-oxidized kanye nesitashi esine-esterified asikwazi ukusetshenziswa, isibopho se-ether singahlala sizinzile. ethambekele ku-hydrolysis. Isitashi esishintshiwe nge-Acid, isitashi siphathwa nge-asidi ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-amylose, okuholela ekubuyiselweni okuthuthukisiwe kanye nokunamathisela isitashi. Ibonakala esobala futhi yenza ijeli eqinile lapho ipholisa [114].
1.2.3.2 Isakhiwo sesitashi se-Hydroxypropyl
I-Hydroxypropyl isitashi (HPS), isakhiwo sayo samangqamuzana siboniswa ku-Figure 1-4, i-ether yesitashi engeyona ionic, elungiswa ukusabela kwe-etherification ye-propylene oxide enesitashi ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkaline [223, 227, 228], kanye i-chemical reaction equation iboniswa kuMfanekiso 1-6.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlanganiswa kwe-HPS, ngaphezu kokusabela ngesitashi ukuze kukhiqizwe isitashi se-hydroxypropyl, i-propylene oxide ingaphinde isabele ngesitashi se-hydroxypropyl esikhiqiziwe ukuze ikhiqize amaketanga aseceleni e-poyoxypropyl. izinga lokushintsha. I-Degree of substitution (DS) ibhekisela enanini elimaphakathi lamaqembu e-hydroxyl ashintshiwe ngeqembu ngalinye le-glucosyl. Iningi lamaqembu e-glucosyl wesitashi aqukethe amaqembu angu-3 e-hydroxyl angashintshwa, ngakho-ke i-DS ephezulu ingu-3. I-molar degree of substitution (MS) ibhekisela esilinganisweni sesisindo sama-substitute imvukuzane ngayinye yeqembu le-glucosyl [223, 229]. Izimo zenqubo yokusabela kwe-hydroxypropylation, i-starch granule morphology, kanye nesilinganiso se-amylose ne-amylopectin kusitashi somdabu konke kuthinta usayizi we-MS.
1.2.3.3 Izakhiwo ze-hydroxypropyl isitashi
(1) I-gelation ebandayo ye-HPS
Ukuze unamathisele isitashi se-HPS esishisayo, ikakhulukazi uhlelo olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-amylose, phakathi nenqubo yokupholisa, amaketanga e-amylose yamangqamuzana kunamathisela isitashi ayathandelana ukuze akhe isakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu, futhi abonise ukuziphatha okusobala okuqinile. Iba i-elastomer, yakha ijeli, futhi ingabuyela esimweni sesixazululo ngemva kokushisa kabusha, okungukuthi, inezakhiwo zejeli ezibandayo, futhi le nto yejeli inezakhiwo ezihlehliswayo [228].
I-gelatinized amylose ihlanganiswa ngokuqhubekayo ukuze yakhe ukwakheka kwe-coaxial single helical. Ingaphandle yalezi zakhiwo ze-helical eyodwa iyiqembu le-hydrophilic, futhi ngaphakathi kune-hydrophobic cavity. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-HPS ikhona kusisombululo samanzi njengamakhoyili angahleliwe lapho amanye amasegimenti e-helical enwebeka khona. Lapho izinga lokushisa lehliswa, izibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwe-HPS namanzi ziyaphuka, amanzi esakhiwo ayalahleka, futhi izibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwamaketanga amangqamuzana ziyaqhubeka kwakheka, ekugcineni kwakheka ukwakheka kwejeli yenethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu. Isigaba sokugcwalisa kunethiwekhi yejeli yesitashi yizicucu zesitashi ezisele noma izingcezu ngemva kwe-gelatinization, futhi ukuhlangana kwe-amylopectin ethile nakho kunomthelela ekwakhekeni kwejeli [230-232].
(2) Hydrophilicity of HPS
Ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-hydrophilic hydroxypropyl kwenza buthaka amandla ezibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwama-molecule e-starch, kukhuthaza ukunyakaza kwama-molecule e-starch noma izingxenye, futhi kunciphisa izinga lokushisa elincibilikayo lama-microcrystals e-starch; isakhiwo se-starch granules siyashintshwa, futhi ubuso be-starch granules bubuhlungu Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ezinye izimbobo noma izimbobo zivela, ukuze ama-molecule amanzi angene kalula ngaphakathi kwe-starch granules, okwenza isitashi sibe lula ukuvuvukala kanye ne-gelatinize, ngakho-ke izinga lokushisa kwe-gelatinization lesitashi liyehla. Njengoba izinga lokushintsha likhula, izinga lokushisa kwe-gelatinization yesitashi se-hydroxypropyl liyehla, futhi ekugcineni lingavuvukala emanzini abandayo. Ngemuva kwe-hydroxypropylation, ukugeleza, ukuzinza okuphansi kwezinga lokushisa, ukukhanya, ukuncibilika, kanye nezakhiwo zefilimu ze-starch pastes zathuthukiswa [233-235].
(3) Ukuzinza kwe-HPS
I-HPS iyi-ether yesitashi engeyona i-ionic enokuqina okuphezulu. Ngesikhathi sokuphendula kwamakhemikhali okufana ne-hydrolysis, i-oxidation, nokuxhumanisa, ibhondi ye-ether ngeke iphuke futhi okufakwe esikhundleni ngeke kwehla. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ze-HPS azithinteki kancane ngama-electrolyte ne-pH, okuqinisekisa ukuthi zingasetshenziswa kuhlu olubanzi lwe-acid-base pH [236-238].
1.2.3.4 Ukusetshenziswa kwe-HPS emkhakheni wokudla nemithi
I-HPS ayinabo ubuthi futhi ayinambitheki, inokusebenza kahle kokugaya kanye ne-viscosity ye-hydrolyzate ephansi. Kuqashelwa njengesitashi esiguquliwe esiphephile esidliwayo ekhaya naphesheya. Ekuqaleni kwawo-1950, i-United States yagunyaza isitashi se-hydroxypropyl ukuze sisetshenziswe ngokuqondile ekudleni [223, 229, 238]. I-HPS isitashi esiguquliwe esisetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokudla, ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa njenge-ejenti ejiyayo, i-ejenti emiswayo kanye nesiqinisi.
Ingasetshenziselwa ukudla okulula nokudla okuqandisiwe njengeziphuzo, u-ayisikhilimu, nojamu; ingabuyisela ingxenye yezinsini ezidliwayo ezinenani eliphezulu njenge-gelatin; ingenziwa ibe amafilimu adliwayo futhi isetshenziswe njengezingubo zokudla kanye nokupakishwa [229, 236].
I-HPS ivame ukusetshenziswa emkhakheni wezokwelapha njengama-fillers, ama-binders ezitshalo zokwelapha, ama-disintegrants amaphilisi, izinto zokwakha amaphilisi athambile naqinile, okokugcotshwa kwezidakamizwa, ama-anti-condensing agents kumangqamuzana egazi abomvu okwenziwa nama-plasma thickeners, njll. [239] .
1.3 Ukuhlanganisa iPolymer
Izinto ze-polymer zisetshenziswa kabanzi kuzo zonke izici zokuphila futhi ziyizinto ezibalulekile nezibalulekile. Ukuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe kwenza izidingo zabantu zehluke kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile kunzima ukuthi izinto ze-polymer ezinengxenye eyodwa zihlangabezane nezidingo ezihlukahlukene zokusetshenziswa kwabantu. Ukuhlanganisa ama-polymers amabili noma ngaphezulu kuyindlela eyonga kakhulu futhi ephumelelayo yokuthola izinto ze-polymer ngentengo ephansi, ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu, ukucubungula okulula nokusetshenziswa okubanzi, okudonse ukunaka kwabacwaningi abaningi futhi kuye kwanakwa kakhulu [240-242] .
1.3.1 Inhloso kanye nendlela yokuhlanganisa i-polymer
Inhloso eyinhloko yokuhlanganisa i-polymer: (l) Ukwandisa izici eziphelele zezinto zokwakha. Ama-polymer ahlukene ayahlanganiswa, ukuze inhlanganisela yokugcina igcine izici ezinhle kakhulu ze-macromolecule eyodwa, ifunde emandleni omunye nomunye futhi igcwalise ubuthakathaka bayo, futhi ikhulise izici eziphelele zezinto ze-polymer. (2) Yehlisa izindleko zezinto ezibonakalayo. Ezinye izinto ze-polymer zinezakhiwo ezinhle kakhulu, kodwa ziyabiza. Ngakho-ke, zingahlanganiswa namanye ama-polymers angabizi ukunciphisa izindleko ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ukusetshenziswa. (3) Thuthukisa izakhiwo zokucubungula izinto. Ezinye izinto zinezinto ezinhle kakhulu kodwa kunzima ukuzicubungula, kanti amanye ama-polymer afanelekile angengezwa ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zawo zokucubungula. (4) Ukuqinisa impahla ethile yezinto. Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwento esicini esithile, enye i-polymer isetshenziselwa ukuyiguqula. (5) Thuthukisa imisebenzi emisha yezinto zokwakha.
Izindlela ezijwayelekile zokuhlanganisa i-polymer: (l) Ukuncibilika kwamakhemikhali. Ngaphansi kwesenzo sokugunda sezinto zokuhlanganisa, ama-polymer ahlukene ashiselwa ngaphezu kwezinga lokushisa lokugeleza kwe-viscous ukuze ahlanganiswe, bese epholiswa futhi enziwe i-granulated ngemva kokuhlanganisa. (2) Ukwakhiwa kabusha kwesixazululo. Izingxenye ezimbili ziyashukunyiswa futhi zixutshwe ngokusebenzisa i-solvent evamile, noma izixazululo ezihlukene ze-polymer ezincibilikisiwe zinyakaziswa ngokulinganayo, bese i-solvent ikhishwa ukuze kutholakale i-polymer compound. (3) Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-emulsion. Ngemuva kokugqugquzela nokuxuba ama-emulsions e-polymer ahlukene ohlobo olufanayo lwe-emulsifier, i-coagulant yengezwa ukuze ihlanganise i-polymer ukuze kutholwe inhlanganisela ye-polymer. (4) I-Copolymerization kanye nokuhlanganiswa. Kubandakanya i-graft copolymerization, i-block copolymerization kanye ne-copolymerization esebenzayo, inqubo yokuhlanganisa ihambisana nokusabela kwamakhemikhali. (5) Inethiwekhi exhumayo [10].
1.3.2 Ukuhlanganiswa kwama-polysaccharides emvelo
Ama-polysaccharides emvelo ayikilasi elivamile lezinto ze-polymer emvelweni, ezivame ukuguqulwa ngamakhemikhali futhi zibonise izici ezihlukahlukene ezinhle kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, izinto ezisetshenziswayo ze-polysaccharide eyodwa zivame ukuba nemikhawulo ethile yokusebenza, ngakho-ke ama-polysaccharide ahlukene avame ukuhlanganiswa ukuze kuzuzwe inhloso yokugcwalisa izinzuzo zokusebenza kwengxenye ngayinye nokwandisa ububanzi bokusebenzisa. Kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1980, ucwaningo lokuhlanganisa ama-polysaccharides emvelo ahlukene lukhule kakhulu [243]. Ucwaningo ngohlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-polysaccharide yemvelo ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe ikakhulukazi lugxile ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela ye-curdlan ne-non-curdlan kanye nohlelo lwenhlanganisela yezinhlobo ezimbili ze-polysaccharide engeyona i-curd.
1.3.2.1 Ukuhlelwa kwama-hydrogel emvelo e-polysaccharide
Ama-polysaccharides emvelo angahlukaniswa abe yi-curdlan kanye ne-non-curdlan ngokusho kwamandla abo okwenza ama-gel. Amanye ama-polysaccharides angakha ama-gel ngokwawo, ngakho abizwa ngokuthi i-curdlan, njenge-carrageenan, njll.; abanye abanazo izakhiwo ze-gelling ngokwabo, futhi babizwa nge-non-curd polysaccharides, njenge-xanthan gum.
Ama-Hydrogel angatholakala ngokuncibilikisa i-curdlan yemvelo esixazululweni esinamanzi. Ngokusekelwe ku-thermoreversibility yejeli ewumphumela kanye nokuncika kwezinga lokushisa kwe-modulus yayo, ingahlukaniswa ibe yizinhlobo ezine ezilandelayo [244]:
(1) I-Cryogel, isisombululo se-polysaccharide singathola ijeli kuphela ekushiseni okuphansi, njenge-carrageenan.
(2) Ijeli eyenziwe ngokushisa, isixazululo se-polysaccharide singathola kuphela ijeli ekushiseni okuphezulu, njengeglucomannan.
(3) Isixazululo se-polysaccharide asikwazi nje ukuthola ijeli ekushiseni okuphansi, kodwa futhi sithole ijeli ekushiseni okuphezulu, kodwa sinikeze isimo sesixazululo ekushiseni okuphakathi.
(4) Isixazululo singathola ijeli kuphela ekushiseni okuthile phakathi nendawo. I-curdlan yemvelo ehlukile inokugxila kwayo okubalulekile (okuncane), okungaphezu kwalokho ijeli engatholakala. Ukuhlushwa okubalulekile kwejeli kuhlobene nobude obuqhubekayo beketanga le-polysaccharide yamangqamuzana; amandla ejeli athintwa kakhulu ukugxila kanye nesisindo samangqamuzana esixazululo, futhi ngokuvamile, amandla ejeli ayanda njengoba ukuhlushwa kukhula [245].
1.3.2.2 Uhlelo oluyinhlanganisela lwe-curdlan ne-non-curdlan
Ukuhlanganisa i-non-curdlan ne-curdlan ngokuvamile kuthuthukisa amandla ejeli ama-polysaccharides [246]. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-konjac gum ne-carrageenan kuthuthukisa ukuzinza nokunwebeka kwejeli kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi yejeli esiyinhlanganisela, futhi kuthuthukisa kakhulu amandla ayo ejeli. Wei Yu et al. i-carrageenan ehlanganisiwe ne-konjac gum, futhi yaxoxa ngesakhiwo sejeli ngemva kokuhlanganiswa. Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kwe-carrageenan ne-konjac gum, umphumela we-synergistic wakhiqizwa, futhi isakhiwo senethiwekhi esilawulwa yi-carrageenan sakhiwa, i-konjac gum ihlakazeka kuyo, futhi inethiwekhi yayo yejeli iminyene kunaleyo ye-carrageenan ehlanzekile [247]. Kohyama et al. wafunda uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-carrageenan/konjac gum, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ngokwanda okuqhubekayo kwesisindo samangqamuzana e-konjac gum, ukucindezeleka kokuphuka kwejeli eyinhlanganisela kwaqhubeka kwanda; I-konjac gum enezisindo zamangqamuzana ezihlukene ibonise ukwakheka kwejeli okufanayo. izinga lokushisa. Kulolu hlelo lwe-compound, ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ye-gel kwenziwa yi-carrageenan, futhi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwama-molecule amabili e-curdlan kubangela ukwakheka kwezifunda ezibuthakathaka ezixhumene nesiphambano [248]. Nishinari et al. wafunda uhlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-gellan gum/konjac gum, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi umphumela wama-cations we-monovalent kujeli ehlanganisiwe wawugqame kakhulu. Ingakhuphula i-modulus yesistimu kanye nezinga lokushisa lokwakheka kwejeli. Ama-Divalent cations angakhuthaza ukwakheka kwama-gel ahlanganisiwe ngezinga elithile, kodwa amanani amaningi kakhulu azobangela ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba futhi anciphise i-modulus yesistimu [246]. Breneer et al. ihlole ukuhlanganiswa kwe-carrageenan, ushingamu wezinkumbi kanye neshingamu ye-konjac, yathola ukuthi i-carrageenan, inhlaka yesikhonyane kanye ne-konjac gum ingaveza imiphumela ehambisanayo, futhi isilinganiso esiphezulu yintshungama yesikhonyane/i-carrageenan 1:5.5, i-konjac gum/carrageenan 1:7 , futhi lapho okuthathu kuhlanganiswa ndawonye, umphumela we-synergistic uyafana nalowo we-carrageenan/konjac gum, okubonisa ukuthi akukho ukuhlanganisa okukhethekile kokuthathu. Ukuxhumana [249].
1.3.2.2 Amasistimu wekhompiyutha amabili angewona ama-curdlan
Ama-polysaccharide amabili emvelo angenazo izakhiwo zejeli angabonisa izakhiwo zejeli ngokuhlanganisa, okuholela emikhiqizweni yejeli [250]. Ukuhlanganisa ushingamu wezinkumbi ne-xanthan gum kukhiqiza umphumela we-synergistic owenza ukwakheka kwama-gel amasha [251]. Umkhiqizo omusha wejeli nawo ungatholakala ngokungeza i-xanthan gum ku-konjac glucomannan ukuze kuhlanganiswe [252]. U-Wei Yanxia et al. wafunda izakhiwo ze-rheological zenkimbinkimbi yentshungamu yesikhonyane kanye ne-xanthan gum. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi inhlanganisela kabhontshisi wesikhonyane kanye ne-xanthan gum ikhiqiza umphumela we-synergistic. Lapho isilinganiso sevolumu esiyinhlanganisela siyi-4: 6, umphumela onamandla kakhulu we-synergistic [253]. Fitzsimons et al. i-konjac glucomannan ehlanganisiwe ne-xanthan gum ekamelweni lokushisa nangaphansi kokushisisa. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi zonke izinhlanganisela zibonise izakhiwo zejeli, ezibonisa umphumela we-synergistic phakathi kokubili. Izinga lokushisa elihlanganisiwe kanye nesimo sesakhiwo se-xanthan gum akuzange kuthinte ukusebenzisana phakathi kokubili [254]. U-Guo Shoujun kanye nabanye bafunde ingxube yokuqala yendle yengulube ye-bean gum ne-xanthan gum, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi indle yengulube ushingamu kabhontshisi kanye ne-xanthan gum inomphumela oqinile we-synergistic. Isilinganiso esifanele sokuhlanganisa indle yengulube ye-bean gum kanye ne-xanthan gum compound adhesive ngu-6/4 (w/w). Kuphindwe izikhathi ezingu-102 kunesixazululo esisodwa se-soybean gum, futhi ijeli yakheka lapho ukugxila kwe-compound gum kufinyelela ku-0.4%. I-adhesive ehlanganisiwe ine-viscosity ephezulu, ukuzinza okuhle kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological, futhi iwukudla okuhle kakhulu kwezinsini [255].
1.3.3 Ukuhambisana kwezinhlanganisela ze-polymer
Ukuhambisana, ngokombono we-thermodynamic, kubhekisela ekufinyeleleni ukuhambisana kweleveli yamangqamuzana, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukunyibilika kwe-mutual. Ngokusho kwethiyori yemodeli ye-Flory-Huggins, ukuguqulwa kwamandla mahhala kwesistimu ye-polymer compound ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanganisa kuhambisana nefomula yamandla yamahhala ye-Gibbs:
△���=△���-T△S (1-1)
Phakathi kwabo, △���amandla amahhala ayinkimbinkimbi, △���ukushisa okuyinkimbinkimbi, yi-entropy eyinkimbinkimbi; izinga lokushisa eliphelele; uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi luwuhlelo oluhambisanayo kuphela lapho amandla amahhala eshintsha △���ngesikhathi senqubo eyinkimbinkimbi [256].
Umqondo wokungahlangani uvela eqinisweni lokuthi ambalwa kakhulu amasistimu angafinyelela ukuhambisana kwe-thermodynamic. I-Miscibility isho ikhono lezingxenye ezihlukene ukwenza ama-homogeneous complexes, futhi umbandela ovame ukusetshenziswa ukuthi ama-complexes abonisa indawo yokushintsha yengilazi eyodwa.
Ihlukile ekusebenzisaneni kwe-thermodynamic, ukuhambisana okujwayelekile kubhekisela ekhonweni lengxenye ngayinye ohlelweni lwekhompiyutha ukuhlalisana, okuhlongozwayo ngokombono ongokoqobo [257].
Ngokusekelwe ekusebenzisaneni okujwayelekile, amasistimu ahlanganisiwe we-polymer angahlukaniswa abe amasistimu ahambisana ngokuphelele, ahambisana kancane futhi angahambelani ngokuphelele. Uhlelo oluhambisana ngokugcwele lusho ukuthi inhlanganisela i-thermodynamically miscible ezingeni lamangqamuzana; isistimu ehambisana kancane isho ukuthi inhlanganisela iyahambisana ngaphakathi kwezinga lokushisa elithile noma ububanzi bokubunjwa; uhlelo olungahambelani ngokuphelele lusho ukuthi inhlanganisela iwukuxubeka kwezinga le-Molecular ayikwazi ukufezwa kunoma ikuphi izinga lokushisa noma ukwakheka.
Ngenxa yomehluko othile wesakhiwo kanye ne-conformational entropy phakathi kwama-polymer ahlukene, izinhlelo eziningi eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-polymer ziyahambisana ngokwengxenye noma azihambisani [11, 12]. Kuye ngokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sesistimu ye-compound kanye nezinga lokuxuba, ukuhambisana kwesistimu ehambisanayo ingxenye kuzophinde kuhluke kakhulu [11]. Izakhiwo ze-macroscopic zezinhlanganisela ze-polymer zihlobene eduze ne-microscopic morphology yazo yangaphakathi kanye nezakhiwo zomzimba namakhemikhali zengxenye ngayinye. 240], ngakho kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunda i-microscopic morphology kanye nokuhambisana kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela.
Izindlela Zokucwaninga Nezinhlamvu Zokuhambisana Kwezingxube zikaBinary:
(1) Izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi T���indlela yokuqhathanisa. Ukulinganisa i-T���kwenhlanganisela ye-T���yezingxenye zayo, uma kuphela i-T���ivela ku-compound, uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe luyisistimu ehambisanayo; uma kukhona T���, futhi ababili T���izikhundla zekhompiyutha zisemaqenjini amabili Phakathi kwamaphuzu T���ibonisa ukuthi isistimu ehlanganisiwe iyisistimu ehambisana kancane; uma kukhona T���, futhi atholakala ezindaweni zezingxenye ezimbili ze-T���, kubonisa ukuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe luyisistimu engahambisani.
T���Amathuluzi okuhlola avame ukusetshenziswa endleleni yokuqhathanisa i-dynamic thermomechanical analyzer (DMA) kanye ne-different scanning calorimeter (DSC). Le ndlela ingahlulela ngokushesha ukuhambisana kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe, kodwa uma i-T���yezingxenye ezimbili ziyefana, i-T eyodwa���izovela futhi ngemva kokuhlanganiswa, ngakho le ndlela ineziphambeko ezithile [10].
(2) Indlela yokubona i-morphological observation. Okokuqala, bheka i-macroscopic morphology ye-compound. Uma i-compound inokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba okusobala, kungahlulelwa kuqala ukuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe luwuhlelo olungahambelani. Okwesibili, i-microscopic morphology kanye nesakhiwo sesigaba se-compound sibonwa ngesibonakhulu. Izingxenye ezimbili ezihambisana ngokuphelele zizokwakha isimo se-homogeneous. Ngakho-ke, i-compound ehambisana kahle ingakwazi ukubona ukusabalalisa kwesigaba esifanayo kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana zesigaba esincane esihlakazekile. kanye nesixhumi esibonakalayo esifiphele.
Amathuluzi okuhlola avame ukusetshenziswa endleleni yokubuka i-topography i-optical microscope kanye ne-scanning electron microscope (SEM). Indlela yokubuka i-topography ingasetshenziswa njengendlela eyisizayo ngokuhlanganiswa nezinye izindlela zokuhlukanisa abalingiswa.
(3) Indlela yokubonisa izinto obala. Kusistimu eyinhlanganisela ehambisana kancane, izingxenye ezimbili zingasebenzisana ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokushisa nokwakheka, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kuzokwenzeka ngale kwalolu bubanzi. Enkambweni yokuguqulwa kwesistimu ye-compound isuka ohlelweni lwe-homogeneous kuya ohlelweni lwezigaba ezimbili, ukukhanya kwayo kuzoshintsha, ngakho-ke ukuhambisana kwayo kungafundwa ngokutadisha ukucaca kwe-compound.
Le ndlela ingasetshenziswa kuphela njengendlela yokusiza, ngoba lapho izinkomba ze-refractive zama-polymers amabili zifana, i-compound etholwe ngokuhlanganisa ama-polymers amabili angahambelani nayo iyabonakala.
(4) Indlela ye-Rheological. Kule ndlela, ukuguqulwa okungazelelwe kwemingcele ye-viscoelastic ye-compound isetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, isibonelo, ukuguqulwa okungazelelwe kwe-viscosity-temperature curve kusetshenziselwa ukumaka ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, nokuguqulwa okungazelelwe kokubonakalayo. Ijika le-shear stress-temperature lisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba. Isistimu yokuhlanganisa ngaphandle kokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba ngemva kokuhlanganiswa inokuhambisana okuhle, futhi labo abanokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba abahambisani noma uhlelo oluhambisanayo ngokwengxenye [258].
(5) Indlela yejika lika-Han. Ijika lika-Han ngu-lg���'(���) lg G”, uma ijika le-Han lesistimu yenhlanganisela ingenakho ukuncika kwezinga lokushisa, futhi ijika le-Han emazingeni okushisa ahlukene lakha ijika eliyinhloko, isistimu ehlanganisiwe iyahambisana; uma uhlelo oluyinhlanganisela luhambisana Ijika le-Han lincike kumazinga okushisa. Uma ijika le-Han lihlukanisiwe kwelinye emazingeni okushisa ahlukene futhi lingakwazi ukwakha ijika eliyinhloko, isistimu ehlanganisiwe ayihambisani noma ihambisana kancane. Ngakho-ke, ukuhambisana kwesistimu ye-compound kungahlulelwa ngokusho kokuhlukaniswa kwejika likaHan.
(6) Isixazululo se-viscosity indlela. Le ndlela isebenzisa ukuguqulwa kwe-viscosity yesisombululo ukuze ibonise ukuhambisana kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe. Ngaphansi kokugxilwa kwezixazululo ezahlukene, i-viscosity ye-compound ihlelwe ngokumelene nokwakheka. Uma kuwubudlelwano bomugqa, kusho ukuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe luhambisana ngokuphelele; uma kuwubudlelwano obungaqondile, kusho ukuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe luhambisana ngokwengxenye; uma kuyijika elimise okwe-S, khona-ke kukhombisa ukuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe aluhambisani ngokuphelele [10].
(7) I-infrared spectroscopy. Ngemva kokuba ama-polymer amabili ehlanganisiwe, uma ukuhambisana kuhle, kuzoba nokusebenzisana okufana nebhondi ye-hydrogen, futhi izindawo zebhendi zamaqembu ezimpawu ku-spectrum ye-infrared yeqembu ngalinye kuchungechunge lwe-polymer zizoshintsha. I-offset yamabhendi eqembu lesici senkimbinkimbi nengxenye ngayinye ingahlulela ukuhambisana kwesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhambisana kwama-complexes kungabuye kufundwe ngabahlaziyi be-thermogravimetric, i-X-ray diffraction, i-angle encane ye-X-ray scattering, ukusabalalisa ukukhanya, ukuhlakazeka kwe-neutron electron, i-nuclear magnetic resonance kanye namasu e-ultrasonic [10].
1.3.4 Inqubekelaphambili yocwaningo lwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/hydroxypropyl starch compounding
1.3.4.1 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose nezinye izinto
Izithako ze-HPMC nezinye izinto zisetshenziswa kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokukhishwa ezilawulwa izidakamizwa kanye nezinto zokupakisha zefilimu ezidliwayo noma ezonakele. Ekusetshenzisweni kokukhishwa okulawulwa yizidakamizwa, ama-polymers avame ukuhlanganiswa ne-HPMC ahlanganisa ama-polymers okwenziwa njenge-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), i-lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) ne-polycaprolactone (PCL), kanye namaprotheni, ama-polymers emvelo afana ama-polysaccharides. U-Abdel-Zaher et al. wafunda ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, ukuzinza kokushisa kanye nobudlelwano babo nokusebenza kwezinhlanganisela ze-HPMC/PVA, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi kukhona ukungezwani okuthile phambi kwama-polymers amabili [259]. Zabihi et al. isebenzise i-HPMC/PLGA complex ukulungisa ama-microcapsules ukuze kukhishwe i-insulin elawulwayo futhi eqhubekayo, engafinyelela ukukhululwa okuqhubekayo esiswini nasemathunjini [260]. UJaved et al. i-hydrophilic HPMC ehlanganisiwe ye-hydrophilic kanye ne-hydrophobic PCL futhi yasebenzisa izinkimbinkimbi ze-HPMC/PCL njengezinto ezincane ze-microcapsule zokukhululwa kwezidakamizwa okulawulwayo nokuqhubekayo, okungakhululwa ezingxenyeni ezihlukene zomzimba womuntu ngokulungisa isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe [261]. Ding et al. wafunda izici ze-rheological ezifana ne-viscosity, i-viscoelasticity eguquguqukayo, ukululama kwe-creep, kanye ne-thixotropy ye-HPMC/collagen complexes esetshenziswa emkhakheni wokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa okulawulwayo, enikeza isiqondiso sethiyori ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni [262]. U-Arthanari, uCai noRai et al. [263-265] Ama-complexes we-HPMC nama-polysaccharides afana ne-chitosan, i-xanthan gum, ne-sodium alginate asetshenziswe ohlelweni lokugoma nokukhululwa okuqhubekayo kwezidakamizwa, futhi imiphumela yabonisa umphumela wokukhishwa kwezidakamizwa olawulekayo [263-265].
Ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto zokupakisha zefilimu ezidliwayo noma ezonakele, ama-polymers avame ukuhlanganiswa ne-HPMC ikakhulukazi ama-polymers emvelo afana nama-lipids, amaprotheni nama-polysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes kanye Contreras-Oliva et al. ulungise ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela oludliwayo olune-HPMC/lipid complexes, futhi walusebenzisa ekulondolozeni ama-plums, utamatisi we-cherry kanye ne-citrus, ngokulandelana. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ulwelwesi oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-HPMC/lipid lwalunomphumela omuhle we-antibacterial wokugcinwa okusha [266-268]. UShetty, uRubilar, noDing et al. wafunda izakhiwo zemishini, ukuzinza okushisayo, i-microstructure, nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye zamafilimu ahlanganisiwe adliwayo alungiselelwe kusuka ku-HPMC, amaprotheni kasilika, i-whey protein isolate, ne-collagen, ngokulandelana [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. yakha i-HPMC ne-gelatin ukuze ilungiselele amafilimu adliwayo azosetshenziswa ezintweni zokupakisha ezisekelwe ku-bio [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata kanye Ortega-Toro et al. ilungiselele i-HPMC/chitosan HPMC/xyloglucan, HPMC/ethyl cellulose kanye ne-HPMC/starch edidiyelwe amafilimu ayinhlanganisela, ngokulandelana, futhi yafunda ukuzinza kwayo okushisayo, izakhiwo zemishini, i-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-antibacterial [139, 272-274]. Inhlanganisela ye-HPMC/PLA ingasetshenziswa futhi njengempahla yokupakisha yezimpahla zokudla, imvamisa nge-extrusion [275].
Ekuthuthukisweni kwezinto zokupakisha zefilimu ezidliwayo noma ezonakele, ama-polymers avame ukuhlanganiswa ne-HPMC ikakhulukazi ama-polymers emvelo afana nama-lipids, amaprotheni nama-polysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes kanye Contreras-Oliva et al. ulungise ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela oludliwayo olune-HPMC/lipid complexes, futhi walusebenzisa ekulondolozeni ama-plums, utamatisi we-cherry kanye ne-citrus, ngokulandelana. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ulwelwesi oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-HPMC/lipid lwalunomphumela omuhle we-antibacterial wokugcinwa okusha [266-268]. UShetty, uRubilar, noDing et al. wafunda izakhiwo zemishini, ukuzinza okushisayo, i-microstructure, nokusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye zamafilimu ahlanganisiwe adliwayo alungiselelwe kusuka ku-HPMC, amaprotheni kasilika, i-whey protein isolate, ne-collagen, ngokulandelana [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. yakha i-HPMC ne-gelatin ukuze ilungiselele amafilimu adliwayo azosetshenziswa ezintweni zokupakisha ezisekelwe ku-bio [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata kanye Ortega-Toro et al. ilungiselele i-HPMC/chitosan HPMC/xyloglucan, HPMC/ethyl cellulose kanye ne-HPMC/starch edidiyelwe amafilimu ayinhlanganisela, ngokulandelana, futhi yafunda ukuzinza kwayo okushisayo, izakhiwo zemishini, i-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-antibacterial [139, 272-274]. Inhlanganisela ye-HPMC/PLA ingasetshenziswa futhi njengempahla yokupakisha yezimpahla zokudla, imvamisa nge-extrusion [275].
1.3.4.2 Ukuhlanganiswa kwesitashi nezinye izinto
Ucwaningo lokuhlanganisa isitashi nezinye izinto ekuqaleni lwalugxile ezintweni ezihlukahlukene ze-hydrophobic aliphatic polyester, okuhlanganisa i-polylactic acid (PLA), i-polycaprolactone (PCL), i-polybutene succinic acid (PBSA), njll. 276]. Muller et al. wafunda ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zezinhlanganisela zesitashi/PLA kanye nokusebenzisana phakathi kwalokhu okubili, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukusebenzisana phakathi kwalokhu okubili kwakubuthakathaka futhi izakhiwo zemishini yezinhlanganisela zazingezinhle [277]. UCorrea, uKomur noDiaz-Gomez et al. wafunda izakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo ze-rheological, izakhiwo ze-gel kanye nokuhambisana kwezingxenye ezimbili ze-starch / PCL complexes, ezisetshenziswe ekuthuthukiseni izinto ezibolayo, izinto ze-biomedical kanye ne-Tissue Engineering Scaffolding Materials [278-280]. U-Okika et al. ithole ukuthi ingxube ye-cornstarch ne-PBSA ithembisa kakhulu. Lapho okuqukethwe isitashi kungu-5-30%, ukwandisa okuqukethwe kwe-starch granules kungakhuphula i-modulus futhi kunciphise ukucindezeleka okuqinile nokwelula ngesikhathi sekhefu [281,282]. I-Hydrophobic aliphatic polyester ayihambisani ne-thermodynamically nesitashi se-hydrophilic, futhi okuhambisanayo okuhlukahlukene kanye nezithasiselo kuvame ukungezwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenzelana kwesigaba phakathi kwesitashi ne-polyester. I-Szadkowska, i-Ferri, ne-Li et al. wafunda imiphumela ye-plasticizers esekelwe ku-silanol, uwoyela we-linhydride we-maleic anhydride, kanye nokuphuma kwamafutha emifino asebenzayo esakhiweni nasezindaweni ze-starch / PLA complexes, ngokulandelana [283-285]. Ortega-Toro, Yu et al. isebenzise i-citric acid ne-diphenylmethane diisocyanate ukuze ihambisane nesitashi / PCL inhlanganisela nesitashi / i-PBSA inhlanganisela, ngokulandelana, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo nokuzinza [286, 287].
