Rheology and Compatibility of HPMC/HPS Complex

Rheology and Compatibility ofHPMC/HPSPaʻakikī

ʻōlelo nui: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; hydroxypropyl starch; nā waiwai rheological; ka launa pū; hoʻololi kemika.

ʻO Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) he polysaccharide polymer i hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma ke kahua o ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Loaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke aniani maikaʻi, nā waiwai mechanical a me nā waiwai pale ʻaila. Eia naʻe, HPMC mea he thermally induced gel, e alakaʻi i kona ilihune hana hana ma ka haʻahaʻa wela a me ka hana kiʻekiʻe ikehu ikehu; Eia kekahi, ʻo kāna kumu kūʻai makaʻu pipiʻi e kaupalena i kāna noi ākea me ke kahua lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ka hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) he mea ʻai i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke kahua o ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Loaʻa iā ia kahi ākea ākea a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa. He mea kūpono ia e hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai o HPMC. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā waiwai gel anu o HPS ke kaulike i ka viscosity a me nā waiwai rheological ʻē aʻe o HPMC. , e hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna hana hana ma ka wela haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, loaʻa i ka HPS edible film nā waiwai pale oxygen maikaʻi loa, no laila hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā waiwai pale oxygen o HPMC edible film.

Ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻo HPS i loko o ka HPMC no ka hoʻohuihui ʻana, a ua kūkulu ʻia ka HPMC/HPS anu a me ka wela hoʻohuli-phase gel hoʻohuihui. Ua kūkākūkā ʻia ke kānāwai mana o nā waiwai, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ke ʻano hana pilina ma waena o HPS a me HPMC i ka hoʻonā, ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā waiwai rheological a me ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa he ʻano koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi ka ʻōnaehana hui (8%), ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, aia ka HPMC a me HPS i nā kaulahao molekala kūʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana; Ma luna aʻe o ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pae HPS i ka hopena e like me ke kikowaena gel, ʻO ka microgel structure, i hoʻopili ʻia e ka intertwining o nā kaulahao mole HPMC, hōʻike i kahi ʻano like me ka hoʻoheheʻe polymer. ʻO nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui a me ka lākiō hui e kūlike me ka lula huina logarithmic, a hōʻike i kekahi degere o ka haʻalele maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole, e hōʻike ana he kūpono maikaʻi nā ʻāpana ʻelua. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia he ʻano hoʻopuehu mau ʻia ʻo "sea-island" i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae hoʻomau ma 4:6 me ka emi ʻana o ka ratio hui HPMC/HPS.

Ma ke ʻano he mea koʻikoʻi o nā meaʻai meaʻai, hiki i ka ʻeke meaʻai ke pale i ka meaʻai mai ka pōʻino a hoʻohaumia ʻia e nā kumu o waho i ke kaʻina o ke kahe ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana, no laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola a me ka manawa mālama o ka meaʻai. Ma ke ʻano he ʻano hou o ka meaʻai meaʻai mea palekana a hiki ke ʻai ʻia, a loaʻa pū kekahi waiwai waiwai, ʻo ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai he ākea noi no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka mālama ʻana, ka meaʻai wikiwiki a me nā capsules pharmaceutical, a ua lilo i wahi wela noiʻi i ka meaʻai o kēia manawa. nā kahua e pili ana i ka paʻi.

Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka membrane composite HPMC/HPS ma ke ʻano hoʻolei. Ua ʻimi hou ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana composite e ka nānā ʻana i ka microscopy electron, ka nānā ʻana i ka waiwai thermomechanical dynamic a me ka nānā ʻana thermogravimetric, a ua aʻo ʻia nā waiwai mechanical o ka membrane composite. a me ka oxygen permeability a me nā waiwai membrane ʻē aʻe. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia kahi pānaʻi ʻelua ʻāpana i nā kiʻi SEM o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui pū ʻia, hoʻokahi wale nō wahi hoʻololi aniani i nā hopena DMA o ka hapa nui o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a hoʻokahi wale nō puʻupuʻu hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela e ʻike ʻia ma nā pihi DTG. o ka hapa nui o na kii i huiia. Loaʻa i ka HPMC kekahi kūpono me HPS. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPS i ka HPMC e hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā waiwai pale oxygen o ka membrane composite. ʻOkoʻa loa nā ʻano mechanical o ka membrane composite me ka ratio hui ʻana a me ka haʻahaʻa pili o ke kaiapuni, a ke hōʻike nei i kahi crossover point, hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi kuhikuhi no ka loiloi huahana no nā koi noi like ʻole.

Ua aʻo ʻia ka microscopic morphology, phase distribution, phase transition and other microstructures o ka HPMC/HPS compound system e ka iodine dyeing optical microscope analysis, a ua aʻo ʻia ka ʻike a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana hui e ka spectrophotometer ultraviolet a me ka mea hōʻike waiwai mechanical. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microscopic morphological structure a me ka macroscopic comprehensive performance of the HPMC/HPS compound system. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka nui o nā mesophases i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui, kahi kūpono kūpono. Aia kekahi pae hoʻololi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a ʻo kēia wahi hoʻololi ʻāpana he lākiō pūhui a me ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka hopena. ʻO ke kiko haʻahaʻa o ka mālikoa o ka ʻōnaehana hui e kūlike me ka pae hoʻololi o ka HPMC mai ka pae hoʻomau a i ka māhele hoʻopuehu a me ka palena haʻahaʻa o ka modulus tensile. Ua emi iho ka modulus a me ka elongation o ka Opio i ka hoomaha me ka hoonui ana i ka manao o ka hooponopono ana, i loaa ka pilina kumu me ka hoololi ana o ka HPMC mai ka mahele mau i ka mahele hoopuehu.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi rheometer no ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o ka hoʻololi kemika o ka HPS i nā waiwai rheological a me nā waiwai gel o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻana i ke anu a me ka wela o ka HPMC/HPS. Ua aʻo ʻia nā kaha a me nā hoʻololi ʻana, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure a me nā waiwai rheological a me ka gel. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa noiʻi hiki i ka hydroxypropylation o HPS ke hoʻemi i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wai o ka hopena hui, a hoʻemi i ke ʻano o ka shear thinning; hiki i ka hydroxypropylation o HPS ke hōʻemi i ka viscosity linear o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Ma ka ʻāpana elastic, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka mahana hoʻololi o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana hui i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka wai i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻokumu ʻo HPMC a me HPS i nā ʻanuʻu mau i nā wela haʻahaʻa a me nā wela kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo nā ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia e hoʻoholo i nā waiwai rheological a me nā waiwai gel o ka ʻōnaehana composite ma ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi koke ʻana i ka pihi viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui pū ʻia a me ka peak tan delta i ka pihi kumu poho ma 45 °C, kahi e hoʻokani ai i ke ʻano hana hoʻomau i ʻike ʻia ma nā micrographs i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka iodine ma 45 °C.

Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻololi kemika o HPS ma ke ʻano crystalline a me ka micro-divisional structure o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka synchrotron radiation liʻiliʻi-kiʻi X-ray scattering ʻenehana, a ʻo nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai pale oxygen a me ka paʻa wela o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni. ua aʻo ʻōnaehana i ka mana o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano kemika o nā ʻāpana hui i ka microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o nā ʻōnaehana hui. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka radiation synchrotron i ka hydroxypropylation o HPS a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale nui i ka recrystallization o ka starch i loko o ka membrane a hoʻoikaika i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka membrane composite. ʻO nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai mechanical, thermal stability a me ka oxygen permeability o ka HPMC/HPS composite membrane pili loa i kona ʻano crystalline kūloko a me ka ʻāpana amorphous. ʻO ka hopena hui o nā hopena ʻelua.

Mokuna Ekahi

Ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā meaʻai meaʻai, hiki i nā mea ʻai meaʻai ke pale aku i ka meaʻai mai ka pōʻino kino, kemika a me ke olaola a me ka pollution i ka wā o ka neʻe ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana, mālama i ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai ponoʻī, hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka ʻai ʻana, a hōʻoia i ka meaʻai. ʻO ka mālama ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi, a hāʻawi i ke ʻano meaʻai e huki ai i ka ʻai a loaʻa ka waiwai ma mua o ke kumu kūʻai waiwai [1-4]. Ma ke ʻano he ʻano hou o ka meaʻai meaʻai mea palekana a hiki ke ʻai ʻia, a loaʻa pū kekahi waiwai waiwai, ʻo ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai he ākea noi no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka mālama ʻana, ka meaʻai wikiwiki a me nā capsules pharmaceutical, a ua lilo i wahi wela noiʻi i ka meaʻai o kēia manawa. nā kahua e pili ana i ka paʻi.

ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible nā ​​kiʻiʻoniʻoni me kahi ʻano pūnaewele porous, maʻamau i loaʻa ma ka hana ʻana i nā polymers edible maoli. Nui nā polymers kūlohelohe i loko o ke ʻano he mau waiwai gel, a hiki i kā lākou mau wai wai ke hana i nā hydrogels ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, e like me kekahi polysaccharides maoli, protein, lipids, etc. ʻO nā polysaccharides kūlohelohe e like me ka starch a me ka cellulose, ma muli o kā lākou ʻano molekiko kūikawā o ka helix kaulahao lōʻihi a me nā waiwai paʻa paʻa, hiki ke kūpono no ka wā lōʻihi a me nā ʻano mālama like ʻole, a ua aʻo nui ʻia e like me nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible. ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke hana ʻia mai ka polysaccharide hoʻokahi he mau palena i ka hana. No laila, i mea e hoʻopau ai i nā palena o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai polysaccharide hoʻokahi, loaʻa nā waiwai kūikawā a i ʻole hoʻomohala i nā hana hou, hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai huahana, a hoʻonui i kā lākou mau noi, ʻelua mau ʻano polysaccharides. A i ʻole ua hui pū ʻia nā polysaccharides kūlohelohe i luna e hoʻokō i ka hopena o nā waiwai hoʻohui. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka hana molekala ma waena o nā polymers ʻokoʻa, aia kekahi entropy conformational, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā paʻakikī polymer he ʻāpana a pili ʻole paha. ʻO ka morphology phase a me ka hoʻohālikelike o ka paʻakikī polymer e hoʻoholo i nā waiwai o ka mea hoʻohui. ʻO ka deformation a me ka mōʻaukala kahe i ka wā o ka hana ʻana he hopena koʻikoʻi i ka hale. No laila, ua aʻo ʻia nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī polymer. He mea nui ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻano microscopic morphological e like me ka phase morphology a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hana, ka nānā ʻana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia, ka ʻenehana hana, ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻolālā formula a me ka hoʻolālā mīkini hana, a me ka loiloi ʻana i ka hana. He mea koʻikoʻi ka hana ʻana o ka huahana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea polymer hou.

Ma kēia mokuna, nānā ʻia ke kūlana noiʻi a me ka holomua o ka noi ʻana o nā mea kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible; ke kūlana noiʻi o nā hydrogels maoli; ke kumu a me ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o ka polymer a me ka holomua o ka noiʻi ʻana o ka polysaccharide compound; ke ʻano noiʻi rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hui; Hoʻopili ʻia a kūkākūkā ʻia nā waiwai rheological a me ke ʻano hoʻohālike o ke anuanu a me ka wela, a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka noiʻi, ke kumu noiʻi a me ka noiʻi ʻana o kēia ʻike pepa.

1.1 Kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai

ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni Edible e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā plasticizers a me nā mea hoʻohui cross-linking e pili ana i nā mea ʻai maoli (e like me ka polysaccharides structural, lipids, proteins), ma o nā pilina intermolecular like ʻole, ma o ka hui ʻana, hoʻomehana, uhi ʻia, maloʻo, etc. ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka pūnaewele porous. kūkulu ʻia e ka lāʻau lapaʻau . Hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i nā hana like ʻole e like me ke koho ʻana i nā waiwai pale i ke kinoea, ka wai, nā mea a me nā mea ʻino o waho, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi sensory a me ke ʻano o loko o ka meaʻai, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama a i ʻole ke ola o nā huahana meaʻai.

1.1.1 Moʻolelo Hoʻomohala o nā Kiʻiʻoniʻoni Edible

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible mai nā kenekulia 12 a me 13. I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻohana nā Kina i kahi ala maʻalahi o ka waxing e ʻaʻahu ai i ka citrus a me nā lemona, kahi e hoʻemi pono ai i ka nalowale o ka wai i loko o nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, i mālama ai nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu i ko lākou luster maoli, a laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o nā hua a me nā mea kanu. nā mea kanu, akā ke kaohi nui ʻana i ka hanu aerobic o nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, ka hopena i ka pōʻino fermentative hua. I ke kenekulia 15, ua hoʻomaka mua ka poʻe ʻAsia e hana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni mai ka waiū soy, a hoʻohana iā ia e pale i ka meaʻai a hoʻonui i ke ʻano o ka meaʻai [20]. I ke kenekulia 16, ua hoʻohana ka poʻe Pelekania i ka momona e ʻaʻahu i nā ʻaoʻao o ka meaʻai e hōʻemi i ka nalowale o ka ʻai. I ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻohana mua ʻia ka sucrose ma ke ʻano he uhi ʻai ma luna o nā nati, nā ʻalemona a me nā hazelnuts e pale ai i ka oxidation a me ka rancidity i ka wā mālama. I ka makahiki 1830, ua ʻike ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni paraffin wela wela no nā huaʻai e like me nā ʻāpala a me nā pears. I ka pau ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua kāpī ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni Gelatin ma ka ʻili o nā huahana ʻiʻo a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe no ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai. I nā makahiki mua o 1950, ua hana ʻia ka wax carnauba, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i ʻaila-i-wai emulsions no ka uhi ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu hou. I ka hopena o nā makahiki 1950, ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e pili ana i nā huahana ʻiʻo, a ʻo ka laʻana nui loa a kūleʻa ʻo ia nā huahana enema i hana ʻia mai nā ʻōpū liʻiliʻi holoholona a i loko o nā pahu.

Mai ka makahiki 1950, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka manaʻo o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni wale nō i manaʻo ʻia. Mai ia manawa, nui ka poʻe noiʻi i hoʻomohala i ka hoihoi nui i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible. I ka makahiki 1991, ua hoʻohana ʻo Nisperes i ka carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) i ka uhi ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i ka maiʻa a me nā huaʻai ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka hanu hua, a ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ka nalowale o ka chlorophyll. Park et al. i ka makahiki 1994 ua hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai pale pono o ka zein protein film i ka O2 a me CO2, ka mea i hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nalowale o ka wai, wilting a discoloration o nā tōmato. I ka makahiki 1995, ua hoʻohana ʻo Lourdin i ka hopena alkaline dilute no ka mālama ʻana i ka starch, a ua hoʻohui i ka glycerin e kāhiko i nā strawberries no ka hou, kahi i hoʻemi ai i ka nui o ka pohō o ka wai o nā strawberries a hoʻopaneʻe i ka spoilage. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Baberjee i nā waiwai kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible i ka makahiki 1996 e ka micro-liquefaction a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ultrasonic o ka wai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, no laila ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o ka wai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka homogeneous stability o ka emulsion. I ka makahiki 1998, Padegett et al. Hoʻohui ʻia ka lysozyme a i ʻole nisin i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni soybean protein edible film a hoʻohana iā ia e ʻōwili ai i ka meaʻai, a ʻike ʻia ua pale maikaʻi ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka lactic acid bacteria i ka meaʻai [30]. I ka makahiki 1999, ʻo Yin Qinghong et al. hoʻohana i ka beeswax e hana i kahi mea hoʻopili kiʻiʻoniʻoni no ka mālama ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻāpala a me nā huaʻai ʻē aʻe, hiki ke kāohi i ka hanu, pale i ka emi ʻana a me ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha, a ke kāohi i ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka microbial.

No nā makahiki he nui, ʻo nā beakers kahu kulina no ka ʻeke ice cream, ka pepa laiki paʻa no ka ʻeke lole, a me nā ʻili tofu no nā kīʻaha ʻiʻo, ʻo ia ka ʻeke ʻai maʻamau. Akā ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā noi pāʻoihana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai i ka makahiki 1967, a ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā huaʻai i uhi ʻia i ka wax, ua kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻohana pāʻoihana. A hiki i ka makahiki 1986, ua hoʻomaka kekahi mau hui e hoʻolako i nā huahana kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible, a i ka makahiki 1996, ua ulu ka nui o nā hui kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible i ʻoi aku ma mua o 600. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible i ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai, a ua hoʻokō i kahi loaʻa kālā makahiki ma mua o 100 miliona US.

1.1.2 Nā ʻano a me nā ʻano kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai

Wahi a ka noiʻi kūpono, loaʻa i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni nā mea maikaʻi loa: hiki i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke pale i ka emi ʻana a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai ma muli o ka neʻe like ʻana o nā meaʻai like ʻole; ʻO kekahi mau ʻāpana kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai iā lākou iho he waiwai waiwai kūikawā a me ka hana mālama ola; ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia he mau mea pale i ka CO2, O2 a me nā kinoea ʻē aʻe; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni no ka microwave, ka kuke ʻana, ka meaʻai palai a me ke kiʻi lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka uhi ʻana; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e like me nā antioxidants a me nā preservatives a me nā mea lawe ʻē aʻe, a laila e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka meaʻai; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible ma ke ʻano he mea lawe kala a me nā mea paʻa meaʻai, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai sensory meaʻai; He palekana a hiki ke ʻai ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a hiki ke ʻai pū ʻia me ka meaʻai; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā ​​​​hui meaʻai, a hoʻokumu i nā ʻāpana composite multi-layer me nā mea hoʻopili kuʻuna, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana pale holoʻokoʻa o nā mea paʻi.

ʻO ke kumu i loaʻa ai i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible nā ​​waiwai hana ma luna o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻano pūnaewele ʻekolu-dimensional i loko o lākou, no laila e hōʻike ana i kekahi mau ikaika a me nā waiwai pale. Hoʻopili nui ʻia nā waiwai hana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible e nā waiwai o kāna mau ʻāpana, a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka polymer crosslinking kūloko, ka like ʻole a me ka paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana pūnaewele e pili pū ʻia e nā kaʻina hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Loaʻa nā ʻokoʻa i ka hana [15, 35]. Loaʻa i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai kekahi mau waiwai ʻē aʻe e like me ka solubility, color, transparency, etc. Hiki ke koho ʻia nā mea hoʻopili kiʻi ʻoniʻoni kūpono e like me nā ʻano hoʻohana like ʻole a me nā ʻokoʻa o nā mea huahana e hoʻopili ʻia.

