isishwankathelo
1. I-arhente yokumanzisa kunye nokusabalalisa
2. Defoamer
3. Ukutyeba
4. izongezo ezenza ifilim
5. Ezinye izongezo
I-arhente yokumanzisa kunye nokusabalalisa
Iingubo ezisekelwe emanzini zisebenzisa amanzi njenge-solvent okanye i-dispersion medium, kwaye amanzi ane-dielectric constant constant, ngoko ke iingubo ezisekelwe emanzini zizinziswa ikakhulu ngokunyanzeliswa kwe-electrostatic xa umaleko ophindwe kabini wombane udlulana.
Ukongezelela, kwinkqubo yokugubungela ngamanzi, kukho rhoqo iipolymers kunye ne-non-ionic surfactants, ezibhengezwa kumphezulu we-pigment filler, zenze umqobo we-steric kunye nokuzinzisa ukusabalalisa. Ngoko ke, iipeyinti ezisekelwe emanzini kunye ne-emulsions zifezekisa iziphumo ezizinzileyo ngokusebenzisa isenzo esihlangeneyo sokunyanyiswa kwe-electrostatic kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-steric. Ukungalungi kwayo kukunganyangeki kwe-electrolyte, ngakumbi kwii-electrolyte zamaxabiso aphezulu.
1.1 I-arhente yokumanzisa
Ii-agent zokumanzisa zokugquma kwamanzi zihlulwe zibe yi-anionic kunye ne-nonionic.
Ukudibanisa i-agent emanzi kunye ne-agent e-dispersing inokufezekisa iziphumo ezifanelekileyo. Ubungakanani be-agent yokumanzisa ngokubanzi ngamawaka ambalwa. Impembelelo yayo engalunganga i-foaming kunye nokunciphisa ukuxhathisa kwamanzi kwifilimu yokugubungela.
Enye yeendlela zokuphuhliswa kwee-agent zokumanzisa kukutshintsha ngokuthe ngcembe i-polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (i-APEO okanye i-APE) i-agent yokumanzisa, kuba ikhokelela ekunciphiseni i-hormone yendoda kwiigundane kwaye iphazamise i-endocrine. I-Polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njenge-emulsifiers ngexesha le-emulsion polymerization.
Ii-twin surfactants zikwaluphuhliso olutsha. Ziimolekyuli ezimbini ze-amphiphilic ezidityaniswe sisiphekepheke. Olona phawu luphawulekayo lwe-twin-cell surfactants kukuba i-critical micelle concentration (CMC) ingaphezulu komyalelo wobukhulu obusezantsi kunobo besurfactants “yeseli-nye” yabo, elandelwa kukusebenza okuphezulu. Enje nge-TEGO Twin 4000, yi-twin cell siloxane surfactant, kwaye inogwebu olungazinzanga kunye neempawu zokukhupha amagwebu.
1.2 Umsasazi
I-Dispersants yepeyinti ye-latex yahlulwe yangamacandelo amane: i-phosphate dispersants, i-polyacid homopolymer dispersants, i-polyacid copolymer dispersants kunye nezinye i-dispersants.
I-phosphate dispersants esetyenziswa kakhulu yi-polyphosphates, njenge-sodium hexametaphosphate, i-polyphosphate ye-sodium (i-Calgon N, imveliso ye-BK Giulini Chemical Company eJamani), i-potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) kunye ne-tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP).
Indlela yokusebenza kwayo kukuzinzisa ukugxothwa kwe-electrostatic ngokusebenzisa i-hydrogen bonding kunye ne-chemical adsorption. Inzuzo yayo kukuba i-dosage iphantsi, malunga ne-0.1%, kwaye inefuthe elihle lokusabalalisa kwi-pigments ye-inorganic and fillers. Kodwa kwakhona kukho iintsilelo: enye, kunye nokunyuswa kwexabiso le-pH kunye nobushushu, i-polyphosphate i-hydrolyzed ngokulula, ibangela ukuzinza kwexesha elide lokugcina elibi; Ukunyibilika okungaphelelanga phakathi kuya kuchaphazela ukukhazimla kwepeyinti yelatex ekhazimlayo.
I-1 phosphate dispersant
I-phosphate ester dispersants iqinisa i-pigment dispersions, kuquka i-pigments esebenzayo njenge-zinc oxide. Kwimiqulu yepeyinti ye-gloss, iphucula i-gloss kunye nococeko. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye izongezo zokumanzisa kunye nokusabalalisa, ukongezwa kwe-phosphate ester dispersants ayichaphazeli i-KU kunye ne-ICI viscosity ye-coating.
Polyacid homopolymer dispersant, ezifana Tamol 1254 kunye Tamol 850, Tamol 850 i homopolymer methacrylic acid.