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwenziwa ucwaningo olwengeziwe mayelana nokuhlanganiswa kwesitashi nama-polymers emvelo afana namaprotheni, ama-polysaccharides nama-lipids. U-Teklehaimanot, uSahin-Nadeen noZhang et al bafunde izakhiwo ze-physicochemical of isitashi/zein, isitashi/whey amaprotheni kanye nesitashi/gelatin complexes, ngokulandelana, futhi imiphumela yonke ithole imiphumela emihle, engasetshenziswa kuma-biomaterials okudla nama-capsules [52, 288, 289]. U-Lozanno-Navarro, uTalon noRen et al. wafunda ukudluliswa kokukhanya, izakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo ze-antibacterial kanye nokugxila kwe-chitosan kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela yesitashi/chitosan, ngokulandelana, futhi wengeza okukhishwe kwemvelo, ama-polyphenols etiye namanye ama-antibacterial emvelo ukuze kuthuthukiswe umphumela wokulwa namagciwane wefilimu eyinhlanganisela. Imiphumela yocwaningo ibonisa ukuthi ifilimu eyinhlanganisela yesitashi/chitosan inamandla amakhulu ekufakweni okusebenzayo kokudla nemithi [290-292]. Kaushik, Ghanbarzadeh, Arvanitoyannis, and Zhang et al. wafunda izakhiwo ze-starch/cellulose nanocrystals, isitashi/carboxymethylcellulose, isitashi/methylcellulose, namafilimu ayinhlanganisela yesitashi/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, ngokulandelana, kanye nezicelo eziyinhloko ezintweni zokupakisha ezidliwayo/ezibolayo [293-295]. UDafe, uJumaidin noLascombes et al. wafunda izinhlanganisela ze-starch/food gum ezifana nesitashi/pectin, isitashi/i-agar kanye nesitashi/i-carrageenan, esetshenziswa ikakhulukazi emkhakheni wokudla nokupakishwa kokudla [296-298]. Izakhiwo ze-physicochemical of tapioca isitashi / uwoyela wommbila, isitashi / i-lipid complexes zafundwa nguPerez, De et al., Ngokuyinhloko ukuqondisa inqubo yokukhiqiza ukudla okukhishwe [299, 300].
1.3.4.3 Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kanye nesitashi
Njengamanje, azikho izifundo eziningi ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC kanye nesitashi ekhaya naphesheya, futhi iningi lazo lengeza inani elincane le-HPMC ku-matrix yesitashi ukuze kuthuthukiswe isimo sokuguga sesitashi. Jimenez et al. isebenzise i-HPMC ukunciphisa ukuguga kwesitashi somdabu ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukungeneka kolwelwesi lwesitashi. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-HPMC kunciphisa ukuguga kwesitashi futhi kwandise ukuguquguquka kwe-membrane eyinhlanganisela. I-oxygen permeability ye-membrane eyinhlanganisela yanda kakhulu, kodwa ukusebenza okungangeni kwamanzi akuzange kwenzeke. Kushintshile kangakanani [301]. Villacres, Basch et al. i-HPMC ehlanganisiwe ne-tapioca isitashi ukuze kulungiswe izinto zokupakisha zefilimu eziyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/isitashi, futhi yacwaninga umphumela we-glycerin we-plasticizing efilimu eyinhlanganisela kanye nemithelela ye-potassium sorbate ne-nisin ezintweni ezilwa namagciwane zefilimu eyinhlanganisela. Imiphumela Ibonisa ukuthi ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, i-modulus enwebekayo namandla aqinile efilimu eyinhlanganisela ayakhula, ubude besikhathi sokuphumula buyehla, futhi ukuvuthwa komphunga wamanzi kunomphumela omncane; I-potassium sorbate ne-nisin zombili zingathuthukisa ifilimu eyinhlanganisela. Umphumela we-antibacterial wezinto ezimbili ezilwa namagciwane ungcono uma usetshenziswa ndawonye [112, 302]. Ortega-Toro et al. yafunda izici ze-HPMC/isitashi esiyinhlanganisela yolwelwesi olushisayo, futhi yafunda umphumela we-citric acid ezimpahleni zolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi i-HPMC yahlakazeka esigabeni esiqhubekayo sesitashi, futhi kokubili i-citric acid ne-HPMC yaba nomthelela ekugugeni kwesitashi. ngezinga elithile lokuvinjelwa [139]. U-Ayorinde et al. kusetshenziswe ifilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/starch ukuze kuhlanganiswe i-amlodipine yomlomo, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi isikhathi sokuhlakazeka kanye nezinga lokukhululwa kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela kwakukuhle kakhulu [303].
UZhao Ming et al. wafunda umphumela wesitashi esilinganisweni sokugcinwa kwamanzi kwamafilimu e-HPMC, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi isitashi ne-HPMC zibe nomphumela othile wokusebenzisana, okubangele ukwanda okuphelele kwezinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi [304]. UZhang et al. wafunda izakhiwo zefilimu zenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS kanye nezici ze-rheological zesixazululo. Imiphumela ibonisa ukuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS lunokuhambisana okuthile, ukusebenza kolwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe kuhle, kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological ze-HPS kuya ku-HPMC Zinomphumela omuhle wokulinganisa [305, 306]. Kunezifundo ezimbalwa ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/starch olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPMC, futhi iningi lazo lisocwaningweni lokusebenza olungajulile, futhi ucwaningo lwethiyori ngohlelo lwenhlanganisela alukho ngokuqhathaniswa, ikakhulukazi ijeli ye-HPMC/HPS ebuyiselwe emuva ukushisa okubandayo. -ijeli eyinhlanganisela yesigaba. Izifundo zemechanical zisesesimweni esingenalutho.
1.4 I-Rheology yama-polymer complexes
Enqubweni yokucubungula izinto ze-polymer, ukugeleza nokuguqulwa kuzokwenzeka nakanjani, futhi i-rheology isayensi ehlola ukugeleza kanye nemithetho yokuguqulwa kwezinto [307]. Ukugeleza kuyimpahla yezinto eziwuketshezi, kuyilapho ukuguqulwa kuyimpahla yezinto eziqinile (crystalline). Ukuqhathaniswa okujwayelekile kokugeleza kwe-liquid kanye nokuguqulwa okuqinile kungokulandelayo:
Ekusetshenzisweni kwezimboni ezisebenzayo zezinto ze-polymer, i-viscosity yazo kanye ne-viscoelasticity inquma ukusebenza kwazo kokucubungula. Enkambweni yokucubungula nokubunjwa, ngokushintshwa kwesilinganiso se-shear, i-viscosity yezinto ze-polymer ingaba nobukhulu obukhulu bemiyalo eminingana yobukhulu. Shintsha [308]. Izakhiwo ze-Rheological ezifana ne-viscosity kanye ne-shear thinning zithinta ngokuqondile ukulawulwa kokumpompa, ukuxutshwa, ukuhlakazeka nokufafaza ngesikhathi sokucutshungulwa kwezinto ze-polymer, futhi yizinto ezibaluleke kakhulu zezinto ze-polymer.
1.4.1 I-Viscoelasticity yama-polymer
Ngaphansi kwamandla angaphandle, uketshezi lwe-polymer alukwazi ukugeleza kuphela, kodwa futhi lubonise ukuguquguquka, okubonisa uhlobo lokusebenza "lwe-viscoelasticity", futhi ingqikithi yalo ukuhlalisana "kwezigaba ezimbili eziqinile-ezimanzi" [309]. Kodwa-ke, le viscoelasticity ayiyona i-viscoelasticity eqondile ekuguquguqukeni okuncane, kodwa i-viscoelasticity engaqondile lapho okubalulekile kukhombisa ukuwohloka okukhulu nokucindezeleka isikhathi eside [310].
Isixazululo samanzi se-polysaccharide semvelo sibizwa nangokuthi i-hydrosol. Kusixazululo se-dilute, ama-macromolecules e-polysaccharide asesimweni samakhoyili ahlukanisiwe. Lapho ukugxila kukhuphukela enanini elithile, amakhoyili e-macromolecular angena ngaphakathi futhi adlulele komunye nomunye. Inani libizwa ngokuthi ukugxila okubalulekile [311]. Ngaphansi kokuhlushwa okubucayi, i-viscosity yesisombululo iphansi kakhulu, futhi ayithinteki ngesilinganiso se-shear, ebonisa ukuziphatha kwe-Newtonian fluid; lapho ukuhlushwa okubucayi kufinyelelwa, ama-macromolecules aqala ukuhamba eyedwa aqala ukuhlangana, futhi i-viscosity yesisombululo iyanda kakhulu. ukwanda [312]; kuyilapho lapho ukugxila kudlula ukugxila okubucayi, ukugunda kwe-shear kuyabonwa futhi isisombululo sibonisa ukuziphatha okungezona kwe-Newtonian fluid [245].
Amanye ama-hydrosol angenza amajeli ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile, futhi izici zawo ze-viscoelastic ngokuvamile zibonakala ngesitoreji semodulus G', ukulahlekelwa kwemodulus G” kanye nokuncika kwemvamisa yawo. I-modulus yokugcina ihambisana nokunwebeka kwesistimu, kuyilapho i-modulus yokulahlekelwa ihambisana ne-viscosity yesistimu [311]. Ezixazululweni ze-dilute, akukho ukugoqana phakathi kwama-molecule, ngakho-ke phezu kwebanga elibanzi lamafrikhwensi, i-G′ incane kakhulu kuno-G″, futhi ibonise ukuncika okuqinile kwefrikhwensi. Njengoba i-G′ kanye no-G″ ilingana nemvamisa ethi ω kanye ne-quadratic yayo, ngokulandelana, lapho imvamisa iphakeme, G′ > G″. Uma ukugxila kuphezulu kunokugxilisa okubalulekile, i-G′ kanye no-G″ kusenokuncika kwemvamisa. Uma i-frequency iphansi, G′ < G″, futhi i-frequency ikhuphuka kancane kancane, kokubili kuzowela, futhi kubuyele emuva ku-G′ > endaweni ye-high frequency G”.
Iphuzu elibalulekile lapho i-polysaccharide hydrosol yemvelo ishintsha khona ibe ijeli ibizwa ngokuthi i-gel point. Kunezincazelo eziningi ze-gel point, futhi evame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu incazelo ye-viscoelasticity eguquguqukayo ku-rheology. Uma imodulus G′ yohlelo ilingana nemodulus yokulahlekelwa G″, iyiphoyinti lejeli, kanye noG′ > G″ Ukwakheka kweGel [312, 313].
Amanye ama-molecule e-polysaccharide emvelo enza izinhlangano ezibuthakathaka, futhi isakhiwo sawo sejeli sibhujiswa kalula, futhi u-G' mkhulu kancane kuno-G”, okubonisa ukuncika kwemvamisa ephansi; kuyilapho amanye ama-molecule e-polysaccharide emvelo engakwazi ukwakha izifunda ezizinzile ezixhumanisa, okuyinto Isakhiwo sejeli sinamandla, i-G′ inkulu kakhulu kune-G″, futhi ayinakho ukuncika kwemvamisa [311].
1.4.2 Ukuziphatha kwe-reological of polymer complexes
Ukuze uthole uhlelo lwe-polymer ehambisana ngokugcwele, i-compound iyisistimu ye-homogeneous, futhi i-viscoelasticity yayo ngokuvamile iyisamba sezakhiwo ze-polymer eyodwa, futhi i-viscoelasticity yayo ingachazwa ngemithetho elula ye-empirical [314]. Ukuzijwayeza kufakazele ukuthi isistimu ye-homogeneous ayihambisani nokuthuthukiswa kwezakhiwo zayo zemishini. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinye izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezinezakhiwo ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba zisebenza kahle kakhulu [315].
Ukuhambisana kwesistimu yekhompiyutha ehambisana kancane izothinteka yizici ezifana nesilinganiso senhlanganisela yesistimu, isilinganiso se-shear, izinga lokushisa kanye nesakhiwo sengxenye, okubonisa ukuhambisana noma ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, futhi ukuguquka kusuka ekuvumelaneni kuya ekuhlukaniseni kwesigaba akunakugwenywa. okuholela ekushintsheni okuphawulekayo ku-viscoelasticity yesistimu [316, 317]. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nezifundo eziningi mayelana nokuziphatha kwe-viscoelastic kwezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-polymer ezihambisana kancane. Ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha kwe-rheological yesistimu eyinhlanganisela endaweni yokuhambisana kuveza izici zesistimu ye-homogeneous. Endaweni yokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, ukuziphatha kwe-rheological kuhluke ngokuphelele endaweni ye-homogeneous futhi kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.
Ukuqonda izakhiwo ze-rheological zesistimu yokuhlanganisa ngaphansi kokugxila okuhlukene, izilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe, amazinga e-shear, amazinga okushisa, njll. kubaluleke kakhulu ekukhethweni okulungile kobuchwepheshe bokucubungula, ukuklama okunengqondo kwamafomula, ukulawula okuqinile kwekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, nokunciphisa ukukhiqizwa okufanele. ukusetshenziswa kwamandla. [309]. Isibonelo, ngezinto ezizwela ukushisa, i-viscosity yezinto ezibonakalayo ingashintshwa ngokulungisa izinga lokushisa. Futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kokucubungula; qonda indawo yokunciphisa i-shear yento, khetha izinga elifanele lokugunda ukuze ulawule ukusebenza kokucubungula kwento, futhi uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza.
1.4.3 Izici ezithinta izici ze-rheological zenhlanganisela
1.4.3.1 Ukuqanjwa
Izakhiwo zomzimba kanye namakhemikhali kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi sesistimu ehlanganisiwe kuwukubonakaliswa okuphelele kweminikelo ehlanganisiwe yezakhiwo zengxenye ngayinye kanye nokuxhumana phakathi kwezingxenye. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali zengxenye ngayinye ngokwayo zinendima enqumayo ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela. Izinga lokuhambisana phakathi kwama-polymers ahlukene liyahlukahluka kakhulu, amanye ahambisana kakhulu, kanti amanye awahambisani ngokuphelele.
1.4.3.2 Isilinganiso sesistimu ehlanganisiwe
I-viscoelasticity kanye ne-mechanical properties ye-polymer compound system izoshintsha kakhulu ngokushintsha kwe-compound ratio. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela sinquma umnikelo wengxenye ngayinye ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe, futhi sithinta ingxenye ngayinye. ukusebenzisana kanye nokusabalalisa kwesigaba. U-Xie Yajie et al. ifunde i-chitosan/hydroxypropyl cellulose futhi yathola ukuthi i-viscosity ye-compound yanda kakhulu ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-hydroxypropyl cellulose [318]. UZhang Yayuan et al. wafunda inkimbinkimbi ye-xanthan gum kanye nesitashi sommbila futhi wathola ukuthi lapho isilinganiso se-xanthan gum singu-10%, i-coefficient yokuvumelana, ukucindezeleka kwesivuno kanye nenkomba ye-fluid yesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi yanda kakhulu. Ngokusobala [319].
1.4.3.3 Izinga lokugunda
Uketshezi oluningi lwe-polymer uketshezi lwe-pseudoplastic, olungahambisani nomthetho ka-Newton wokugeleza. Isici esiyinhloko ukuthi i-viscosity ngokuyisisekelo ayishintshile ngaphansi kwe-shear ephansi, futhi i-viscosity iyancipha kakhulu ngokunyuka kwezinga le-shear [308, 320]. Ijika lokugeleza loketshezi lwe-polymer lingahlukaniswa cishe libe yizifunda ezintathu: isifunda esiphansi se-shear sase-Newtonian, isifunda sokugunda kwe-shear kanye nesifunda esizinzile se-shear. Uma izinga lokugunda liba uziro, ukucindezelwa kanye nobunzima kuba ngomugqa, futhi indlela yokugeleza koketshezi ifana noketshezi oluyi-Newtonian. Ngalesi sikhathi, i-viscosity ijwayele inani elithile, elibizwa ngokuthi i-zero-shear viscosity η0. U-η0 ubonisa isikhathi esiphezulu sokuphumula sento futhi iyipharamitha ebalulekile yezinto ze-polymer, ehlobene nesilinganiso sesisindo sengqamuzana se-polymer namandla okuqalisa okugeleza kwe-viscous. Endaweni yokunciphisa i-shear, i-viscosity iyancipha kancane kancane ngokunyuka kwezinga le-shear, futhi kwenzeka "i-shear thinning". Le ndawo iyindawo yokugeleza ejwayelekile ekucutshungulweni kwezinto ze-polymer. Esifundeni esiphezulu sokuzinza kwe-shear, njengoba izinga le-shear liqhubeka nokukhula, i-viscosity ijwayele enye njalo, i-viscosity ye-shear engapheli η∞, kodwa lesi sifunda ngokuvamile sinzima ukufinyelela.
1.4.3.4 Izinga lokushisa
Izinga lokushisa lithinta ngokuqondile ukuqina kokunyakaza okungahleliwe okushisayo kwama-molecule, okungathinta kakhulu ukusebenzisana kwama-intermolecular njengokusabalalisa, umumo we-molecular chain, kanye nokubambeka. Ngokuvamile, ngesikhathi sokugeleza kwezinto ze-polymer, ukunyakaza kwamaketanga e-molecular kwenziwa ngezigaba; njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ivolumu yamahhala iyanda, futhi ukumelana nokugeleza kwezigaba kunciphisa, ngakho-ke i-viscosity iyancipha. Kodwa-ke, kwamanye ama-polymers, njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, ukuhlangana kwe-hydrophobic kwenzeka phakathi kwamaketanga, ngakho-ke i-viscosity iyanda esikhundleni.
Ama-polymer ahlukahlukene anamazinga ahlukene okuzwela izinga lokushisa, futhi i-polymer efanayo ephezulu inemiphumela ehlukene ekusebenzeni komshini wayo kumazinga okushisa ahlukene.
1.5 Ukubaluleka kocwaningo, inhloso yocwaningo nokuqukethwe kocwaningo lwalesi sihloko
1.5.1 Ukubaluleka kocwaningo
Nakuba i-HPMC iyinto ephephile futhi edliwayo esetshenziswa kakhulu emkhakheni wokudla nemithi, inezinto ezinhle zokwakha ifilimu, ezihlakazayo, ezijiyayo, neziqinisayo. Ifilimu ye-HPMC iphinde ibe nokungafihli kahle, izakhiwo zokuvimbela uwoyela, kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Kodwa-ke, intengo yayo ephezulu (cishe i-100,000/ton) ikhawulela ukusetshenziswa kwayo okubanzi, ngisho nasezinhlelweni zemithi zenani eliphakeme njengamaphilisi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-HPMC iyijeli elenziwa ngokushisa okushisayo, elikhona esimweni sesixazululo esine-viscosity ephansi ekushiseni okuphansi, futhi lingakha ijeli eliqinile le-viscous ekushiseni okuphezulu, ngakho-ke izinqubo zokucubungula ezifana nokumboza, ukufutha kanye nokucwilisa kumele Ithwalwe. ukuphuma ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, okuholela ekusetshenzisweni kwamandla okukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nezindleko zokukhiqiza eziphezulu. Izakhiwo ezifana ne-viscosity ephansi namandla ejeli e-HPMC emazingeni okushisa aphansi anciphisa ukucutshungulwa kwe-HPMC ezinhlelweni eziningi.
Ngokuphambene, i-HPS iyimpahla edliwayo eshibhile (engaba ngu-20,000/ton) futhi esetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokudla nemithi. Isizathu esenza i-HPMC ibize kangaka ukuthi i-cellulose yempahla eluhlaza esetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-HPMC ibiza kakhulu kunesitashi sempahla eluhlaza esisetshenziselwa ukulungisa i-HPS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-HPMC ixhunyelelwa ngezinto ezimbili ezibambele, i-hydroxypropyl ne-methoxy. Ngenxa yalokho, inqubo yokulungiselela iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho intengo ye-HPMC iphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo ye-HPS. Le phrojekthi ithemba ukushintsha amanye ama-HPMC abizayo nge-HPS yamanani aphansi, futhi yehlise intengo yomkhiqizo ngesisekelo sokugcina imisebenzi efanayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-HPS iyijeli ebandayo, ekhona esimweni sejeli se-viscoelastic ekushiseni okuphansi futhi yakha isisombululo esigelezayo ekushiseni okuphezulu. Ngakho-ke, ukwengeza i-HPS ku-HPMC kunganciphisa izinga lokushisa lejeli le-HPMC futhi kwandise i-viscosity yayo ekushiseni okuphansi. namandla ejeli, okwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwawo emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ifilimu edliwayo ye-HPS inezinto ezinhle zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo, ngakho ukwengeza i-HPS ku-HPMC kungathuthukisa izici zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo wefilimu edliwayo.
Kafushane, inhlanganisela ye-HPMC ne-HPS: Okokuqala, inokubaluleka okubalulekile kwethiyori. I-HPMC ijeli eshisayo, kanti i-HPS ijeli ebandayo. Ngokuhlanganisa lezi zinto ezimbili, kunethiyori iphuzu lokushintsha phakathi kwamajeli ashisayo nabandayo. Ukusungulwa kohlelo lwejeli olubandayo nolushisayo lwe-HPMC/HPS kanye nocwaningo lwayo lwemishini lunganikeza indlela entsha yocwaningo lwalolu hlobo lwesistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo neshisayo ehlehlisiwe, esungulwe umhlahlandlela wetiyori. Okwesibili, kunganciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza futhi kuthuthukise inzuzo yomkhiqizo. Ngokuhlanganisa i-HPS ne-HPMC, izindleko zokukhiqiza zingancishiswa ngokwezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla okukhiqiza, futhi inzuzo yomkhiqizo ingathuthukiswa kakhulu. Okwesithathu, ingathuthukisa ukusebenza kokucubungula futhi yandise uhlelo lokusebenza. Ukwengezwa kwe-HPS kungakhuphula ukugxilisa ingqondo namandla ejeli e-HPMC ekushiseni okuphansi, futhi kuthuthukise ukusebenza kwayo kokucubungula ekushiseni okuphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusebenza komkhiqizo kungathuthukiswa. Ngokungeza i-HPS ukuze kulungiswe ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/HPS, izici zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo zefilimu edliwayo zingathuthukiswa.
Ukuhambisana kohlelo lwekhompiyutha ye-polymer kunganquma ngokuqondile i-morphology ye-microscopic kanye nezakhiwo eziphelele ze-compound, ikakhulukazi izakhiwo zemishini. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha ukuhambisana kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS. Kokubili i-HPMC ne-HPS ama-polysaccharides angama-hydrophilic aneyunithi ye-glucose yesakhiwo efanayo futhi ashintshwa yiqembu elifanayo elisebenzayo i-hydroxypropyl, okuthuthukisa kakhulu ukuhambisana kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS. Kodwa-ke, i-HPMC ijeli ebandayo futhi i-HPS ijeli eshisayo, futhi ukuziphatha kwejeli okuphambene kokubili kuholela esimweni sokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sohlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS. Kafushane, i-morphology yesigaba kanye noshintsho lwesigaba sesistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo eshisayo ye-HPMC/HPS iyinkimbinkimbi impela, ngakho-ke ukuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kwalolu hlelo kuzothakazelisa kakhulu.
Isakhiwo se-morphological kanye nokuziphatha kwe-rheological yezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ze-polymer kuhlobene. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuziphatha kwe-rheological ngesikhathi sokucubungula kuzoba nomthelela omkhulu kusakhiwo se-morphological yesistimu; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuziphatha kwe-rheological kwesistimu kungabonisa ngokunembile izinguquko zesakhiwo se-morphological yesistimu. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha izakhiwo ze-rheological ze-HPMC/HPS uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokuqondisa ukukhiqizwa, ukucubungula nokulawula ikhwalithi.
Izakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nesakhiwo se-morphological, ukuhambisana kanye ne-rheology ye-HPMC/HPS ebandayo ne-hot gel compound system iyaguquguquka, futhi ithintwa uchungechunge lwezici ezifana nokugxila kwesisombululo, isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe, isilinganiso se-shear kanye nezinga lokushisa. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-microscopic morphological kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic zesistimu eyinhlanganisela bungalawulwa ngokulawula ukwakheka kwe-morphological kanye nokuhambisana kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela.
1.5.2 Inhloso yocwaningo
I-HPMC/HPS i-HPMC/HPS ebandayo neshisa i-reversed-phase gel compound system yakhiwa, izakhiwo zayo ze-rheological zafundwa, futhi imiphumela yesakhiwo esingokomzimba nesamakhemikhali sezingxenye, isilinganiso sokuhlanganisa kanye nezimo zokucubungula kuzakhiwo ze-rheological zesistimu zahlolwa. Ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/HPS yalungiswa, futhi izakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nezakhiwo zemishini, ukungena komoya kanye nezakhiwo zefilimu zahlolisiswa, futhi izici ezinethonya nemithetho kwahlolisiswa. Tadisha ngokuhlelekile ukuguqulwa kwesigaba, ukuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba se-HPMC/HPS yesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi ye-gel ehlanekezelwe eshisayo, uhlole izici zayo ezinomthelela nezindlela, futhi uthole ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-microscopic morphological kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu. Isakhiwo se-morphological kanye nokuhambisana kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela kusetshenziswa ukulawula izakhiwo zezinto ezihlanganisiwe.
1.5.3 Okuqukethwe kocwaningo
Ukuze kuzuzwe inhloso yocwaningo elindelekile, leli phepha lizokwenza lolu cwaningo olulandelayo:
(1) Yakha i-HPMC/HPS uhlelo lwenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo neshisayo ehlehlisiwe, futhi usebenzise i-rheometer ukutadisha izakhiwo ze-rheological zesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela, ikakhulukazi imiphumela yokugxilisa ingqondo, ukuhlanganisa isilinganiso kanye nesilinganiso se-shear ku-viscosity kanye nenkomba yokugeleza uhlelo lwe-compound. Ithonya kanye nomthetho wezakhiwo ze-rheological ezifana ne-thixotropy ne-thixotropy kwaphenywa, futhi indlela yokwakheka kwejeli ehlanganisiwe ebandayo neshisayo yahlolisiswa kuqala.
(2) Ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/HPS yalungiswa, futhi isibonakhulu se-electron yokuskena yasetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe umthelela wezakhiwo ezingokwemvelo zengxenye ngayinye kanye nesilinganiso sokwakheka ku-morphology ye-microscopic yefilimu eyinhlanganisela; umhloli wempahla oyimishini wasetshenziselwa ukutadisha izici ezingokwemvelo zengxenye ngayinye, ukwakheka kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela Ithonya lesilinganiso kanye nomswakama ohlobene nendawo ezungezile ezimpahleni zemishini zefilimu eyinhlanganisela; ukusetshenziswa komhloli wezinga lokudlulisela komoya-mpilo kanye ne-UV-Vis spectrophotometer ukuze kufundwe imiphumela yezakhiwo ezingokwemvelo zezingxenye kanye nesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela endaweni komoya-mpilo kanye nezindawo zokudlulisa ukukhanya zefilimu eyinhlanganisela Ukuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kwe-HPMC/HPS ebandayo- I-hot inverse composite system yejeli yafundwa ngokuskena i-electron microscopy, ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-thermomechanical ashukumisayo.
(3) Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-microscopic morphology kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ze-HPMC/HPS isistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli eshisayo eshisayo eshisayo yasungulwa. Ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/HPS yalungiswa, futhi ithonya lokuhlushwa kwe-compound kanye ne-compound ratio ekusabalaliseni kwesigaba kanye nokuguqulwa kwesigaba sesampula kwafundwa nge-microscope optical kanye nendlela yokudaya iodine; Umthetho wethonya wokugxilisa okuhlanganisiwe kanye nesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela kuzakhiwo zemishini kanye nezakhiwo zokudlulisa ukukhanya kwamasampula wasungulwa. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ze-HPMC/HPS isistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli eshisayo eshisayo iye yaphenywa.
(4) Imithelela yedigri yokushintsha ye-HPS ezimpahleni ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli ze-HPMC/HPS isistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli eshisayo eshisayo ehlanekezelwe. Imiphumela ye-HPS substitution degree, izinga le-shear kanye nezinga lokushisa ku-viscosity nezinye izakhiwo ze-rheological zesistimu ye-compound, kanye nephuzu lokushintsha ijeli, ukuncika kwe-modulus frequency kanye nezinye izakhiwo zejeli kanye nemithetho yazo yafundwa ngokusebenzisa i-rheometer. Ukusatshalaliswa kwesigaba esincike kumazinga okushisa kanye nokuguqulwa kwesigaba samasampuli kufundwe ngokungcoliswa kwe-iodine, futhi indlela ye-gelation ye-HPMC/HPS yesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi ye-gel eshintshashintshayo yesigaba esibandayo yachazwa.
(5) Imithelela yokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali se-HPS ezimpahleni ezinkulu kanye nokuhambisana kwe-HPMC/HPS yesistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli eshisayo eshintshashintshayo. Ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/HPS yalungiswa, futhi umphumela we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree esakhiweni sekristalu kanye nesakhiwo sesizinda esincane sefilimu esiyinhlanganisela yacwaningwa ngobuchwepheshe bokusabalalisa imisebe ye-synchrotron ye-X-ray encane. Umthetho wethonya we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree ezicini zemishini zolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela wacwaningwa umhloli wempahla oyimishini; umthetho wethonya we-HPS substitution degree ekungeneni komoya-mpilo we-membrane eyinhlanganisela yafundwa umhloli we-oxygen permeability; i-HPS hydroxypropyl Ithonya ledigri yokushintshanisa iqembu ekuzinzeni okushisayo kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS.
Isahluko 2 Ucwaningo lwe-Rheological lwesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS
Amafilimu emvelo asuselwa ku-polymer angalungiswa ngendlela elula emanzi [321]. Okokuqala, i-polymer iyancibilika noma ihlakazwe esigabeni se-liquid ukuze kulungiswe uketshezi lwefilimu oludliwayo noma ukumiswa kwefilimu, bese igxiliswa ngokususa i-solvent. Lapha, ukuhlinza ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngokomisa ezingeni lokushisa elithe ukukhuphuka kancane. Le nqubo ngokuvamile isetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza amafilimu adliwayo apakishwe kusengaphambili, noma ukumboza umkhiqizo ngokuqondile ngesixazululo sokwenza ifilimu ngokucwilisa, ukuxubha noma ukufutha. Idizayini yokucutshungulwa kwefilimu edliwayo idinga ukutholwa kwedatha enembile ye-rheological yoketshezi olwakha ifilimu, olubaluleke kakhulu ekulawuleni ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo wamafilimu okupakishwa okudliwayo kanye nezingubo zokumboza [322].
I-HPMC iyisinamathiselo esishisayo, esakha ijeli ekushiseni okuphezulu futhi isesimweni sesixazululo ekushiseni okuphansi. Le mpahla yejeli eshisayo yenza i-viscosity yayo ekushiseni okuphansi ibe phansi kakhulu, engahambisani nezinqubo ezithile zokukhiqiza ezifana nokudipha, ukuxubha nokucwiliswa. ukusebenza, okuholela ekusebenzeni kabi emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Ngokuphambene, i-HPS ijeli ebandayo, isimo sejeli se-viscous ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Isimo sesixazululo se-viscosity ephansi. Ngakho-ke, ngokuhlanganiswa kokubili, izakhiwo ze-rheological ze-HPMC ezifana ne-viscosity ekushiseni okuphansi zingalinganiswa ngezinga elithile.
Lesi sahluko sigxile emiphumeleni yokugxilisa isixazululo, isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe kanye nezinga lokushisa ezimpahleni ze-rheological ezifana ne-zero-shear viscosity, inkomba yokugeleza kanye ne-thixotropy ye-HPMC/HPS uhlelo lwenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo eshisayo eshisayo. Umthetho wokwengeza usetshenziselwa ukudingida ngaphambilini ukuhambisana kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe.
2.2 Indlela yokuhlola
2.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwesixazululo esiyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
Qala ukale i-HPMC ne-HPS impushana eyomile, bese uxuba ngokugxila ku-15% (w/w) kanye nezilinganiso ezihlukene zika-10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10; bese ufaka i-70 ° C Emanzini C, gxuma ngokushesha ngamaminithi angu-30 ku-120 rpm/min ukuze uhlakaze ngokugcwele i-HPMC; bese ushisa ikhambi libe ngaphezu kuka-95 °C, ugovuze ngokushesha ihora elingu-1 ngesivinini esifanayo ukuze ugcwalise ngokuphelele i-HPS; i-gelatinization iqediwe Ngemva kwalokho, izinga lokushisa lesisombululo lancipha ngokushesha libe ngu-70 ° C, futhi i-HPMC yahlakazwa ngokugcwele ngokuvuselela ngesivinini esincane se-80 rpm / min imizuzu engu-40. (Konke i-w/w kulesi sihloko yilezi: isisekelo sobuningi besampula/isamba sesixazululo sengqikithi).
2.2.2 Izici ze-Rheological zesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS
2.2.2.1 Umgomo wokuhlaziya i-rheological
I-rheometer ejikelezayo ifakwe izinsimbi ezihambisanayo eziya phezulu naphansi, futhi ukugeleza kwe-shear okulula kungenziwa ngokunyakaza okuhlobene phakathi kwama-clamps. I-rheometer ingahlolwa kumodi yesinyathelo, imodi yokugeleza kanye nemodi ye-oscillation: kumodi yesinyathelo, i-rheometer ingafaka ukucindezeleka kwesikhashana kusampula, esetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuhlola impendulo yesici sesikhashana kanye nesikhathi esizinzile sesampula. Ukuhlola kanye nempendulo ye-viscoelastic njengokuphumula kokucindezeleka, ukukhasa nokululama; kumodi yokugeleza, i-rheometer ingasebenzisa ukucindezeleka okuqondile kusampula, esetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukuhlola ukuncika kwe-viscosity yesampula ku-shear rate kanye nokuncika kwe-viscosity ekushiseni kanye ne-thixotropy; kwimodi ye-oscillation, i-rheometer ingakwazi ukukhiqiza ukucindezeleka kwe-sinusoidal alternating oscillating, okusetshenziselwa ngokuyinhloko ukunqunywa kwesifunda se-viscoelastic esiqondile, ukuhlolwa kokuzinza okushisayo kanye nokushisa kwe-gelation yesampula.
2.2.2.2 Indlela yokuhlola imodi yokugeleza
Kwasetshenziswa ipuleti elihambisanayo elinobubanzi obungu-40 mm, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwamapuleti kwakusethwe ku-0.5 mm.
1. I-viscosity iyashintsha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Izinga lokushisa lokuhlola lalingu-25 °C, izinga lokugunda lalingu-800 s-1, futhi isikhathi sokuhlola sasingu-2500 s.
2. I-viscosity iyahlukahluka ngokwezinga lokugunda. Izinga lokushisa lokuhlola ngu-25 °C, izinga langaphambi kokugunda 800 s-1, isikhathi sangaphambi kokugunda 1000 s; isilinganiso se-shear 10²-10³s.