E like me ke ʻano o ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā uhi: (1) ʻO nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kūʻokoʻa i hoʻomākaukau mua ʻia e kapa ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni. (2) ʻO ka ʻili lahilahi i hana ʻia ma luna o ka ʻili meaʻai ma ke ʻano o ka uhi ʻana, ke kuʻi ʻana, a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i kapa ʻia he uhi. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni no nā meaʻai me nā mea like ʻole e pono e hoʻopili ʻia (e like me nā ʻeke hoʻonoʻo a me nā ʻeke aila i nā meaʻai maʻalahi), nā meaʻai me ka mea like akā pono e hoʻopili ʻia (e like me nā pūʻolo kofe liʻiliʻi, ka pauka waiu, etc.), a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau a i ʻole nā ​​huahana mālama ola kino. ʻO ka mea capsule; Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka uhi no ka mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai hou e like me nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, nā huahana ʻiʻo, ka uhi ʻana i nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hui ʻana o nā microcapsules hoʻokuʻu ʻia.

Wahi a nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i: polysaccharide edible film, protein edible film, lipid edible film, microbial edible film a me composite edible film.

1.1.3 Ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni

Ma ke ʻano he ʻano hou o ka meaʻai meaʻai meaʻai palekana a hiki ke ʻai ʻia, a loaʻa pū kekahi waiwai waiwai, hoʻohana nui ʻia ke kiʻi ʻai meaʻai i ka ʻoihana meaʻai meaʻai, ke kahua lāʻau lapaʻau, ka mālama ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana. ʻo ka ʻiʻo a me nā huahana wai, ka hana ʻana i ka meaʻai wikiwiki, a me ka hana ʻana i ka aila. Loaʻa iā ia nā manaʻo hoʻohana ākea i ka mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai e like me nā lole i kālua ʻia.

1.1.3.1 Hoʻohana i ka ʻeke meaʻai

Hoʻopili ʻia ka hopena hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma luna o ka meaʻai e hoʻopili ʻia e ka pīpī ʻana, ka palaki ʻana, ka ʻū ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, i mea e pale ai i ke komo ʻana o ka makū, ka oxygen a me nā mea ʻala, hiki ke hōʻemi maikaʻi i ka nalo ʻana o ka pahu a hōʻemi i ka nui o nā papa paʻi. ; e hoʻemi nui i ka papa waho o ka meaʻai. ua hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻeke ʻokoʻa o kekahi mau ʻāpana o nā meaʻai paʻakikī multi-component e hōʻemi i ka neʻe like ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana like ʻole, a laila e hōʻemi i ka haumia i ke kaiapuni. E ho'ēmi i ka pōʻino o ka meaʻai a i ʻole ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai. Hoʻopili pololei ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i loko o ka pepa paʻi a i ʻole nā ​​ʻeke ʻeke no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokō wale i ka palekana, ka maʻemaʻe a me ka maʻalahi, akā e hoʻemi ana hoʻi i ke kaomi o ka pollution keʻokeʻo ma ke kaiapuni.

Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kulina, soybeans a me ka palaoa ma ke ʻano he kumu nui, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni cereal e like me ka pepa a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā sausages a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe. Ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻana, ʻoiai inā e hoʻolei ʻia i loko o ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā mea kanu lepo e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka lepo. . Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka starch, chitosan a me nā ʻuala pīni ma ke ʻano he kumu nui, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka pepa wīwī ʻai no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai wikiwiki e like me nā noodles meaʻai wikiwiki a me nā fries Farani, he mea maʻalahi, palekana a kaulana loa; hoʻohana ʻia no nā ʻeke hoʻolāʻau, nā sopa paʻa ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana o nā meaʻai maʻalahi e like me nā mea maka, hiki ke kuke pololei ʻia i loko o ka ipuhao ke hoʻohana ʻia, hiki ke pale i ka ʻai ʻana, hoʻonui i ka meaʻai meaʻai, a hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe. ʻO ka avocado maloʻo, ka ʻuala, a me ka laiki haʻihaʻi ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia i polysaccharides, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili i loko o ka ʻai hou ʻole a me ka maopopo, loaʻa nā waiwai pale oxygen maikaʻi a me nā waiwai mechanical, a hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka pauka waiū. , ʻaila salakeke a me nā huahana ʻē aʻe [19]. No ka meaʻai pūʻali koa, ma hope o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ka huahana, ua hoʻolei ʻia ka mea hoʻopihapiha plastik maʻamau i ke kaiapuni a lilo i mea hōʻailona no ka ʻimi ʻana i nā ʻenemi, kahi maʻalahi e hōʻike i kahi. I loko o nā meaʻai kūikawā he nui e like me ka pizza, pastry, ketchup, ice cream, yogurt, pōpō a me nā mea ʻono, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohui pono ʻia nā mea hoʻopihapiha plastik e hoʻohana ai, a hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible i kona mau pono kūʻokoʻa, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka helu o nā pūʻulu Fractional ʻO ka neʻe ʻana o nā mea ʻono e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka huahana a me ka aesthetics [21]. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible i ka hoʻoili ʻana i ka meaʻai microwave o ka ʻōnaehana batter. Hoʻopili mua ʻia nā huahana ʻiʻo, nā mea kanu, ka tiihi a me nā huaʻai e ka pipiʻi ʻana, ke kuʻi ʻana a i ʻole ka palu ʻana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, paʻa a mālama ʻia, a pono e hoʻomoʻa wale ʻia no ka ʻai ʻana.

ʻOiai he liʻiliʻi nā pepa a me nā ʻeke e hiki ke ʻai ʻia, nui nā patent i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia ma ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hiki ke ʻai ʻia. Ua ʻae nā luna hoʻoponopono meaʻai Farani i kahi ʻeke ʻeke ʻai meaʻai i kapa ʻia ʻo "SOLUPAN", kahi i haku ʻia me ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, starch a me ka sodium sorbate, a loaʻa i ke kālepa.

1.1.3.2 No ka Lapaau

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka gelatin, cellulose derivatives, starch a me ka edible gum no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā pūpū capsule palupalu a paʻakikī o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā huahana olakino, hiki ke hōʻoia pono i ka pono o nā lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā huahana olakino, a palekana a ʻai; ʻO kekahi mau lāʻau i loaʻa i ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa, he paʻakikī ke hoʻohana ʻia e nā maʻi. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai ʻia e like me ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻono no ia mau lāʻau; ʻAʻole hoʻoheheʻe kekahi polymer polymer enteric i loko o ka ʻōpū (pH 1.2) kaiapuni, akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū (pH 6.8) a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i loko o ka ʻōpū Sustained-release drug coating; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea lawe no nā lāʻau lapaʻau.

Blanco-Fernandez et al. ua hoʻomākaukau i kahi kiʻi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni chitosan acetylated monoglyceride composite a hoʻohana iā ia no ka hoʻokuʻu mau ʻana o ka hana antioxidant o ka huaora E, a he mea kupaianaha ka hopena. ʻO nā mea hoʻopili antioxidant lōʻihi. ʻO Zhang et al. i hoʻohui ʻia i ka starch me ka gelatin, i hoʻohui ʻia i ka polyethylene glycol plasticizer, a ua hoʻohana i nā kuʻuna. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻa paʻa ma ke kaʻina ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a ua aʻo ʻia ka ʻike, nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai hydrophilic a me ka morphology o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. mea capsule maikaʻi [52]. Lal et al. Ua hana ʻo kafirin i ka uhi ʻai no ka uhi ʻana o nā capsules paracetamol, a ua aʻo i nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai wela, nā mea pale a me nā waiwai hoʻokuʻu lāʻau o ke kiʻi ʻai. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka uhi ʻana o ka sorghum ʻO nā capsules paʻakikī o ka gliadin film ʻaʻole i haki i ka ʻōpū, akā hoʻokuʻu i ka lāʻau lapaʻau i loko o ka ʻōpū ma ka pH 6.8. Paik et al. hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā ʻāpana phthalate HPMC i uhi ʻia me ka indomethacin, a kāpīpī i ka wai hoʻoheheʻe kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o HPMC ma ka ʻili o nā mea lāʻau lapaʻau, a aʻo i ka lāʻau entrapment rate, ka nui o ka nui o nā mea lāʻau, edible film nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia i ka HPMCN-coated. Hiki i ka lāʻau waha indomethacin ke hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka huna ʻana i ka ʻono ʻawaʻawa o ka lāʻau a me ka hoʻopuka ʻana i ka lāʻau. Oladzadabbasabadi et al. hoʻohui ʻia ka starch sago i hoʻololi ʻia me ka carrageenan e hoʻomākaukau ai i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible ma ke ʻano he pani no nā capsules gelatin kuʻuna, a aʻo i kona kinetics maloʻo, nā waiwai thermomechanical, nā waiwai physicochemical a me nā waiwai pale, Ua hōʻike nā hopena i nā waiwai like me ka gelatin. hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i nā capsules lāʻau lapaʻau.