I-polyacid copolymer dispersant, njenge-Orotan 731A, eyi-copolymer ye-diisobutylene kunye ne-maleic acid. Iimpawu zezi ntlobo zimbini ze-dispersants kukuba zivelisa i-adsorption eyomeleleyo okanye i-anchoring kumphezulu wee-pigments kunye nezigcwalisi, zineentambo ezinde ze-molecular ukwenza isithintelo se-steric, kwaye zine-solubility yamanzi kwiiphelo zekhonkco, kwaye ezinye zongezwa ngokugxothwa kwe-electrostatic to ukufikelela kwiziphumo ezizinzileyo. Ukwenza i-dispersibility ibe ne-dispersibility enhle, ubunzima be-molecular kufuneka balawulwe ngokungqongqo. Ukuba ubunzima bemolekyuli buncinci kakhulu, kuya kubakho umqobo ongonelanga westeric; ukuba ubunzima bemolekyuli bukhulu kakhulu, i-flocculation iya kwenzeka. Kwii-polyacrylate dispersants, i-dispersion effect engcono kakhulu inokufezekiswa ukuba i-degree of polymerization yi-12-18.
Ezinye iintlobo ze-dispersants, ezifana ne-AMP-95, zinegama lekhemikhali ye-2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Iqela le-amino li-adsorbed kumphezulu we-inorganic particles, kwaye iqela le-hydroxyl lidlulela emanzini, elidlala indima yokuzinzisa ngokuthintelwa kwe-steric. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncinci, isithintelo se-steric silinganiselwe. I-AMP-95 ikakhulu ngumlawuli we-pH.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, uphando malunga ne-dispersants luyinqobile ingxaki ye-flocculation ebangelwa ubunzima obuphezulu be-molecular weight, kwaye ukuphuhliswa kobunzima be-molecular weight yenye yeendlela. Ngokomzekelo, i-molecular weight dispersant EFKA-4580 eveliswa yi-emulsion polymerization iphuhliswe ngokukodwa kwiingubo zamashishini ezisekelwe emanzini, ezifanelekileyo kwi-organic and inorganic pigment dispersion, kwaye inokumelana kakuhle kwamanzi.
Amaqela e-amino anobudlelwane obuhle bemibala emininzi ngesiseko se-asidi okanye i-hydrogen bonding. I-block copolymer dispersant kunye ne-aminoacrylic acid njengoko iqela le-anchoring linikwe ingqalelo.
2 Ukusabalalisa nge-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate njengeqela le-anchoring
I-Tego Dispers 655 yokumanzisa kunye nesongezo esisasazayo sisetyenziswa kwiipeyinti zemoto eziphuma emanzini kungekuphela nje ukuqhelanisa ii-pigments kodwa nokuthintela umgubo we-aluminiyam ekubeni usabele emanzini.
Ngenxa yenkxalabo yokusingqongileyo, ii-arhente zokumanzisa ezinokubola kunye nezisasazayo ziye zaphuhliswa, ezifana ne-EnviroGem AE series twin-cell wetting and dispersizing agents, ezizii-arhente zokumanzisa ezinogwebu oluphantsi kunye nezichithachithayo.
Defoamer
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-defoams zepeyinti ezisekelwe emanzini, ezithi zahlulwe ngokubanzi zibe ngamacandelo amathathu: i-mineral oil defoamers, i-polysiloxane defoamers kunye nezinye i-defoamers.
I-mineral oil defoamers isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo, ikakhulu kwiipeyinti ezisicaba kunye ne-semi-gloss latex.
I-Polysiloxane defoamers ine-tension ephantsi yobuso, i-defoaming enamandla kunye ne-antifoaming, kwaye ayichaphazeli i-gloss, kodwa xa isetyenziswe ngokungafanelekanga, iya kubangela iziphene ezifana nokucutheka kwefilimu yokugubungela kunye nokungahambi kakuhle kwakhona.
I-defoams ye-traditional yepeyinti esekelwe emanzini ayihambelani nesigaba samanzi ukufezekisa injongo yokuhlambalaza, ngoko kulula ukuvelisa iziphene ezingaphezulu kwifilimu yokugqoka.
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, i-molecular-level defoamers yenziwe.
Le arhente ye-antifoaming yipolymer eyenziwe ngokuxhunyelelwa ngokuthe ngqo izinto ezisebenzayo ezilwa ne-antifoaming kwi-carrier substance. Ikhonkco le-molecular ye-polymer ineqela elimanzi le-hydroxyl, i-substance esebenzayo ye-defoaming isasazwa malunga ne-molecule, i-substance esebenzayo ayilula ukuyidibanisa, kunye nokuhambelana nenkqubo yokugqoka ilungile. I-defoams enjalo ye-molecular-level defoamers iquka i-oyile yamaminerali - i-FoamStar A10 series, i-silicon-containing - i-FoamStar A30 series, kunye ne-non-silicon, i-polymers engekho-oyile - i-FoamStar MF series.