Ukucindezelwa kwe-shear (τ ) nezinga lokugunda (γ) lilandela umthetho wamandla we-Ostwald-de Waele:
̇τ=K.γ n (2-1)
lapho τ kuyinto ukucindezeleka phuca, Pa;
γ izinga lokugunda, s-1;
n inkomba ye-liquidity;
U-K yi-coefficient ye-viscosity, i-Pa·sn.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-viscosity (ŋ) yesixazululo se-polymer kanye nesilinganiso sokugunda (γ) singafakwa yi-carren modulus:
Phakathi kwazo,ŋ0viscosity phuca, Pa s;
ŋ∞i-viscosity ye-shear engapheli, i-Pa s;
λ isikhathi sokuphumula, s;
n iyinkomba yokunciphisa i-shear;
3. Indlela yokuhlola ye-thixotropy enezigaba ezintathu. Izinga lokushisa lokuhlola lingu-25 °C, a. Isiteji sokumisa, izinga lokugunda ngu-1 s-1, futhi isikhathi sokuhlola yi-50 s; b. Isiteji sokugunda, izinga lokugunda liyi-1000 s-1, futhi isikhathi sokuhlola siyi-20 s; c. Inqubo yokubuyisela isakhiwo , izinga lokugunda ngu-1 s-1, futhi isikhathi sokuhlola amasekhondi angu-250.
Enqubweni yokubuyiswa kwesakhiwo, izinga lokutakula lesakhiwo ngemva kwesikhathi esihlukile sokubuyisela liboniswa izinga lokubuyisela i-viscosity:
DSR=ŋt ⁄ ŋ╳100%
Phakathi kwazo,ŋt yi-viscosity ngesikhathi sokubuyiselwa kwesakhiwo ts, Pa s;
hŋyi-viscosity ekupheleni kwesigaba sokuqala, Pa s.
2.3 Imiphumela Nezingxoxo
2.3.1 Umthelela wesikhathi sokugunda ezimpahleni ze-rheological zesistimu eyinhlanganisela
Ngezinga eliqhubekayo lokugunda, i-viscosity ebonakalayo ingase ibonise amathrendi ahlukene ngokukhula kwesikhathi sokugunda. Umfanekiso 2-1 ubonisa ijika elivamile le-viscosity ngokumelene nesikhathi ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS. Kungabonakala emfanekisweni ukuthi ngokunwetshwa kwesikhathi sokugunda, i-viscosity ebonakalayo iyancipha ngokuqhubekayo. Lapho isikhathi sokugunda sifinyelela cishe ku-500 s, i-viscosity ifinyelela esimweni esizinzile, okubonisa ukuthi i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ngaphansi kokugunda ngesivinini esikhulu kunenani elithile. Ukuncika kwesikhathi, okungukuthi, i-thixotropy iboniswa phakathi kwebanga lesikhathi elithile.
Ngakho-ke, lapho ufunda umthetho wokuguquguquka kwe-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ngesilinganiso se-shear, ngaphambi kokuhlolwa kwangempela kwe-shear-state, isikhathi esithile sokushefa kwangaphambili siyadingeka ukuze kuqedwe ithonya le-thixotropy ohlelweni lwe-compound. . Ngakho-ke, umthetho wokuhlukahluka kwe-viscosity nge-shear rate njengento eyodwa itholakala. Kulesi sivivinyo, i-viscosity yawo wonke amasampuli ifinyelele esimweni esizinzile ngaphambi kwe-1000 s ngezinga eliphezulu lokugunda lika-800 1/s ngesikhathi, elingahleliwe lapha. Ngakho-ke, kumklamo wokuhlola wesikhathi esizayo, ukugunda kwangaphambili kwe-1000 s ngezinga eliphezulu lokugunda lika-800 1 / s kwamukelwa ukuze kuqedwe umphumela we-thixotropy wawo wonke amasampuli.
2.3.2 Umphumela wokugxilisa ingqondo ezimpahleni ze-rheological zohlelo oluyinhlanganisela
Ngokuvamile, i-viscosity yezixazululo ze-polymer iyanda ngokwanda kokugxila kwesisombululo. Umfanekiso 2-2 ubonisa umphumela wokugxilisa ingqondo ekuncikeni kwesilinganiso sokugunda kwe-viscosity yokwakheka kwe-HPMC/HPS. Kusukela emfanekisweni, singabona ukuthi ngezinga elifanayo le-shear, i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ikhula kancane kancane ngokunyuka kokugxila kwesixazululo. I-viscosity yezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ezinokugxilisa okuhlukene zehla kancane kancane ngokwanda kwesilinganiso sokugunda, okubonisa into esobala yokuncipha kwe-shear, ebonisa ukuthi izixazululo eziyinhlanganisela ezinokugxilisa okuhlukene kwakungezoketshezi lwe-pseudoplastic. Kodwa-ke, ukuncika kwesilinganiso se-shear se-viscosity kubonise ukuthambekela okuhlukile ngokushintsha kokugxila kwesixazululo. Uma ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo kuphansi, isenzakalo sokunciphisa i-shear sesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela sincane; ngokwanda kokugxila kwesixazululo, ukwenzeka kwe-shear thinning yesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela kubonakala kakhulu.
2.3.2.1 Umthelela wokugxilisa ingqondo ku-zero shear viscosity yesistimu ehlanganisiwe
I-viscosity-shear rate curves yesistimu ye-compound ekugxilweni okuhlukene ifakwe imodeli ye-Carren, futhi i-viscosity ye-zero-shear yesisombululo se-compound yakhishwa (0.9960 <R₂< 0.9997). Umthelela wokugxilisa ingqondo ku-viscosity yesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela ungaqhubeka ufundwe ngokufunda ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-zero shear viscosity nokugxila. Kusuka kumfanekiso 2-3, kungabonwa ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-zero-shear viscosity kanye nokugxila kwesixazululo esiyinhlanganisela kulandela umthetho wamandla:
lapho u-k no-m bengama-constants.
Ku-coordinate ye-logarithmic ephindwe kabili, kuye ngobukhulu be-slope m, kungabonakala ukuthi ukuncika ekugxiliseni kwethula amathrendi amabili ahlukene. Ngokusho kwethiyori ye-Dio-Edwards, ekugxilweni okuphansi, i-slope iphakeme (m = 11.9, R2 = 0.9942), okuyingxenye ye-dilute solution; ngenkathi isezingeni eliphezulu, umthambeka uphansi ngokuqhathaniswa (m = 2.8, R2 = 0.9822), okungeyesixazululo se-sub-Concentrated. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlushwa okubalulekile kwe-C * yesistimu ye-compound kunganqunywa ukuthi kube yi-8% ngokusebenzisa ukuhlangana kwalezi zifunda ezimbili. Ngokusho kobudlelwane obuvamile phakathi kwezifunda ezahlukene kanye nokugxila kwama-polymers esixazululweni, imodeli yesimo samangqamuzana ye-HPMC/HPS uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe kusisombululo sokushisa okuphansi kuyahlongozwa, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2-3.
I-HPS ijeli ebandayo, iyisimo sejeli emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi iyisimo sesixazululo ekushiseni okuphezulu. Ezingeni lokushisa lokuhlola (25 ° C), i-HPS iyisimo sejeli, njengoba kuboniswe endaweni yenethiwekhi eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka emfanekisweni; ngokuphambene nalokho, i-HPMC iyijeli eshisayo, Ezingeni lokushisa lokuhlola, isesimweni sesixazululo, njengoba kuboniswe ku-molecule yomugqa obomvu.
Kusixazululo se-dilute se-C <C*, amaketanga e-molecular HPMC akhona ikakhulukazi njengezakhiwo zamaketanga ezizimele, futhi ivolumu engabaliwe yenza amaketanga ahluke komunye nomunye; ngaphezu kwalokho, isigaba sejeli se-HPS sisebenzisana nama-molecule ambalwa e-HPMC ukuze kwakheke lonke Ifomu kanye namaketanga azimele e-molecule e-HPMC akhona ngokuhlukana komunye nomunye, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2-2a.
Ngokugxila okukhulayo, ibanga phakathi kwamaketanga amangqamuzana azimele kanye nezifunda zesigaba liyehla kancane kancane. Lapho ukuhlushwa okubalulekile kwe-C * kufinyelelwa, ama-molecule e-HPMC asebenzisana nesigaba sejeli se-HPS akhula kancane kancane, futhi amaketanga azimele e-HPMC aqala ukuxhuma omunye nomunye, enze isigaba se-HPS njengesikhungo se-gel, futhi amaketanga e-molecular HPMC ahlanganiswe. futhi ehlangene nomunye. Isimo se-microgel siboniswa kuMfanekiso 2-2b.
Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kokugxila, C > C *, ibanga phakathi kwezigaba zejeli le-HPS liyancishiswa nakakhulu, futhi amaketanga e-polymer e-HPMC abanjwe kanye nesifunda sesigaba se-HPS siba yinkimbinkimbi futhi ukusebenzisana kunamandla kakhulu, ngakho-ke isisombululo sibonisa ukuziphatha. efana naleyo yokuncibilika kwe-polymer, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 2-2c.
2.3.2.2 Umthelela wokugxilisa ingqondo ekuziphatheni koketshezi lwesistimu ehlanganisiwe
Umthetho wamandla we-Ostwald-de Waele (bona ifomula (2-1)) usetshenziselwa ukulingana nokucindezelwa kwe-shear namajika esilinganiso sokugunda (okungaboniswa embhalweni) wesistimu ehlanganisiwe enokugxila okuhlukile, kanye nenkomba yokugeleza n kanye ne-viscosity coefficient. K ingatholakala. , umphumela ofanelekile unjengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2-1.
Ithebula 2-1 Inkomba ye-Flow behavior (n) kanye ne-fluid consistency index (K) yesisombululo se-HPS/HPMC esinokugxila okuhlukahlukene ku-25 °C
I-exponent yokugeleza ye-Newtonian fluid ingu-n = 1, i-exponent yokugeleza ye-pseudoplastic fluid ingu-n <1, futhi okukude kuya ku-n kuchezuka ku-1, i-pseudoplasticity yoketshezi iqina, futhi i-exponent yokugeleza yoketshezi olunwebekayo ngu-n > 1. Kungabonakala kuThebula 2-1 ukuthi amanani we-n wezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ezinokugxila okuhlukile konke angaphansi kuka-1, okubonisa ukuthi izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe zonke ziyi-pseudoplastic fluids. Emazingeni aphansi, inani le-n lesisombululo esilungisiwe liseduze no-0, okubonisa ukuthi isisombululo se-comcentration esiphansi siseduze ne-Newtonian fluid, ngoba kusixazululo se-low-concentration compound, amaketanga e-polymer akhona ngokuzimela komunye nomunye. Ngokukhula kokugxila kwesixazululo, inani le-n lesistimu ehlanganisiwe liye lehla kancane kancane, okwakubonisa ukuthi ukwanda kokugxila kuthuthukisa ukuziphatha kwe-pseudoplastic kwesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela. Ukusebenzisana okufana nokugxambukela kwenzeka phakathi nesigaba se-HPS, futhi ukuziphatha kwayo kokugeleza kwakuseduze nalokho kokuncibilika kwe-polymer.
Ekugxilweni okuphansi, i-viscosity coefficient K yesistimu ye-compound incane (C <8%, K <1 Pa·sn), futhi ngokwanda kokugxila, inani le-K lesistimu ye-compound liyakhula kancane kancane, okubonisa ukuthi i-viscosity uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwehla, oluhambisana nokuncika kokugxila kwe-zero shear viscosity.
2.3.3 Ithonya lesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa ezimpahleni ze-rheological zohlelo oluhlanganisayo
Fig. 2-4 Viscosity vs. shear rate of HPMC/HPS solution with different blend ratio at 25 °C
Ithebula 2-2 Inkomba yokuziphatha kokugeleza (n) kanye nenkomba yokuvumelana koketshezi (K) yesisombululo se-HPS/HPMC esinesilinganiso esihlukene senhlanganisela ku-25 °
Amanani 2-4 abonisa umphumela wokuhlanganisa isilinganiso ekuncikeni kwesilinganiso sokugunda kwe-HPMC/HPS i-viscosity yesisombululo esihlanganisiwe. Kungabonakala emfanekisweni ukuthi i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound enokuqukethwe kwe-HPS ephansi (HPS <20%) ayishintshi kakhulu ngokunyuka kwezinga le-shear, ikakhulukazi ngoba ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe olunokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-HPS , i-HPMC esimweni sesixazululo. ekushiseni okuphansi yisigaba esiqhubekayo; i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPS kancane kancane iyancipha ngokunyuka kwezinga lokugunda, okubonisa isenzakalo esicacile sokunciphisa i-shear, okubonisa ukuthi isisombululo esiyinhlanganisela siwuketshezi oluyi-pseudoplastic. Ngesilinganiso esifanayo sokugunda, i-viscosity yesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela iyanda ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukuthi i-HPS isesimweni sejeli se-viscous ekushiseni okuphansi.
Kusetshenziswa umthetho wamandla we-Ostwald-de Waele (bona ifomula (2-1)) ukuze kulingane amajika esilinganiso se-shear-shear (akuboniswanga embhalweni) wezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ezinezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe ezihlukene, i-exponent yokugeleza n kanye ne-viscosity coefficient K, imiphumela efanelekile ikhonjiswe kuThebula 2-2. Kuyabonakala etafuleni ukuthi 0.9869 < R2 < 0.9999, umphumela ofanele ungcono. Inkomba yokugeleza n yohlelo lwekhompiyutha iyancipha kancane kancane ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, kuyilapho i-viscosity coefficient K ibonisa umkhuba okhula kancane kancane nokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, okubonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-HPS kwenza isisombululo esiyinhlanganisela sibe ne-viscous futhi kube nzima ukugeleza. . Lo mkhuba uhambisana nemiphumela yocwaningo luka-Zhang, kodwa ngokwesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, inani elingu-n lesisombululo esihlanganisiwe lingaphezu komphumela ka-Zhang [305], okungenxa yokuthi ukugunda kwangaphambi kwesikhathi kwenziwa kulokhu kuhlolwa ukuze kuqedwe umphumela we-thixotropy. iyaqedwa; umphumela we-Zhang uwumphumela wesenzo esihlanganisiwe se-thixotropy ne-shear rate; ukuhlukaniswa kwalezi zindlela ezimbili kuzoxoxwa ngakho ngokuningiliziwe eSahlukweni sesi-5.
2.3.3.1 Umthelela wesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa ku-zero shear viscosity yohlelo lokuhlanganisa
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-rheological zohlelo lwekhompiyutha ye-homogeneous polymer kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological zezingxenye ohlelweni kuvumelana nomthetho wokuhlanganisa we-logarithmic. Ngohlelo oluhlanganisa izingxenye ezimbili, ubudlelwano phakathi kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe nengxenye ngayinye bungavezwa ngezibalo ezilandelayo:
Phakathi kwabo, u-F yipharamitha yempahla ye-rheological yesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi;
I-F1, F2 yimingcele ye-rheological yengxenye 1 kanye nengxenye 2, ngokulandelana;
∅1 kanye no-∅2 yinqwaba yezingxenye zengxenye 1 kanye nengxenye 2, ngokulandelana, kanye no-∅1 ∅2.
Ngakho-ke, i-viscosity ye-zero-shear yesistimu yenhlanganisela ngemva kokuhlanganiswa nezilinganiso ezihlukahlukene zokuhlanganisa ingabalwa ngokuvumelana nesimiso se-logarithmic summation ukuze kubalwe inani elibikezelwe elihambisanayo. Amanani okuhlola ezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe anezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe ezihlukene ayesakhishwa ngokufakwa kwe-carren kwejika le-viscosity-shear rate. Inani elibikezelwe le-viscosity ye-shear enguziro yesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS enezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe ezihlukene iqhathaniswa nevelu yokuhlola, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 2-5.
Ingxenye yomugqa onachashazi esithombeni inani elibikezelwe le-viscosity ye-shear enguziro yesixazululo esiyinhlanganisela esitholwe umthetho wesamba se-logarithmic, futhi igrafu yomugqa onachashazi inani lokuhlola lesistimu ehlanganisiwe enezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe ezihlukene. Kungabonakala emfanekisweni ukuthi inani lokuhlola lesixazululo esiyinhlanganisela libonisa ukuchezuka okuthile okuhle-negative-okuhlobene nomthetho wokuhlanganisa, okubonisa ukuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe alukwazi ukufeza ukuhambisana kwe-thermodynamic, futhi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe luwukuhlakazeka kwesigaba okuqhubekayo izinga lokushisa eliphansi Isakhiwo "solwandle-isiqhingi" sesistimu yezigaba ezimbili; futhi ngokunciphisa okuqhubekayo kwesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa se-HPMC/HPS, isigaba esiqhubekayo sesistimu yokuhlanganisa sishintshile ngemva kokuba isilinganiso sokuhlanganisa sibe ngu-4:6. Isahluko sidingida kabanzi ucwaningo.
Kungabonakala ngokucacile emfanekisweni ukuthi lapho isilinganiso senhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS sikhulu, uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lunokuchezuka okungalungile, okungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi i-viscosity ephezulu ye-HPS isatshalaliswa esimweni sesigaba esihlakazekile endaweni ephansi ye-viscosity ye-HPMC yesigaba esiqhubekayo esimaphakathi. . Ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, kukhona ukuphambuka okuhle ohlelweni lwe-compound, okubonisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esiqhubekayo kwenzeka ohlelweni lwe-compound ngalesi sikhathi. I-HPS ene-viscosity ephezulu iba yisigaba esiqhubekayo sesistimu ehlanganisiwe, kuyilapho i-HPMC ihlakazeka esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPS esimweni esifanayo.
2.3.3.2 Umthelela wesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa ekuziphatheni koketshezi lwesistimu yokuhlanganisa
Amanani 2-6 abonisa inkomba yokugeleza n yesistimu ehlanganisiwe njengomsebenzi wokuqukethwe kwe-HPS. Njengoba inkomba yokugeleza engu-n ifakwe kusukela kusixhumanisi selogi-logarithmic, n nansi isamba somugqa. Kungabonakala emfanekisweni ukuthi ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, inkomba yokugeleza n yesistimu ye-compound iyancipha kancane kancane, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPS inciphisa izakhiwo ze-Newtonian fluid yesisombululo senhlanganisela futhi ithuthukise ukuziphatha kwayo kwe-pseudoplastic fluid. Ingxenye engezansi yisimo sejeli esine-viscosity ephakeme. Kungase futhi kubonakale emfanekisweni ukuthi ubudlelwano phakathi kwenkomba yokugeleza yesistimu ehlanganisiwe kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-HPS kuhambisana nobudlelwano bomugqa (i-R2 yi-0.98062), lokhu kubonisa ukuthi uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lunokuhambisana okuhle.
2.3.3.3 Umthelela wesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa ku-viscosity coefficient yohlelo lokuhlanganisa
Umfanekiso 2-7 ubonisa i-viscosity coefficient K yesisombululo esihlanganisiwe njengomsebenzi wokuqukethwe kwe-HPS. Kungabonakala ngesibalo ukuthi inani le-K le-HPMC emsulwa lincane kakhulu, kuyilapho inani le-K le-HPS emsulwa likhulu kunawo wonke, elihlobene nezakhiwo zejeli ze-HPMC ne-HPS, ezisesimeni sesixazululo kanye nejeli ngokulandelana izinga lokushisa eliphansi. Uma okuqukethwe kwengxenye ye-viscosity ephansi kuphezulu, okungukuthi, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPS kuphansi, i-viscosity coefficient yesisombululo se-compound iseduze naleyo ye-low-viscosity component HPMC; ngenkathi lapho okuqukethwe kwengxenye ye-viscosity ephezulu kuphezulu, inani le-K lesisombululo se-compound likhuphuka ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS landa kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPS yandisa i-viscosity ye-HPMC ekushiseni okuphansi. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kubonisa umnikelo we-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo ku-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound. Ezimweni ezihlukene lapho ingxenye ye-viscosity ephansi iyisigaba esiqhubekayo futhi ingxenye ye-viscosity ephezulu yisigaba esiqhubekayo, umnikelo we-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo ku-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ngokusobala ihlukile. Lapho i-HPMC ye-viscosity ephansi iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ikakhulukazi ibonisa umnikelo we-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo; futhi lapho i-high-viscosity HPS iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-HPMC njengesigaba esihlakazekile izonciphisa i-viscosity ye-high-viscosity HPS. umphumela.
2.3.4 Thixotropy
Thixotropy ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukuzinza kwezinto noma izinhlelo eziningi, ngoba i-thixotropy ingathola ulwazi ngesakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye nezinga lomonakalo ngaphansi kwamandla okugunda [323-325]. Thixotropy ingahlotshaniswa nemiphumela yesikhashana kanye nomlando we-shear oholela ekushintsheni kwe-microstructural [324, 326]. Indlela ye-thixotropic enezigaba ezintathu yasetshenziselwa ukutadisha umphumela wezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa kuzakhiwo ze-thixotropic zesistimu yokuhlanganisa. Njengoba kungabonwa ku-Figure 2-5, wonke amasampula abonisa amazinga ahlukene e-thixotropy. Ngamazinga aphansi e-shear, i-viscosity yesisombululo senhlanganisela yanda kakhulu ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, okwakuhambisana noshintsho lwe-viscosity ye-zero-shear nokuqukethwe kwe-HPS.
Idigri yokutakula kwesakhiwo i-DSR yamasampuli ayinhlanganisela ngesikhathi sokutakula esihlukile ibalwa ngefomula (2-3), njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula 2-1. Uma i-DSR <1, isampula inokumelana okuphansi kwe-shear, futhi isampula i-thixotropic; ngokuphambene, uma i-DSR> 1, isampula ine-anti-thixotropy. Kusuka etafuleni, singabona ukuthi inani le-DSR le-HPMC ehlanzekile liphezulu kakhulu, cishe i-1, lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-molecule ye-HPMC iyiketanga eliqinile, futhi isikhathi sayo sokuphumula sifushane, futhi isakhiwo sibuyiselwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kwamandla aphezulu okugunda. Inani le-DSR le-HPS liphansi uma kuqhathaniswa, okuqinisekisa izici zayo eziqinile ze-thixotropic, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi i-HPS iyiketango eliguquguqukayo futhi isikhathi sayo sokuphumula side. Isakhiwo asizange silulame ngokugcwele phakathi nesikhathi sokuhlola.
Ukuze uthole isisombululo se-compound, ngesikhathi esifanayo sokutakula, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kukhulu kune-70%, i-DSR iyancipha ngokushesha ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, ngoba i-HPS ye-molecular chain iyiketango eliguquguqukayo, kanye nenani lamaketanga aqinile wamangqamuzana. ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe luyanda ngokungezwa kwe-HPS. Uma kuncishisiwe, isikhathi sokuphumula sengxenye ye-molecular system ye-compound sindiswa, futhi i-thixotropy ye-compound system ayikwazi ukubuyiselwa ngokushesha ngaphansi kwesenzo se-shear ephezulu. Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kungaphansi kwama-70%, i-DSR iyanda ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, okukhombisa ukuthi kukhona ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamaketanga wamangqamuzana e-HPS kanye ne-HPMC ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela, okuthuthukisa ukuqina okuphelele kwamangqamuzana. izingxenye ohlelweni lwe-compound futhi kunciphisa isikhathi sokuphumula sesistimu ye-compound sincishisiwe, futhi i-thixotropy iyancipha.
Ukwengeza, inani le-DSR lesistimu ehlanganisiwe laliphansi kakhulu kune-HPMC ehlanzekile, ebonisa ukuthi i-thixotropy ye-HPMC yathuthukiswa kakhulu ngokuhlanganisa. Amanani e-DSR amasampula amaningi ohlelweni lwekhompiyutha ayemakhulu kunalawo e-HPS ehlanzekile, okubonisa ukuthi ukuzinza kwe-HPS kwathuthukiswa ngezinga elithile.
Kungase futhi kubonakale etafuleni ukuthi ngezikhathi ezihlukene zokubuyisela, amanani e-DSR wonke abonisa iphuzu eliphansi kakhulu lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kungu-70%, futhi lapho okuqukethwe kwesitashi kungaphezu kuka-60%, inani le-DSR lenkimbinkimbi liphakeme lokho kwe-HPS emsulwa. Amanani e-DSR phakathi kwama-10 s awo wonke amasampuli asondelene kakhulu namanani okugcina e-DSR, okubonisa ukuthi ukwakheka kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela ngokuyisisekelo kuqedele iningi lemisebenzi yokuvuselela isakhiwo phakathi nemizuzwana eyi-10. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi amasampula ayinhlanganisela anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPS akhombise ukuthambekela kokukhula ekuqaleni bese ehla ngokwandisa isikhathi sokuthola kabusha, okukhombisa ukuthi amasampula ayinhlanganisela nawo akhombisa izinga elithile le-thixotropy ngaphansi kwesenzo se-shear ephansi, futhi isakhiwo sabo singazinzile.
Ukuhlaziywa kwekhwalithi ye-thixotropy yezigaba ezintathu kuyahambisana nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kweringi ye-thixotropic ebikiwe, kodwa imiphumela yokuhlaziywa komthamo ayihambisani nemiphumela yokuhlolwa kweringi ye-thixotropic. I-thixotropy ye-HPMC/HPS system compound ikalwe ngendlela ye-thixotropic ring kanye nokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS [305]. Ukuwohloka kwaqala kwehla kwase kwanda. Ukuhlolwa kwendandatho ye-thixotropic kungaqagela kuphela ubukhona bento ye-thixotropic, kodwa ayikwazi ukukuqinisekisa, ngoba indandatho ye-thixotropic iwumphumela wesenzo esifanayo sesikhathi sokugunda kanye nesilinganiso se-shear [325-327].
2.4 Isifinyezo salesi sahluko
Kulesi sahluko, ijeli eshisayo i-HPMC kanye nejeli ebandayo ye-HPS yasetshenziswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko ukuze kwakhiwe uhlelo oluyinhlanganisela lwezigaba ezimbili lwejeli ebandayo neshisayo. Ithonya lezakhiwo ze-rheological ezifana ne-viscosity, iphethini yokugeleza kanye ne-thixotropy. Ngokusho kobudlelwano obujwayelekile phakathi kwezifunda ezahlukahlukene kanye nokugxila kwama-polymers esixazululweni, imodeli yesimo samangqamuzana ye-HPMC/HPS uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe kusixazululo sokushisa okuphansi kuyahlongozwa. Ngokomgomo we-logarithmic summation wezakhiwo zezingxenye ezihlukene ohlelweni lwekhompiyutha, ukuhambisana kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe kwafundwa. Okutholakele okuyinhloko imi kanje:
- Amasampula ayinhlanganisela anomumo ohlukene wonke akhombisa izinga elithile lokugunda kwe-shear, kanye nezinga lokugunda ukugunda lenyuka ngokwanda kokugxilisa ingqondo.
- Ngokukhula kokugxila, inkomba yokugeleza yesistimu ye-compound yehla, futhi i-viscosity ye-zero-shear kanye ne-viscosity coefficient yanda, okubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuqinile kwesistimu ye-compound kwathuthukiswa.
- Kukhona ukuhlushwa okubalulekile (i-8%) ohlelweni lwe-HPMC / HPS, ngaphansi kokuhlushwa okubucayi, amaketanga e-molecular HPMC kanye nesifunda sesigaba se-HPS se-gel esixazululweni se-compound zihlukaniswa komunye nomunye futhi zikhona ngokuzimela; lapho ukugxila okubalulekile kufinyelelwa, kusixazululo se-compound Isimo se-microgel sakhiwe ngesigaba se-HPS njengesikhungo se-gel, futhi amaketanga e-molecular HPMC ahlanganiswe futhi axhunywe komunye nomunye; ngaphezu kokugxila okubucayi, amaketanga e-macromolecular e-HPMC aminyene kanye nokuhlangana kwawo nesifunda sesigaba se-HPS kuyinkimbinkimbi, futhi ukusebenzisana kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu. kakhulu, ngakho-ke isisombululo siziphatha njenge-polymer melt.
- Isilinganiso sokuhlanganisa sinomthelela omkhulu ezimpahleni ze-rheological zesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS. Ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, ukwenzeka kwe-shear thinning yesistimu ehlanganisiwe kubonakala kakhulu, inkomba yokugeleza iyancipha kancane kancane, futhi i-viscosity ye-zero-shear kanye ne-viscosity coefficient ikhula kancane kancane. ukwanda, okubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuqinile kwenkimbinkimbi kuthuthukiswa kakhulu.
- I-viscosity ye-zero-shear yesistimu yenhlanganisela ibonisa ukuchezuka okuthile okuhle-negethivu okuhlobene nomthetho wokuhlanganisa we-logarithmic. Isistimu ye-compound iyisistimu yezigaba ezimbili enesigaba esiqhubekayo sokuhlakazeka kwesigaba "se-sea-island" emazingeni okushisa aphansi, futhi, Njengoba isilinganiso se-HPMC / HPS sokuhlanganiswa sehla ngemva kwe-4: 6, isigaba esiqhubekayo sesistimu yokuhlanganisa sishintshile.
- Kunobudlelwano bomugqa phakathi kwenkomba yokugeleza kanye nesilinganiso esihlanganisiwe sezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ezinezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa, okubonisa ukuthi uhlelo lokuhlanganisa lunokuhambisana okuhle.
- Ngohlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, lapho ingxenye ye-viscosity ephansi iyisigaba esiqhubekayo futhi ingxenye ye-viscosity ephezulu iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, umnikelo we-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo ku-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ihluke kakhulu. Lapho i-HPMC ye-viscosity ephansi iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ikakhulukazi ibonisa umnikelo we-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo; kuyilapho lapho i-HPS ye-viscosity ephezulu iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-HPMC njengesigaba sokuhlakazeka izonciphisa i-viscosity ye-high-viscosity HPS. umphumela.
- I-thixotropy yezigaba ezintathu yasetshenziselwa ukutadisha umphumela we-compounding ratio ku-thixotropy wesistimu ehlanganisiwe. I-thixotropy yohlelo oluhlanganisiwe ibonise ukuthambekela kokwehla kokuqala bese ikhula ngokuncipha kwesilinganiso esihlanganisiwe se-HPMC/HPS.
- Imiphumela yokuhlola engenhla ibonisa ukuthi ngokuhlanganiswa kwe-HPMC ne-HPS, izakhiwo ze-rheological zezingxenye ezimbili, njenge-viscosity, i-shear thinning phenomenon kanye ne-thixotropy, ziye zalinganiswa ngezinga elithile.
Isahluko sesi-3 Ukulungiselelwa kanye Nezakhiwo ze-HPMC/HPS Amafilimu Ahlanganisiwe Ahlangene
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-polymer kuyindlela ephumelela kakhulu yokufeza ukuhambisana kokusebenza kwezingxenye eziningi, ukuthuthukisa izinto ezintsha ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, ukunciphisa amanani omkhiqizo, nokwandisa ububanzi bokusetshenziswa kwezinto [240-242, 328]. Khona-ke, ngenxa yomehluko othile wesakhiwo samangqamuzana kanye ne-conformational entropy phakathi kwama-polymers ahlukene, izinhlelo eziningi ze-polymer compounding azihambisani noma zihambisana kancane [11, 12]. Izakhiwo zemishini nezinye izakhiwo ze-macroscopic zesistimu ye-polymer compound zihlobene eduze nezakhiwo ze-physicochemical zengxenye ngayinye, isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe sengxenye ngayinye, ukuhambisana phakathi kwezingxenye, kanye nesakhiwo sangaphakathi se-microscopic nezinye izici [240, 329].
Ngokombono wesakhiwo samakhemikhali, kokubili i-HPMC ne-HPS yi-hydrophilic curdlan, ineyunithi yesakhiwo efanayo - i-glucose, futhi iguqulwa yiqembu elifanayo elisebenzayo - iqembu le-hydroxypropyl, ngakho i-HPMC ne-HPS kufanele ibe nesigaba esihle. Amandla. Kodwa-ke, i-HPMC i-gel eyenziwe nge-thermal, esesimweni sesixazululo esine-viscosity ephansi kakhulu ekushiseni okuphansi, futhi yakha i-colloid ekushiseni okuphezulu; I-HPS ijeli ebangelwa ukubanda, okuyijeli lokushisa eliphansi futhi isesimweni sesixazululo ekushiseni okuphezulu; izimo zejeli nokuziphatha kuphambene ngokuphelele. Ukuhlanganiswa kwe-HPMC kanye ne-HPS akuhambisani nokwakhiwa kwesistimu ye-homogeneous nokuhambisana okuhle. Uma kucatshangelwa kokubili ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali kanye ne-thermodynamics, kubaluleke kakhulu ngokwethiyori kanye nenani elingokoqobo ukuhlanganisa i-HPMC ne-HPS ukuze kusungulwe uhlelo oluhlanganisa ijeli elishisayo.
Lesi sahluko sigxile ocwaningweni lwezakhiwo zemvelo zezingxenye ohlelweni lwe-HPMC/HPS olubandayo kanye nejeli elishisayo, isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe kanye nomswakama ohlobene wemvelo ku-morphology ye-microscopic, ukuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, izakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo zokukhanya. , kanye nezakhiwo ezishisayo zokwehla kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe. Futhi ithonya lezakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nezakhiwo zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo.
3.1 Izimpahla kanye Nezisetshenziswa
3.1.1 Izinto zokuhlola eziyinhloko
3.1.2 Amathuluzi nemishini emikhulu
3.2 Indlela yokuhlola
3.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
I-15% (w/w) impushana eyomile ye-HPMC ne-HPS ixutshwe no-3% (w/w) I-polyethylene glycol plasticizer yahlanganiswa emanzini angcolile ukuze kutholwe uketshezi olwakha ifilimu oluhlanganisiwe, kanye nefilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/ I-HPS yalungiswa ngendlela yokusakaza.
Indlela yokulungiselela: qala ukale i-HPMC ne-HPS impushana eyomile, bese uwaxuba ngokwezilinganiso ezahlukene; bese ufaka emanzini angu-70 ° C, bese uvuselela ngokushesha ku-120 rpm/min imizuzu engu-30 ukuze uhlakaze ngokugcwele i-HPMC; bese ushisisa ikhambi libe ngaphezu kuka-95 °C, ugovuze ngokushesha ngesivinini esifanayo ihora elingu-1 ukuze ugcwalise ngokuphelele i-HPS; ngemuva kokuqedwa kwe-gelatinization, izinga lokushisa lesisombululo liyancipha ngokushesha libe ngu-70 ° C, futhi isisombululo sishukunyiswa ngesivinini esincane se-80 rpm / min imizuzu engu-40. Chaza ngokugcwele i-HPMC. Thela u-20 g wesisombululo esixubile sokwenza ifilimu esitsheni se-polystyrene petri esinobubanzi obungu-15 cm, usibeke phansi, bese usomisa ku-37 °C. Ifilimu eyomile ihlutshiwe ku-disc ukuze ithole i-membrane ehlanganisiwe edliwayo.
Amafilimu adliwayo wonke alinganiswa kumswakama ongu-57% izinsuku ezingaphezu kwezingu-3 ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, futhi ingxenye yefilimu edliwayo esetshenziselwa ukuhlola impahla eyimishini yalinganiswa kumswakama ongu-75% ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezi-3.