1.1.3.3 Hoʻohana i ka mālama ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu

I loko o nā huaʻai hou a me nā mea kanu ma hope o ka ʻohi ʻana, ke hoʻomau nei nā hopena biochemical a me ka hanu ʻana, e hoʻolalelale i ka pōʻino kino o nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, a he mea maʻalahi ke kumu o ka nalowale ʻana o ka wai o nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu i ka lumi wela, e hopena i ka ka maikaʻi o nā ʻiʻo o loko a me nā waiwai sensory o nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu. emi iho. No laila, ua lilo ka mālama ʻana i mea nui loa i ka mālama ʻana a me ka lawe ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu; ʻAʻole maikaʻi ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻano hana kuʻuna. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu i kēia manawa ke ala ʻoi loa i ka mālama ʻana i ka mahana o ka lumi. Hoʻopili ʻia ka wai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma luna o ka ʻili o nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, hiki ke pale pono i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā microorganisms, hoʻemi i ka hanu ʻana, ka nalowale o ka wai a me ka pau ʻana o ka meaʻai o nā huaʻai a me nā ʻiʻo mea kanu, hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻelemakule physiological o nā ʻiʻo hua a me nā mea kanu, a mālama i nā ʻiʻo huaʻai a me nā ʻiʻo ʻai ʻO ke kumu mua a paʻa. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nani, i mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka mālama hou ʻana a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama. Hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ka acetyl monoglyceride a me ka paʻakai i unuhi ʻia mai ka aila meaʻai ma ke ʻano he kumu nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a hoʻohana iā ia e ʻoki i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu e mālama hou, pale i ka dehydration, browning a me ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā microorganisms, i hiki ke mālama ʻia no kahi. manawa lōʻihi. Mokuʻāina hou . Hoʻohana ʻo Iapana i ka siliki ʻōpala i mea maka no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni mālama ʻuala, hiki ke loaʻa kahi hopena mālama hou e like me ka mālama anu. Hoʻohana ka poʻe ʻAmelika i ka aila meaʻai a me nā huaʻai ma ke ʻano he kumu nui e hana ai i ka wai uhi, a mālama i nā hua ʻoki hou, a ʻike ʻia he maikaʻi ka hopena mālama.

ʻO Marquez et al. hoʻohana i ka protein whey a me ka pectin ma ke ʻano he mea maka, a hoʻohui i ka glutaminase no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke keʻa e hoʻomākaukau i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible composite, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻaʻahu ʻana i nā ʻōlaʻi hou i ʻoki ʻia, nā ʻōmato a me nā kāloti, hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka helu kaumaha. , ke'ake'a i ka ulu'ana o nā microorganisms ma luna o ka ili o nā hua'ai a me nā hua'ai hou i'oki'ia, a ho'olō'ihi i ke ola o ka mālama'ana i ka'ono a me ka'ono o nā hua a me nā mea kanu hou. Shi Lei et al. uhi ʻia nā hua waina ʻulaʻula me ka chitosan edible kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hiki ke hōʻemi i ke kaumaha o ke kaumaha a me ka pohō o nā hua waina, mālama i ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka ʻōlinolino o nā hua waina, a hoʻopaneʻe i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o nā mea paʻa. Ke hoʻohana nei i ka chitosan, ka sodium alginate, ka sodium carboxymethylcellulose a me ka polyacrylate e like me nā mea maka, Liu et al. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e ka multilayer coating no ka mālama hou ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, a aʻo i kā lākou morphology, wai solubility, etc. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka hopena mālama maikaʻi loa o ka sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan-glycerol composite film. ʻO Sun Qingshen et al. ua aʻo i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka soybean protein isolate, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā strawberries, hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka transpiration o nā strawberries, ke kāohi i ko lākou hanu ʻana, a hoʻemi i ka nui o nā hua pala. ʻO Ferreira et al. ua hoʻohana i ka pauda koena hua a me ka ʻuala a me ka pauda ʻili ʻuala no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia, ua aʻo i ka hoʻoheheʻe wai a me nā waiwai mechanical o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a ua hoʻohana i ke ʻano uhi no ka mālama ʻana i ka hawthorn. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ke ola o ka hawthorn. 50%, ua emi iho ka nui o ka pohō kaumaha e 30-57%, a ʻaʻole i loli nui ka waika organik a me ka wai. Fu Xiaowei et al. ua aʻo i ka mālama ʻana i nā pepa hou e ka chitosan edible film, a ua hōʻike nā hopena i hiki ke hoʻemi nui i ka hanu ʻana o nā pepa hou i ka wā mālama a hoʻopaneʻe i ka ʻelemakule o nā pepa. Navarro-Tarazaga et al. ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni HPMC i hoʻololi ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā plums. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena e hiki i ka beeswax ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka oxygen a me nā waiwai pale a me nā waiwai mechanical o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPMC. Ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o ka pohō kaumaha o nā plums, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka palupalu a me ke kahe ʻana o ka hua i ka wā e mālama ai, a ua hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka manawa mālama o nā plums. ʻO Tang Liying et al. hoʻohana i ka solution shellac alkali i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka starch, hoʻomākaukau i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia, a aʻo i kona waiwai kiʻiʻoniʻoni; i ka manawa like, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kāna wai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni e ʻaʻahu i ka mango no ka mea hou e hiki ke hoʻemi pono i ka hanu Hiki ke pale i ke ʻano browning i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana, e hoʻemi i ka nui o ke kaumaha a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama.

1.1.3.4 Hoʻohana i ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana i nā huahana ʻiʻo

ʻO nā huahana ʻiʻo me nā meaʻai momona a me ka hana wai kiʻekiʻe e maʻalahi i nā microorganism i ke kaʻina hana, ka lawe ʻana, ka mālama ʻana a me ka ʻai ʻana, e hopena i ka pōʻeleʻele o ka waihoʻoluʻu a me ka momona o ka momona a me nā mea pōʻino ʻē aʻe. I mea e hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama a me ke ola o nā huahana ʻiʻo, pono ia e hoʻāʻo e kāohi i ka hana o nā enzymes i nā huahana ʻiʻo a me ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā microorganisms ma ka ʻili, a pale i ka deterioration o ke kala a me ka ʻala i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka momona oxidation. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible kekahi o nā ala maʻamau i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka mālama ʻiʻo ma ka home a ma waho. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke ʻano kuʻuna, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā microorganisms waho, ka oxidative rancidity o ka momona a me ka nalowale o ka wai i hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia i nā huahana ʻiʻo i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia ka maikaʻi o nā huahana ʻiʻo. Hoʻonui ʻia ke ola mālama.

Ua hoʻomaka ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai o nā huahana ʻiʻo i ka hopena o nā makahiki 1950, a ʻo ka hihia noi maikaʻi loa ʻo ia ka collagen edible film, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka hana ʻana a me ka hana ʻana. Emiroglu et al. hoʻohui ʻia ka aila sesame i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia i ka protein soybean e hana i ke kiʻi antibacterial, a ua aʻo i kona hopena antibacterial ma ka pipi paʻa. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni antibacterial ke kāohi nui i ka hana hou a me ka ulu ʻana o Staphylococcus aureus. ʻO Wook et al. ua hoʻomākaukau i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni proanthocyanidin a hoʻohana ʻia e uhi i ka puaʻa i hoʻomoʻa ʻia no ka hou. Ua aʻo ʻia ke kala, pH, TVB-N waiwai, thiobarbituric acid a me ka helu microbial o nā ʻāpana puaʻa ma hope o ka mālama ʻana no nā lā 14. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki i ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o proanthocyanidins hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa pono i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka thiobarbituric acid, pale i ka momona o ka waikawa momona, hoʻemi i ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hana hou ʻana o nā microorganisms ma ka ʻili o nā huahana ʻiʻo, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā huahana ʻiʻo, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama. ola mālama . ʻO Jiang Shaotong et al. Hoʻohui ʻia nā polyphenols a me nā allicin i ka hopena ʻo ka starch-sodium alginate composite membrane solution, a hoʻohana iā lākou e mālama i ka hou o ka puaʻa chilled, hiki ke mālama ʻia ma 0-4 ° C no nā lā he 19. ʻO Cartagena et al. hōʻike i ka hopena antibacterial o collagen edible film i hoʻohui ʻia me nisin antimicrobial agent ma ka mālama ʻana i nā ʻāpana puaʻa, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka collagen edible film ke hoʻemi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka moisture o nā ʻāpana puaʻa i hoʻomoʻa ʻia, hoʻopaneʻe i ka rancidity o nā huahana ʻiʻo, a hoʻohui i 2 ʻO ke kiʻi collagen me % ʻO nisin ka hopena mālama maikaʻi loa . Wang Rui et al. ua aʻo i nā hoʻololi o ka sodium alginate, chitosan a me carboxymethyl fiber e ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike o ka pH, volatile base nitrogen, ʻulaʻula a me ka huina o nā kolo pipi i loko o 16 mau lā o ka mālama ʻana. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻona ʻekolu o ka vitamina sodium no ka mālama ʻana i ka hou o ka pipi maloʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i loaʻa i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka sodium alginate kahi hopena mālama hou. ʻO Caprioli et al. ʻOpiʻi ʻia ka umauma turkey i hoʻomoʻa ʻia me kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni sodium caseinate a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka friji ma 4 °C. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina e hiki i ka sodium caseinate edible film ke hoʻolohi i ka ʻiʻo turkey i ka wā o ka refrigeration. of rancidity .