Le defoamer ye-molecular-scale isebenzisa i-polymer yenkwenkwezi egqwethiweyo njenge-surfactant engahambelaniyo kwaye ifumene iziphumo ezilungileyo kwizicelo zokugquma kwamanzi. I-Air Products ye-molecular-grade defoamer echazwe nguStout et al. yi-acetylene glycol-based-foam control agent kunye ne-defoamer eneempawu zokumanzisa zombini, ezifana ne-Surfynol MD 20 kunye ne-Surfinol DF 37.
Ukongezelela, ukwenzela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokuvelisa iingubo zero-VOC, kukho kwakhona i-VOC-free defoamers, njenge-Agitan 315, i-Agitan E 255, njl.
ujiya
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezityebisayo, ezisetyenziswa ngoku ngokuqhelekileyo yi-cellulose ether kunye ne-derivatives thickeners, associative alkali-swellable thickeners (HASE) kunye ne-polyurethane thickeners (HEUR).
3.1. I-ether ye-cellulose kunye ne-derivatives yayo
Iselulosi yeHydroxyethyl (HEC)yaveliswa okokuqala kwimizi-mveliso yiNkampani ye-Union Carbide ngo-1932, kwaye inembali engaphezulu kweminyaka engama-70.
Okwangoku, i-thickeners ye-cellulose ether kunye nezinto eziphuma kuyo ikakhulu ziquka i-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), i-methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), i-ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), i-methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), i-methyl cellulose (MC) kunye ne-xanthan gum. njl., ezi zi-non-ionic thickeners, kwaye zikwaye-non-associated water phase thickeners. Phakathi kwabo, i-HEC yeyona nto isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwipeyinti ye-latex.
3.2 I-alkali-swellable thickener
I-alkali-swellable thickeners yahlulahlulwe yangamacandelo amabini: i-alkali-swellable thickeners (ASE) kunye ne-associative alkali-swellable thickeners (HASE), ezizityebi ze-anionic. I-ASE enganxulumananga ne-polyacrylate alkali emulsion yokudumba.
3.3. I-polyurethane thickener kunye ne-hydrophobically modified non-polyurethane thickener
I-Polyurethane thickener, ebizwa ngokuba yi-HEUR, liqela le-hydrophobic-modified ethoxylated polyurethane water-soluble polymer, eye-non-ionic associative thickener.
I-HEUR yenziwe ngamacandelo amathathu: iqela le-hydrophobic, i-hydrophilic chain kunye neqela le-polyurethane.
Iqela le-hydrophobic lidlala indima yombutho kwaye yinto ethatha isigqibo sokuqina, ngokuqhelekileyo i-oleyl, i-octadecyl, i-dodecylphenyl, i-nonylphenol, njl.
Nangona kunjalo, iqondo lokutshintshwa kwamaqela e-hydrophobic kuzo zombini iziphelo ze-HEUR ezifumanekayo zorhwebo zingaphantsi kwe-0.9, kwaye eyona nto ingcono yi-1.7 kuphela. Iimeko zokusabela kufuneka zilawulwe ngokungqongqo ukufumana i-polyurethane thickener kunye nokusabalalisa ubunzima be-molecular kunye nokusebenza okuzinzileyo. Uninzi lwee-HEUR zenziwe nge-stepwise polymerization, ngoko ke ii-HEUR ezifumanekayo kurhwebo ziqhelekile ziyimixube yobunzima bemolekyuli.
Ukongeza kwi-linear associative polyurethane thickeners echazwe ngasentla, kukwakho ne-comb-like associative polyurethane thickeners. Into ebizwa ngokuba yi-comb association polyurethane thickener ithetha ukuba kukho iqela elilengayo le-hydrophobic embindini we-molecule nganye ye-thickener. I-thickeners enjalo njenge-SCT-200 kunye ne-SCT-275 njl.
Xa ukongeza inani eliqhelekileyo lamaqela e-hydrophobic, kukho kuphela amaqela e-hydrophobic ekupheleni kwe-2 kuphela, ngoko ke i-hydrophobically modified amino thickener ayifani kakhulu ne-HEUR, njenge-Optiflo H 500, jonga uMfanekiso 3.
Ukuba amaqela angaphezulu kwe-hydrophobic adityanisiwe, afana ne-8%, iimeko zokusabela zinokuhlengahlengiswa ukuvelisa i-amino thickeners kunye namaqela amaninzi avaliweyo e-hydrophobic. Kakade ke, oku kwakhona kukujiya ikama.
Le hydrophobic modified amino thickener inokuthintela i-viscosity yepeyinti ekuweni ngenxa yokongezwa kwenani elikhulu le-surfactants kunye ne-glycol solvents xa ukuhambelana kombala kufakwe. Isizathu kukuba amaqela anamandla e-hydrophobic anokuthintela ukuchithwa, kwaye amaqela amaninzi e-hydrophobic anobudlelwane obuqinileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-26-2022