3.2.2 I-Micromorphology yefilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/HPS
3.2.2.1 Umgomo wokuhlaziya wokuskena isibonakhulu se-electron
Isibhamu se-electron esingaphezulu kwe-Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) singakhipha inani eliphezulu lama-electron. Ngemva kokuncishiswa nokugxila, ingenza i-electron beam enamandla nokuqina okuthile. Iqhutshwa ukazibuthe wekhoyili yokuskena, ngokuya kwesikhathi esithile nokuhleleka kwesikhala Skena ingaphezulu lephuzu lesampula ngephoyinti. Ngenxa yomehluko ezicini zendawo encane engaphezulu, ukusebenzisana phakathi kwesampula ne-electron beam kuzokhiqiza amasignali e-electron yesibili ngokuqina okuhlukene, aqoqwa umtshina bese eguqulelwa amasignali kagesi, akhuliswa ividiyo. kanye nokokufaka kugridi yeshubhu lesithombe, ngemva kokulungiswa kokukhanya kweshubhu lesithombe, isithombe se-electron sesibili singatholakala esingabonisa ukuma nezici zesifunda esincane ebusweni besampula. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezibonakhulu zendabuko zendabuko, ukulungiswa kwe-SEM kuphakeme kakhulu, mayelana ne-3nm-6nm yongqimba olungaphezulu lwesampula, okulungele kakhulu ukubhekwa kwezici ze-micro-structure ebusweni bezinto.
3.2.2.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Ifilimu edliwayo yafakwa ku-desiccator ukuze yomiswe, futhi kwakhethwa usayizi ofanelekile wefilimu edliwayo, yanamathiselwa esiteji sesampula esikhethekile se-SEM nge-adhesive conductive, yase igcotshwa ngegolide nge-vacuum coater. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, isampula lafakwa ku-SEM, futhi i-morphology encane yesampula yabonwa futhi yathathwa izithombe izikhathi ezingu-300 kanye nezikhathi eziyi-1000 zokukhuliswa ngaphansi kwe-electron beam acceleration voltage engu-5 kV.
3.2.3 Ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
3.2.3.1 Umgomo wokuhlaziya we-UV-Vis spectrophotometry
I-spectrophotometer ye-UV-Vis ingakhipha ukukhanya ngobude begagasi obungu-200~800nm futhi iyikhanyise entweni. Amanye amaza amaza okukhanya ekukhanyeni kwesigameko amuncwa okokusebenza, futhi uguquko lweleveli yamandla okudlidliza kwamangqamuzana kanye noshintsho lwezinga lamandla kagesi kwenzeka. Njengoba into ngayinye inezinhlaka ezihlukene zendawo yamangqamuzana, i-athomu kanye ne-molecular, into ngayinye ine-spectrum yayo ethile yokumuncwa, futhi okuqukethwe kwento kunganqunywa noma kunqunywe ngokwezinga lokumunca kwamanye amaza obude obuthile ku-spectrum yokumuncwa. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziywa kwe-UV-Vis spectrophotometric kungenye yezindlela ezisebenzayo zokufunda ukwakheka, ukwakheka kanye nokusebenzisana kwezinto.
Uma umsebe wokukhanya ushaya into, ingxenye yokukhanya kwesigameko imuncwa into, futhi enye ingxenye yokukhanya kwesigameko idluliswa ngento; isilinganiso sokuqina kokukhanya okudlulisiwe kuya kubukhulu bokukhanya kwesigameko ukudluliswa.
Ifomula yobudlelwano phakathi kokumunca nokudluliswa yileli:
Phakathi kwazo, A ukumunca;
T iwukudlulisa, %.
Ukumuncwa kokugcina kwalungiswa ngokulinganayo ngokumunca × 0.25 mm/ubukhulu.
3.2.3.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Lungiselela izixazululo ezingu-5% ze-HPMC ne-HPS, uzixube ngokwezilinganiso ezihlukene, uthele u-10 g wesisombululo sokwenza ifilimu esitsheni se-polystyrene petri esinobubanzi obungu-15 cm, bese usomisa ku-37 °C ukuze wenze ifilimu. Sika ifilimu edliwayo ibe umugqa ongunxande ongu-1mm×3mm, uyifake ku-cuvette, bese wenza ifilimu edliwayo ibe seduze nodonga lwangaphakathi lwe-cuvette. I-WFZ UV-3802 UV-vis spectrophotometer isetshenziselwe ukuskena amasampuli kubude begagasi obugcwele obungu-200-800 nm, futhi isampula ngayinye yahlolwa izikhathi ezingu-5.
3.2.4 Izici ezinamandla ze-thermomechanical ze-HPMC/HPS zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo
3.2.4.1 Isimiso sokuhlaziywa kwe-thermomechanical eguquguqukayo
I-Dynamic Thermomechanical Analysis (DMA) iyithuluzi elingakala ubudlelwano phakathi kwesisindo nezinga lokushisa lesampula ngaphansi komthwalo othile wokushaqeka kanye nezinga lokushisa elihleliwe, futhi lingahlola izici zomshini zesampula ngaphansi kwesenzo sokushintshwa kwengcindezi ngezikhathi ezithile nesikhathi, izinga lokushisa kanye nezinga lokushisa. ubudlelwano bemvamisa.
Ama-polymer amangqamuzana aphezulu anezakhiwo ze-viscoelastic, ezingagcina amandla emishini njenge-elastomer ngakolunye uhlangothi, futhi adle amandla njengamafinyila ngakolunye uhlangothi. Lapho kusetshenziswa amandla ashintshayo ngezikhathi ezithile, ingxenye enwebekayo iguqula amandla abe amandla angaba namandla futhi awagcine; kuyilapho ingxenye ye-viscous iguqula amandla ibe amandla okushisa futhi ilahlekelwe. Izinto ze-polymer ngokuvamile zibonisa izifunda ezimbili zezinga lokushisa eliphansi lengilazi kanye nesimo sokushisa okuphezulu kwerabha, futhi izinga lokushisa lokushintsha phakathi kwalezi zifunda ezimbili izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi. Izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwengilazi lithinta ngqo ukwakheka kanye nezakhiwo zezinto zokwakha, futhi lingenye yezimpawu zokushisa ezibaluleke kakhulu zama-polymers.
Ngokuhlaziya izakhiwo eziguquguqukayo ze-thermomechanical zama-polymers, i-viscoelasticity yama-polymers ingabonwa, futhi imingcele ebalulekile enquma ukusebenza kwama-polymers ingatholakala, ukuze isetshenziswe kangcono endaweni yangempela yokusetshenziswa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya okuguquguqukayo kwe-thermomechanical kuzwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwengilazi, ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, ukuxhumanisa, i-crystallization kanye nokunyakaza kwamangqamuzana kuwo wonke amazinga ezingxenye zamangqamuzana, futhi kungathola ulwazi oluningi ngesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo zama-polymers. Kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukutadisha ama-molecule ama-polymers. ukuziphatha kokunyakaza. Kusetshenziswa imodi yokushanela kwezinga lokushisa ye-DMA, ukuvela koshintsho lwesigaba njengokushintshwa kwengilazi kungahlolwa. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-DSC, i-DMA inokuzwela okuphezulu futhi ifaneleka kakhulu ukuhlaziya izinto ezisetshenziswayo ezilingisa ukusetshenziswa kwangempela.
3.2.4.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Khetha amasampula ahlanzekile, afanayo, ayisicaba futhi angalimele, bese uwasika abe yimichilo engunxande engu-10mm×20mm. Amasampula ahlolwe ngemodi eqinile kusetshenziswa i-Pydris Diamond dynamic thermomechanical analyzer evela ePerkinElmer, USA. Ibanga lokushisa lokuhlola lalingu-25~150 °C, izinga lokushisa lalingu-2 °C/min, imvamisa yayingu-1 Hz, futhi ukuhlolwa kwaphindwa kabili kusampula ngayinye. Phakathi nokuhlolwa, imodulus yesitoreji (E') kanye nemodulus yokulahlekelwa (E”) yesampula zarekhodwa, futhi isilinganiso semodulus yokulahlekelwa kumodulus yesitoreji, okungukuthi, i-tangent angle tan δ, nayo ingabalwa.
3.2.5 Ukuzinza okushisayo kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela e-HPMC/HPS
3.2.5.1 Isimiso sokuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric
I-Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) ingakala ukuguqulwa kwesisindo sesampula ngezinga lokushisa noma isikhathi ezingeni lokushisa elihleliwe, futhi ingasetshenziswa ukutadisha ukuhwamuka okungaba khona, ukuncibilika, ukuncishiswa kwamanzi, ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni, ukubola kanye ne-oxidation yezinto ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisisa. . nezinye izenzakalo ezingokomzimba nezamakhemikhali. Ijika lobudlelwane phakathi kwesisindo sento nezinga lokushisa (noma isikhathi) elitholwe ngokuqondile ngemva kokuhlolwa kwesampula libizwa ngokuthi i-thermogravimetric (ijika le-TGA). ukuncipha kwesisindo nolunye ulwazi. Ijika le-Thermogravimetric eliphuma kulo (ijika le-DTG) lingatholakala ngemva kokutholwa kwe-oda lokuqala lejika le-TGA, elibonisa ukuguqulwa kwezinga lokuncipha kwesisindo lesampula elihloliwe ngezinga lokushisa noma isikhathi, futhi iphuzu eliphakeme liyiphuzu eliphakeme lokungaguquki. isilinganiso.
3.2.5.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Khetha ifilimu edliwayo enogqinsi oluyiyunifomu, uyisike ibe yindingilizi enobubanzi obufana nediski yokuhlola i-thermogravimetric analyzer, bese uyibeka phansi kudiski yokuhlola, bese uyivivinya endaweni yenitrogen enezinga lokugeleza elingu-20 mL/min. . Izinga lokushisa lalingu-30–700 °C, izinga lokushisa lalingu-10 °C/min, futhi isampula ngayinye yahlolwa kabili.
3.2.6.1 Isimiso sokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo esiqinile
3.2.6 Izakhiwo eziqinile zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela e-HPMC/HPS
Umhloli wesakhiwo sikamshini angasebenzisa umthwalo oqinile omile ku-spline eduze kwe-eksisi yobude ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zokushisa, umswakama nezimo zesivinini kuze kuphuke i-spline. Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, umthwalo osetshenziswe ku-spline kanye nenani lokuguqulwa kwawo kwabhalwa umhloli wempahla wemishini, futhi ijika le-stress-strain ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kwe-tensile kwe-spline kwadwetshwa. Kusukela kwijika le-stress-strain, amandla okuqina (ζt), ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu (εb) kanye nemodulus enwebekayo (E) ingabalwa ukuze kuhlolwe izici eziqinile zefilimu.
Ubudlelwano be-stress-strain of materials ngokuvamile bungahlukaniswa zibe izingxenye ezimbili: isifunda sokuwohloka kwe-elastic kanye nesifunda sokuwohloka kwepulasitiki. Ku-elastic deformation zone, ingcindezi kanye nobunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo kunobudlelwano obuqondile, futhi ukuguqulwa ngalesi sikhathi kungabuyiselwa ngokuphelele, okuhambisana nomthetho kaCook; endaweni ye-deformation yepulasitiki, ukucindezelwa kanye nobunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo akusekho umugqa, futhi ukuguqulwa okwenzeka ngalesi sikhathi akunakuhlehliswa, ekugcineni impahla iyaphuka.
Ifomula yokubala yamandla aqinile:
Kuphi: amandla aqinile, MPa;
p ungumthwalo omkhulu noma umthwalo ophukayo, N;
b ububanzi besampula, mm;
d ubukhulu besampula, mm.
Ifomula yokubala ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu:
Kuphi: εb iwubude ngesikhathi sekhefu, %;
L ibanga eliphakathi kwemigqa yokumaka lapho isampula iphuka, mm;
I-L0 ubude begeji yangempela yesampula, mm.
Ifomula yokubala ye-elastic modulus:
Phakathi kwazo: E yi-elastic modulus, MPa;
ζ ukucindezeleka, MPa;
ε uhlobo.
3.2.6.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Khetha amasampula ahlanzekile, ayunifomu, ayisicaba futhi angonakalisiwe, bhekisa ku-GB13022-91 ejwayelekile kazwelonke, futhi uwasike abe ama-dumbbell amise okwe-dumbbell anobude obuphelele obungu-120mm, ibanga lokuqala phakathi kokulungiswa okungu-86mm, ibanga phakathi kwamamaki angama-40mm, kanye ububanzi 10mm. Ama-spline abekwe ku-75% no-57% (emkhathini we-sodium chloride egcwele kanye nesisombululo se-sodium bromide) umswakama, futhi alinganiswe ngaphezu kwezinsuku ezingu-3 ngaphambi kokulinganiswa. Kulesi sivivinyo, i-ASTM D638, i-5566 mechanical tester ye-Instron Corporation yase-United States kanye ne-clamp yayo engu-2712-003 ye-pneumatic isetshenziselwa ukuhlolwa. Ijubane lokuqina lalingu-10 mm/min, futhi isampula yaphindwa izikhathi ezingu-7, futhi inani elimaphakathi libalwe.
3.2.7 Ukungena komoyampilo kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
3.2.7.1 Isimiso sokuhlaziywa kwe-oxygen permeability
Ngemuva kokufakwa kwesampula yokuhlola, indawo yokuhlola ihlukaniswe izingxenye ezimbili, A no-B; ukugeleza kwe-oksijeni okuhlanzekile okuphezulu ngesilinganiso esithile sokugeleza kudluliselwa emgodini we-A, futhi ukugeleza kwe-nitrogen ngesilinganiso esithile sokugeleza kudluliselwa emgodini we-B; phakathi nenqubo yokuhlola, umgodi ongu-A I-oxygen ingena ngesampula ku-B cavity, futhi umoya-mpilo ongene ku-B cavity uthwalwa ukugeleza kwe-nitrogen futhi ushiye umgodi B ukuze ufinyelele inzwa ye-oxygen. Inzwa ye-oxygen ikala okuqukethwe komoyampilo ekugelezeni kwe-nitrogen futhi ikhipha isignali kagesi ehambisanayo, ngaleyo ndlela ibala isampula le-oxygen. ukudlulisa.
3.2.7.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Khetha amafilimu ayinhlanganisela angonakalisiwe, uwasike abe amasampula amise okwedayimane angu-10.16 x 10.16 cm, gcoba unqenqema lwama-clamp ngamafutha we-vacuum, bese ubophela amasampuli kubhulokhi yokuhlola. Ihlolwe ngokwe-ASTM D-3985, isampula ngayinye inendawo yokuhlola engu-50 cm2.
3.3 Imiphumela Nezingxoxo
3.3.1 Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo esincane samafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo
Ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye zoketshezi olwakha ifilimu kanye nezimo zokomisa-kunquma ukwakheka kokugcina kwefilimu futhi kuthinte ngokungathi sína izici ezihlukahlukene zomzimba namakhemikhali zefilimu [330, 331]. Izakhiwo zejeli ezingokwemvelo kanye nesilinganiso esihlanganisiwe sengxenye ngayinye singathinta i-morphology ye-compound, ephinde ithinte ukwakheka kwendawo kanye nezakhiwo zokugcina ze-membrane [301, 332]. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlaziya i-microstructural yamafilimu kunganikeza ulwazi olufanele mayelana nokuhlelwa kabusha kwamangqamuzana engxenye ngayinye, okungase kusisize siqonde kangcono izakhiwo zesithiyo, izakhiwo zemishini, kanye nezakhiwo zokubonwa zamafilimu.
I-surface scanning electron microscope micrographs yamafilimu adliwayo e-HPS/HPMC anezilinganiso ezihlukene aboniswa kuMfanekiso 3-1. Njengoba kungabonwa kuMfanekiso 3-1, amanye amasampula abonise imifantu emincane ebusweni, okungenzeka kubangelwe ukunciphisa umswakama kusampula ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, noma ukuhlaselwa kwe-electron beam endaweni yesibonakhulu [122] , ikhasi 139]. Emfanekisweni, ulwelwesi lwe-HPS olumsulwa kanye ne-HPMC emsulwa. Ulwelwesi lwabonisa izindawo ezibushelelezi kuqhathaniswa ezincane ezincane, futhi microstructure ye-HPS ulwelwesi oluhlanzekile kwaba homogeneous futhi bushelelezi ukwedlula ulwelwesi okumsulwa HPMC, okungenzeka ikakhulukazi ngenxa yama-macromolecules isitashi (ama-amylose molecule kanye amylopectin molecule) ngesikhathi senqubo yokupholisa.) izuzwe kangcono ukuhlela kabusha kwamangqamuzana. kwisisombululo esinamanzi. Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwabonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwe-amylose-amylopectin-amanzi ohlelweni lokupholisa
Kungase kube nendlela yokuncintisana phakathi kokwakhiwa kwejeli nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba. Uma izinga lokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba liphansi kunezinga lokubunjwa kwe-gel, ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba ngeke kwenzeke ohlelweni, ngaphandle kwalokho, ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kuzokwenzeka ohlelweni [333, 334]. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-amylose kudlula i-25%, i-gelatinization ye-amylose kanye nesakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-amylose eqhubekayo ingavimbela ngokuphawulekayo ukubonakala kokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba [334]. Okuqukethwe kwe-amylose kwe-HPS okusetshenziswe kuleli phepha kungama-80%, kuphakeme kakhulu kuno-25%, ngaleyo ndlela kufanekisela kangcono into yokuthi ulwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPS lufana kakhulu futhi lubushelelezi kunolwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPMC.
Kungabonakala ekuqhathanisweni kwezibalo ukuthi izindawo ezingaphezulu kwawo wonke amafilimu ayinhlanganisela aqinile, futhi amanye amaqhubu angajwayelekile ahlakazekile, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona izinga elithile lokungaguquki phakathi kwe-HPMC ne-HPS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPMC lubonise ukwakheka okufana kakhulu kunalawo anokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPS. I-HPS-based condensation ku-37 °C izinga lokushisa lokwakheka kwefilimu
Ngokusekelwe ezakhiweni zejeli, i-HPS yethule isimo sejeli se-viscous; kuyilapho isekelwe ezakhiweni zejeli ezishisayo ze-HPMC, i-HPMC yethule isimo sesixazululo esifana namanzi. Kulwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe olunokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPS (7:3 HPS/HPMC), i-viscous HPS iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, futhi i-HPMC efana namanzi ihlakazekile esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPS ene-viscosity ephezulu njengesigaba esihlakazekile, esingafaneleki. ekusabalaliseni okufanayo kwesigaba esihlakaziwe; Kufilimu eyinhlanganisela enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPMC (3:7 HPS/HPMC), i-HPMC ene-viscosity ephansi iguqulela esigabeni esiqhubekayo, futhi i-viscous HPS ihlakazwa esigabeni se-HPMC esine-viscosity ephansi njengesigaba esihlakaziwe, esivumela ukwakheka kwesigaba se-homogeneous. uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe.
Kungabonakala ngesibalo ukuthi nakuba wonke amafilimu ayinhlanganisela ebonisa izakhiwo ezingaphezulu ezimaholoholo nezingahlangani, akukho ukusebenzelana kwesigaba okusobala okutholakalayo, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC ne-HPS banokuhambisana okuhle. Amafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/starch angenawo ama-plasticizer afana ne-PEG abonise ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba okusobala [301], ngaleyo ndlela ebonisa ukuthi kokubili ukuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl yesitashi namapulasitiki e-PEG kungathuthukisa ukuhambisana kwe-composite -system.
3.3.2 Ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo zamafilimu ahlanganisiwe
Izakhiwo zokudlulisa ukukhanya zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo e-HPMC/HPS anezilinganiso ezihlukene zahlolwa i-UV-vis spectrophotometer, futhi i-spectra ye-UV iboniswa kuMfanekiso 3-2. Uma likhulu inani le-transmittance yokukhanya, ifilimu iba yinto efanayo futhi isobala; ngokuphambene, inani elincane lokudlulisa ukukhanya, ifilimu ingalingani futhi i-opaque. Kungabonwa Emfanekisweni 3-2(a) ukuthi wonke amafilimu ayinhlanganisela abonisa ukuthambekela okufanayo ngokukhuphuka kobude begagasi lokuskena ebangeni eliphelele lokuskena le-wavelength, futhi ukudluliswa kokukhanya kuyanda kancane kancane ngokwanda kobude begagasi. Ku-350nm, amajika avame ukukhuphuka.
Khetha ukudlulisela kubude begagasi obungu-500nm ukuze uqhathanise, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3-2(b), ukudluliswa kwefilimu ehlanzekile ye-HPS kungaphansi kwalokho kwefilimu ye-HPMC emsulwa, futhi ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, ukudlulisela kuyehla kuqala, bese yenyuswa ngemva kokufinyelela inani elincane. Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kukhuphukela ku-70%, ukudluliswa kokukhanya kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela bekukukhulu kunalokho kwe-HPS emsulwa. Kwaziwa kahle ukuthi isistimu ye-homogeneous izobonisa ukudluliswa kokukhanya okungcono, futhi inani layo lokudlulisela elilinganiswa ne-UV ngokuvamile liphakeme; izinto ezingashintshiwe ngokuvamile zi-opaque kakhudlwana futhi zinenani eliphansi lokudluliswa kwe-UV. Amanani okudlulisela amafilimu ayinhlanganisela (7:3, 5:5) abephansi kunalawo amafilimu e-HPS amsulwa nawe-HPMC, okubonisa ukuthi bekunezinga elithile lokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ze-HPS ne-HPMC.
Umdwebo we-Fig. 3-2 we-UV kuwo wonke amaza amaza (a), futhi ku-500 nm (b), kumafilimu enhlanganisela ye-HPS/HPMC. Ibha imele ± ukuchezuka okujwayelekile. ac: izinhlamvu ezihlukene zihluke kakhulu ngesilinganiso esihlukene sokuhlanganisa (p <0.05), sisetshenziswe ku-dissertation egcwele
3.3.3 Ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermomechanical okunamandla kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo
Umfanekiso 3-3 ubonisa izici eziguqukayo ze-thermomechanical zamafilimu adliwayo e-HPMC/HPS anamafomula ahlukene. Kungabonwa ku-Fig. 3-3(a) ukuthi imodyuli yesitoreji (E') iyehla ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imodulus yokugcina yawo wonke amasampuli yehla kancane kancane ngezinga lokushisa elikhulayo, ngaphandle kokuthi imodulus yokugcina yefilimu ehlanzekile ye-HPS (10:0) yenyuke kancane ngemva kokuba izinga lokushisa linyuswe laya ku-70 °C. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ifilimu eyinhlanganisela enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPMC, imodyuli yokugcina yefilimu eyinhlanganisela inomkhuba osobala owehlayo ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa; kuyilapho kusampula enokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPS, imodulus yokugcina yehla kancane kuphela ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa.
Umdwebo 3-3 Imodulus yesitoreji (E′) (a) ne-tangent yokulahlekelwa (tan δ) (b) yamafilimu enhlanganisela ye-HPS/HPMC
Kungabonakala kuMfanekiso 3-3(b) ukuthi amasampula anokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC aphezulu kuno-30% (5:5, 3:7, 0:10) wonke abonisa ukuphakama koshintsho lwengilazi, kanye nokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, uguquko lwengilazi izinga lokushisa loshintsho lishintshele kuzinga lokushisa eliphezulu, okubonisa ukuthi ukuguquguquka kweketango le-polymer ye-HPMC kwehlile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ulwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPS lubonisa ukuphakama kwemvilophu enkulu cishe okungama-67 °C, kuyilapho ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela olunokuqukethwe okungu-70% kwe-HPS alukho uguquko lwengilazi olusobala. Lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi kunezinga elithile lokusebenzelana phakathi kwe-HPMC ne-HPS, ngaleyo ndlela kukhawulelwe ukunyakaza kwamasegimenti amangqamuzana e-HPMC ne-HPS.
3.3.4 Ukuhlaziywa kokuzinza kokushisa kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo
Fig. 3-4 TGA curves (a) kanye nokuphuma kwawo (DTG) curves (b) of HPS/HPMC blend films
Ukuzinza okushisayo kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/HPS kuhlolwe i-thermogravimetric analyzer. Umfanekiso 3-4 ubonisa ijika le-thermogravimetric (TGA) kanye nejika lezinga lokulahlekelwa kwesisindo (DTG) lefilimu eyinhlanganisela. Kusukela ejikeni le-TGA ku-Figure 3-4(a), kungabonakala ukuthi amasampula olwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela anezilinganiso ezihlukene abonisa izigaba ezimbili ezisobala zoshintsho lwe-thermogravimetric ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Ukushintshashintsha kwamanzi adsorbed yi-polysaccharide macromolecule kubangela isigaba esincane sokuncipha kwesisindo ku-30-180 ° C ngaphambi kokuba ukuwohloka kwangempela kokushisa kwenzeke. Ngokulandelayo, kunesigaba esikhulu sokuncipha kwesisindo ku-300~450 °C, lapha isigaba sokuwohloka kokushisa kwe-HPMC ne-HPS.
Kusuka kumajika e-DTG kuMfanekiso 3-4(b), kuyabonakala ukuthi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa kwe-HPS emsulwa kanye ne-HPMC emsulwa angu-338 °C no-400 °C, ngokulandelana, kanye nezinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka kwe-HPMC emsulwa. ephakeme kunaleyo ye-HPS, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC Ingcono ukuzinza kwe-thermal kune-HPS. Lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kungu-30% (7:3), ukuphakama okukodwa kuvele ku-347 °C, okuhambisana nesici esiphezulu se-HPS, kodwa izinga lokushisa laliphezulu kunenani eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa kwe-HPS; lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kungu-70% ( 3:7), ukuphakama kwesici kuphela kwe-HPMC kuvele ku-400 °C; lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kungu-50%, iziqongo ezimbili zokuwohloka kokushisa zivele ejikeni le-DTG, 345 °C no-396 °C, ngokulandelana. Iziqongo zihambisana neziqongo zesici ze-HPS ne-HPMC, ngokulandelana, kodwa inani eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa elihambisana ne-HPS lincane, futhi zombili iziqongo zinokushintsha okuthile. Kungabonakala ukuthi ulwelwesi oluningi oluyinhlanganisela lubonisa kuphela isici esiphakeme esihambisana nengxenye ethile, futhi ayasuswa uma kuqhathaniswa nolwelwesi lwengxenye emsulwa, okubonisa ukuthi kunomehluko othile phakathi kwezingxenye ze-HPMC ne-HPS. izinga lokuhambisana. Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka okushisayo kwelwelwesi eliyinhlanganisela laliphakeme kunalelo le-HPS emsulwa, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC ingathuthukisa ukuzinza kokushisa kwe-HPS ulwelwesi ngokwezinga elithile.
3.3.5 Ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo zemishini yefilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo
Izakhiwo eziqinile zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS anezilinganiso ezihlukene zikalwe ngomshini wokuhlaziya izakhiwo ku-25 °C, umswakama ohlobene wama-57% no-75%. Umfanekiso 3-5 ubonisa i-elastic modulus (a), ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu (b) namandla aqinile (c) amafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS anezilinganiso ezihlukene ngaphansi kokuswakama okuhlobene okuhlukile. Kungabonakala esibalweni ukuthi uma umswakama ohlobene ungama-57%, i-elastic modulus namandla aqinile wefilimu ye-HPS emsulwa inkulu kakhulu, futhi i-HPMC emsulwa incane kakhulu. Ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, i-elastic modulus namandla aqinile amafilimu ayinhlanganisela anda ngokuqhubekayo. Ukwelulwa ngesikhathi sekhefu lolwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPMC kukhulu kakhulu kunolwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPS, futhi kokubili kukhulu kunolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela.
Lapho umswakama ohlobene uphakeme (75%) uma uqhathaniswa nomswakama ohlobene no-57%, imodulus enwebekayo namandla okunyakazisa awo wonke amasampula ehla, kuyilapho ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu kwenyuke kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi amanzi, njenge-plasticizer ejwayelekile, anganciphisa i-HPMC ne-HPS matrix, ehlise amandla phakathi kwamaketanga e-polymer, futhi athuthukise ukuhamba kwezingxenye ze-polymer. Emazingeni aphezulu omswakama, i-elastic modulus namandla aqinile wamafilimu e-HPMC ahlanzekile ayephakeme kunalawo amafilimu e-HPS amsulwa, kodwa ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu babuphansi, umphumela owawuhluke ngokuphelele emiphumeleni yomswakama ophansi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwezakhiwo zemishini yamafilimu ayinhlanganisela anezilinganiso zengxenye kumswakama ophezulu wama-75% kuphambene ngokuphelele nalokho okunomswakama ophansi uma kuqhathaniswa necala kumswakama ohlobene no-57%. Ngaphansi komswakama ophezulu, umswakama wefilimu uyanda, futhi amanzi akagcini nje ngokuba nomphumela othile we-plasticizing ku-matrix ye-polymer, kodwa futhi akhuthaza ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwesitashi. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPMC, i-HPS inomkhuba onamandla wokuphinda ikristale, ngakho-ke umthelela womswakamo ohlobene ku-HPS mkhulu kakhulu kunowe-HPMC.
Fig. 3-5 izakhiwo ze-Tensile zamafilimu e-HPS/HPMC anezilinganiso ezihlukene ze-HPS/HPMC ezilinganiswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukile zokuthobeka (RH). *: izinhlamvu zezinombolo ezihlukene zihluke kakhulu nge-RH ehlukahlukene, esetshenziswa ku-dissertation egcwele
3.3.6 Ukuhlaziywa Kokukwazi Ukuphefumula Kweoksijini Kwamafilimu Ahlanganisiwe Adliwayo
Ifilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo isetshenziswa njengempahla yokupakisha ukudla ukuze inwebe isikhathi seshalofu lokudla, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kwesithiyo somoya-mpilo kungenye yezinkomba ezibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, amazinga okudlulisa umoya-mpilo wamafilimu adliwayo anezilinganiso ezihlukene ze-HPMC / HPS alinganiswa ekushiseni kwe-23 ° C, futhi imiphumela iboniswa ku-Figure 3-6. Kungabonakala ngesibalo ukuthi ukufinyeleleka komoyampilo we-membrane ye-HPS emsulwa kuphansi kakhulu kunolwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPMC, okubonisa ukuthi ulwelwesi lwe-HPS lunezinto ezingcono zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kunolwelwesi lwe-HPMC. Ngenxa ye-viscosity ephansi kanye nokuba khona kwezifunda ze-amorphous, i-HPMC kulula ukwakha isakhiwo senethiwekhi esine-low-density network kufilimu; uma iqhathaniswa ne-HPS, inokuthambekela okuphezulu kokuphinda ikristale, futhi kulula ukwenza isakhiwo esiminyene efilimini. Ucwaningo oluningi lubonise ukuthi amafilimu esitashi anezakhiwo ezinhle zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-polymers [139, 301, 335, 336].
Umdwebo 3-6 Ukungena komoyampilo kwamafilimu enhlanganisela ye-HPS/HPMC
Ukwengezwa kwe-HPS kunganciphisa kakhulu ukufinyeleleka komoyampilo we-membrane ye-HPMC, futhi ukufinyeleleka komoya-mpilo wezingqimba eziyinhlanganisela kuncipha kakhulu ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS. Ukwengezwa kwe-HPS engangeneki komoya-mpilo kungakhuphula ukuhlukumezeka kwesiteshi somoya-mpilo kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela, okubuye kuholele ekwehleni kwezinga lokungena komoyampilo futhi ekugcineni kunciphise ukungena komoyampilo. Imiphumela efanayo ibikiwe kwezinye izitashi zomdabu [139,301].
3.4 Isifinyezo salesi sahluko
Kulesi sahluko, ukusebenzisa i-HPMC ne-HPS njengezinto zokusetshenziswa eziyinhloko, kanye nokwengeza i-polyethylene glycol njenge-plasticizer, amafilimu ahlanganisiwe adliwayo e-HPMC/HPS anezilinganiso ezihlukene alungiswe ngendlela yokuphonsa. Umthelela wezakhiwo ezingokwemvelo zezingxenye kanye nesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa ku-morphology ye-microscopic ye-membrane eyinhlanganisela yacwaningwa ngokuskena i-electron microscopy; izakhiwo zemishini ye-membrane eyinhlanganisela zafundwa umhloli we-mechanical-properties. Umthelela wezakhiwo ezingokwemvelo zezingxenye kanye nesilinganiso esihlanganisiwe ezimpahleni zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kanye nokudluliswa kokukhanya kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela kwacwaningwa umhloli wokudlulisa umoya-mpilo kanye ne-UV-vis spectrophotometer. Ukuskena i-electron microscopy, ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric nokuhlaziywa kokushisa okuguquguqukayo kwasetshenziswa. Ukuhlaziywa kwemishini kanye nezinye izindlela zokuhlaziya zasetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuhambisana nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sesistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo eshisayo. Okutholakele okuyinhloko imi kanje:
- Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-HPMC emsulwa, i-HPS emsulwa kulula ukwenza i-homogeneous and smooth microscopic surface morphology. Lokhu ikakhulukazi kubangelwa ukuhlelwa kabusha kwamangqamuzana okungcono kwama-macromolecules esitashi (ama-amylose ama-amylose nama-amylopectin ama-amylopectin) esixazululweni samanzi sesitashi ngesikhathi sokupholisa.
- Izinhlanganisela ezinokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-HPMC maningi amathuba okuthi zenze ulwelwesi olufanayo. Lokhu kusekelwe ikakhulukazi ezakhiweni zejeli ze-HPMC ne-HPS. Ezingeni lokushisa elenza ifilimu, i-HPMC ne-HPS zibonisa isimo sesixazululo se-viscosity ephansi kanye nesimo sejeli se-viscosity ephezulu, ngokulandelanayo. Isigaba esihlakazekile se-high-viscosity sihlakazeka esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-viscosity ephansi. , kulula ukwenza uhlelo lwe-homogeneous.
- Umswakamo ohlobene unomthelela obalulekile ezimpahleni zemishini zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, futhi izinga lomphumela walo liyakhula ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS. Emazingeni omswakama ophansi, kokubili imodulus enwebekayo namandla aqinile amafilimu ayinhlanganisela anda ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, futhi ukunwetshwa ngesikhathi sekhefu amafilimu ayinhlanganisela bekuphansi kakhulu kunaleyo yamafilimu ayingxenye emsulwa. Ngokukhula komswakamo ohlobene, imodulus enwebekayo namandla aqinile efilimu eyinhlanganisela ancipha, futhi ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu banda kakhulu, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo zemishini yefilimu eyinhlanganisela kanye nesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa kubonise iphethini yoshintsho ehluke ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokwehlukile. umswakama ohlobene. Izici zemishini zolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela olunezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa zibonisa ukuphambana kwemigwaqo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zomswakama ohlobene, okunikeza ithuba lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo ngokuya ngezidingo ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza.
- Ukwengezwa kwe-HPS kwathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela. Ukungena komoyampilo kolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela kwehle kakhulu ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS.
- Kusistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo neshisayo ye-HPMC/HPS, kukhona ukuhambisana okuthile phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili. Akukho ukuxhumana okusobala kwezigaba ezimbili okutholwe ezithombeni ze-SEM zawo wonke amafilimu ayinhlanganisela, amafilimu amaningi ayinhlanganisela anephuzu elilodwa kuphela lokushintsha lengilazi emiphumeleni ye-DMA, futhi yinye kuphela inani eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa elivele kumajika e-DTG amaningi enhlanganisela. amafilimu. Kubonisa ukuthi kukhona incazelo ethile phakathi kwe-HPMC ne-HPS.
Imiphumela yokuhlola engenhla ibonisa ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa kwe-HPS ne-HPMC akukwazi ukunciphisa kuphela izindleko zokukhiqiza zefilimu edliwayo ye-HPMC, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo. Izakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo kanye nezakhiwo ze-optical zefilimu ehlanganisiwe edliwayo zingafinyelelwa ngokulungisa isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe sezingxenye ezimbili kanye nomswakama ohlobene nendawo yangaphandle.
Isahluko 4 Ubudlelwano phakathi kweMicromorphology kanye Nezakhiwo Zemishini ye-HPMC/HPS Compound System
Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-entropy yokuxuba ephakeme ngesikhathi sokuxuba i-alloy yensimbi, i-entropy yokuxuba ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa i-polymer ngokuvamile incane kakhulu, futhi ukushisa kokuhlanganisa ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa kuvame ukuba kuhle, okuholela ezinqubweni zokuhlanganisa i-polymer. Ushintsho lwamandla lwamahhala lwe-Gibbs luhle (���>), ngakho-ke, ukwakheka kwe-polymer kuvame ukwakha izinhlelo zezigaba ezimbili ezihlukaniswe ngezigaba, futhi ukwakheka kwe-polymer okuhambisana ngokugcwele kuyivelakancane kakhulu [242].
Amasistimu enhlanganisela exubile ngokuvamile angafinyelela ukungezwani kweleveli yamangqamuzana ku-thermodynamics futhi akhe izinhlanganisela ezilinganayo, ngakho-ke izinhlelo eziningi ezihlanganisiwe ze-polymer azihlanganisi. Kodwa-ke, izinhlelo eziningi ezihlanganisiwe ze-polymer zingafinyelela esimweni esihambisanayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile futhi zibe izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ezinokuhambisana okuthile [257].
Izakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nemishini yezinhlelo ze-polymer composite zincike kakhulu ekusebenzelaneni kanye ne-morphology yesigaba sezingxenye zazo, ikakhulukazi ukuhambisana phakathi kwezingxenye kanye nokwakheka kwezigaba eziqhubekayo nezihlakazekile [301]. Ngakho-ke, kubaluleke kakhulu ukutadisha i-microscopic morphology kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic zesistimu eyinhlanganisela nokusungula ubuhlobo phakathi kwazo, okubaluleke kakhulu ukulawula izakhiwo zezinto ezihlanganisiwe ngokulawula isakhiwo sesigaba nokuhambisana kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela.
Enkambweni yokufunda i-morphology kanye nomdwebo wesigaba sesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi, kubaluleke kakhulu ukukhetha izindlela ezifanele zokuhlukanisa izingxenye ezahlukene. Kodwa-ke, umehluko phakathi kwe-HPMC ne-HPS unzima impela, ngoba zombili zinokucaca okuhle kanye nenkomba ye-refractive efanayo, ngakho-ke kunzima ukuhlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili nge-optical microscopy; ngaphezu kwalokho, ngoba kokubili kuyizinto eziphilayo ezisekelwe kukhabhoni, ngakho-ke lezi zimbili zinokumuncwa okufanayo kwamandla, ngakho-ke kunzima futhi ukuskena i-electron microscopy ukuhlukanisa ngokunembile izingxenye ezimbili. I-Fourier transform spectroscopy ye-infrared ingabonisa izinguquko kumofology kanye nomdwebo wesigaba sesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi ye-protein-starch ngesilinganiso sendawo yebhande le-polysaccharide ku-1180-953 cm-1 kanye nebhendi ye-amide ku-1750-1483 cm-1 [52, 337], kodwa le ndlela iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ngokuvamile idinga imisebe ye-synchrotron i-Fourier iguqule amasu e-infrared ukuze akhiqize ukugqama okwanele kumasistimu ayingxube ye-HPMC/HPS. Kukhona futhi amasu okufeza lokhu kuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye, njenge-microscopy ye-electron yokudlulisela kanye nokuhlakazeka kwe-X-ray ye-angle encane, kodwa lawa masu ngokuvamile ayinkimbinkimbi [338]. Kulesi sihloko, kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlaziya i-iodine elula yokudaya isibonakhulu esibonakalayo, futhi isimiso sokuthi iqembu lokugcina le-amylose helical structure lingasabela nge-iodine ukuze lenze ama-inclusion complexes lisetshenziselwa ukudaya uhlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS ngokudaya i-iodine, ngakho-ke. ukuthi i-HPS Izingxenye zazihlukaniswa ezingxenyeni ze-HPMC ngemibala yazo ehlukene ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu esikhanyayo. Ngakho-ke, indlela yokuhlaziya i-iodine yokudaya i-optical microscope iyindlela yocwaningo elula nephumelelayo ye-morphology kanye nomdwebo wesigaba wezinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezisekelwe isitashi.
Kulesi sahluko, i-microscopic morphology, ukusatshalaliswa kwesigaba, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba kanye nezinye izakhiwo ezincane ze-HPMC/HPS uhlelo lwekhompiyutha zafundwa ngokuhlaziywa kwe-iodine yokudaya i-optical microscope; kanye nezakhiwo zemishini nezinye izakhiwo ze-macroscopic; futhi ngokuhlaziywa kokuhlobana kwe-microscopic morphology kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic zokugxilisa izixazululo ezahlukene kanye nezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe, ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic zesistimu yenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS yasungulwa, ukuze kulawulwe i-HPMC/HPS. Nikeza isisekelo sezakhiwo zezinto eziyinhlanganisela.
4.1 Izimpahla kanye Nezisetshenziswa
4.1.1 Izinto zokuhlola eziyinhloko
4.2 Indlela yokuhlola
4.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwesixazululo esiyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
Lungiselela isixazululo se-HPMC nesixazululo se-HPS ku-3%, 5%, 7% kanye no-9% wokugxila, bheka 2.2.1 ukuze uthole indlela yokulungiselela. Hlanganisa isixazululo se-HPMC nesixazululo se-HPS ngokuya ngo-100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 45:55, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 0: Izilinganiso ezihlukene ze-100 zixutshwe ngesivinini se-250 rmp / min ku-21 ° C ye-30 min, futhi izixazululo ezixutshwe ngokugxila okuhlukene kanye nezilinganiso ezahlukene zatholakala.
4.2.2 Ukulungiswa kolwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS
Bheka 3.2.1.
4.2.3 Ukulungiswa kwamaphilisi ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
Bheka isixazululo esilungiswe ngendlela eku-2.2.1, sebenzisa isikhunta sensimbi engagqwali ukucwilisa, bese usomisa ku-37 °C. Khipha ama-capsules omisiwe, unqume okweqile, futhi uwahlanganise ukuze enze i-pair.
4.2.4 Isibonakhulu sefilimu esiyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
4.2.4.1 Izimiso Zokuhlaziya I-Optical Microscopy
I-optical microscope isebenzisa isimiso sokubona sokukhulisa isithombe ngelensi eyi-convex, futhi isebenzisa amalensi aguqukayo amabili ukuze inwebise i-engeli yokuvula yezinto ezincane eziseduze emehlweni, futhi yandise usayizi wezinto ezincane ezingenakubonwa ngeso lomuntu. kuze kube yilapho ubukhulu bezinto bubonakala ngeso lomuntu.
4.2.4.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS zokugxila okuhlukene kanye nezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe zikhishwe ku-21 °C, zehliswa esilayidini sengilazi, zaphonswa ungqimba oluncane, futhi zomiswa ezingeni lokushisa elifanayo. Amafilimu agcotshwe ngesisombululo se-iodine esingu-1% (i-1 g ye-iodine kanye ne-10 g ye-potassium iodide afakwa ku-100-mL ye-volumetric flask, futhi yancibilika ku-ethanol), yafakwa endaweni yesibonakhulu esikhanyayo ukuze ibukwe futhi ithathwe izithombe.
4.2.5 Ukudlulisa ukukhanya kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
4.2.5.1 Umgomo wokuhlaziya we-UV-vis spectrophotometry
Ngokufanayo 3.2.3.1.
4.2.5.1 Indlela yokuhlola
Bheka 3.2.3.2.
4.2.6 Izakhiwo eziqinile zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
4.2.6.1 Isimiso sokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo esiqinile
Ngokufanayo 3.2.3.1.
4.2.6.1 Indlela yokuhlola
Amasampula ahlolwe ngemva kokulinganisa kumswakama ongu-73% amahora angama-48. Bheka 3.2.3.2 ukuze uthole indlela yokuhlola.
4.3 Imiphumela Nezingxoxo
4.3.1 Ukubhekwa kwezinto obala zomkhiqizo
Umfanekiso 4-1 ubonisa amafilimu adliwayo namaphilisi alungiswe ngokuhlanganisa i-HPMC ne-HPS ngesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa esingu-70:30. Njengoba kungabonakala emfanekisweni, imikhiqizo inokucaca okuhle, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC ne-HPS zinezinkomba ezifanayo ze-refractive, futhi i-homogeneous compound ingatholakala ngemva kokuhlanganiswa kokubili.
4.3.2 Izithombe ze-Optical microscope ze-HPMC/HPS complexes ngaphambi nangemuva kokungcoliswa
Umfanekiso 4-2 ubonisa i-morphology evamile ngaphambi nangemuva kokudaywa kwezakhiwo ze-HPMC/HPS ezinezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe ezibonwa ngaphansi kwesibonakhulu esibonakalayo. Njengoba kungabonakala emfanekisweni, kunzima ukuhlukanisa isigaba se-HPMC kanye nesigaba se-HPS kusibalo esingenabala; i-HPMC ehlanzekile edayiwe kanye ne-HPS emsulwa ibonisa imibala yazo ehlukile, okungenxa yokuthi ukusabela kwe-HPS ne-iodine ngokungcoliswa kwe-iodine Umbala wayo uba mnyama. Ngakho-ke, izigaba ezimbili ohlelweni lwekhompiyutha ye-HPMC/HPS zihlukaniswa kalula futhi ngokusobala, okufakazela futhi ukuthi i-HPMC ne-HPS azihlangani futhi azikwazi ukwakha inhlanganisela ye-homogeneous. Njengoba kungabonwa esithombeni, njengoba okuqukethwe kwe-HPS kukhuphuka, indawo yendawo emnyama (isigaba se-HPS) esithombeni ilokhu ikhula njengoba kulindelekile, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisekisa ukuthi ukuhlelwa kabusha kwezigaba ezimbili kwenzeka phakathi nale nqubo. Uma okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kungaphezulu kuka-40%, i-HPMC yethula isimo sesigaba esiqhubekayo, futhi i-HPS ihlakazwa esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPMC njengesigaba esihlakaziwe. Ngokuphambene, lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPMC kungaphansi kuka-40%, i-HPS iveza isimo sesigaba esiqhubekayo, futhi i-HPMC ihlakazeka esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPS njengesigaba esihlakaziwe. Ngakho-ke, kusixazululo esiyinhlanganisela esingu-5% se-HPMC/HPS, ngokuqukethwe okukhulayo kwe-HPS, kwenzeke okuphambene lapho isilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela kwakuyi-HPMC/HPS 40:60. Isigaba esiqhubekayo siyashintsha sisuka esigabeni sokuqala se-HPMC siye esigabeni sakamuva se-HPS. Ngokubheka ukwakheka kwesigaba, kungabonakala ukuthi isigaba se-HPMC ku-matrix ye-HPS siyindilinga ngemva kokuhlakazwa, kuyilapho ukwakheka okuhlakazekile kwesigaba se-HPS ku-matrix ye-HPMC kungavamile kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokubala isilinganiso sendawo yendawo enombala okhanyayo (HPMC) endaweni enombala omnyama (HPS) endaweni ye-HPMC/HPS ngemva kokudaya (ngaphandle kokucabangela isimo se-mesophase), kwatholakala ukuthi indawo I-HPMC (umbala okhanyayo)/HPS (umbala omnyama) esithombeni Isilinganiso sihlala sikhulu kunesilinganiso sangempela esiyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS. Isibonelo, kumdwebo obala we-HPMC/HPS enesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela esingu-50:50, indawo ye-HPS endaweni ye-interphase ayibalwa, futhi isilinganiso sendawo yokukhanya/emnyama ngu-71/29. Lo mphumela uqinisekisa ukuba khona kwenani elikhulu lama-mesophase ohlelweni oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinhlelo zokuhlanganisa i-polymer ezihambisana ngokugcwele azivamile ngoba ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanganisa i-polymer, ukushisa kokuhlanganisa kuvame ukuba kuhle futhi i-entropy yokuhlanganisa ngokuvamile ishintsha kancane, ngaleyo ndlela kubangele amandla amahhala ngesikhathi sokuhlanganisa ukuguqulwa kube yinani elihle. Kodwa-ke, ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, i-HPMC ne-HPS basathembisa ukukhombisa izinga elikhulu lokuhambisana, ngoba i-HPMC ne-HPS zombili ziyi-hydrophilic polysaccharides, zineyunithi yesakhiwo efanayo - i-glucose, futhi idlula iqembu elifanayo elisebenzayo liguqulwa i-hydroxypropyl. Ukwenzeka kwama-mesophase amaningi ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS kuphinde kukhombise ukuthi i-HPMC ne-HPS kunhlanganisela inezinga elithile lokuhambisana, futhi kwenzeka into efanayo ohlelweni lwe-starch-polyvinyl alcohol blend ene-plasticizer eyengeziwe. wabuye wavela [339].
4.3.3 Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-microscopic morphology kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic zesistimu ehlanganisiwe
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-morphology, isenzakalo sokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, ukucaca kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zohlelo oluyinhlanganisela lwe-HPMC/HPS kwacwaningwa ngokuningiliziwe. Umfanekiso 4-3 ubonisa umthelela wokuqukethwe kwe-HPS kuzakhiwo ze-macroscopic njengokusobala kanye ne-tensile modulus yohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS. Kuyabonakala ngesibalo ukuthi ukucaca kwe-HPMC emsulwa kuphakeme kunokwe-HPS emsulwa, ikakhulukazi ngoba ukufakwa kabusha kwesitashi kunciphisa ukucaca kwe-HPS, futhi ukuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl isitashi nakho kuyisizathu esibalulekile sokuncipha kokungafihli I-HPS [340, 341]. Ingatholakala esibalweni sokuthi ukudluliswa kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS kuzoba nenani elincane elinomehluko wokuqukethwe kwe-HPS. Ukudluliswa kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela, ebangeni lokuqukethwe kwe-HPS ngaphansi kwama-70%, kuyandait yehla ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS; uma okuqukethwe kwe-HPS kweqa u-70%, kuyanda ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS. Lesi senzakalo sisho ukuthi uhlelo lwekhompiyutha ye-HPMC/HPS alunakwenzeka, ngoba isenzakalo sokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sohlelo siholela ekwehleni kokudluliswa kokukhanya. Ngokuphambene nalokho, i-Young's modulus yesistimu yekhompiyutha nayo ibonakale iyiphuzu elincane elinezilinganiso ezihlukene, futhi i-modulus ye-Young yaqhubeka yehla ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, futhi yafinyelela endaweni ephansi kakhulu lapho okuqukethwe kwe-HPS kungu-60%. I-modulus yaqhubeka ikhula, futhi i-modulus yanda kancane. I-Young's modulus yohlelo lwekhompiyutha ye-HPMC/HPS ibonise inani elincane, eliphinde labonisa ukuthi uhlelo lwekhompiyutha lwaluwuhlelo olungenakulinganiswa. Iphoyinti eliphansi kakhulu lokudluliswa kokukhanya kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS ihambisana nephuzu loshintsho lwesigaba sesigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPMC ukuya esigabeni esihlakazekile kanye nephuzu eliphansi kakhulu levelu yemodulus ye-Young kuMfanekiso 4-2.
4.3.4 Umthelela wokugxilisa isixazululo kumofoloji ye-microscopic yesistimu ehlanganisiwe
Umfanekiso 4-4 ubonisa umphumela wokugxilisa isixazululo ku-morphology kanye noshintsho lwesigaba sohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS. Njengoba kungabonakala emfanekisweni, ukuhlushwa okuphansi kwe-3% ye-HPMC/HPS uhlelo lwekhompiyutha, ku-compound ratio ye-HPMC/HPS ngu-40:60, ukubukeka kwesakhiwo esiqhubekayo kungabonwa; kuyilapho ekugxilweni okuphezulu kwesisombululo esingu-7%, lesi sakhiwo esiqhubekayo sibonwa esithombeni ngesilinganiso esihlanganisiwe esingu-50:50. Lo mphumela ubonisa ukuthi iphuzu lokushintsha kwesigaba sesistimu yenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS inokuncika kokugxilisa ingqondo okuthile, futhi isilinganiso senhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS yenguquko yesigaba siyakhula ngokukhula kokugxila kwesisombululo esihlanganisiwe, futhi i-HPS ijwayele ukwakha isigaba esiqhubekayo. . . Ukwengeza, izizinda ze-HPS ezihlakazekile esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPMC zibonise ukubunjwa okufanayo kanye ne-morphologies ngokushintsha kokugxila; kuyilapho i-HPMC ihlakaza izigaba ezihlakazekile esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPS ibonise ubujamo obuhlukene kanye ne-morphologyes ekugxilweni okuhlukene. futhi ngokwanda kokugxila kwesixazululo, indawo yokusabalalisa ye-HPMC yaba ngokungavamile. Isizathu esiyinhloko salesi simo ukuthi i-viscosity yesisombululo se-HPS iphakeme kakhulu kunesixazululo se-HPMC ekamelweni lokushisa, futhi ukuthambekela kwesigaba se-HPMC ukwakha isimo esiyindilinga esihlanzekile kuyacindezelwa ngenxa yokungezwani kwendawo.
4.3.5 Umthelela wokugxila kwesixazululo ezimpahleni zemishini zohlelo oluyingxube
Ngokuhambisana ne-morphologies ye-Fig. 4-4, i-Fig. 4-5 ibonisa izakhiwo eziqinile zamafilimu ahlanganisiwe akhiwe ngaphansi kwezixazululo ezihlukahlukene zokuhlushwa. Kungabonakala esibalweni ukuthi i-Young's modulus kanye nokwelulwa ngesikhathi sekhefu lohlelo oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS kuthanda ukwehla ngokunyuka kokugxila kwesixazululo, okuhambisana nokuguqulwa kancane kancane kwe-HPMC ukusuka esigabeni esiqhubekayo kuya esigabeni esihlakazekile kuMfanekiso 4. -4. I-microscopic morphology iyahambisana. Njengoba i-Young's modulus ye-HPMC homopolymer iphezulu kunaleyo ye-HPS, kubikezelwa ukuthi i-Young's modulus yesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS izothuthukiswa uma i-HPMC iyisigaba esiqhubekayo.
4.4 Isifinyezo salesi sahluko
Kulesi sahluko, izixazululo zekhompiyutha ze-HPMC/HPS namafilimu ayinhlanganisela anokugxiliswa okuhlukene kanye nezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe zalungiswa, futhi i-microscopic morphology kanye noshintsho lwesigaba sohlelo lwekhompiyutha lwe-HPMC/HPS lwabonwa ngokuhlaziywa kwe-optical microscope ye-iodine staining ukuhlukanisa izigaba zesitashi. Ukudluliswa kokukhanya kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zefilimu eyinhlanganisela edliwayo ye-HPMC/HPS kwacwaningwa yi-UV-vis spectrophotometer kanye nesihloli sempahla esisebenza ngomshini, futhi imiphumela yokugxilisa okuhlukene kanye nezilinganiso ezihlanganisiwe ezimpahleni zokubona kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zesistimu yokuhlanganisa zacwaningwa. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu ze-HPMC/HPS uhlelo lwekhompiyutha lwasungulwa ngokuhlanganisa i-microstructure yesistimu eyinhlanganisela, njenge-microstructure, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba, kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nezakhiwo ze-optical kanye nezakhiwo zemishini. Okutholakele okuyinhloko imi kanje:
- Indlela yokuhlaziya isibonakhulu esibona ngamehlo ukuhlukanisa izigaba zesitashi ngokungcoliswa kwe-iodine iyindlela elula kakhulu, eqondile nephumelelayo yokufunda imo kanye noshintsho lwesigaba sezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ezisekelwe isitashi. Ngokungcoliswa kwe-iodine, isigaba sesitashi sibonakala simnyama futhi simnyama ngaphansi kwe-microscopy ekhanyayo, kuyilapho i-HPMC ingangcolisiwe ngakho ibonakala ilula ngombala.
- Uhlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS aluhlanganisi, futhi kunephuzu lokushintsha kwesigaba ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe, futhi leli phuzu loshintsho lwesigaba linokwencika kwesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela nokuncika kokugxilisa ingqondo kwesixazululo.
- Uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS lunokuhambisana okuhle, futhi inani elikhulu lama-mesophase akhona ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela. Esigabeni esiphakathi, isigaba esiqhubekayo sihlakazeka esigabeni esihlakazekile esimweni sezinhlayiya.
- Isigaba esihlakazekile se-HPS ku-matrix ye-HPMC sibonise ukuma kwe-spherical okufanayo ekugxilweni okuhlukene; I-HPMC ibonise i-morphology engavamile ku-matrix ye-HPS, futhi ukungahambi kahle kwe-morphology kwanda ngokwanda kokugxila.
- Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-microstructure, uguquko lwesigaba, ukubeka izinto obala kanye nemishini yesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS yasungulwa. a. Iphuzu eliphansi kakhulu lokucaca kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe lihambisana nephuzu loshintsho lwesigaba se-HPMC ukusuka esigabeni esiqhubekayo ukuya esigabeni esihlakazekile kanye nephuzu elincane lokuncipha kwe-tensile modulus. b. I-Young's modulus kanye nobude ngesikhathi sekhefu kuncipha ngokwanda kokugxila kwesixazululo, okuhlobene ngokuqondile noshintsho lwe-morphological ye-HPMC ukusuka esigabeni esiqhubekayo kuya esigabeni esihlakazekile ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela.
Kafushane, izakhiwo ze-macroscopic zohlelo oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS zihlobene eduze nesakhiwo sayo se-microscopic morphological, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba, ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba nezinye izenzakalo, futhi izakhiwo zezinhlanganisela zingalawulwa ngokulawula isakhiwo sesigaba nokuhambisana kwenhlanganisela. uhlelo.
Isahluko 5 Umthelela we-HPS Hydroxypropyl Substitution Degree ku-Rheological Properties ye-HPMC/HPS Compound System
Kuyaziwa ukuthi izinguquko ezincane ezakhiweni zamakhemikhali zesitashi zingaholela ekushintsheni okukhulu kwezakhiwo zayo ze-rheological. Ngakho-ke, ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kunikeza ithuba lokuthuthukisa nokulawula izakhiwo ze-rheological zemikhiqizo esekelwe isitashi [342]. Ngokulandelayo, ukwazi kahle ithonya lesakhiwo samakhemikhali esitashi ezimpahleni zayo ze-rheological kungaqonda kangcono izakhiwo zesakhiwo semikhiqizo esekelwe isitashi, futhi kunikeze isisekelo sokuklanywa kwezitashi eziguquliwe ezinezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zokusebenza kwesitashi [235]. I-Hydroxypropyl isitashi isitashi esilungisiwe esisetshenziswa kabanzi emkhakheni wokudla nemithi. Ivamise ukulungiselelwa ukusabela kwe-etherification yesitashi somdabu esine-propylene oxide ngaphansi kwezimo ze-alkali. IHydroxypropyl yiqembu le-hydrophilic. Ukwethulwa kwalawa maqembu ochungechungeni lwamangqamuzana esitashi kunganqamula noma kwenze buthaka izibopho ze-hydrogen ze-intramolecular ezigcina ukwakheka kwe-starch granule. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ze-physicochemical of isitashi se-hydroxypropyl zihlobene nezinga lokufakwa esikhundleni kwamaqembu e-hydroxypropyl kuketango layo lamangqamuzana [233, 235, 343, 344].
Ucwaningo oluningi luye lwaphenya umphumela we-hydroxypropyl substitution degree kuzakhiwo ze-physicochemical zesitashi se-hydroxypropyl. UHan et al. wafunda imiphumela ye-hydroxypropyl waxy isitashi kanye ne-hydroxypropyl cornstarch esakhiweni nezici zokubuyisela emuva zamakhekhe erayisi a-Korean glutinous. Ucwaningo lwathola ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation inganciphisa izinga lokushisa kwe-gelatinization yesitashi futhi ithuthukise umthamo wokubamba amanzi wesitashi. ukusebenza, futhi kwavimbela kakhulu ukuguga kwesitashi kumaqebelengwane erayisi aseKorea [345]. Kaur et al. wafunda umphumela wokushintsha i-hydroxypropyl ezakhini ze-physicochemical zezinhlobo ezahlukene zesitashi samazambane, futhi wathola ukuthi izinga le-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni sesitashi samazambane liyahlukahluka ngezinhlobo ezahlukene, kanye nomphumela walo ezimpahleni zesitashi ezinosayizi wezinhlayiyana ezinkulu Okubaluleke nakakhulu; ukusabela kwe-hydroxypropylation kubangela izingcezu eziningi nemifantu ebusweni bezinhlayiya zesitashi; Ukufakwa esikhundleni kwe-hydroxypropyl kungathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo zokuvuvukala, ukuncibilika kwamanzi kanye nokuncibilika kwesitashi ku-dimethyl sulfoxide, futhi kuthuthukise isitashi ukubonakala kwe-paste [346]. Lawal et al. wafunda umphumela we-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni sezakhiwo zesitashi sikabhatata. Ucwaningo lubonise ukuthi ngemva kokuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl, umthamo wamahhala wokuvuvukala kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi kwesitashi kwathuthukiswa; ukubuyiswa kabusha kwesitashi somdabu kwavinjwa; Ukugaya kuyathuthukiswa [347]. Schmitz et al. walungisa isitashi se-hydroxypropyl tapioca futhi wasithola sinamandla okuvuvukala aphezulu kanye ne-viscosity, izinga eliphansi lokuguga, kanye nokuzinza okuphezulu kweqhwa [344].
Kodwa-ke, kunezifundo ezimbalwa mayelana nezakhiwo ze-rheological zesitashi se-hydroxypropyl, futhi imiphumela yokuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kuzakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli zezinhlelo ze-compound ezisekelwe isitashi bekungavamile ukubikwa kuze kube manje. Chun et al. wafunda i-rheology ye-low-concentration (5%) isixazululo se-hydroxypropyl rice isitashi. Imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi umphumela wokuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl ku-viscoelasticity eqinile futhi eguquguqukayo yesisombululo sesitashi yayihlobene nezinga lokushintshwa, futhi inani elincane lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl Propyl lingashintsha kakhulu izakhiwo ze-rheological zezixazululo zesitashi; i-viscosity coefficient ye-starch solutions iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-substitution degree, futhi ukuncika kwezinga lokushisa kwezakhiwo zayo ze-rheological kuyanda ngokwanda kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Inani liyancipha ngezinga elikhulayo lokushintshwa [342]. Lee et al. wafunda umphumela we-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni sezakhiwo zomzimba kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological zesitashi sikabhatata, futhi imiphumela yabonisa ukuthi ikhono lokuvuvukala nokuncibilika kwamanzi kwesitashi kwanda ngokunyuka kwezinga le-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni; Inani le-enthalpy liyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree; i-viscosity coefficient, i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi, ukucindezeleka kwesivuno, i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi kanye ne-modulus eguquguqukayo yesisombululo sesitashi konke kuncipha ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, inkomba yoketshezi kanye nesici sokulahlekelwa Ikhula ngezinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl; amandla ejeli eglue yesitashi ayancipha, ukuzinza kweqhwa kuyanda, futhi umphumela we-synersis uyancipha [235].
Kulesi sahluko, umphumela we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree kuzakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli ze-HPMC/HPS uhlelo olubandayo nolushisayo lwejeli lwafundwa. Isimo soguquko sibaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni okujulile kobudlelwane phakathi kokwakheka kwesakhiwo kanye nezakhiwo ze-rheological. Ukwengeza, indlela ye-gelation yesistimu ye-HPMC/HPS yokupholisa-reverse-cooling kwaxoxwa ngayo ngaphambili, ukuze kuhlinzekwe isiqondiso esithile sethiyori kwezinye izinhlelo ezifanayo zejeli zokuhlehlisa ukushisa-ukupholisa.
5.1 Izimpahla kanye Nezisetshenziswa
5.1.1 Izinto zokuhlola eziyinhloko
5.1.2 Amathuluzi nemishini emikhulu
5.2 Indlela yokuhlola
5.2.1 Ukulungiswa kwezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe
15% izixazululo zekhompiyutha ze-HPMC/HPS ezinezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa (100/0, 50/50, 0/100) kanye ne-HPS enamadigri e-hydroxypropyl substitution ahlukene (G80, A939, A1081) alungiswa. Izindlela zokulungiselela ze-A1081, A939, HPMC kanye nezixazululo zazo ezihlanganisiwe zikhonjiswe ku-2.2.1. I-G80 kanye nezixazululo zayo ezihlanganisiwe ne-HPMC zifakwa nge-gelatinized ngokunyakaziswa ngaphansi kwezimo ezingu-1500psi kanye no-110°C ku-autoclave, ngoba isitashi se-G80 Native sine-amylose ephezulu (80%), futhi izinga lokushisa layo le-gelatinization lingaphezu kuka-100 °C, elingakwazi kufinyelelwe indlela yokuqala yokugeza amanzi yokugeza i-gelatinization [348].
5.2.2 Izakhiwo ze-Rheological zezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ezinamadigri ahlukene okufaka esikhundleni se-HPS hydroxypropyl
5.2.2.1 Umgomo wokuhlaziya i-rheological
Kuyafana nokuthi 2.2.2.1
5.2.2.2 Indlela yokuhlola imodi yokugeleza
Kwasetshenziswa i-parallel plate clamp enobubanzi obungu-60 mm, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwamapuleti kwakusethwe ku-1 mm.
- Kukhona indlela yokuhlola ukugeleza kwe-pre-shear kanye ne-thixotropy yezigaba ezintathu. Kuyafana nokuthi 2.2.2.2.
- Indlela yokuhlola ukugeleza ngaphandle kwe-pre-shear kanye nendandatho ye-thixotropic thixotropy. Izinga lokushisa lokuhlola lingu-25 °C, a. Ukugunda ngesivinini esikhulayo, ibanga lesilinganiso sokugunda 0-1000 s-1, isikhathi sokugunda 1 iminithi; b. Ukugunda njalo, izinga lokugunda 1000 s-1, isikhathi sokugunda 1 iminithi; c. Ukugunda kwejubane okuncishisiwe, ububanzi besilinganiso sokugunda ngu-1000-0s-1, futhi isikhathi sokugunda siyiminithi elingu-1.
5.2.2.3 Indlela yokuhlola imodi ye-oscillation
Kwasetshenziswa ipuleti elihambisanayo elinobubanzi obungu-60 mm, futhi ukuhlukaniswa kwamapuleti kwakusethwe ku-1 mm.
- Ukushanela okuguquguqukayo kwe-Deformation. Izinga lokushisa lokuhlola 25 °C, imvamisa 1 Hz, ukuwohloka okungu-0.01-100%.
- Izinga lokushisa scan. Imvamisa 1 Hz, deformation 0.1 %, a. Inqubo yokushisa, izinga lokushisa elingu-5-85 °C, izinga lokushisa elingu-2 °C/min; b. Inqubo yokupholisa, izinga lokushisa elingu-85-5 °C, izinga lokupholisa ngu-2 °C/min. I-silicone seal yamafutha isetshenziswa eduze kwesampula ukugwema ukulahlekelwa umswakama ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa.
- Ukushanela imvamisa. Ukuhluka 0.1 %, imvamisa 1-100 rad/s. Izivivinyo zenziwa ku-5 ° C no-85 ° C, ngokulandelana, futhi zalinganiswa ezingeni lokushisa lokuhlola imizuzu emi-5 ngaphambi kokuhlolwa.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kwemodulus G′ kanye nokulahleka kwemodulus G″ yesixazululo se-polymer kanye nemvamisa ye-angular ω ilandela umthetho wamandla:
lapho u-n′ kanye no-n″ kuyimithambeka yelogi ethi G′-log ω kanye ne-log G″-log ω, ngokulandelana;
I-G0′ kanye ne-G0″ yizindlela zokunqamula ilogi G′-log ω kanye ne-log G″-log ω, ngokulandelana.
5.2.3 Isibonakhulu esibonakalayo
5.2.3.1 Isimiso sezinsimbi
Ngokufanayo 4.2.3.1
5.2.3.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Isixazululo esiyinhlanganisela esingu-3% 5:5 HPMC/HPS sikhishwe emazingeni okushisa ahlukene angu-25 °C, 45 °C, kanye no-85 °C, sehliselwa kusilayidi sengilazi esigcinwe ezingeni lokushisa elifanayo, futhi saphonswa kwifilimu encane. isixazululo ungqimba futhi omisiwe at lokushisa efanayo. Amafilimu ayegcotshwe ngesisombululo se-iodine esingu-1%, afakwa endaweni yesibonakhulu esikhanyayo ukuze abukwe futhi athathwe izithombe.
5.3 Imiphumela Nezingxoxo
5.3.1 Ukuhlaziywa kwephethini ye-viscosity kanye nokugeleza
5.3.1.1 Indlela yokuhlola ukugeleza ngaphandle kwe-pre-shear kanye nendandatho ye-thixotropic thixotropy
Kusetshenziswa indlela yokuhlola ukugeleza ngaphandle kokugunda ngaphambili kanye nendlela ye-thixotropic thixotropic ring, i-viscosity yesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS enamadigri ahlukene e-HPS yokufaka esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl yacwaningwa. Imiphumela ikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 5-1. Kungabonakala esibalweni ukuthi i-viscosity yawo wonke amasampula ibonisa inkambiso enciphayo ngokunyuka kwezinga lokugunda ngaphansi kwesenzo samandla okugunda, okubonisa izinga elithile lesenzakalo sokuncipha kwe-shear. Iningi lezixazululo ze-polymer ezigxile kakhulu noma ezincibilikayo zithola ukuhlukaniswa okuqinile kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kwamangqamuzana ngaphansi kwe-shear, ngaleyo ndlela kukhombisa ukuziphatha kwe-pseudoplastic fluid [305, 349, 350]. Kodwa-ke, amadigri okunciphisa ama-shear ezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ze-HPS ezinamadigri e-hydroxypropyl ahlukile ahlukile.