1.1.3.5 No ka mālama ʻana i nā huahana wai

Hōʻike nui ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka maikaʻi o nā huahana wai i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka wai manuahi, ka hōʻino ʻana o ka ʻono a me ka hōʻino ʻana o ke ʻano huahana wai. ʻO ka decomposition o nā huahana wai, oxidation, denaturation a me ka ʻai maloʻo i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka microbial invasion ʻo ia nā mea koʻikoʻi e pili ana i ke ola o nā huahana wai. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka hau he ʻano maʻamau no ka mālama ʻana i nā huahana wai, akā aia kekahi ʻano o ka hōʻemi maikaʻi ʻana i ke kaʻina hana, ʻo ia ka mea koʻikoʻi no nā iʻa wai maʻemaʻe.

Ua hoʻomaka ka mālama ʻia ʻana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni i ka wai i ka hopena o 1970s a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i kēia manawa. Hiki i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai ke mālama pono i nā huahana wai hau, hoʻemi i ka nalowale o ka wai, a hiki ke hui pū ʻia me nā antioxidants e pale ai i ka momona momona, a laila e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu o ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana i ke ola a me ke ola. Meenatchisundaram et al. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hoʻohana ʻia i ka starch me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka starch ma ke ʻano he matrix a hoʻohui i nā mea ʻala e like me ka clove a me ke kinamona, a hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i ka ʻōpae keʻokeʻo. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni starch hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pono i ka ulu ʻana o nā microorganisms, e hoʻolōʻihi i ka momona oxidation, e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka ʻoʻo keʻokeʻo i hoʻomoʻa ʻia ma 10 °C a me 4 °C e like me 14 a me 12 mau lā. Ua aʻo ʻo Cheng Yuanyuan a me nā poʻe ʻē aʻe i ka mālama ʻana i ka solution pullulan a lawe i ka iʻa wai maʻemaʻe. Hiki i ka mālama ʻana ke pale pono i ka ulu ʻana o nā microorganisms, e hoʻolohi i ka oxidation o ka protein iʻa a me ka momona, a loaʻa ka hopena mālama maikaʻi. ʻO Yunus et al. i uhi ʻia i ke ānuenue me kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai gelatin kahi i hoʻohui ʻia ai ka ʻaila koʻikoʻi o ka lau bay, a aʻo i ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i loko o ka friji ma 4 °C. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka maikaʻi o ka gelatin edible film i ka mālama ʻana i ka maikaʻi o ka iʻa anuenue a hiki i 22 lā. no ka manawa loihi . Wang Siwei et al. ua hoʻohana i ka sodium alginate, chitosan a me CMC ma ke ʻano he kumu nui, hoʻohui i ka waikawa stearic no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka wai kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible, a hoʻohana ʻia e kāhiko iā Penaeus vannamei no ka hou. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ʻo ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o CMC a me chitosan He hopena mālama maikaʻi ka wai a hiki ke hoʻonui i ke ola o ka papa ma kahi o 2 mau lā. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Yang Shengping a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka chitosan-tea polyphenol edible kiʻiʻoniʻoni no ka refrigeration a me ka mālama ʻana i ka lauoho lauoho hou, hiki ke pale pono i ka hana hou ʻana o ka bacteria ma ka ʻili o ka lauoho, hoʻopaneʻe i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka waika hydrochloric volatile, a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka lauoho lauoho. ma kahi o 12 lā.

1.1.3.6 Hoʻohana i ka meaʻai palai

ʻO ka meaʻai palai hohonu kahi meaʻai mākaukau e ʻai nui ʻia me ka hua nui. Hoʻopili ʻia me ka polysaccharide a me ka protein edible film, hiki ke pale i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka meaʻai i ka wā o ka palai a hoʻemi i ka ʻai ʻana i ka aila. komo o ka oxygen a me ka makū [80]. ʻO ka uhi ʻana i ka meaʻai palai me ka gellan gum hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila ma 35% -63%, e like me ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka sashimi, hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka aila e 63%; i ka wā e palai ai i ka ʻuala, hiki ke hoʻemi i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻaila ma 35% -63%. Hoʻemi ʻia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wahie e 60%, etc. [81].

ʻO Singthong et al. hana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai o nā polysaccharides e like me ka sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose a me ka pectin, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka uhi ʻana i nā ʻāpana maiʻa palai, a ua aʻo i ka helu o ka ʻai ʻana ma hope o ka palai ʻana. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka pectin a me ka carboxyl Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana maiʻa palai i uhi ʻia me ka methylcellulose i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka naʻau, ma waena o ka pectin edible film ka hopena maikaʻi loa i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻaila [82]. Holownia et al. i uhi ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni HPMC a me MC ma luna o ka ʻili o ka moa palai e aʻo i nā loli i ka ʻai ʻana i ka aila, ka momona momona manuahi a me ka waiwai kala i ka aila palai. Hiki i ka pre-coating ke hōʻemi i ka lawe ʻana i ka aila a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ola ʻaila [83]. Sheng Meixiang et al. hana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai o CMC, chitosan a me ka soybean protein i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, uhi ʻia i ka ʻuala, a palai iā lākou i ka wela kiʻekiʻe e aʻo ai i ka absorption aila, ʻike wai, waihoʻoluʻu, ʻike acrylamide a me ka maikaʻi o ka ʻuala. , ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena he hopena koʻikoʻi ka soybean protein isolate edible film i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻaila o nā ʻuala palai palai, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka chitosan edible film i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka ʻike acrylamide [84]. Salvador et al. uhi ʻia ka ʻili o nā apo hee palai me ka starch palaoa, ka starch kulina i hoʻololi ʻia, ka dextrin a me ka gluten, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka crispness o nā apo hee a hoʻemi i ka nui o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ʻaila [85].

1.1.3.7 Hoʻohana i nā meaʻai i kālua ʻia

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai e like me ka uhi maʻemaʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano o nā mea i kālua ʻia; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he pale i ka makū, oxygen, momona, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ke ola o ka mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai i hoʻomoʻa ʻia, no ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni chitosan no ka uhi ʻana i ka berena. no ka laʻana, ua uhi pinepine ʻia nā pīnī i kālua ʻia me nā mea hoʻopili e uhi ai i ka paʻakai a me nā mea ʻala [87].

Christos et al. hana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia o ka sodium alginate a me ka protein whey a uhi ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka berena probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke ola o nā probiotics, akā ʻo nā ʻano berena ʻelua i hōʻike i nā mīkini Digestive ua like loa, no laila ʻaʻole e hoʻololi ka uhi ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻai i ke ʻano, ka ʻono a me nā waiwai thermophysical o ka berena [88]. Panuwat et al. ua hoʻohui ʻia ka ʻōpala gooseberry India i loko o ka methyl cellulose matrix e hoʻomākaukau ai i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui ʻia, a hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i ka hou o nā cashews i kālua ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible composite ke pale pono i nā cashews i kālua ʻia i ka wā mālama. Ua emi ka maikaʻi a ua hoʻonui ʻia ke ola o nā cashews i kālua ʻia a hiki i 90 mau lā [89]. ʻO Schou et al. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia me ka sodium caseinate a me ka glycerin, a ua aʻo i kona ʻano mechanical, ka wai permeability a me kona hopena hoʻopili i nā ʻāpana berena i kālua ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai o ka sodium caseinate i kāʻei ʻia i ka palaoa kālua. Ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia kona paʻakikī i loko o 6 mau hola o ka mālama ʻana i ka lumi wela [90]. ʻO Du et al. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma luna o ka ʻāpala a me ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻia i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka ʻōmato i hoʻohui ʻia me nā ʻaila koʻikoʻi e kāʻei i ka moa moa, ʻaʻole ia e pale wale i ka ulu ʻana o nā microorganisms ma mua o ka ʻai ʻana i ka moa, akā ua hoʻonui pū i ka ʻono o ka moa ma hope o ka ʻai ʻana [91]. Javanmard et al. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai o ka mākiko palaoa a hoʻohana ʻia no ka ʻōwili ʻana i nā hua pistachio i kālua ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni starch hiki ke pale i ka rancidity oxidative o nā nati, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā nati, a hoʻolōʻihi i ko lākou ola papa [92]. Majid et al. hoʻohana i ka whey protein edible kiʻiʻoniʻoni e ʻaʻahu ai i nā pīkī i hoʻomoʻa ʻia, hiki ke hoʻonui i ka pale oxygen, hoʻemi i ka rancidity pīkī, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka brittleness pīkī kālua, a hoʻolōʻihi i kona manawa mālama [93].

1.1.3.8 Hoʻohana i nā huahana confectionery

Loaʻa i ka ʻoihana candy nā koi kiʻekiʻe no ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o nā ʻāpana volatile, no laila, no ke kokoleka a me nā candies me nā ʻili poli, pono e hoʻohana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e hoʻololi i ka wai uhi i loaʻa nā ʻāpana volatile. Hiki i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible ke hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni pale maʻemaʻe ma ka ʻili o ka candy e hōʻemi i ka neʻe ʻana o ka oxygen a me ka wai [19]. ʻO ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni whey protein i loko o ka confectionery hiki ke hōʻemi nui i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o kāna mau ʻāpana volatile. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kokoleka no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā meaʻai aila e like me nā kuki a me ka pata pīnī, e neʻe ka ʻaila i ka papa o waho o ke kokoleka, e hoʻopili ai ke kokoleka a hoʻoulu i kahi hanana "hoʻohuli i ka hau", akā e maloʻo ka mea o loko, e hopena i kahi hoololi i kona ono. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i kahi papa o nā mea hoʻopihapiha kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke hoʻopau i kēia pilikia [94].