Fig. 5-1 Viscosities vs. shear rate of the HPS/HPMC solution with different hydropropyl substitution degree of HPS (ngaphandle kokugunda kwangaphambili, izimpawu eziqinile nezingenalutho ziveza izinga elikhulayo kanye nenqubo yezinga elinciphayo, ngokulandelana)
Kungabonwa ngesibalo ukuthi i-viscosity nedigri yokuncipha kwe-shear yesampula ye-HPS emsulwa iphakeme kunaleyo yesampula yenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, kuyilapho idigri yokuncipha kwe-shear yesixazululo se-HPMC iphansi kakhulu, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi i-viscosity ye-HPS ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo le-HPMC. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kusixazululo esiyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS enesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela esifanayo, i-viscosity iyanda nge-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Lokhu kungase kube ngenxa yokuthi ukungezwa kwamaqembu e-hydroxypropyl kuma-molecule esitashi kuphula izibopho ze-hydrogen ze-intermolecular futhi ngaleyo ndlela kuholele ekuhlakazweni kwama-starch granules. I-Hydroxypropylation yanciphisa kakhulu isimo sokuncipha kwe-shear sesitashi, futhi ukuncipha kwe-shear kwesitashi somdabu kwaba sobala kakhulu. Ngokukhula okuqhubekayo kwedigri ye-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni, idigri ye-shear thinning ye-HPS yehla kancane kancane.
Wonke amasampuli anezindandatho ze-thixotropic ku-shear stress-shear rate curve, okubonisa ukuthi wonke amasampuli anezinga elithile le-thixotropy. Amandla e-thixotropic amelwe ubukhulu bendawo yendandatho ye-thixotropic. Isampula ye-thixotropic kakhulu [351]. Inkomba yokugeleza n ne-viscosity coefficient K yesixazululo sesampula ingabalwa ngomthetho wamandla we-Ostwald-de Waele (bona isibalo (2-1)).
Ithebula 5-1 Inkomba ye-Flow behavior (n) kanye ne-fluid consistency index (K) ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezinga kanye nenqubo yesilinganiso sokuncipha kanye nendawo eyiluphu ye-thixotropy yesixazululo se-HPS/HPMC ene-hydropropyl substitution degree ehlukile ye-HPS ku-25 °C
Ithebula 5-1 libonisa inkomba yokugeleza n, i-viscosity coefficient K kanye nendawo yeringi ye-thixotropic yezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ezinamadigri ahlukene we-HPS yokushintshanisa i-hydroxypropyl ohlelweni lokukhulisa ukugunda nokunciphisa ukugunda. Kungabonakala kuthebula ukuthi inkomba yokugeleza n yawo wonke amasampuli ingaphansi kuka-1, okubonisa ukuthi zonke izixazululo zesampula ziwuketshezi lwe-pseudoplastic. Ngohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS ene-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree efanayo, inkomba yokugeleza n iyanda ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, okubonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-HPMC kwenza isixazululo esiyinhlanganisela sibonise izici eziqinile zoketshezi lwe-Newtonian. Kodwa-ke, ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, i-viscosity coefficient K yehla ngokuqhubekayo, okubonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-HPMC kunciphise i-viscosity yesisombululo senhlanganisela, ngoba i-viscosity coefficient K yayilingana ne-viscosity. Inani elingu-n kanye nenani le-K le-HPS emsulwa enamadigri ahlukile e-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni sesiteji esikhuphukayo sokugunda kokubili kwehle ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, okubonisa ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwe-hydroxypropylation kungathuthukisa i-pseudoplasticity yesitashi futhi kunciphise i-Viscosity yezixazululo zesitashi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani le-n liyakhula ngokukhuphuka kwedigri yokushintsha esigabeni esinciphayo sokugunda, okubonisa ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation ithuthukisa ukuziphatha kwe-Newtonian fluid yesixazululo ngemva kokugunda ngesivinini esikhulu. Inani elingu-n kanye nevelu ye-K yesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS kuthintwa yi-HPS hydroxypropylation ne-HPMC, okube umphumela wesenzo sabo esihlanganisiwe. Uma kuqhathaniswa nesigaba sokugunda esandayo, amanani n wawo wonke amasampula esigabeni sokugunda esinciphayo aba makhulu, kuyilapho amanani e-K aba mancane, okubonisa ukuthi i-viscosity yesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela yehliswa ngemuva kokugunda ngesivinini esikhulu, Ukuziphatha kwe-Newtonian fluid yesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela kuye kwathuthukiswa. .
Indawo yendandatho ye-thixotropic yehla ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, okubonisa ukuthi ukungezwa kwe-HPMC kunciphise i-thixotropy yesisombululo senhlanganisela futhi kwathuthukisa ukuzinza kwayo. Ngesixazululo senhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS enesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, indawo yeringi ye-thixotropic iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, okubonisa ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation ithuthukisa ukuzinza kwe-HPS.
5.3.1.2 Indlela yokugunda ngendlela yokusika ngaphambi kwesikhathi kanye nendlela ye-thixotropic enezigaba ezintathu
Indlela yokugunda ene-pre-shear yayisetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuguqulwa kwe-viscosity ye-HPMC/HPS isixazululo esihlanganisiwe esinamadigri ahlukene we-HPS ye-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni se-shear rate. Imiphumela ikhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 5-2. Kungabonakala esibalweni ukuthi isixazululo se-HPMC sikhombisa cishe akukho ukugunda kwe-shear, kuyilapho amanye amasampula ekhombisa ukugunda kwe-shear. Lokhu kuhambisana nemiphumela etholwe ngendlela yokugunda ngaphandle kokugunda ngaphambilini. Kungaphinda kubonakale esibalweni ukuthi ngamanani aphansi okushear, isampuli efakwe esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl ephezulu ibonisa isifunda sethafa.
I-Fig. 5-2 Viscosities vs. shear rate yesixazululo se-HPS/HPMC enedigri ehlukile ye-HPS ye-hydropropyl esikhundleni (ngokushefa kwangaphambili)
I-viscosity ye-zero-shear (h0), inkomba yokugeleza (n) kanye ne-viscosity coefficient (K) etholwe ngokufaka iboniswa kuThebula 5-2. Kuthebula, singabona ukuthi kumasampula e-HPS amsulwa, amanani n atholwe yizo zombili izindlela akhuphuka ngezinga lokushintshana, okubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuqinile kwesixazululo sesitashi kuncipha njengoba izinga lokushintsha likhula. Ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, amanani we-n wonke abonise ukuthambekela okuphansi, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC yehlise ukuziphatha okuqinile kwesixazululo. Lokhu kukhombisa ukuthi imiphumela yokuhlaziya ikhwalithi yalezi zindlela ezimbili iyahambisana.
Uma kuqhathaniswa idatha etholwe isampula efanayo ngaphansi kwezindlela ezihlukene zokuhlola, kutholakala ukuthi inani elingu-n elitholwe ngemva kokugunda kwangaphambili lihlala likhulu kunalelo elitholwe ngendlela ngaphandle kokugunda ngaphambili, okubonisa ukuthi uhlelo oluyinhlanganisela olutholwe ngaphambili. -indlela yokugunda iwukuqina-okufana nokuziphatha kuphansi kunalokho okukalwa ngendlela ngaphandle kokugunda kwangaphambili. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi umphumela wokugcina otholwe ekuhlolweni ngaphandle kwe-pre-shear empeleni uwumphumela wesenzo esihlanganisiwe sezinga lokugunda kanye nesikhathi sokugunda, kuyilapho indlela yokuhlola nge-pre-shear kuqala iqeda umphumela we-thixotropic ngokushefa okuphezulu isikhathi esithile. isikhathi. Ngakho-ke, le ndlela ingakwazi ukucacisa ngokunembe kakhudlwana ukwenzeka kwe-shear thinning kanye nezici zokugeleza zesistimu ehlanganisiwe.
Kusuka etafuleni, singabona futhi ukuthi ngesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa (5:5), inani le-n lesistimu yokuhlanganisa liseduze no-1, futhi i-pre-sheared n ikhuphuka ngezinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl Kubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC isigaba esiqhubekayo ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela, futhi i-HPMC inomphumela onamandla kumasampula esitashi anedigri ephansi ye-hydroxypropyl substitution, ehambisana nomphumela wokuthi inani le-n liyakhuphuka ngokukhuphuka kwedigri yokushintsha ngaphandle kokugunda kwangaphambili ngokuphambene nalokho. Amanani we-K wezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe anamazinga ahlukene okushintshana kulezi zindlela ezimbili ayafana, futhi akukho mkhuba osobala, kuyilapho i-viscosity ye-zero-shear ibonisa ukuthambekela okucacile okuya phansi, ngoba i-viscosity ye-zero-shear izimele ngaphandle kwe-shear. isilinganiso. I-intrinsic viscosity ingabonisa ngokunembile izakhiwo zento ngokwayo.
Umdwebo 5-3 I-thixotropy yezikhawu ezintathu yesisombululo senhlanganisela ye-HPS/HPMC enedigri ehlukile ye-hydropropyl esikhundleni se-HPS
Indlela ye-thixotropic enezigaba ezintathu yasetshenziselwa ukutadisha umphumela wamazinga ahlukene we-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl isitashi kuzakhiwo ze-thixotropic zesistimu ye-compound. Kungabonakala ku-Figure 5-3 ukuthi esigabeni esiphansi se-shear, i-viscosity yesisombululo iyancipha ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, futhi iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-substitution degree, ehambisana nomthetho we-zero shear viscosity.
Izinga lokubuyiswa kwesakhiwo ngemva kwesikhathi esihlukile esigabeni sokubuyisela liboniswa izinga lokubuyisela i-viscosity i-DSR, futhi indlela yokubala iboniswa ku-2.3.2. Kungabonakala kuThebula 5-2 ukuthi ngesikhathi esifanayo sokutakula, i-DSR ye-HPS ehlanzekile iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-HPMC ehlanzekile, ikakhulukazi ngoba i-molecule ye-HPMC iyiketanga eliqinile, futhi isikhathi sayo sokuphumula sifushane, futhi isakhiwo singatholakala ngesikhathi esifushane. lulama. Nakuba i-HPS iyiketango eliguquguqukayo, isikhathi sayo sokuphumula side, futhi ukubuyiswa kwesakhiwo kuthatha isikhathi eside. Ngokukhula kwe-substitution degree, i-DSR ye-HPS ehlanzekile iyancipha ngokukhula kwe-substitution degree, okubonisa ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation ithuthukisa ukuguquguquka kwe-starch chain molecule futhi yenza isikhathi sokuphumula se-HPS sibe side. I-DSR yesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela iphansi kunaleyo ye-HPS emsulwa namasampula e-HPMC amsulwa, kodwa ngokwanda kwedigri yokufaka esikhundleni se-HPS hydroxypropyl, i-DSR yesampula eyinhlanganisela iyanda, okubonisa ukuthi i-thixotropy yohlelo lwekhompiyutha iyanda ukwanda kokushintshwa kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl. Yehla ngezinga elikhulayo lokushintshwa kwe-radical, okuhambisana nemiphumela ngaphandle kokugunda kwangaphambili.
Ithebula 5-2 I-Zero shear viscosity (h0), inkomba yokuziphatha kokugeleza (n), inkomba yokuvumelana koketshezi (K) ngesikhathi sokukhula kwezinga kanye nezinga lokubuyiswa kwesakhiwo (DSR) ngemva kwesikhathi esithile sokululama sesisombululo se-HPS/HPMC nge-hydropropyl ehlukile i-substitution degree ye-HPS ku-25 °C
Kafushane, ukuhlolwa kwesimo esiqinile ngaphandle kokushefa kwangaphambili kanye nokuhlolwa kwe-thixotropic indandatho ye-thixotropy kungahlaziya ngokufanelekile amasampula anomehluko omkhulu wokusebenza, kodwa kumakhomponi anamadigri ahlukile we-HPS hydroxypropyl esikhundleni anomehluko omncane wokusebenza Imiphumela yocwaningo yesixazululo iphambene imiphumela yangempela, ngoba idatha elinganisiwe iyimiphumela ebanzi yethonya lesilinganiso sokugunda kanye nesikhathi sokugunda, futhi ayikwazi ukukhombisa ngempela umthelela wokuguquguquka okukodwa.
5.3.2 Isifunda esinomugqa we-viscoelastic
Kwaziwa kahle ukuthi kuma-hydrogel, i-modulus yokugcina i-G′ inqunywa ubulukhuni, amandla kanye nenombolo yamaketanga e-molecular asebenzayo, futhi i-modulus yokulahlekelwa engu-G′ inqunywa ukufuduka, ukunyakaza nokungqubuzana kwama-molecule amancane namaqembu asebenzayo. . Kunqunywa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okungqubuzana njengokudlidliza nokuzungeza. Uphawu lokuba khona kwempambanondlela yemodulus yesitoreji engu-G′ kanye nemodulus yokulahlekelwa G″ (okungukuthi. tan δ = 1). Ukuguquka kusuka esixazululo ukuya kujeli kubizwa ngokuthi iphoyinti lejeli. Imodulus yesitoreji G′ kanye nemodulus G″ kuvame ukusetshenziselwa ukutadisha ukuziphatha kwe-gelation, izinga lokubunjwa kanye nezakhiwo zesakhiwo senethiwekhi yejeli [352]. Zingaphinda zibonise ukuthuthukiswa kwesakhiwo sangaphakathi kanye nesakhiwo samangqamuzana ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwesakhiwo senethiwekhi yejeli. [353].
Umfanekiso 5-4 ubonisa amajika obunzima bezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ezinamadigri ahlukene we-HPS yokufaka esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl kumafrikhwensi ka-1 Hz kanye nebanga lobunzima lika-0.01% -100%. Kungabonakala esibalweni ukuthi endaweni ephansi yokuguga (0.01–1%), wonke amasampula ngaphandle kwe-HPMC athi G′ > G″, abonisa isimo sejeli. Ku-HPMC, i-G′ ikusimo sonke Ububanzi obuhlukile buhlala bungaphansi kuka-G”, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC isesimweni sesixazululo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuncika kwe-deformation ye-viscoelasticity yamasampuli ahlukene kuhlukile. Kusampula ye-G80, ukuncika kwemvamisa kwe-viscoelasticity kubonakala kakhulu: lapho ukuwohloka kungaphezu kuka-0.3%, kungabonakala ukuthi u-G' uyancipha kancane kancane, ohambisana nokwanda okukhulu kwe-G”. ukwanda, kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwe-tan δ; futhi unqamule lapho inani le-deformation liyi-1.7%, okubonisa ukuthi isakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-gel ye-G80 sonakaliswe kakhulu ngemva kokuba inani le-deformation lidlula i-1.7%, futhi lisesimweni sokuxazulula.
I-Fig. 5-4 Storage modulus (G′) kanye nemodulus yokulahlekelwa (G″) vs. strain ye-HPS/HPMC ihlangana nedigri ye-HPS ehlukile ye-hydroypropyl (Izimpawu eziqinile nezingenalutho zethula i-G′ ne-G″, ngokulandelana)
Fig. 5-5 tan δ vs. strain yesixazululo senhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS enedigri ehlukile ye-hydropropyl esikhundleni se-HPS
Kungabonakala ngesibalo ukuthi indawo eqondile ye-viscoelastic ye-HPS ehlanzekile ngokusobala inciphile ngokuncipha kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ngamanye amazwi, njengoba i-HPS hydroxypropyl degree of substitution ikhula, izinguquko eziphawulekayo ku-tan δ curve zivame ukubonakala ebangeni lenani lokuguquguquka eliphezulu. Ikakhulukazi, indawo eqondile ye-viscoelastic ye-G80 iwumngcingo kuwo wonke amasampuli. Ngakho-ke, indawo eqondile ye-viscoelastic ye-G80 isetshenziselwa ukunquma
Umbandela wokunquma inani le-deformation variable ochungechungeni olulandelayo lokuhlola. Ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS enesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, indawo eqondile ye-viscoelastic nayo iyancipha ngokuncipha kwedigri ye-HPS esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl, kodwa umphumela onciphayo we-hydroxypropyl substitution degree endaweni eqondile ye-viscoelastic ayibonakali kangako.
5.3.3 Izakhiwo ze-Viscoelastic ngesikhathi sokushisisa nokupholisa
Izici eziguqukayo ze-viscoelastic ze-HPMC/HPS izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPS ezinamadigri ahlukene okufaka esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 5-6. Njengoba kungabonwa emfanekisweni, i-HPMC ikhombisa izigaba ezine ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisisa: indawo eyithafa yokuqala, izigaba ezimbili zokwakha isakhiwo, kanye nesifunda sethafa lokugcina. Esigabeni sokuqala sethafa, u-G′ < G″, amanani we-G′ no-G″ mancane, futhi avame ukwehla kancane ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa, okubonisa ukuziphatha okuvamile kwe-viscoelastic yoketshezi. I-thermal gelation ye-HPMC inezigaba ezimbili ezihlukene zokwakheka kwesakhiwo esiboshwe ukuphambana kwe-G′ kanye ne-G″ (okungukuthi, indawo yokuguqula ijeli yesixazululo, cishe ku-49 °C), ehambisana nemibiko yangaphambilini. Kuyavumelana [160, 354]. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ngenxa yenhlangano ye-hydrophobic kanye ne-hydrophilic association, i-HPMC kancane kancane yenza isakhiwo se-cross-network [344, 355, 356]. Esifundeni sethafa lomsila, amanani we-G′ kanye no-G″ aphakeme, okubonisa ukuthi isakhiwo senethiwekhi yejeli ye-HPMC sakheke ngokugcwele.
Lezi zigaba ezine ze-HPMC zivela ngokulandelana ngokulandelana njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha. Ukuphambana kwe-G′ kanye no-G″ kushintshela endaweni yokushisa ephansi cishe ku-32 °C phakathi nesigaba sokupholisa, okungenzeka kube ngenxa ye-hysteresis [208] noma umphumela wokujiya weketango ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi [355]. Ngokufanayo ne-HPMC, amanye amasampuli ngesikhathi sokushisisa Kukhona nezigaba ezine, futhi into ehlehliswayo yenzeka ngesikhathi sokupholisa. Kodwa-ke, kungabonwa ngesibalo ukuthi i-G80 ne-A939 zibonisa inqubo eyenziwe lula engenakho ukuphambana phakathi kwe-G' ne-G”, futhi ijika le-G80 alibonakali ngisho. Indawo yesikhulumi ngemuva.
Ku-HPS emsulwa, izinga eliphezulu lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl lingashintsha kokubili izinga lokushisa lokuqala nelokugcina lokwakheka kwejeli, ikakhulukazi izinga lokushisa lokuqala, elingu-61 °C ku-G80, A939, kanye ne-A1081, ngokulandelana. , 62 °C no-54 °C. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kumasampula e-HPMC/HPS anesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, njengoba izinga lokushintsha likhula, amanani we-G′ kanye no-G″ womabili avame ukwehla, okuhambisana nemiphumela yezifundo zangaphambilini [357, 358]. Njengoba izinga lokushintsha likhula, ukuthungwa kwejeli kuba thambile. Ngakho-ke, i-hydroxypropylation iphula isakhiwo esi-odiwe sesitashi somdabu futhi ithuthukise i-hydrophilicity yayo [343].
Kumasampuli ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, kokubili i-G′ kanye ne-G″ yehle ngokukhuphuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ebihambisana nemiphumela ye-HPS emsulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokwengezwa kwe-HPMC, idigri yokushintsha ibe nomthelela omkhulu ku-G′ Umphumela ngo-G” uyancipha.
Amajika e-viscoelastic awo wonke amasampula ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS abonise ukuthambekela okufanayo, okuhambisana ne-HPS ekushiseni okuphansi kanye ne-HPMC ekushiseni okuphezulu. Ngamanye amazwi, ekushiseni okuphansi, i-HPS ibusa izakhiwo ze-viscoelastic zesistimu ehlanganisiwe, kuyilapho izinga lokushisa eliphezulu i-HPMC inquma izakhiwo ze-viscoelastic zesistimu ehlanganisiwe. Lo mphumela uhlobene kakhulu ne-HPMC. Ikakhulukazi, i-HPS ijeli elibandayo, elishintsha lisuka esimweni sejeli liye esimweni sesixazululo lapho lishiswa; ngokuphambene nalokho, i-HPMC iyijeli eshisayo, eyenza kancane kancane i-gel enesakhiwo senethiwekhi yokushisa ekhulayo. Kuhlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, ekushiseni okuphansi, izakhiwo zejeli zesistimu ehlanganisiwe zinikelwa ngokuyinhloko yijeli ebandayo ye-HPS, futhi ekushiseni okuphezulu, emazingeni okushisa afudumele, i-gelation ye-HPMC ibusa ohlelweni lwe-compound.
I-Fig. 5-6 Storage modulus (G′), imodulus yokulahlekelwa (G″) kanye ne-tan δ uma iqhathaniswa nezinga lokushisa lesixazululo senhlanganisela ye-HPS/HPMC enedigri ehlukile yokufaka esikhundleni se-hydroypropyl ye-HPS
Imoduli yesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, njengoba kulindelekile, iphakathi kwe-moduli ye-HPMC emsulwa kanye ne-HPS emsulwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lubonisa i-G′ > G″ kulo lonke uhla lokuskena kwezinga lokushisa, okubonisa ukuthi kokubili i-HPMC ne-HPS zingakha amabhondi e-hydrogen e-intermolecular nama-molecule wamanzi, ngokulandelana, futhi angakha amabhondi e-hydrogen ahlanganayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, Ejini lesici sokulahlekelwa, zonke izinhlelo eziyinkimbinkimbi zinenani eliphakeme elingu-δ cishe ku-45 °C, okubonisa ukuthi uguquko lwesigaba esiqhubekayo lwenzekile ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi. Lolu shintsho lwesigaba kuzoxoxwa ngalo ku-5.3.6 elandelayo. qhubeka nengxoxo.
5.3.4 Umthelela wezinga lokushisa ku-viscosity ehlanganisiwe
Ukuqonda umphumela wokushisa ezicini ze-rheological zezinto zokwakha kubalulekile ngenxa yobubanzi obubanzi bamazinga okushisa okungenzeka ngesikhathi sokucubungula nokugcinwa [359, 360]. Kububanzi obungu-5 °C - 85 °C, umthelela wezinga lokushisa ku-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi ye-HPMC/HPS izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ezinamadigri ahlukene we-HPS esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 5-7. Kusukela ku-Figure 5-7 (a), kungabonakala ukuthi i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi ye-HPS ehlanzekile iyancipha kakhulu ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushisa; i-viscosity ye-HPMC emsulwa yehla kancane isuka ekuqaleni iye ku-45 °C ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. ngcono.
Amajika e-viscosity awo wonke amasampula ayinhlanganisela abonise izitayela ezifanayo nezinga lokushisa, okokuqala ehla ngezinga lokushisa elikhuphukayo bese anda ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Ukwengeza, i-viscosity yamasampuli ahlanganisiwe iseduze naleyo ye-HPS emazingeni okushisa aphansi futhi iseduze naleyo ye-HPMC ekushiseni okuphezulu. Lo mphumela uhlobene futhi nokuziphatha okukhethekile kwe-gelation kokubili kwe-HPMC ne-HPS. Ijika le-viscosity lesampula elihlanganisiwe libonise inguquko esheshayo ku-45 °C, mhlawumbe ngenxa yoshintsho lwesigaba ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS. Kodwa-ke, kufanelekile ukuqaphela ukuthi i-viscosity ye-G80/HPMC 5:5 isampula ehlanganisiwe ekushiseni okuphezulu iphakeme kunaleyo ye-HPMC ehlanzekile, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi i-viscosity ephezulu ye-G80 ekushiseni okuphezulu [361]. Ngaphansi kwesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, i-viscosity ehlanganisiwe yesistimu yokuhlanganisa iyancipha ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ngakho-ke, ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-hydroxypropyl kuma-molecule esitashi kungase kuholele ekuqhekekeni kwamabhondi e-hydrogen e-intramolecular kuma-molecule esitashi.
Umdwebo 5-7 I-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi ngokumelene nezinga lokushisa le-HPS/HPMC ihlangana nedigri ehlukile ye-hydroypropyl esikhundleni se-HPS
Umthelela wezinga lokushisa ku-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi yesistimu yenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS ihambisana nobudlelwane be-Arrhenius ngaphakathi kwebanga elithile lokushisa, futhi i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi inobudlelwane obucacile nezinga lokushisa. I-Arrhenius equation imi kanje:
Phakathi kwazo, u-η* yi-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi, i-Pa s;
A kuyinto njalo, Pa s;
T izinga lokushisa eliphelele, K;
I-R iyigesi engaguquki, 8.3144 J·mol–1·K–1;
U-E ungamandla okwenza kusebenze, i-J·mol–1.
Ifakwe ngokwefomula (5-3), ijika le-viscosity-temperature yohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lingahlukaniswa libe izingxenye ezimbili ngokuya nge-tan δ peak ku-45 °C; uhlelo lwenhlanganisela ku-5 °C - 45 °C kanye no-45 °C - 85 ° Amanani wokwenza kusebenze amandla E kanye no-A ongaguquki atholwe ngokufaka uhla lwe-C aboniswa kuThebula 5-3. Amanani abaliwe wamandla okwenza kusebenze E aphakathi kuka-−174 kJ·mol−1 no-124 kJ·mol−1, futhi amanani ka-A ongaguquki aphakathi kuka-6.24×10−11 Pa·s no-1.99×1028 Pa·s. Ngaphakathi kwebanga elifanelekayo, ama-coefficients ahlanganisiwe ayephezulu (R2 = 0.9071 –0.9892) ngaphandle kwesampula ye-G80/HPMC. Isampula ye-G80/HPMC ine-coefficient ephansi yokuhlanganisa (R2= 0.4435) ebangeni lokushisa elingu-45 °C – 85 °C, okungenzeka ukuthi kungenxa yokuqina ngokwemvelo kwe-G80 nesisindo sayo esisheshayo uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinga le-HPS Crystallization [ 362]. Lesi sakhiwo se-G80 sikwenza kube maningi amathuba okuba kwakhe izinhlanganisela ezingezona homogeneous uma zihlanganiswe ne-HPMC.
Ezingeni lokushisa elingu-5 °C – 45 °C, inani elingu-E lesampula eliyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS liphansi kancane kunalelo le-HPS emsulwa, okungenzeka kungenxa yokusebenzelana phakathi kwe-HPS ne-HPMC. Yehlisa ukuncika kwezinga lokushisa kwe-viscosity. Inani elingu-E le-HPMC emsulwa liphakeme kunelamanye amasampuli. Amandla okuqalisa kuwo wonke amasampula aqukethe isitashi ayengamavelu amahle aphansi, okubonisa ukuthi emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ukwehla kwe-viscosity ngezinga lokushisa kwakungabonakali kahle futhi ukwakheka kubonisa ukuthungwa okufana nesitashi.
Ithebula 5-3 amapharamitha ezibalo ze-Arrhenius (E: amandla okwenza kusebenze; A: angaguquki; R 2 : i-coefficient yokunquma) kusukela ku-Eq.(1) ye-HPS/HPMC ihlangana namadigri ahlukene e-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS
Nokho, ebangeni eliphezulu lokushisa elingu-45 °C – 85 °C, inani elingu-E lishintshe ngokwekhwalithi phakathi kwamasampuli ayinhlanganisela ye-HPS ne-HPMC/HPS, futhi inani elingu-E lama-HPS amsulwa lalingu-45.6 kJ·mol−1 – Kububanzi be 124 kJ·mol−1, amanani ka-E wezakhiwo akububanzi obungu -3.77 kJ·mol−1– -72.2 kJ·mol−1. Lolu shintsho lubonisa umthelela oqinile we-HPMC kumandla okwenza kusebenze wesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi, njengoba inani elingu-E le-HPMC emsulwa lingu -174 kJ mol−1. Amanani we-E we-HPMC emsulwa kanye nesistimu ehlanganisiwe awekho, okubonisa ukuthi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-viscosity iyanda ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, futhi inhlanganisela ibonisa ukuthungwa kokuziphatha okufana ne-HPMC.
Imiphumela ye-HPMC ne-HPS ku-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi yezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu nezinga lokushisa eliphansi ziyahambisana nezakhiwo ze-viscoelastic okuxoxwe ngazo.
5.3.5 Izakhiwo zemishini enamandla
Amanani 5-8 abonisa amajika okushanela imvamisa ku-5 °C wezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ze-HPS ezinamadigri ahlukene okushintsha i-hydroxypropyl. Kungabonwa esibalweni ukuthi i-HPS emsulwa ibonisa ukuziphatha okuqinile okujwayelekile (G′ > G″), kuyilapho i-HPMC iwukuziphatha okufana noketshezi (G′ < G″). Zonke izinhlobo ze-HPMC/HPS zibonisa ukuziphatha okuqinile. Emasampuli amaningi, kokubili u-G′ kanye no-G″ akhuphuka ngobuningi obukhulayo, okubonisa ukuthi ukuziphatha okuqinile kwezinto kunamandla.
Ama-HPMC ahlanzekile abonisa ukuncika kwemvamisa okucacile okunzima ukukubona kumasampula e-HPS amsulwa. Njengoba bekulindelekile, uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lwe-HPMC/HPS lubonise izinga elithile lokuncika kwemvamisa. Kuwo wonke amasampula aqukethe i-HPS, i-n′ ihlala iphansi kuno-n″, futhi u-G″ ubonisa ukuncika kwemvamisa okunamandla kuno-G′, okubonisa ukuthi lawa masampuli anwebeka kakhulu kune-viscous [352, 359, 363]. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwamasampula ahlanganisiwe kunqunywa ikakhulukazi i-HPS, okungenxa yokuthi i-HPMC iveza isimo sesixazululo se-viscosity esiphansi ekushiseni okuphansi.
Ithebula 5-4 n′, n″, G0′ kanye ne-G0″ ye-HPS/HPMC enedigri ehlukile yokushintshanisa ye-hydropropyl ye-HPS ku-5 °C njengoba kunqunywa kusukela ku-Eqs. (5-1) kanye (5-2)
I-Fig. 5-8 Storage modulus (G′) kanye nemodulus yokulahlekelwa (G″) vs. frequency ye-HPS/HPMC ihlangana ne-hydroypropyl substitution degree ehlukile ye-HPS ku-5 °C
Ama-HPMC ahlanzekile abonisa ukuncika kwemvamisa okucacile okunzima ukukubona kumasampula e-HPS amsulwa. Njengoba kulindelekile kunxanxathela ye-HPMC/HPS, isistimu ye-ligand ibonise izinga elithile lokuncika kwemvamisa. Kuwo wonke amasampula aqukethe i-HPS, i-n′ ihlala iphansi kuno-n″, futhi u-G″ ubonisa ukuncika kwemvamisa okunamandla kuno-G′, okubonisa ukuthi lawa masampuli anwebeka kakhulu kune-viscous [352, 359, 363]. Ngakho-ke, ukusebenza kwamasampula ahlanganisiwe kunqunywa ikakhulukazi i-HPS, okungenxa yokuthi i-HPMC iveza isimo sesixazululo se-viscosity esiphansi ekushiseni okuphansi.
Amanani 5-9 abonisa amajika okushanela imvamisa yezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ze-HPS ezinamadigri ahlukene okushintsha i-hydroxypropyl ku-85°C. Njengoba kungabonwa esithombeni, wonke amanye amasampula e-HPS ngaphandle kwe-A1081 abonise ukuziphatha okuqinile okujwayelekile. Ku-A1081, amanani we-G' kanye no-G” asondelene kakhulu, futhi u-G' mncane kuno-G”, okubonisa ukuthi i-A1081 iziphatha njengoketshezi.
Lokhu kungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi i-A1081 ijeli ebandayo futhi ingena kushintsho lwe-gel-to-solution ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kumasampula anesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, amanani we-n′, n″, G0′ kanye ne-G0″ (Ithebula 5-5) wonke ehle ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, okubonisa ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation yehlise i-solid- njengokuziphatha kwesitashi ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu (85°C). Ikakhulukazi, i-n′ kanye no-n″ ye-G80 isondele ku-0, ibonisa ukuziphatha okuqinile okuqinile; ngokuphambene, amanani we-n′ kanye no-n″ we-A1081 asondele ku-1, abonisa ukuziphatha koketshezi oluqinile. Lawa manani e-n' kanye no-n” ahambisana nedatha ye-G' ne-G”. Ukwengeza, njengoba kungabonwa ku-Figure 5-9, izinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl lingathuthukisa kakhulu ukuncika kwemvamisa kwe-HPS ekushiseni okuphezulu.
I-Fig. 5-9 Storage modulus (G′) kanye nemodulus yokulahlekelwa (G″) vs. frequency ye-HPS/HPMC ihlangana ne-hydroypropyl substitution degree ehlukile ye-HPS ku-85 °C
Amanani 5-9 abonisa ukuthi i-HPMC ibonisa ukuziphatha okuqinile okujwayelekile (G′ > G″) ku-85°C, okubangelwa kakhulu izici zayo ze-thermogel. Ukwengeza, i-G′ kanye ne-G″ ye-HPMC iyahlukahluka ngokuya ngemvamisa Ukwanda akuzange kushintshe kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi ayinakho ukuncika kwemvamisa okucacile.
Ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS, amanani okuthi n′ kanye no-n″ womabili asondele ku-0, futhi i-G0′ iphakeme kakhulu kune-G0 (Ithebula″ 5-5), eqinisekisa ukuziphatha kwayo okuqinile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl ephakeme kungasusa i-HPS kusukela ekuziphatheni okuqinile kuya koketshezi, into engenzeki ezixazululweni ezihlanganisiwe. Ukwengeza, ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela olungezwe nge-HPMC, ngokwanda kwemvamisa, kokubili i-G' ne-G” yahlala izinzile, futhi amanani ka-n' kanye no-n” ayesondele kulawo e-HPMC. Yonke le miphumela iphakamisa ukuthi i-HPMC ibusa i-viscoelasticity yesistimu ehlanganisiwe ekushiseni okuphezulu kwama-85°C.
Ithebula 5-5 n′, n″, G0′ kanye ne-G0″ le-HPS/HPMC elinokushintshwa okuhlukile kwe-HPS nge-hydropropyl ku-85 °C njengoba kunqunywa kusukela ku-Eqs. (5-1) kanye (5-2)
5.3.6 I-Morphology yesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS
Ukushintshwa kwesigaba sohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS kwacwaningwa ngesibonakhulu se-iodine esingcolisa amehlo. Isistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS enesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela engu-5:5 ihlolwe ku-25 °C, 45 °C no-85 °C. Izithombe zesibonakhulu esinebala elikhanyayo ngezansi ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 5-10. Kungabonakala emfanekisweni ukuthi ngemva kokudaya nge-iodine, isigaba se-HPS sidaywa sibe nombala omnyama, futhi isigaba se-HPMC sibonisa umbala okhanyayo ngoba awukwazi ukudaywa nge-iodine. Ngakho-ke, izigaba ezimbili ze-HPMC/HPS zingahlukaniswa ngokucacile. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, indawo yezifunda ezimnyama (isigaba se-HPS) iyanda futhi indawo yezifunda ezikhanyayo (isigaba se-HPMC) iyancipha. Ikakhulukazi, ku-25 °C, i-HPMC (umbala okhanyayo) iyisigaba esiqhubekayo ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, futhi isigaba esincane esiyindilinga se-HPS (umbala omnyama) sihlakazwa esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPMC. Ngokuphambene, ku-85 °C, i-HPMC ibe yisigaba esihlakazekile esincane kakhulu nesinomumo ongavamile esihlakazekile esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPS.