Nelson et al. ua hoʻohana i ka methylcellulose edible kiʻiʻoniʻoni e uhi i nā lole i loaʻa nā lipid he nui a hōʻike i ka haʻahaʻa lipid permeability, a laila e pale ai i ka hanana hau i loko o ke kokoleka [95]. Ua hoʻohana ʻo Meyers i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hydrogel-wax bilayer edible i ka chewing gum, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kona adhesion, hoʻemi i ka volatilization wai, a hoʻolōʻihi i kona ola paʻa [21]. ʻO ka wai i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e Fadini et al. Ua aʻo ʻia ʻo decollagen-cocoa butter edible composite film no kona mau ʻano mechanical a me ka wai permeability, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he uhi no nā huahana kokoleka me nā hopena maikaʻi [96].

1.1.4 Nā Kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻAi Ma muli o ka Cellulose

ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible e pili ana i ka cellulose he ʻano kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻia i hana ʻia mai ka cellulose nui loa a me kāna mau derivatives i loko o ke ʻano e like me ke kumu kumu. ʻO ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible cellulose ʻaʻole ʻono a ʻono ʻole, a loaʻa iā ia ka ikaika mechanical maikaʻi, nā waiwai pale ʻaila, ka ʻike, ka maʻalahi a me nā waiwai pale kinoea maikaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ke ʻano hydrophilic o cellulose, ʻo ke kūʻē ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e pili ana i ka cellulose ʻo ia ka hana ʻana o ka wai he ʻilihune maʻamau [82, 97-99].

Hiki i ka cellulose-based edible film i hana ʻia i nā mea ʻōpala i ka hana ʻoihana meaʻai ke loaʻa i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible me ka hana maikaʻi loa, a hiki ke hoʻohana hou i nā mea ʻōpala e hoʻonui i ka waiwai hoʻohui o nā huahana. ʻO Ferreira et al. hui pū ʻia nā hua a me nā mea kanu koena pauka me ka ʻuala ʻili pauka e hoʻomākaukau ai i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible composite e pili ana i ka cellulose, a hoʻopili ʻia i ka uhi o ka hawthorn e mālama i ka hou, a loaʻa nā hopena maikaʻi [62]. Tan Huizi et al. ua hoʻohana i ka fiber meaʻai i unuhi ʻia mai nā ʻōpala pīni ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu a hoʻohui i kahi nui o ka mānoanoa e hoʻomākaukau ai i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o ka fiber soybean, nona nā waiwai mechanical maikaʻi a me nā mea pale [100], ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai noodle seasoning. , He mea maʻalahi a me ka meaʻai e hoʻoheheʻe i ka pūʻolo waiwai i ka wai wela.

Hiki ke hana i kahi matrix hoʻomau a hoʻohana mau ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka noiʻi ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible. Xiao Naiyu et al. Ua hoʻohana ʻo MC i ka substrate hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni nui, hoʻohui i ka polyethylene glycol a me ka calcium chloride a me nā mea kōkua ʻē aʻe, hoʻomākaukau i ka MC edible film ma ka hoʻolei ʻana, a hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i ka olecranon, hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ka waha o ka olecranon. ʻO ke ola o ka peach he 4.5 mau lā [101]. Esmaeili et al. hoʻomākaukau i ka MC edible kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ka hoʻolei ʻana a hoʻopili iā ia i ka uhi ʻana o nā microcapsules ʻaila nui. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i loaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni MC kahi hopena pale ʻaila maikaʻi a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻeke meaʻai e pale ai i ka pōʻino o ka momona momona [102]. ʻO Tian et al. hoʻololi ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni MC me ka stearic acid a me ka unsaturated fatty acids, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai pale wai o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni MC [103]. Lai Fengying et al. ua aʻo i ka hopena o ke ʻano solvent ma ke kaʻina hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni o MC edible film a me nā mea pale a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible [104].

Loaʻa i nā membrane CMC nā mea pale maikaʻi i ka O2, CO2 a me nā aila, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ke kula o ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau [99]. Bifani et al. ua hoʻomākaukau i nā membrane CMC a ua aʻo i ka hopena o nā ʻili lau ma nā waiwai pale wai a me nā waiwai pale kinoea o nā membrane. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā ʻāpana lau i ka wai a me nā waiwai pale oxygen o nā membrane, akā ʻaʻole no CO2. ʻO nā mea pale e pili ana i ka ʻike o ka extract [105]. de Moura et al. i hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā nanoparticles chitosan i hoʻoikaika i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni CMC, a ua aʻo i ke kūpaʻa wela, nā waiwai mechanical a me ka solubility wai o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Hōʻike nā hopena i hiki i nā nanoparticles chitosan ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical a me ke kūpaʻa wela o nā kiʻi CMC. Moe [98]. ʻO Ghanbarzadeh et al. hoʻomākaukau i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai CMC a aʻo i nā hopena o ka glycerol a me ka ʻakika oleic ma nā waiwai physicochemical o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni CMC. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia nā mea pale o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni, akā ua emi nā waiwai mechanical a me ka ʻike [99]. ʻO Cheng et al. ua hoʻomākaukau i ka carboxymethyl cellulose-konjac glucomannan edible composite film, a ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka ʻaila pāma ma nā waiwai physicochemical o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i hiki i nā microspheres liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ke hoʻonui nui i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻO ka hydrophobicity o ka honua a me ka curvature o ka wai mole permeation channel hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana pale o ka membrane [106].

He mau waiwai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni maikaʻi ko HPMC, a he maʻalahi kona kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻikea, kala ʻole a me ka ʻala ʻole, a loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai pale ʻaila maikaʻi, akā pono e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia kona mau mea mechanical a me ka wai-blocking. ʻO ke aʻo ʻana e Zuniga et al. ua hōʻike i ka microstructure mua a me ka paʻa o ka HPMC kiʻiʻoniʻoni hoʻonā hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui i ka ʻili a me ka hale o loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a me ke ʻano o ke komo ʻana o nā kulu aila i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka hale kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui i ka transmittance māmā a me ka hana ili o ka. kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka mea hana ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa o ka hopena kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ʻo ia ka mea e hoʻopili ai i ka ʻili o ka ʻili a me nā waiwai optical o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻemi ʻia nā ʻano mechanical a me ka ea permeability [107]. Klangmuang et al. hoʻohana i ka pālolo i hoʻololi ʻia a me ka beeswax e hoʻomaikaʻi a hoʻololi i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni HPMC e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai mechanical a me nā mea pale o ke kiʻi HPMC. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka beeswax a me ka pālolo, ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā waiwai mechanical o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni HPMC me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana o nā ʻāpana moisture [108]. ʻO Dogan et al. hoʻomākaukau i ka HPMC edible film, a hoʻohana i ka microcrystalline cellulose e hoʻonui a hoʻololi i ke kiʻi HPMC, a aʻo i ka wai permeability a me nā waiwai mechanical o ke kiʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ʻaʻole i hoʻololi nui ʻia nā ʻano pale pale o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻololi ʻia. , akā, ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia kona mau mea hana [109]. ʻO Choi et al. hoʻohui ʻia ka lau oregano a me ka ʻaila bergamot pono i loko o ka HPMC matrix e hoʻomākaukau ai i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible composite, a hoʻohana ʻia i ka mālama ʻana i nā plums hou. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina e hiki i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible ke kāohi pono i ka hanu ʻana o nā plums, hoʻemi i ka hana ʻana o ka ethylene, hoʻemi i ka nui o ka pohō kaumaha, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o nā plums [110]. Esteghlal et al. hoʻohui ʻia ka HPMC me ka gelatin no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia a aʻo ʻia i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible composite. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai physicochemical, mechanical properties a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka gelatin HPMC ʻaʻole i loli nui nā waiwai tensile o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni gelatin HPMC, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā capsules lapaʻau [111]. ʻO Villacres et al. ua aʻo ʻia i nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai pale kinoea a me nā waiwai antibacterial o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia ma HPMC-cassava starch. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i loaʻa i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni composite nā waiwai pale oxygen maikaʻi a me nā hopena antibacterial [112]. ʻO Byun et al. hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā membrane huila shellac-HPMC, a ua aʻo i nā hopena o nā ʻano emulsifiers a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka shellac ma nā membrane composite. Ua ho'ēmi ka emulsifier i ka wai-blocking properties o ka membrane composite, akā,ʻaʻole i emi nui kona mau mea mechanical; ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka shellac i hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka paʻa wela o ka membrane HPMC, a ua hoʻonui ʻia kona hopena me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike shellac [113].