Umdwebo 5-8 I-Morphologies edayiwe 1:1 I-HPMC/HPS ihlangana ku-25 °C, 45 °C no-85 °C
Ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa, kufanele kube nephuzu loshintsho lwe-morphology yesigaba sesigaba esiqhubekayo ukusuka ku-HPMC ukuya ku-HPS ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS. Ngokombono, kufanele kwenzeke lapho i-viscosity ye-HPMC ne-HPS ifana noma ifana kakhulu. Njengoba kungabonakala kuma-micrographs angu-45 °C ku-Figure 5-10, umdwebo wesigaba "sesiqhingi sasolwandle" ojwayelekile awuveli, kodwa isigaba esiqhubekayo siyabonwa. Lokhu kubheka futhi kuqinisekisa iqiniso lokuthi ukuguqulwa kwesigaba sesigaba esiqhubekayo kungenzeka kwenzeke endaweni ephakeme engu-δ ye-tan ku-dissipation factor-temperature curve okuxoxwe ngayo kokuthi 5.3.3.
Kungabonakala futhi esibalweni ukuthi ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi (25 °C), ezinye izingxenye zesigaba esihlakazekile se-HPS zikhombisa izinga elithile lombala ogqamile, okungenzeka kungenxa yokuthi ingxenye yesigaba se-HPMC ikhona esigabeni se-HPS uhlobo lwesigaba esihlakazekile. phakathi. Ngokuqondana, ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu (85 °C), ezinye izinhlayiya ezincane ezimnyama zisatshalaliswa esigabeni esihlakazekile se-HPMC esinemibala egqamile, futhi lezi zinhlayiya ezincane ezimnyama ziyisigaba esiqhubekayo se-HPS. Lokhu kubuka kusikisela ukuthi izinga elithile le-mesophase likhona kusistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC-HPS, ngaleyo ndlela futhi kubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC inokuhambisana okuthile ne-HPS.
5.3.7 Umdwebo wohlelo woshintsho lwesigaba se-HPMC/HPS uhlelo oluhlanganisiwe
Ngokusekelwe ekuziphatheni kwe-rheological yakudala yezixazululo ze-polymer kanye namaphoyinti ejeli ayinhlanganisela [216, 232] kanye nokuqhathanisa nezakhiwo okuxoxwe ngazo ephepheni, imodeli eyisimiso yokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo sezakhiwo ze-HPMC/HPS ngezinga lokushisa kuyahlongozwa, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 5-11.
Umdwebo 5-11 Izakhiwo ze-Schematic of the sol-gel transition ye-HPMC (a); I-HPS (b); kanye ne-HPMC/HPS (c)
Ukuziphatha kwejeli kwe-HPMC kanye nendlela yayo yokuguqula ijeli yesixazululo kufundwe kakhulu [159, 160, 207, 208]. Enye yalezo ezamukelwa kabanzi ukuthi amaketango e-HPMC akhona ngesixazululo ngendlela yama-bundle ahlanganisiwe. Lawa maqoqo axhumene ngokusonga ezinye izakhiwo ze-cellulose ezingashintshiwe noma ezincibilika kancane, futhi axhunywe ezindaweni eziminyene esikhundleni ngokuhlanganisa i-hydrophobic yamaqembu e-methyl namaqembu e-hydroxyl. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, ama-molecule amanzi enza izakhiwo ezifana nekheji ngaphandle kwamaqembu e-methyl hydrophobic kanye nezakhiwo zegobolondo lamanzi ngaphandle kwamaqembu e-hydrophilic njengamaqembu e-hydroxyl, avimbela i-HPMC ukuthi yakhe i-interchain hydrogen bond emazingeni okushisa aphansi. Njengoba izinga lokushisa likhuphuka, i-HPMC idonsa amandla futhi lezi zakhiwo zekheji lamanzi kanye negobolondo lamanzi ziyaphuka, okuyi-kinetics yenguquko yejeli yesisombululo. Ukuqhekeka kwekheji lamanzi kanye negobolondo lamanzi kuveza amaqembu e-methyl kanye ne-hydroxypropyl endaweni enamanzi, okuholela ekwenyukeni okukhulu kwevolumu yamahhala. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, ngenxa yenhlangano ye-hydrophobic yamaqembu e-hydrophobic kanye nenhlangano ye-hydrophilic yamaqembu e-hydrophilic, ukwakheka kwenethiwekhi ye-three-dimensional ye-gel ekugcineni kwakhiwa, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 5-11 (a).
Ngemuva kwe-gelatinization yesitashi, i-amylose incibilika kuma-starch granules ukuze kwakheke isakhiwo se-helical esisodwa esingenalutho, esihlala silonda futhi ekugcineni siveze isimo samakhoyili angahleliwe. Lesi sakhiwo se-helix esisodwa sakha i-hydrophobic cavity ngaphakathi kanye ne-hydrophilic surface ngaphandle. Lesi sakhiwo esiminyene sesitashi sisinika ukuzinza okungcono [230-232]. Ngakho-ke, i-HPS ikhona ngendlela yamakhoyili aguquguqukayo angahleliwe anezingxenye ze-helical ezinwetshiwe kusisombululo esinamanzi ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu. Njengoba izinga lokushisa lincipha, izibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwe-HPS nama-molecule amanzi ziyaphuka futhi amanzi abophekile ayalahleka. Ekugcineni, isakhiwo senethiwekhi esinezinhlangothi ezintathu sakhiwe ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezibopho ze-hydrogen phakathi kwamaketanga amangqamuzana, futhi ijeli iyakhiwa, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 5-11 (b).
Ngokuvamile, lapho izingxenye ezimbili ezinama-viscosity ahluke kakhulu zihlanganiswa, ingxenye ye-viscosity ephezulu ijwayele ukwakha isigaba esihlakazekile futhi ihlakazeke esigabeni esiqhubekayo sengxenye ye-viscosity ephansi. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-viscosity ye-HPMC iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-HPS. Ngakho-ke, i-HPMC yenza isigaba esiqhubekayo esizungeze isigaba sejeli se-HPS esine-viscosity ephezulu. Emaphethelweni ezigaba ezimbili, amaqembu e-hydroxyl kumaketanga e-HPMC alahlekelwa ingxenye yamanzi abophekile futhi akhe amabhondi e-hydrogen e-intermolecular ngamaketanga e-HPS. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisisa, amaketanga e-HPS amangqamuzana ahamba ngenxa yokumunca amandla anele futhi akha amabhondi e-hydrogen nama-molecule amanzi, okuholele ekuqhekekeni kwesakhiwo sejeli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, isakhiwo sekheji lamanzi kanye nesakhiwo segobolondo lamanzi kuchungechunge lwe-HPMC kwacekelwa phansi futhi kwaqhuma kancane kancane ukuze kuvezwe amaqembu e-hydrophilic kanye namaqoqo e-hydrophobic. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-HPMC yenza isakhiwo senethiwekhi ye-gel ngenxa ye-intermolecular hydrogen bond kanye ne-hydrophobic association, futhi ngaleyo ndlela iba yisigaba esihlakazekile esiphezulu se-viscosity esihlakazekile esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPS yamakhoyili angahleliwe, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 5-11 (c). Ngakho-ke, i-HPS ne-HPMC yayibusa izakhiwo ze-rheological, izakhiwo ze-gel kanye ne-morphology yesigaba samajeli ahlanganisiwe emazingeni okushisa aphansi naphezulu, ngokulandelana.
Ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-hydroxypropyl kuma-molecule esitashi kwephula ukwakheka kwebhondi ye-hydrogen e-odelwe ngaphakathi ngaphakathi, ukuze ama-molecule e-gelatinized amylose abe esimweni sokuvuvuka nokunwebeka, okwandisa umthamo we-hydration osebenzayo wama-molecule futhi avimbele ukuthambekela kwama-molecule e-starch ukunamathela ngokungahleliwe. kusisombululo esinamanzi [362]. Ngakho-ke, izakhiwo ezinkulu ne-hydrophilic ze-hydroxypropyl zenza ukuhlanganisa kabusha kwamaketanga e-amylose amangqamuzana kanye nokwakheka kwezifunda ezixhumanisa kube nzima [233]. Ngakho-ke, ngokuncipha kwezinga lokushisa, uma kuqhathaniswa nesitashi somdabu, i-HPS ijwayele ukwakha isakhiwo senethiwekhi yejeli exegayo futhi ethambile.
Ngokukhula kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kukhona izingcezu ze-helical ezinwetshiwe kakhulu kusixazululo se-HPS, ezingakha amabhondi e-hydrogen amaningi e-intermolecular neketango lamangqamuzana e-HPMC emngceleni wezigaba ezimbili, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe isakhiwo esifanayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hydroxypropylation inciphisa i-viscosity yesitashi, okunciphisa umehluko we-viscosity phakathi kwe-HPMC ne-HPS ekwakhiweni. Ngakho-ke, iphoyinti loshintsho lwesigaba kusistimu eyinkimbinkimbi ye-HPMC/HPS ishintshela kuzinga lokushisa eliphansi ngokukhuphuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Lokhu kungaqinisekiswa ngokushintsha okungazelelwe kwe-viscosity ngokushisa kwamasampula abuyiselwe ku-5.3.4.
5.4 Isifingqo Sesahluko
Kulesi sahluko, izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS ezinamadigri e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution ahlukene zalungiswa, futhi umphumela we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree kuzakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli ze-HPMC/HPS uhlelo lwenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo neshisayo lwaphenywa nge-rheometer. Ukusatshalaliswa kwesigaba kwesistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli ebandayo neshisayo kwacwaningwa ngokuhlaziya i-iodine engcolisa isibonakhulu. Okutholakele okuyinhloko imi kanje:
- Ezingeni lokushisa lasekamelweni, i-viscosity kanye nokuncipha kwe-shear kwesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS kwehle ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwethulwa kweqembu le-hydroxypropyl ku-molecule yesitashi kubhubhisa isakhiwo sayo se-intramolecular hydrogen bond futhi kuthuthukisa i-hydrophilicity yesitashi.
- Ezingeni lokushisa legumbi, i-zero-shear viscosity h0, inkomba yokugeleza n, kanye ne-viscosity coefficient K ye-HPMC/HPS izixazululo ezihlanganisiwe zithintwa kokubili i-HPMC kanye ne-hydroxypropylation. Ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPMC, i-zero shear viscosity h0 iyancipha, inkomba yokugeleza n iyanda, futhi i-viscosity coefficient K iyancipha; i-zero shear viscosity h0, inkomba yokugeleza n kanye ne-viscosity coefficient K ye-HPS ehlanzekile konke kukhuphuka nge-hydroxyl Ngokukhula kwezinga lokushintshwa kwe-propyl, iba yincane; kodwa ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela, i-zero shear viscosity h0 iyancipha ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushintshwa, kuyilapho inkomba yokugeleza n kanye ne-viscosity engaguquki i-K ikhuphuka ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushintsha.
- Indlela yokugunda nge-pre-shearing kanye ne-thixotropy yezigaba ezintathu ingabonisa ngokunembile i-viscosity, izakhiwo zokugeleza kanye ne-thixotropy yesisombululo se-compound.
- Indawo eqondile ye-viscoelastic yesistimu ehlanganisiwe ye-HPMC/HPS iyancipha ngokuncipha kwedigri ye-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni se-HPS.
- Kulolu hlelo lwenhlanganisela yejeli eshisayo ebandayo, i-HPMC ne-HPS ingenza izigaba eziqhubekayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi naphezulu, ngokulandelana. Lolu shintsho lwesakhiwo sesigaba lungathinta kakhulu i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi, izakhiwo ze-viscoelastic, ukuncika kwemvamisa kanye nezakhiwo ze-gel ze-gel eyinkimbinkimbi.
- Njengezigaba ezihlakazekile, i-HPMC ne-HPS inganquma izakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli zezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS emazingeni okushisa aphezulu naphansi, ngokulandelana. Amajika e-viscoelastic amasampula ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS ayehambisana ne-HPS ekushiseni okuphansi kanye ne-HPMC ekushiseni okuphezulu.
- Izinga elihlukile lokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwesakhiwo sesitashi nalo libe nomthelela omkhulu ezakhini zejeli. Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi, imodulus yokugcina, kanye nemodulus yokulahlekelwa konke kuncipha ngokwanda kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ngakho-ke, i-hydroxypropylation yesitashi somdabu ingaphazamisa ukwakheka kwayo okuhleliwe futhi yandise i-hydrophilicity yesitashi, okuholela ekuthunjweni kwejeli elithambile.
- I-Hydroxypropylation inganciphisa ukuziphatha okuqinile kwezixazululo zesitashi ekushiseni okuphansi kanye nokuziphatha okufana noketshezi ekushiseni okuphezulu. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, amanani okuthi n′ kanye no-n″ aba makhulu ngokwenyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree; ezingeni lokushisa eliphezulu, amanani n′ kanye no-n″ aba mancane ngokukhuphuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree.
- Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-microstructure, izakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli zesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS yasungulwa. Kokubili ukuguqulwa okungazelelwe kwe-viscosity curve yesistimu ehlanganisiwe kanye ne-tan δ isiqongo kwijika lesici sokulahlekelwa kuvela ku-45 °C, okuhambisana nokwenzeka kwesigaba esiqhubekayo esibonwa ku-micrograph (ku-45 °C).
Kafushane, isistimu yenhlanganisela yejeli eshisayo eshisayo ye-HPMC/HPS ibonisa i-morphology yesigaba esilawulwa izinga lokushisa kanye nezakhiwo. Ngokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene kwesitashi neselulosi, uhlelo lwe-HPMC/HPS olubandayo nolushisayo lwejeli lungasetshenziswa ekuthuthukisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinto ezihlakaniphile zenani eliphezulu.
Isahluko 6 Imithelela Yeziqu Zokushintshwa Kwe-HPS Ezimpahleni Nokuhambelana Kwesistimu Ye-HPMC/HPS Composite Membranes
Kungabonakala eSahlukweni 5 ukuthi ukuguqulwa kwesakhiwo samakhemikhali ezingxenyeni zesistimu ye-compound kunquma umehluko wezakhiwo ze-rheological, izakhiwo ze-gel kanye nezinye izakhiwo zokucubungula zesistimu ye-compound. Ukusebenza sekukonke kunomthelela omkhulu.
Lesi sahluko sigxile ethonyeni lesakhiwo samakhemikhali ezingxenyeni ze-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic ze-membrane eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS. Kuhlanganiswe nomthelela weSahluko sesi-5 ezimpahleni ze-rheological zesistimu eyinhlanganisela, izakhiwo ze-rheological zohlelo oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS ziyasungulwa- ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo zefilimu.
6.1 Izimpahla kanye Nezisetshenziswa
6.1.1 Izinto zokuhlola eziyinhloko
6.1.2 Amathuluzi nezinto zokusebenza ezibalulekile
6.2 Indlela yokuhlola
6.2.1 Ukulungiswa kolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS enamadigri ahlukile e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
Isamba esiphelele sesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela singu-8% (w/w), isilinganiso senhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS ngu-10:0, 5:5, 0:10, i-plasticizer ingu-2.4% (w/w) i-polyethylene glycol, Okudliwayo ifilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS yalungiswa ngendlela yokusakaza. Ukuze uthole indlela ethile yokulungiselela, bheka 3.2.1.
6.2.2 Isakhiwo sesizinda esincane se-HPMC/HPS ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela enamadigri ahlukile we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
6.2.2.1 Umgomo wokuhlaziywa kwe-microstructure yokusakazwa kwe-X-ray ngemisebe ye-synchrotron
I-Small Angel X-ray Scattering (SAXS) ibhekisela entweni ehlakazekayo ebangelwa ugongolo lwe-X ray olukhipha isampula ngaphansi kokuhlolwa ngaphakathi kwe-engeli encane eduze kwe-X-ray beam. Ngokusekelwe kumehluko wokuminyana kwama-electron we-nanoscale phakathi kwe-scatterer nendawo ezungezile, ukusakazeka kwe-X-ray ye-angle encane kuvame ukusetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwezinto eziqinile, eziqinile, neziwuketshezi ze-polymer ebangeni le-nanoscale. Uma kuqhathaniswa nobuchwepheshe be-X-ray diffraction ebanzi, i-SAXS ingathola ulwazi lwesakhiwo ngesilinganiso esikhulu, esingasetshenziswa ukuhlaziya ukuguqulwa kwamaketanga e-polymer molecular, izakhiwo zesikhathi eside, kanye nesakhiwo sesigaba kanye nokusabalalisa kwesigaba sezinhlelo ze-polymer eziyinkimbinkimbi. . Umthombo wokukhanya we-synchrotron X-ray uwuhlobo olusha lomthombo wokukhanya osebenza kahle kakhulu, onezinzuzo zokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, i-polarization ephezulu, i-pulse emincane, ukukhanya okuphezulu, nokungqubuzana okuphezulu, ngakho-ke ingathola imininingwane yesakhiwo se-nanoscale yezinto zokwakha ngokushesha okukhulu. futhi ngokunembile. Ukuhlaziya i-spectrum ye-SAXS yento elinganisiwe kungathola ngokufanelekile ukufana kokuminyana kwamafu e-electron, ukufana kwesigaba esisodwa sokuminyana kwamafu e-electron (ukuchezuka okuhle ku-Porod noma i-theorem kaDebye), kanye nokucaca kwesixhumi esibonakalayo sezigaba ezimbili (ukuchezuka okungekuhle ku-Porod noma ithiyori kaDebye). ), ukufana kwe-scatterer (noma ngabe kunezici ze-fractal), ukuhlakazeka kwe-scatterer (i-monodispersity noma i-polydispersity enqunywe i-Guinier) nolunye ulwazi, kanye nobukhulu be-scatterer fractal, i-gyration radius, kanye nongqimba oluyisilinganiso lwamayunithi aphindayo nakho kungatholakala ngokwenani. Ubukhulu, usayizi omaphakathi, ingxenyenamba yevolumu ye-scatterer, indawo ethile yendawo kanye neminye imingcele.
6.2.2.2 Indlela yokuhlola
E-Australian Synchrotron Radiation Center (Clayton, Victoria, Australia), umthombo wemisebe ye-synchrotron wesizukulwane sesithathu othuthukisiwe (flux 1013 photons/s, wavelength 1.47 Å) wasetshenziselwa ukunquma ukwakheka kwesizinda esincane kanye nolunye ulwazi oluhlobene lwenhlanganisela. ifilimu. Iphethini yokuhlakazeka enezinhlangothi ezimbili yesampula yokuhlola yaqoqwa umtshina we-Pilatus 1M (indawo engu-169 × 172 μm, usayizi wamaphikiseli angu-172 × 172 μm), futhi isampuli elinganisiwe yayikububanzi obungu-0.015 <q <0.15 Å−1 ( q i-vector ehlakazayo) Ijika le-X-ray elincane elingaphakathi enohlangothi olulodwa lokusabalalisa litholakala kuphethini yokuhlakaza enezinhlangothi ezimbili ngesofthiwe ye-ScatterBrain, futhi i-vector ehlakazayo u-q kanye ne-engeli ehlakazayo engu-2 kuguqulwa ngefomula i/ , iphi i-X-ray wavelength. Yonke idatha yenziwe yaba ngokwejwayelekile ngaphambi kokuhlaziywa kwedatha.
6.2.3 Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Thermogravimetric kolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS enamadigri ahlukene e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
6.2.3.1 Isimiso sokuhlaziywa kwe-thermogravimetric
Ngokufanayo 3.2.5.1
6.2.3.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Bheka 3.2.5.2
6.2.4 Izakhiwo eziqinile zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS anamadigri ahlukene e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
6.2.4.1 Isimiso sokuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo esiqinile
Ngokufanayo 3.2.6.1
6.2.4.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Bheka 3.2.6.2
Kusetshenziswa indinganiso ye-ISO37, isikwa ibe ama-splines amise okwe-dumbbell, enobude obuphelele obungu-35mm, ibanga phakathi kwemigqa yokumaka engu-12mm, nobubanzi obungu-2mm. Zonke izibonelo zokuhlolwa zilinganiswe kumswakama ongu-75% ngaphezu kuka-3 d.
6.2.5 Ukungena komoyampilo kwe-HPMC/HPS ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela enamadigri ahlukene okushintsha i-HPS hydroxypropyl
6.2.5.1 Isimiso sokuhlaziywa kwe-oxygen permeability
Ngokufanayo 3.2.7.1
6.2.5.2 Indlela yokuhlola
Bheka 3.2.7.2
6.3 Imiphumela Nezingxoxo
6.3.1 Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo se-Crystal samafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS anamadigri ahlukene e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
Umfanekiso 6-1 ubonisa i-engeli encane ye-X-ray ehlakazekayo yamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS anamadigri ahlukene okushintsha i-HPS hydroxypropyl. Kungabonakala emfanekisweni ukuthi ebangeni lesilinganiso esikhulu kakhulu sika-q > 0.3 Å (2θ > 40), iziqongo zezici ezisobala zivela kuwo wonke amasampula olwelwesi. Kusuka kuphethini yokuhlakazeka kwe-X-ray yefilimu yengxenye emsulwa (Umfanekiso 6-1a), i-HPMC emsulwa inesici esinamandla sokuhlakazeka kwe-X-ray kokuthi 0.569 Å, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC inenani eliphakeme lokuhlakazeka kwe-X ray engeli ebanzi. isifunda esingu-7.70 (2θ > 50). Iziqongo zesici se-Crystal, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC inesakhiwo esithile sekristalu lapha. Womabili amasampula efilimu isitashi e-A939 kanye ne-A1081 abonise inani eliphakeme eligqamile lokuhlakazeka kwe-X-ray kokuthi 0.397 Å, okubonisa ukuthi i-HPS inesici esivelele endaweni ebanzi engu-5.30, ehambisana nenani eliphakeme le-crystalline lohlobo lwe-B lwesitashi. Kungabonakala ngokucacile esibalweni ukuthi i-A939 ene-hydroxypropyl ephansi inendawo ephakeme kakhulu kune-A1081 enokushintshwa okuphezulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwethulwa kweqembu le-hydroxypropyl ochungechungeni lwamangqamuzana esitashi kwephula ukwakheka okuyaliwe kwasekuqaleni kwama-molecule esitashi, kukhulisa ubunzima bokuhlela kabusha nokuxhumanisa phakathi kwamaketanga e-starch yamangqamuzana, futhi kunciphisa izinga lokuvuselela isitashi. Ngokukhula kwedigri yokushintshanisa yeqembu le-hydroxypropyl, umphumela ovimbelayo weqembu le-hydroxypropyl ku-starch recrystallization usobala kakhulu.
Kungabonakala ku-spectra esakazwayo ye-X-ray ene-engeli encane yamasampula ayinhlanganisela (Umfanekiso 6-1b) ukuthi amafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC-HPS wonke abonise ukuqoqwa kwesici esisobala ku-0.569 Å naku-0.397 Å, okuhambisana nekristalu engu-7.70 HPMC iziqongo zesici, ngokulandelana. Indawo ephakeme kakhulu ye-HPS crystallization yefilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/A939 inkulu kakhulu kunaleyo yefilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/A1081. Ukuhlelwa kabusha kucindezelwe, okuhambisana nokuhluka kwendawo ephakeme ye-HPS crystallization enezinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kumafilimu engxenye emsulwa. Indawo ephakeme yekristalu ehambisana ne-HPMC ku-7.70 yezingqimba eziyinhlanganisela ezinamadigri ahlukene we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution ayizange ishintshe kakhulu. Uma kuqhathaniswa ne-spectrum yamasampula ezingxenye ezihlanzekile (Fig. 5-1a), izindawo ze-HPMC crystallization peaks kanye neziqongo ze-HPS crystallization zamasampuli ayinhlanganisela zinciphile, okubonise ukuthi ngokuhlanganiswa kokubili, kokubili i-HPMC ne-HPS ingasebenza ngempumelelo. elinye iqembu. I-recrystallization phenomenon yezinto zokuhlukaniswa kwefilimu idlala indima ethile yokuvimbela.
Fig. 6-1 SAXS spectra of HPMC/HPS ehlanganisa amafilimu ane-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ehlukahlukene ye-HPS
Sengiphetha, ukwanda kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye ezimbili kungavimbela ukwenzeka kabusha kwe-HPMC/HPS kolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ngokwezinga elithile. Ukwenyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ye-HPS kuvimbe ngokuyinhloko ukwenziwa kabusha kwe-HPS kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela, kuyilapho inhlanganisela yezingxenye ezimbili idlale indima ethile evimbelayo ekuhlanganiseni kabusha kwe-HPS ne-HPMC kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela.
6.3.2 Ukuhlaziywa kwesakhiwo esifana nesakho se-fractal solwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS olunamadigri ahlukile e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
Isilinganiso sobude beketango (R) lamamolekyuli e-polysaccharide njengama-molecule esitashi nama-cellulose asebangeni lika-1000-1500 nm, futhi u-q usebangeni lika-0.01-0.1 Å-1, ne-qR >> 1. Ifomula ye-Porod, amasampula efilimu ye-polysaccharide angabonwa Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-engeli encane ye-X-ray namandla okuhlakazeka kanye ne-engeli yokuhlakaza yilokhu:
Phakathi kwalokhu, I(q) ngiwumfutho wokusakazeka kwe-X-ray ene-engeli encane;
q i-engeli yokuhlakaza;
U-α uyintaba ye-Porod.
I-Porod slope α ihlobene nesakhiwo se-fractal. Uma i-α <3, ibonisa ukuthi isakhiwo sezinto ezibonakalayo sikhululekile, ingaphezulu le-scatterer libushelelezi, futhi liyi-mass fractal, kanye nobukhulu bayo be-fractal D = α; uma i-3 <α <4, ibonisa ukuthi isakhiwo sezinto ezibonakalayo siminyene futhi i-scatterer ingaphezulu ilukhuni, okuyi-surface fractal, kanye nobukhulu bayo be-fractal D = 6 - α.
Umfanekiso 6-2 ubonisa iziqephu ze-lnI(q)-lnq ze-HPMC/HPS eziyinhlanganisela ye-membrane enamazinga ahlukene okushintsha i-HPS hydroxypropyl. Kungabonakala emfanekisweni ukuthi wonke amasampula aveza ukwakheka kwe-fractal okufana ncamashi phakathi kwebanga elithile, futhi umthamo we-Porod α ungaphansi kuka-3, okubonisa ukuthi ifilimu eyinhlanganisela iveza i-mass fractal, futhi ingaphezulu lefilimu eliyinhlanganisela lilinganiselwe. bushelelezi. Ubukhulu be-fractal dimensions ye-HPMC/HPS yolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela enamadigri ahlukene okushintshanisa i-HPS hydroxypropyl aboniswa kuThebula 6-1.
Ithebula 6-1 libonisa ubukhulu be-fractal bolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela lwe-HPMC/HPS enamadigri ahlukene okushintsha i-HPS hydroxypropyl. Kuyabonakala etafuleni ukuthi kumasampula e-HPS amsulwa, ubukhulu be-fractal be-A939 esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl ephansi buphakeme kakhulu kunalelo le-A1081 elifakwe esikhundleni se-hydroxypropyl ephezulu, okubonisa ukuthi ngokwanda kwezinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl, kulwelwesi. Ukuminyana kwesakhiwo esizifanise kuncipha kakhulu. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-hydroxypropyl ochungechungeni lwengqamuzana yesitashi kuphazamisa kakhulu ukuhlangana okuhlangene kwamasegimenti e-HPS, okuholela ekwehleni kokuminyana kwesakhiwo esizifanayo kwifilimu. Amaqembu e-Hydrophilic hydroxypropyl angakha izibopho ze-hydrogen ze-intermolecular nama-molecule amanzi, ukunciphisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye zamangqamuzana; Amaqembu amakhulu e-hydroxypropyl akhawulela ukuhlangana kabusha nokuxhumanisa phakathi kwezingxenye zamangqamuzana esitashi, ngakho-ke ngezinga elikhulayo lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl, i-HPS yakha isakhiwo esicishe sifane naso.
Ohlelweni oluyinhlanganisela lwe-HPMC/A939, ubukhulu be-HPS buphakeme kunalelo lwe-HPMC, okubangelwa ukuthi isitashi siphinda sikhanye, futhi kwakheka ukwakheka okuhleleke kakhudlwana phakathi kwamaketanga wamangqamuzana, okuholela ekwakhiweni okucishe kufane kulwelwesi. . Ukuminyana okuphezulu. Ubukhulu be-fractal besampula ehlanganisiwe buphansi kunaleso sezingxenye ezimbili ezimsulwa, ngoba ngokuhlanganisa, ukubophezela okuhlangene kwamasegimenti wamangqamuzana ezingxenye ezimbili kuyavinjwa enye nenye, okuholela ekuncipheni kokuminyana kwezakhiwo ezizifanayo. Ngokuphambene, kusistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/A1081, ubukhulu be-HPS buphansi kakhulu kunalelo lwe-HPMC. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-hydroxypropyl kuma-molecule esitashi kuvimbela ngokuphawulekayo ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwesitashi. Isakhiwo esifana nesokhuni sikhululekile kakhulu. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ubukhulu be-fractal besampula yenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/A1081 bungaphezulu kwaleyo ye-HPS emsulwa, nayo ehluke kakhulu kusistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/A939. Isakhiwo esizifanayo, ama-molecule e-HPMC afana neketango angangena emgodini wesakhiwo sawo esixekethile, ngaleyo ndlela athuthukise ukuminyana kwesakhiwo esizifaniselayo se-HPS, okukhombisa futhi ukuthi i-HPS ene-hydroxypropyl ephezulu esikhundleni ingakha inkimbinkimbi efanayo ngemuva kokuhlanganiswa. nge-HPMC. izithako. Kusukela kudatha yezakhiwo ze-rheological, kungabonakala ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation inganciphisa i-viscosity yesitashi, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi senqubo yokuhlanganisa, umehluko we-viscosity phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili ohlelweni lokuhlanganisa uyancishiswa, okulungele ukwakheka kwe-homogeneous. inhlanganisela.
I-Fig. 6-2 lnI(q)-lnq amaphethini kanye namajika ayo afanelekile e-HPMC/HPS ahlanganisa amafilimu anedigri ehlukile ye-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni se-HPS
Ithebula 6-1 Imingcele yesakhiwo se-Fractal ye-HPS/HPMC ihlanganisa amafilimu aneziqu ezihlukahlukene ze-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni se-HPS
Olwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela olunesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, ubukhulu be-fractal bubuye bunciphe ngokunyuka kwedigri yokushintshanisa yeqembu le-hydroxypropyl. Ukwethulwa kwe-hydroxypropyl ku-molecule ye-HPS kunganciphisa ukuhlangana kwezingxenye ze-polymer ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphise ukuminyana kolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela; I-HPS enokufakwa esikhundleni kwe-hydroxypropyl ephezulu inokuhambisana kangcono ne-HPMC, Kulula ukwenza umfaniswano kanye nenhlanganisela eminyene. Ngakho-ke, ukuminyana kwesakhiwo esizifanisayo kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela kuncipha ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushintshwa kwe-HPS, okuwumphumela wethonya elihlangene ledigri yokushintsha ye-HPS hydroxypropyl kanye nokuhambisana kwezingxenye ezimbili zenhlanganisela. uhlelo.
6.3.3 Ukuhlaziywa kokuzinza kokushisa kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS anamadigri ahlukile e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
I-Thermogravimetric analyzer yasetshenziselwa ukuhlola ukuqina kokushisa kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela e-HPMC/HPS anamadigri ahlukene okushintsha i-hydroxypropyl. Umfanekiso 6-3 ubonisa ijika le-thermogravimetric (TGA) kanye nejika lezinga lokulahlekelwa isisindo (DTG) lamafilimu ayinhlanganisela anamadigri ahlukene e-HPS ye-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni. Kungabonakala ejikeni le-TGA kuMfanekiso 6-3(a) ukuthi amasampula olwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela anamadigri ahlukile we-HPS hydroxypropyl. Kunezigaba ezimbili ezisobala zokushintsha i-thermogravimetric ngokukhuphuka kwezinga lokushisa. Okokuqala, kunesigaba esincane sokulahlekelwa kwesisindo ku-30 ~ 180 ° C, esibangelwa ikakhulukazi ukuguquguquka kwamanzi adsorbed yi-polysaccharide macromolecule. Kunesigaba esikhulu sokuncipha kwesisindo ku-300~450 °C, okuyisigaba sangempela sokuwohloka kokushisa, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukuwohloka kokushisa kwe-HPMC ne-HPS. Kungabonakala futhi esibalweni ukuthi amajika okuncipha kwesisindo e-HPS anamazinga ahlukene okushintsha i-hydroxypropyl afana futhi ahluke kakhulu kulawo e-HPMC. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili zamajika okuncipha kwesisindo we-HPMC emsulwa namasampuli e-HPS amsulwa.
Kusuka kumajika e-DTG kuMfanekiso 6-3(b), kuyabonakala ukuthi amazinga okushisa okuwohloka okushisayo kwe-HPS ehlanzekile enamadigri ahlukene okushintsha i-hydroxypropyl asondele kakhulu, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa kwe-A939 ne-A081 amasampula angu-310 °C. kanye no-305 °C, ngokulandelana Izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa kwesampula ye-HPMC emsulwa liphakeme kakhulu kunalelo le-HPS, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lingu-365 °C; Ifilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS ineziqongo ezimbili zokuwohloka kokushisa kwijika le-DTG, elihambisana nokuwohloka kokushisa kwe-HPS ne-HPMC, ngokulandelana. Iziqongo zesici, ezibonisa ukuthi kunezinga elithile lokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kusistimu eyinhlanganisela enesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela esingu-5:5, esihambisana nemiphumela yokuwohloka kokushisa kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela enesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela esingu-5:5 kuSahluko 3. . Amazinga okushisa aphezulu okuwohloka kokushisa kwamasampuli efilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/A939 abengu-302 °C no-363 °C, ngokulandelana; amazinga okushisa aphezulu okonakaliswa okushisayo kwamasampula efilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/A1081 abengu-306 °C no-363 °C, ngokulandelana. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu amasampula efilimu ayinhlanganisela ashintshelwe kumazinga okushisa aphansi kunamasampula engxenye emsulwa, abonise ukuthi ukuzinza okushisayo kwamasampuli ayinhlanganisela kwehlisiwe. Kumasampuli anesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa lehla ngokunyuka kwedigri ye-hydroxypropyl substitution, okubonisa ukuthi ukuqina kokushisa kwefilimu eyinhlanganisela kwehle ngokunyuka kwedigri ye-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ukwethulwa kwamaqembu e-hydroxypropyl kuma-molecule esitashi kunciphisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwezingxenye zamangqamuzana futhi kuvimbela ukuhlelwa kabusha okuhlelekile kwama-molecule. Kuyahambisana nemiphumela ukuthi ukuminyana kwezakhiwo ezizifanise kuncipha ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl.
I-Fig. 6-3 TGA curves (a) kanye nokuphuma kwayo (DTG) curves (b) ye-HPMC/HPS ahlanganisa amafilimu anedigri ehlukile ye-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni se-HPS
6.3.4 Ukuhlaziywa kwezakhiwo zemishini yolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS enamadigri ahlukile e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
Umdwebo 6-5 izakhiwo ze-Tensile zamafilimu e-HPMC/HPS ane-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ehlukahlukene ye-HPS
Izici eziqinile zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS anamadigri ahlukile e-HPS hydroxypropyl esikhundleni ahlolwe ngomshini wokuhlaziya izakhiwo ku-25 °C kanye no-75% womswakama ohlobene. Amanani 6-5 abonisa imodulus enwebekayo (a), ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu (b) namandla aqinile (c) amafilimu ayinhlanganisela anamadigri ahlukene e-HPS hydroxypropyl esikhundleni. Kungabonakala ngesibalo ukuthi ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/A1081, ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, i-elastic modulus namandla aqinile efilimu eyinhlanganisela ancipha kancane kancane, nokwelulwa ngesikhathi sekhefu kwanda kakhulu, okwakuhambisana no-3.3. 5 umswakama ophakathi nendawo nophezulu. Imiphumela ye-membrane eyinhlanganisela enezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa yayingaguquguquki.
Kulwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPS, kokubili imodulus enwebekayo namandla aqinile akhuphuka ngokuncipha kwedigri ye-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, okuphakamisa ukuthi i-hydroxypropylation yehlisa ukuqina kolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela futhi ithuthukise ukuguquguquka kwayo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokukhula kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, i-hydrophilicity ye-HPS iyakhula, futhi ukwakheka kwe-membrane kuxega kakhulu, okuhambisana nomphumela wokuthi ubukhulu be-fractal buyehla ngokunyuka kwedigri yokufaka endaweni e-engeli encane X- ukuhlolwa kokuhlakazeka kwemisebe. Kodwa-ke, ukuphakama ngesikhathi sekhefu kuncipha ngokuncipha kwedigri yokushintshanisa yeqembu le-HPS hydroxypropyl, okungenxa yokuthi ukwethulwa kweqembu le-hydroxypropyl ku-molecule yesitashi kungavimbela ukuphinda kukhiqizwe isitashi. Imiphumela ihambisana nokwanda nokuncipha.
Kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS enesilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela esifanayo, imodulus enwebekayo yezinto ezibonakalayo zolwelwesi iyanda ngokuncipha kwedigri ye-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, futhi amandla aqinile nobude ngesikhathi sekhefu kokubili kuncipha ngokuncipha kwedigri yokufaka esikhundleni. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izici zemishini zolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ziyahlukahluka ngokuphelele ngesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa namazinga ahlukene we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izici zemishini ye-membrane eyinhlanganisela azithinteki kuphela i-HPS substitution degree esakhiweni se-membrane, kodwa futhi nokuhambisana phakathi kwezingxenye ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe. I-viscosity ye-HPS iyancipha ngokukhula kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kungcono kakhulu ukwakha inhlanganisela efanayo ngokuhlanganisa.
6.3.5 Ukuhlaziywa kokungena komoyampilo kwe-HPMC/HPS ulwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe olunamadigri ahlukile e-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution
I-oxidation ebangelwa umoya-mpilo yisigaba sokuqala ngezindlela eziningi zokubangela ukonakala kokudla, ngakho-ke amafilimu ayinhlanganisela adliwayo anezindawo ezithile zokuvimbela umoya-mpilo angathuthukisa ikhwalithi yokudla futhi andise impilo yeshalofu lokudla [108, 364]. Ngakho-ke, amazinga okudluliselwa kwe-oksijini ye-HPMC/HPS eyinhlanganisela ye-membrane ene-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degrees ehlukene yalinganiswa, futhi imiphumela iboniswa ku-Figure 5-6. Kungabonakala ngesibalo ukuthi ukungena komoyampilo kwawo wonke ama-membrane e-HPS ahlanzekile kuphansi kakhulu kunolwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPMC, okubonisa ukuthi ulwelwesi lwe-HPS lunezinto ezivimbela umoya-mpilo ezingcono kunolwelwesi lwe-HPMC, oluhambisana nemiphumela yangaphambilini. Kulwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPS enamadigri ahlukene okushintsha i-hydroxypropyl, izinga lokudluliswa komoyampilo liyakhuphuka ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushintsha, okubonisa ukuthi indawo lapho kungena umoya-mpilo kulwelwesi olubalulekile luyakhula. Lokhu kuhambisana nokuhlaziywa kwe-microstructure ye-engeli encane ye-X-ray ehlakazekayo ukuthi ukwakheka kolwelwesi luyaxega ngokunyuka kwezinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl, ngakho-ke umgudu wokungena komoyampilo kulwelwesi uba mkhulu, nomoya-mpilo kulwelwesi. igcwele Njengoba indawo ikhula, izinga lokudlulisela umoya-mpilo nalo liyakhula kancane kancane.
I-Fig. 6-6 I-Oxygen permeability yamafilimu e-HPS/HPMC ane-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ehlukahlukene ye-HPS
Olwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela olunamadigri ahlukile e-HPS hydroxypropyl, izinga lokudluliswa komoyampilo liyehla ngokunyuka kwedigri ye-hydroxypropyl esikhundleni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ohlelweni lokuhlanganisa lwe-5:5, i-HPS ikhona ngendlela yesigaba esihlakazekile esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-viscosity ye-HPMC, futhi i-viscosity ye-HPS iyehla ngokunyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Umehluko we-viscosity mncane, kuyasiza kakhulu ekwakhekeni kwenhlanganisela ye-homogeneous, kuhlukumeza kakhulu isiteshi se-oxygen permeation ku-membrane, kanye nezinga lokudlulisa umoya-mpilo lincane.
6.4 Isifingqo Sesahluko
Kulesi sahluko, amafilimu ayinhlanganisela e-HPMC/HPS alungiswe ngokusakaza i-HPS ne-HPMC enamazinga ahlukene okushintsha i-hydroxypropyl, kanye nokwengeza i-polyethylene glycol njengepulasitiki. Umthelela we-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degrees ehlukene esakhiweni sekristalu kanye nesakhiwo se-microdomain solwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela wacwaningwa ngobuchwepheshe bokusakazeka kwe-synchrotron ngemisebe ye-X-ray encane. Imiphumela ye-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degrees ehlukene ekuzinzeni kwe-thermal, izakhiwo zemishini kanye ne-oxygen permeability yama-membrane ayinhlanganisela kanye nemithetho yawo yacwaningwa yi-thermogravimetric analyzer, i-mechanical property tester kanye nomhloli we-oxygen permeability. Okutholakele okuyinhloko imi kanje:
- Ngolwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe lwe-HPMC/HPS enesilinganiso esifanayo sokuhlanganisa, ngokukhula kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, indawo ephakeme ye-crystallization ehambisana ne-HPS ku-5.30 iyancipha, kuyilapho indawo ephakeme ye-crystallization ehambisana ne-HPMC ku-7.70 ayishintshi kakhulu, okubonisa ukuthi I-hydroxypropylation yesitashi ingavimbela ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwesitashi kufilimu eyinhlanganisela.
- Uma kuqhathaniswa nolwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPMC ne-HPS, izindawo eziphakeme kakhulu ze-crystallization ze-HPS (5.30) kanye ne-HPMC (7.70) yolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ziyancishiswa, okubonisa ukuthi ngokuhlanganiswa kwakho kokubili, kokubili i-HPMC ne-HPS ingasebenza kahle ulwelwesi oluhlanganisiwe. Ukwenziwa kabusha kwekristalu kwenye ingxenye kudlala indima ethile yokuvimbela.
- Wonke ama-membrane ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS abonise ukwakheka kwe-fractal mass efanayo. Ngolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela olunesilinganiso esifanayo esiyinhlanganisela, ukuminyana kwempahla ye-membrane kwehle kakhulu ngokwanda kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree; ukufakwa esikhundleni kwe-HPS ephansi ye-hydroxypropyl Ukuminyana kwempahla yolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela kuphansi kakhulu kunaleyo yezingxenye ezimbili ezihlanzekile, kuyilapho ukuminyana kolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela olunedigri ephezulu yokushintsha ye-HPS hydroxypropyl kungaphezu kwalokho kolwelwesi oluhlanzekile lwe-HPS, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthi ukuminyana kwe-membrane eyinhlanganisela kuyathinteka ngesikhathi esifanayo. Umthelela we-HPS hydroxypropylation ekuncishisweni kokubophezela kwengxenye ye-polymer kanye nokuhambisana phakathi kwezingxenye ezimbili zesistimu ehlanganisiwe.
- IHydroxypropylation ye-HPS inganciphisa ukuzinza okushisayo kwamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, futhi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa lamafilimu ayinhlanganisela lishintshela endaweni yokushisa ephansi ngokwenyuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, okuyingenxa yokuthi iqembu le-hydroxypropyl kuma-molecule esitashi. Isethulo sinciphisa ukusebenzisana phakathi kwamasegimenti amangqamuzana futhi sivimbela ukuhlelwa kabusha okuhlelekile kwama-molecule.
- I-elastic modulus namandla aqinile we-membrane ye-HPS emsulwa ehle ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kuyilapho ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu bukhuphuka. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi i-hydroxypropylation ivimbela ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwesitashi futhi yenza ifilimu eyinhlanganisela ibe isakhiwo esixekethile.
- I-elastic modulus yefilimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS yehle ngokunyuka kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kodwa amandla okubamba nokunwebeka ngesikhathi sekhefu kukhuphuke, ngenxa yokuthi izici zomshini zefilimu eyinhlanganisela azizange zithintwe yi-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ngaphezu kwethonya, liphinde lithinteke ngokuhambisana kwezingxenye ezimbili zesistimu ehlanganisiwe.
- I-oxygen permeability ye-HPS ehlanzekile iyanda ngokukhula kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ngoba i-hydroxypropylation inciphisa ukuminyana kwesifunda se-amorphous ye-HPS futhi yandisa indawo yokuphefumula komoya-mpilo kulwelwesi; Ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS Ukungena komoyampilo kuncipha ngokwanda kwedigri ye-hydroxypropyl substitution, okubangelwa ikakhulukazi ukuthi i-HPS ye-hyperhydroxypropylated inokuhambisana kangcono ne-HPMC, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-tortuosity yesiteshi sokuphefumula komoya-mpilo kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela. Kwehlisiwe ukungena komoyampilo.
Imiphumela yokuhlola engenhla ibonisa ukuthi izici ze-macroscopic ezifana nezakhiwo zemishini, ukuzinza kokushisa kanye nokungena komoyampilo we-HPMC/HPS ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela luhlobene eduze nesakhiwo sazo sekristalu sangaphakathi kanye nesakhiwo sesifunda se-amorphous, esingathinteki kuphela ngokushintshwa kwe-HPS hydroxypropyl, kodwa. futhi nge-complex. Umthelela wokuhambisana kwezingxenye ezimbili zezinhlelo ze-ligand.
Isiphetho kanye ne-Outlook
- Isiphetho
Kuleli phepha, ijeli eshisayo i-HPMC kanye nejeli ebandayo ye-HPS iyahlanganiswa, futhi i-HPMC/HPS ebandayo ne-hot reverse gel compound system iyakhiwa. Ukuhlushwa kwesixazululo, isilinganiso sokuhlanganisa kanye nomphumela wokugunda ohlelweni lwe-compound kufundwa ngokuhlelekile umthelela wezakhiwo ze-rheological ezifana ne-viscosity, inkomba yokugeleza kanye ne-thixotropy, kuhlanganiswe nezakhiwo zemishini, izakhiwo eziguquguqukayo ze-thermomechanical, ukungena kwe-oxygen, izakhiwo zokudlulisa ukukhanya nokuzinza kokushisa kwe-thermomechanical. amafilimu ahlanganisiwe alungiswe ngendlela yokulingisa. Izakhiwo eziphelele, newayini le-iodine elidaya ukuhambisana, ukuguquka kwesigaba kanye nokumila kwesigaba sohlelo oluyinhlanganisela kwacwaningwa nge-optical microscopy, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwe-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu ze-HPMC/HPS zasungulwa. Ukuze kulawulwe izakhiwo zezinhlanganisela ngokulawula ukwakheka kwesigaba nokuhambisana kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS ngokuya ngobudlelwane phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-macroscopic kanye nesakhiwo se-micromorphological sesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS. Ngokutadisha imiphumela ye-HPS eguquliwe ngamakhemikhali enamazinga ahlukene ezakhi ze-rheological, izakhiwo zejeli, i-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic zolwelwesi, ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic ze-HPMC/HPS uhlelo lwejeli olubandayo kanye nokushisa okuphambene lwaphinde lwaphenywa. Ubuhlobo phakathi kokubili, kanye nemodeli ebonakalayo yasungulwa ukuze kucaciswe indlela ye-gelation kanye nezici zayo ezithonya kanye nemithetho yejeli ebandayo neshisayo ohlelweni lwe-compound. Izifundo ezifanele zenze lezi ziphetho ezilandelayo.
- Ukushintsha isilinganiso esihlanganisiwe sohlelo lwe-HPMC/HPS lwekhompiyutha lungathuthukisa kakhulu izakhiwo ze-rheological ezifana ne-viscosity, fluidity kanye ne-thixotropy ye-HPMC ekushiseni okuphansi. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-rheological kanye ne-microstructure yesistimu ye-compound kwafundelwa futhi. Imiphumela ethize imi kanje:
(1) Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, uhlelo lwe-compound luyisigaba esiqhubekayo sokuhlakazeka kwesigaba "se-sea-island", futhi ukuguqulwa kwesigaba okuqhubekayo kwenzeka ku-4: 6 ngokuncipha kwe-HPMC / HPS compound ratio. Uma isilinganiso sokuhlanganisa siphezulu (okuqukethwe okwengeziwe kwe-HPMC), i-HPMC ene-viscosity ephansi iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, futhi i-HPS iyisigaba esihlakazekile. Ngohlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, lapho ingxenye ye-viscosity ephansi iyisigaba esiqhubekayo futhi ingxenye ye-viscosity ephezulu iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, umnikelo we-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo ku-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ihluke kakhulu. Lapho i-HPMC ye-viscosity ephansi iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ikakhulukazi ibonisa umnikelo we-viscosity yesigaba esiqhubekayo; lapho i-HPS ye-viscosity ephezulu iyisigaba esiqhubekayo, i-HPMC njengesigaba esihlakazekile izonciphisa i-viscosity ye-high-viscosity HPS. umphumela. Ngokukhula kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS kanye nokugxila kwesixazululo ohlelweni oluhlanganisiwe, i-viscosity kanye ne-shear thinning ye-shear system yanda kancane kancane, uketshezi lwehla, nokuziphatha okuqinile kwesistimu ye-compound kwathuthukiswa. I-viscosity kanye ne-thixotropy ye-HPMC ilinganiswa ngokwakhiwa ne-HPS.
(2) Ngohlelo lokuhlanganisa lwe-5:5, i-HPMC ne-HPS ingenza izigaba eziqhubekayo emazingeni okushisa aphansi naphezulu, ngokulandelana. Lolu shintsho lwesakhiwo sesigaba lungathinta kakhulu i-viscosity eyinkimbinkimbi, izakhiwo ze-viscoelastic, ukuncika kwemvamisa kanye nezakhiwo ze-gel ze-gel eyinkimbinkimbi. Njengezigaba ezihlakazekile, i-HPMC ne-HPS inganquma izakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli zezinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe ze-HPMC/HPS emazingeni okushisa aphezulu naphansi, ngokulandelana. Amajika e-viscoelastic amasampula ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS ayehambisana ne-HPS ekushiseni okuphansi kanye ne-HPMC ekushiseni okuphezulu.
(3) Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-microstructure, izakhiwo ze-rheological kanye nezakhiwo zejeli zesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS yasungulwa. Kokubili ukuguquka okungazelelwe kwejika le-viscosity yesistimu ehlanganisiwe kanye nenani eliphakeme le-tan delta ejikeni lesici sokulahlekelwa kuvela ku-45 °C, okuhambisana nokwenzeka kwesigaba esiqhubekayo esibonwa ku-micrograph (ku-45 °C).
- Ngokutadisha izakhiwo ze-microstructure kanye nemishini, izakhiwo eziguqukayo ze-thermomechanical, ukudluliswa kokukhanya, ukungena komoyampilo kanye nokuzinza kokushisa kwezingqimba eziyinhlanganisela ezilungiselelwe ngaphansi kwezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa nokugxila kwesisombululo, kuhlanganiswe nobuchwepheshe be-iodine yokudaya i-optical microscopy, ucwaningo I-morphology yesigaba, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba nokuhambisana. kwezakhiwo zaphenywa, futhi kwasungulwa ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo esincane kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu zezakhiwo. Imiphumela ethize imi kanje:
(1) Akukho ukuxhumana okusobala kwezigaba ezimbili ezithombeni ze-SEM zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela anezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa. Iningi lamafilimu ayinhlanganisela anephuzu elilodwa kuphela lokuguqula ingilazi emiphumeleni ye-DMA, futhi iningi lamafilimu ayinhlanganisela anenani elilodwa kuphela eliphakeme lokuwohloka kokushisa kwijika le-DTG. Lokhu ndawonye kubonisa ukuthi i-HPMC inokuhambisana okuthile ne-HPS.
(2) Umswakama ohlobene unomthelela obalulekile ezintweni eziwumshini zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, futhi izinga lomphumela walo liyakhula ngokunyuka kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS. Emazingeni omswakama ophansi, kokubili imodulus enwebekayo namandla aqinile amafilimu ayinhlanganisela anda ngokwanda kokuqukethwe kwe-HPS, futhi ukunwetshwa ngesikhathi sekhefu amafilimu ayinhlanganisela bekuphansi kakhulu kunaleyo yamafilimu ayingxenye emsulwa. Ngokukhula komswakamo ohlobene, imodulus enwebekayo namandla aqinile efilimu eyinhlanganisela ancipha, futhi ubude ngesikhathi sekhefu banda kakhulu, futhi ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo zemishini yefilimu eyinhlanganisela kanye nesilinganiso sokuhlanganisa kubonise iphethini yoshintsho ehluke ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokwehlukile. umswakama ohlobene. Izici zemishini zolwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela olunezilinganiso ezihlukene zokuhlanganisa zibonisa ukuphambana kwemigwaqo ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukene zomswakama ohlobene, okunikeza ithuba lokuthuthukisa ukusebenza komkhiqizo ngokuya ngezidingo ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza.
(3) Ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-microstructure, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba, ukucaca kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS yasungulwa. a. Iphuzu eliphansi kakhulu lokucaca kwesistimu ehlanganisiwe lihambisana nephuzu loshintsho lwesigaba se-HPMC ukusuka esigabeni esiqhubekayo ukuya esigabeni esihlakazekile kanye nephuzu elincane lokuncipha kwe-tensile modulus. b. I-Young's modulus kanye nobude ngesikhathi sekhefu kuncipha ngokwanda kokugxila kwesixazululo, okuhlobene ngokuqondile noshintsho lwe-morphological ye-HPMC ukusuka esigabeni esiqhubekayo kuya esigabeni esihlakazekile ohlelweni lwenhlanganisela.
(4) Ukwengezwa kwe-HPS kwandisa ukuhlukunyezwa kwesiteshi somoya-mpilo ku-membrane eyinhlanganisela, kunciphisa kakhulu ukutholakala kwe-oksijini ye-membrane, futhi kuthuthukisa ukusebenza komgoqo we-oksijini we-membrane ye-HPMC.
- Umphumela wokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali e-HPS ezicini ze-rheological zesistimu ehlanganisiwe kanye nezakhiwo eziphelele ze-membrane eyinhlanganisela efana nesakhiwo se-crystal, isakhiwo sesifunda se-amorphous, izakhiwo zemishini, ukuphefumula kwe-oksijeni kanye nokuzinza kokushisa kwafundwa. Imiphumela ethize imi kanje:
(1) I-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inganciphisa i-viscosity yesistimu ye-compound ekushiseni okuphansi, ithuthukise uketshezi lwesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela, futhi inciphise ukwenzeka kokugunda kwe-shear; i-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS inganciphisa indawo eqondile ye-viscoelastic yesistimu ye-compound, inciphise izinga lokushisa lokuguqulwa kwesigaba sesistimu yenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, futhi ithuthukise ukuziphatha okuqinile kwesistimu yekhompiyutha ekushiseni okuphansi kanye ne-fluidity ekushiseni okuphezulu.
(2) I-hydroxypropylation ye-HPS kanye nokuthuthukiswa kokuhambisana kwezingxenye ezimbili kungavimbela ngokuphawulekayo ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwesitashi kulwelwesi, futhi kukhuthaze ukwakheka kwesakhiwo esifana nesakho esixegayo kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela. Ukwethulwa kwamaqembu amakhulu e-hydroxypropyl ochungechungeni lwengqamuzana yesitashi kukhawulela ukubophezela kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha okuhlelekile kwamasegimenti wamangqamuzana e-HPS, okuholela ekwakhekeni kwesakhiwo esicishe sifane ngokwaso se-HPS. Ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi, ukukhuphuka kwezinga lokushintshwa kwe-hydroxypropyl kuvumela ama-molecule e-HPMC afana neketango ukuthi angene endaweni evulekile ye-HPS, okuthuthukisa ukuhambisana kwesistimu eyinkimbinkimbi futhi kuthuthukise ukuminyana kwesakhiwo esizifanise ne-HPS. Ukuhambisana kwesistimu ye-compound kukhula ngokwanda kwe-degree esikhundleni seqembu le-hydroxypropyl, elihambisana nemiphumela yezakhiwo ze-rheological.
(3) Izakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nezakhiwo zemishini, ukuzinza kokushisa kanye nokuphefumula komoyampilo we-HPMC/HPS ulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela luhlobene eduze nesakhiwo sayo sekristalu yangaphakathi kanye nesakhiwo sesifunda se-amorphous. Umphumela ohlangene wemiphumela emibili yokuhambisana kwezingxenye ezimbili.
- Ngokutadisha imiphumela yokugxilwa kwesisombululo, izinga lokushisa kanye nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwe-HPS ezimpahleni ze-rheological zesistimu ye-compound, indlela ye-gelation ye-HPMC/HPS i-inverse heat-heat gel compound system kwaxoxwa ngayo. Imiphumela ethize imi kanje:
(1) Kukhona ukuhlushwa okubalulekile (8%) ohlelweni lwe-compound, ngaphansi kokuhlushwa okubucayi, i-HPMC ne-HPS zikhona emaketangeni azimele ama-molecular kanye nezifunda zesigaba; lapho ukugxila okubalulekile kufinyelelwa, isigaba se-HPS sakhiwe kwisixazululo njenge-condensate. Isikhungo sejeli yisakhiwo se-microgel esixhunywe ukuhlangana kwamaketanga e-molecular HPMC; ngaphezu kokugxila okubalulekile, ukuhlangana kuyinkimbinkimbi futhi ukusebenzisana kunamandla, futhi isisombululo sibonisa ukuziphatha okufana nokuncibilika kwe-polymer.
(2) Uhlelo oluyinkimbinkimbi lunephuzu lokushintsha lesigaba esiqhubekayo ngokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, elihlobene nokuziphatha kwejeli ye-HPMC ne-HPS ohlelweni oluyinkimbinkimbi. Emazingeni okushisa aphansi, i-viscosity ye-HPMC iphansi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-HPS, ngakho-ke i-HPMC yenza isigaba esiqhubekayo esizungeze isigaba sejeli se-HPS esine-viscosity ephezulu. Emaphethelweni ezigaba ezimbili, amaqembu e-hydroxyl ochungechungeni lwe-HPMC alahlekelwa ingxenye yamanzi awo abophezelayo futhi akhe amabhondi e-hydrogen e-intermolecular ne-HPS molecular chain. Ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisisa, amaketanga e-HPS amangqamuzana ahamba ngenxa yokumunca amandla anele futhi akha amabhondi e-hydrogen nama-molecule amanzi, okuholele ekuqhekekeni kwesakhiwo sejeli. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izakhiwo zekheji lamanzi kanye negobolondo lamanzi emaketangeni e-HPMC zacekelwa phansi, futhi kancane kancane zaphuka ukuze kuvezwe amaqembu e-hydrophilic kanye namaqoqo e-hydrophobic. Emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, i-HPMC yenza isakhiwo senethiwekhi yejeli ngenxa ye-intermolecular hydrogen bond kanye ne-hydrophobic association, futhi ngaleyo ndlela iba yisigaba esihlakazekile esiphezulu se-viscosity esihlakazekile esigabeni esiqhubekayo se-HPS yamakhoyili angahleliwe.
(3) Ngokukhuphuka kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree ye-HPS, ukuhambisana kohlelo lwenhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS kuyathuthuka, futhi izinga lokushisa lokushintsha kwesigaba ohlelweni lwekhompiyutha liya kumazinga okushisa aphansi. Ngokukhula kwe-hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kukhona izingcezu ze-helical ezinwetshiwe kakhulu kusixazululo se-HPS, ezingakha amabhondi e-hydrogen amaningi e-intermolecular neketango lamangqamuzana e-HPMC emngceleni wezigaba ezimbili, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe isakhiwo esifanayo. I-Hydroxypropylation inciphisa i-viscosity yesitashi, ukuze umehluko we-viscosity phakathi kwe-HPMC ne-HPS ku-compound inciphe, okulungele ukwakheka kwenhlanganisela e-homogeneous kakhudlwana, kanye nenani eliphansi lomehluko we-viscosity phakathi kwalezi zingxenye ezimbili liya phansi. isifunda sokushisa.
2. Amaphuzu wokuqamba
1. Dizayina futhi wakhe i-HPMC/HPS i-HPMC/HPS ebandayo futhi eshisayo ye-reversed-phase-compound system, futhi ufunde ngokuhlelekile izici eziyingqayizivele ze-rheological zalesi simiso, ikakhulukazi ukuhlushwa kwesisombululo esiyinhlanganisela, isilinganiso esiyinhlanganisela, izinga lokushisa nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali ezingxenyeni. Imithetho yethonya yezakhiwo ze-rheological, izakhiwo zejeli kanye nokuhambisana kwesistimu yenhlanganisela yabuye yafundwa, futhi i-morphology yesigaba kanye noshintsho lwesigaba sohlelo lwenhlanganisela kwaqhutshekwa kwacwaningwa kuhlanganiswe nokubhekwa kwe-iodine yokudaya isibonakhulu sokukhanya, kanye ne-micro-morphological. ukwakheka kwesistimu yenhlanganisela yasungulwa- Ubudlelwano bezakhiwo ze-Rheological-gel. Ngokokuqala ngqa, imodeli ye-Arrhenius yasetshenziswa ukuze ivumelane nomthetho wokwakheka kwejeli wamajeli ayinhlanganisela yesigaba esibandayo nesishisayo emazingeni okushisa ahlukene.
2. Ukusatshalaliswa kwesigaba, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba kanye nokuhambisana kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS kwabonwa ubuchwepheshe bokuhlaziya i-iodine yokudaya i-optical microscope, kanye nezakhiwo ze-transparency-mechanical zasungulwa ngokuhlanganisa izakhiwo ze-optical kanye nezakhiwo zemishini zamafilimu ayinhlanganisela. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwezakhiwo ezincane kanye nezakhiwo ezinkulu ezifana ne-property-phase morphology kanye ne-concentration-mechanical properties-phase morphology. Isikhathi sokuqala sokubheka ngokuqondile umthetho wokushintsha we-morphology yesigaba salesi simiso se-compounding ratio, izinga lokushisa kanye nokugxila, ikakhulukazi izimo zenguquko yesigaba kanye nomphumela wokuguqulwa kwesigaba kuzakhiwo zesistimu ye-compound.
3. Isakhiwo se-crystalline kanye nesakhiwo se-amorphous se-membrane ehlanganisiwe ene-HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degrees ehlukene yafundwa yi-SAXS, futhi indlela ye-gelation kanye nomthelela wama-gel ahlanganisiwe kwaxoxwa ngokuhambisana nemiphumela ye-rheological kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nokuphefumula kwe-oksijini ye-membrane eyinhlanganisela. Izinto kanye nemithetho, kwatholakala okokuqala ukuthi i-viscosity yesistimu eyinhlanganisela ihlobene nokuminyana kwesakhiwo esifanayo kulwelwesi oluyinhlanganisela, futhi inquma ngokuqondile izakhiwo ze-macroscopic ezifana nokungena kwe-oxygen kanye nezakhiwo zemishini ze-composite. i-membrane, futhi isungula ubudlelwano be-rheological-microstructure-membrane phakathi kwezakhiwo zezinto ezibonakalayo.
3. I-Outlook
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphephile nezidliwayo zokupakisha kusetshenziswa ama-polymer emvelo avuselelekayo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa sekuphenduke isizinda socwaningo emkhakheni wokupakisha ukudla. Kuleli phepha, i-polysaccharide yemvelo isetshenziswa njengento eyinhloko eluhlaza. Ngokuhlanganisa i-HPMC ne-HPS, izindleko zezinto ezingavuthiwe ziyancishiswa, ukusebenza kokucubungula kwe-HPMC ekushiseni okuphansi kuyathuthukiswa, futhi ukusebenza komgoqo we-oxygen we-membrane eyinhlanganisela kuyathuthukiswa. Ngokuhlanganiswa kokuhlaziywa kwe-rheological, ukuhlaziywa kwe-iodine yokudaya i-optical microscope kanye ne-microstructure yefilimu eyinhlanganisela kanye nokuhlaziywa kokusebenza okuphelele, i-morphology yesigaba, ukuguqulwa kwesigaba, ukuhlukaniswa kwesigaba kanye nokuhambisana kwesistimu ye-gel ehlehlisiwe yesigaba esibandayo safundwa. Ubudlelwano phakathi kwesakhiwo se-microstructure kanye nezakhiwo ze-macroscopic zesistimu eyinhlanganisela yasungulwa. Ngokusho kobudlelwane phakathi kwezakhiwo ze-macroscopic kanye nesakhiwo se-micromorphological sesistimu eyinhlanganisela ye-HPMC/HPS, ukwakheka kwesigaba nokuhambisana kwesistimu eyinhlanganisela kungalawulwa ukuze kulawulwe izinto eziyinhlanganisela. Ucwaningo olukuleli phepha lunokubaluleka kokuqondisa okubalulekile kwenqubo yokukhiqiza yangempela; indlela yokwakheka, izici ezithonya kanye nemithetho yamajeli ahlanganisiwe abandayo futhi ashisayo ashisayo, okuwuhlelo oluyinhlanganisela olufanayo lwama-gel abandayo futhi ashisayo aphambene. Ucwaningo lwaleli phepha luhlinzeka ngemodeli yetiyetha ukuze inikeze isiqondiso sethiyori sokuthuthukiswa nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlakaniphile ezilawulwa izinga lokushisa. Imiphumela yocwaningo yaleli phepha inenani elihle lethiyori. Ucwaningo lwaleli phepha lubandakanya ukuphambana kokudla, impahla, ijeli nokuhlanganisa neminye imikhakha. Ngenxa yomkhawulo wesikhathi nezindlela zocwaningo, ucwaningo lwalesi sihloko lusenamaphuzu amaningi angakaqedwa, angajuliswa futhi athuthukiswe kusukela kulezi zici ezilandelayo. nweba:
Izici zethiyori:
- Ukuhlola imiphumela yezilinganiso ezahlukene zegatsha le-chain, izisindo zamangqamuzana nezinhlobonhlobo ze-HPS kuzakhiwo ze-rheological, izakhiwo ze-membrane, i-morphology yesigaba, nokuhambisana kwesistimu yenhlanganisela, kanye nokuhlola umthetho wethonya layo endleleni yokwakheka kwejeli yenhlanganisela. uhlelo.
- Phenya imiphumela ye-HPMC hydroxypropyl substitution degree, i-methoxyl substitution degree, isisindo samangqamuzana kanye nomthombo wezakhi ze-rheological, izakhiwo zejeli, izakhiwo ze-membrane kanye nokuhambisana kwesistimu yesistimu ehlanganisiwe, futhi uhlaziye umphumela wokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali we-HPMC ekuhlanganiseni kwenhlanganisela. Umthetho wokuthonya wendlela yokwenza ijeli.
- Umthelela kasawoti, i-pH, i-plasticizer, i-cross-linking agent, i-ejenti ye-antibacterial kanye nezinye izinhlelo ezihlanganisiwe kuzakhiwo ze-rheological, izakhiwo ze-gel, ukwakheka kwe-membrane kanye nezakhiwo kanye nemithetho yazo yafundwa.
Isicelo:
- Lungiselela ifomula yokupakishwa kwamaphakethe esinongo, amaphakethe emifino namasobho aqinile, futhi ufunde ngomphumela wokulondolozwa kwezinongo, imifino kanye nesobho ngesikhathi sokugcina, izici zobumishini zezinto zokwakha, kanye nezinguquko ekusebenzeni komkhiqizo lapho ungaphansi kwamandla angaphandle. , kanye nokuncibilika kwamanzi kanye nenkomba yenhlanzeko yezinto. Ingasetshenziswa futhi ekudleni okugayiwe njengekhofi netiye lobisi, kanye nokupakishwa okudliwayo kwamakhekhe, ushizi, ama-dessert nokunye ukudla.
- Lungiselela idizayini yefomula yokusetshenziswa kwamaphilisi ezitshalo zokwelapha zezitshalo, qhubeka ufunde izimo zokucubungula kanye nokukhethwa okuphelele kwama-ejenti asizayo, futhi ulungise imikhiqizo ye-capsule engenalutho. Izinkomba ezibonakalayo nezamakhemikhali ezifana nokuqina, isikhathi sokuhlakazeka, okuqukethwe kwensimbi esindayo, kanye nokuqukethwe kwe-microbial kwahlolwa.
- Ukuze uthole ukugcinwa okusha kwezithelo nemifino, imikhiqizo yenyama, njll., ngokusho kwezindlela ezahlukene zokucubungula zokufafaza, ukucwiliswa, nokudweba, khetha ifomula elifanele, futhi ufunde izinga lezithelo ezibolile, ukulahlekelwa umswakama, ukusetshenziswa kwezakhi, ubulukhuni. yemifino ngemuva kokupakishwa ngesikhathi sokugcina, i-gloss kanye ne-flavour nezinye izinkomba; umbala, i-pH, inani le-TVB-N, i-thiobarbituric acid kanye nenani lama-microorganisms emikhiqizo yenyama ngemva kokupakishwa.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-17-2022