1.1.5 Nā Kiʻiʻoniʻoni Hiki i ka Starch

ʻO Starch kahi polymer maoli no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai. Loaʻa iā ia nā mea maikaʻi o ke kumu ākea, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, biocompatibility a me ka waiwai waiwai, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻoihana meaʻai a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau [114-117]. I kēia mau lā, ua puka mai nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni maʻemaʻe starch edible a me nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible composite e pili ana i ka starch no ka mālama ʻana i ka meaʻai a me ka mālama ʻana i kēlā me kēia [118]. ʻO ka starch amylose kiʻekiʻe a me kona hydroxypropylated modified starch ka mea nui no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai e pili ana i ka starch [119]. ʻO ka retrogradation o ka starch ke kumu nui o kona hiki ke hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka amylose maʻiʻo, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka pilina intermolecular, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana retrogradation, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka waiwai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a me ka ikaika tensile hope o ke kiʻi. nui aku. Hiki iā Amylose ke hana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni wai me ka haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen permeability, a ʻaʻole e emi nā mea pale o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻekiʻe-amylose ma lalo o nā wahi wela kiʻekiʻe, hiki ke pale pono i ka meaʻai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia [120].

Starch edible kiʻiʻoniʻoni, colorless a me ka odorless, he maikaʻi transparency, wai solubility a me ke kinoea waiwai pale, akā, hōʻike ikaika hydrophilicity a me ka ilihune moisture mea pale, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ia i ka meaʻai oxygen a me ka aila pale pale [121-123]. Eia kekahi, hiki i nā membrane ma muli o ka starch i ka wā kahiko a me ka retrogradation, a ua ʻilihune ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical [124]. I mea e lanakila ai i nā hemahema i luna aʻe nei, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ka starch e ke kino, kemika, enzymatic, genetic a me nā ʻano hoʻohui e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā waiwai o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e pili ana i ka starch [114].

Zhang Zhengmao et al. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni maloʻo maloʻo maikaʻi loa e ʻaʻahu i nā strawberries a ʻike ʻia hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi maikaʻi i ka nalowale o ka wai, hoʻopaneʻe i ka hoʻemi ʻana o ke kō i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa mālama o nā strawberry [125]. Garcia et al. starch hoʻololi ʻia me nā kaulahao like ʻole no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni starch i hoʻololi ʻia, i hoʻohana ʻia no ka mālama ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni uhi strawberry hou. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka helu a me ka palaho ma mua o ka hui ʻole ʻia [126]. ʻO Ghanbarzadeh et al. starch hoʻololi ʻia e ka citric acid cross-linking a loaʻa ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni starch hoʻololi i hoʻololi ʻia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka cross-linking, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā ʻano mea pale a me nā waiwai mechanical o nā kiʻi starch [127]. ʻO Gao Qunyu et al. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka mālama ʻana i ka hydrolysis enzymatic o ka starch a loaʻa i ka starch edible film, a me kāna mau waiwai mechanical e like me ka ikaika tensile, elongation a me ka pale ʻana i hoʻonui ʻia, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana o ka moisture pale me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka manawa hana enzyme. hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia [128]. ʻO Parra et al. ua hoʻohui i kahi mea hoʻohui keʻa i ka starch tapioka no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai me nā waiwai mīkini maikaʻi a me ka liʻiliʻi o ka lawe ʻana i ka mahu wai [129]. Fonseca et al. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka sodium hypochlorite e hoʻoheheʻe i ka starch ʻuala a hoʻomākaukau i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai o ka starch oxidized. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ua hoʻemi nui ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka mahu wai a me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka meaʻai hana wai kiʻekiʻe [130].

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka starch me nā polymers edible a me nā plasticizer ʻē aʻe he ala koʻikoʻi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā waiwai o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai ma muli o ka starch. I kēia manawa, ʻo nā polymers paʻakikī i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia he hydrophilic colloids, e like me pectin, cellulose, seaweed polysaccharide, chitosan, carrageenan a me xanthan gum [131].

ʻO Maria Rodriguez et al. hoʻohana i ka starch potato a me plasticizers a i ʻole surfactants ma ke ʻano he mea nui e hoʻomākaukau ai i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai e pili ana i ka starch, e hōʻike ana e hiki i nā plasticizers ke hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a hiki i nā surfactants ke hōʻemi i ka stretchability film [132]. Santana et al. ua hoʻohana i nā nanofibers e hoʻonui a hoʻololi i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia i ka starch starch, a loaʻa i ka starch-based edible composite film me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical, nā mea pale, a me ke kūpaʻa wela [133]. ʻO Azevedo et al. hui pū ʻia me ka starch thermoplastic no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i kahi mea kiʻiʻoniʻoni like ʻole, e hōʻike ana ʻo ka whey protein a me ka thermoplastic starch i hoʻopili ikaika ʻia, a hiki i ka protein whey ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka starch. ʻO ka pale wai a me nā waiwai mechanical o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible [134]. Edhirej et al. ua hoʻomākaukau i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ka tapioka starch, a ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka plasticizer ma ke kino a me ka hoʻolālā kemika, nā waiwai mechanical a me nā waiwai wela o ke kiʻi. Hōʻike nā hopena i ke ʻano a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka plasticizer hiki ke hoʻopili nui i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni tapioka starch. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā mea plasticizer ʻē aʻe e like me ka urea a me ka triethylene glycol, loaʻa i ka pectin ka hopena plasticizing maikaʻi loa, a ʻo ka pectin-plasticized starch film he mau mea pale wai maikaʻi [135]. Saberi et al. hoʻohana ʻia i ka starch pea, guar gum a me ka glycerin no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa he kuleana nui ka mānoanoa pī i ka mānoanoa o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka mānoanoa, ka hui ʻana, ka paʻa wai a me ka ikaika tensile. Guar gum Hiki ke hoʻopili i ka ikaika tensile a me ka modulus elastic o ka membrane, a hiki i ka glycerol ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maʻalahi o ka membrane [136]. Ji et al. hui ʻia ka chitosan a me ka mākū kulina, a hoʻohui i nā nanoparticles calcium carbonate e hoʻomākaukau i kahi kiʻi antibacterial ma muli o ka starch. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular ma waena o ka starch a me ka chitosan, a ua hoʻonui ʻia nā waiwai mechanical o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā waiwai antibacterial [137]. Meira et al. hoʻonui a hoʻololi ʻia ka kānana starch edible antibacterial film me kaolin nanoparticles, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā ʻano mechanical a me ka wela o ka kiʻi composite, a ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia ʻia ka hopena antibacterial [138]. Ortega-Toro et al. hoʻohui ʻia ka HPMC i ka mākiko a hoʻohui i ka waikawa citric e hoʻomākaukau ai i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka HPMC a me ka waikawa citric hiki ke pale pono i ka ʻelemakule o ka starch a hōʻemi i ka permeability wai o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai, akā hāʻule ka waiwai pale oxygen [139].

1.2 Polymer hydrogels

ʻO nā Hydrogels kahi papa o nā polymers hydrophilic me kahi ʻano pūnaewele ʻekolu-dimensional ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai akā hiki ke pehu ʻia e ka wai. Ma ka Macroscopically, he ʻano maopopo ka hydrogel, ʻaʻole hiki ke kahe, a he mea paʻa. ʻO ka microscopically, hiki ke puʻunaue ʻia nā molekala wai-soluble i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā nui i loko o ka hydrogel a hoʻopuehu i nā ʻano diffusion like ʻole, no laila e hōʻike ka hydrogel i nā waiwai o kahi hopena. He liʻiliʻi ka ikaika o ka hale o loko o nā hydrogels a hiki ke luku ʻia. Aia ma waena o ka paʻa a me ka wai. He like kona elasticity me ka paʻa, a he ʻokoʻa loa ia mai ka paʻa maoli.

1.2.1 Nānā o nā polymer hydrogels

1.2.1.1 Hoʻokaʻawale i nā polymer hydrogels

ʻO ka Polymer hydrogel kahi ʻano ʻoihana ʻekolu-dimensional i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kino a i ʻole ka hoʻopili kemika ma waena o nā molekele polymer [143-146]. Hoʻomoʻo ia i ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka wai e pehu iā ia iho, a i ka manawa like, hiki iā ia ke mālama i kona ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional a hiki ʻole ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. wai.

Nui nā ala e hoʻokaʻawale ai i nā hydrogels. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai pili pili, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā gel kino a me nā gel kemika. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā gels kino e nā paʻa hydrogen nāwaliwali, nā paʻa ionic, nā pilina hydrophobic, nā pūʻali van der Waals a me ka hoʻopili kino ʻana ma waena o nā kaulahao polymer molecular a me nā ikaika kino ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia i nā hoʻonā i nā kaiapuni waho like ʻole. Ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ka reversible gel; ʻO ka gel chemical ka mea maʻamau he ʻekolu-dimensional network structure i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā paʻa kemika e like me nā covalent bonds i mua o ka wela, ka māmā, ka mea hoʻomaka, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No ka condensate maoli [147-149]. ʻAʻole pono nā gels kino i ka hoʻololi kemika a he haʻahaʻa ko lākou ʻona, akā ʻilihune ko lākou mau waiwai mechanical a paʻakikī ke kū i ke koʻikoʻi nui o waho; ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka paʻa a me nā waiwai mechanical i nā gel kemika.

Ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hydrogels i nā hydrogels polymer synthetic a me nā hydrogels polymer maoli. ʻO nā hydrogels polymer synthetic he hydrogels i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka polymerization kemika o nā polymers synthetic, ka mea nui me ka polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, etc.; ʻO nā polymer hydrogels maoli he Polymer hydrogels ua hoʻokumu ʻia e ka cross-linking o nā polymers kūlohelohe e like me polysaccharides a me nā protein i ke ʻano, me ka cellulose, alginate, starch, agarose, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, a me collagen [6, 7, 150], 151]. Loaʻa i nā hydrogels polymer kūlohelohe nā ʻano o ke kumu ākea, ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻo ka polymer hydrogels synthetic maʻalahi e hana a loaʻa nā hua nui.

Ma muli o nā pane like ʻole i ke kaiapuni o waho, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hydrogels i nā hydrogels kuʻuna a me nā hydrogels akamai. ʻO nā hydrogels kuʻuna he meaʻole i nā loli i ka'ōlohelohe waho; Hiki i nā hydrogels akamai ke ʻike i nā loli liʻiliʻi i ke kaiapuni o waho a hana i nā loli like i ke ʻano kino a me nā waiwai kemika [152-156]. No nā hydrogels pili i ka mahana, hoʻololi ka leo me ka mahana o ke kaiapuni. ʻO ka maʻamau, loaʻa i kēlā mau polymer hydrogels nā pūʻulu hydrophilic e like me hydroxyl, ether a me amide a i ʻole nā ​​hui hydrophobic e like me methyl, ethyl a me propyl. Hiki i ka mahana o ke kaiapuni waho ke hoʻopili i ka pilina hydrophilic a i ʻole hydrophobic ma waena o nā mole mole gel, ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka hydrogen a me ka pilina ma waena o nā mole wai a me nā kaulahao polymer, a laila e hoʻopili ai i ke koena o ka ʻōnaehana gel. No nā hydrogels koʻikoʻi pH, loaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana nā pūʻulu hoʻololi acid-base e like me nā pūʻulu carboxyl, nā pūʻulu waikawa sulfonic a i ʻole nā ​​hui amino. I ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pH, hiki i kēia mau pūʻulu ke komo a hoʻokuʻu paha i nā protons, e hoʻololi ana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka hydrogen i ka gel a me ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ion o loko a me waho, e hopena i ka hoʻololi leo o ka gel. No ke kahua uila, ke kahua magnetic a me nā hydrogels māmā, aia nā pūʻulu hana e like me polyelectrolytes, metal oxides, a me nā pūʻulu photosensitive. Ma lalo o nā ʻano hoʻoulu ʻē aʻe o waho, ua hoʻololi ʻia ka mahana o ka ʻōnaehana a i ʻole ka ionization degree, a laila hoʻololi ʻia ka nui o ka gel e ke kumu like me ka mahana a i ʻole ka pH-sensitive hydrogel.

Ma muli o nā ʻano gel like ʻole, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā hydrogels i nā gels i hoʻokomo ʻia i ke anuanu a me nā gels thermal-induced [157]. ʻO ka gel anuanu, i kapa ʻia he gel anu no ka pōkole, he macromolecule e noho nei ma ke ʻano o nā coils random i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. I loko o ke kaʻina hoʻoluʻu, ma muli o ka hana o nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻāpana helical, a laila hoʻopau i ke kaʻina hana mai ka hopena. ʻO ka hoʻololi i ka gel [158]; ʻO ka gel thermo-induced, i kapa ʻia he thermal gel, he macromolecule i ke kūlana hoʻonā ma ka wela haʻahaʻa. I ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana ʻekolu-dimensional ma o ka pilina hydrophobic, etc., pēlā e hoʻopau ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka gelation [159], 160].

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā Hydrogels i homopolymeric hydrogels, copolymerized hydrogels a me interpenetrating network hydrogels e pili ana i nā waiwai pūnaewele like ʻole, microscopic hydrogels a me macroscopic hydrogels e pili ana i nā nui gel like ʻole, a me nā waiwai biodegradable. Hoʻokaʻawale ʻokoʻa i nā hydrogels degradable a me nā hydrogels non-degradable.

1.2.1.2 Hoʻohana i nā polymer hydrogels maoli

Loaʻa i nā hydrogels polymer kūlohelohe nā hiʻohiʻona o ka biocompatibility maikaʻi, ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, ka nui o nā kumu, ka ʻike i ke kaiapuni, ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka biomedicine, ka ʻai meaʻai, ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ka mahiʻai a me ka hana ulu lāʻau. hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana a me nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe [142, 161-165].

Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hydrogels polymer kūlohelohe i nā kahua pili biomedical. ʻO nā hydrogels polymer kūlohelohe he biocompatibility maikaʻi, biodegradability, a ʻaʻohe hopena ʻino, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā lole ʻeha a pili pono i nā ʻiʻo kanaka, hiki ke hoʻemi pono i ka hoʻouka ʻana o nā microorganism in vitro, pale i ka nalowale o nā wai kino, a ʻae i ka oxygen. e maalo. Hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻōla ʻana i ka ʻeha; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā lens pili, me nā mea maikaʻi o ka ʻaʻahu ʻoluʻolu, ka oxygen permeability maikaʻi, a me ka mālama kōkua o nā maʻi maka [166, 167]. ʻO nā polymers kūlohelohe e like me ke ʻano o nā ʻiʻo ola a hiki ke komo i ka metabolism maʻamau o ke kino o ke kanaka, no laila hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia kēlā mau hydrogels e like me nā mea ʻenehana ʻenehana kikoʻī, hoʻoponopono cartilage ʻenehana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. ʻano a me nā scaffold i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Hoʻohana nā stents mua i ka wai i ka ʻōnaehana ʻekolu-dimensional pūnaewele kūikawā o ka gel e hiki ai iā ia ke pāʻani i kekahi ʻano kākoʻo i loko o nā ʻiʻo biological i ka hāʻawi ʻana i kahi kikoʻī a me ka lawa o ka ulu ʻana no nā cell, a hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻoulu i ka ulu ʻana o ka cell, ka ʻokoʻa, a me ka degradation. absorption e ke kino kanaka [168]. Hoʻohana nā stents i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā hydrogels e hana wikiwiki i nā gels ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i kahi kūlana hoʻonā kahe, hiki ke hōʻemi i ka ʻeha o nā maʻi [169]. ʻO kekahi mau polymer hydrogels kūlohelohe i ke kaiapuni, no laila ua hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou e like me nā mea hoʻokuʻu i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, i hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā lāʻau lapaʻau i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o lākou i nā ʻāpana i koi ʻia o ke kino kanaka i ka manawa a me ka nui, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻona a me ka ʻaoʻao. nā hopena o nā lāʻau lapaʻau i ke kino o ke kanaka [170].

Ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hydrogels polymer kūlohelohe i nā māla pili i ka meaʻai. He mea koʻikoʻi ka polymer hydrogels o nā ʻai ʻekolu o ka poʻe i ka lā, e like me nā mea ʻono, nā lole, nā mea pani ʻiʻo, ka yogurt a me ka ice cream. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui meaʻai i nā meaʻai meaʻai, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i kona ʻano kino a hāʻawi iā ia i kahi ʻono ʻono. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he mānoanoa i nā sopa a me nā ʻuala, ma ke ʻano he emulsifier i ka wai, a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaha. I nā mea inu waiu, ma ke ʻano he gelling agent i nā puddings a me nā aspics, ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻomaʻamaʻa a me ka stabilizer foam i ka pia, ma ke ʻano he syneresis inhibitor i ka cheese, ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa i nā sausages, e like me ka starch retrogradation Hoʻohana ʻia nā mea pale i ka berena a me ka pata [171-174] ]. Mai ka Food Additives Handbook, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā polymer hydrogels maoli i ʻae ʻia e like me nā mea hoʻohui meaʻai no ka hana ʻai [175]. Hoʻohana ʻia nā hydrogels polymer kūlohelohe e like me nā mea hoʻoikaika kino i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā huahana olakino a me nā meaʻai hana, e like me nā fibers meaʻai, hoʻohana ʻia i nā huahana hoʻemi kaumaha a me nā huahana anti-constipation [176, 177]; ma ke ʻano he prebiotics, hoʻohana ʻia lākou i nā huahana mālama ola colonic a me nā huahana no ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi maʻi colon [178]; Hiki ke hana ʻia nā hydrogels polymer kūlohelohe i nā mea ʻai a i ʻole degradable a i ʻole nā ​​kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua o nā mea ʻai meaʻai, e like me ka mālama ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, ma ka uhi ʻana iā lākou ma nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu Ma luna o ka ʻili, hiki ke hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola. nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu a mālama i nā huaʻai a me nā lau ʻai hou a palupalu; hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e like me nā mea hoʻopihapiha no nā meaʻai maʻalahi e like me ka sausages a me nā condiments e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe [179, 180].

Nā hoʻohana ʻana i nā hydrogels polymer kūlohelohe i nā kula ʻē aʻe. Ma keʻano o nā mea e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā, hiki ke hoʻohuiʻia i ka mālamaʻana i kaʻili momona a iʻole nā ​​mea hoʻonani,ʻaʻole hiki ke pale wale i ka huahana mai ka maloʻoʻana i loko o ka waihona, akā,ʻo ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa mau a me ka hoʻomaʻemaʻeʻana i kaʻili; hiki ke hoʻohana no ka styling, moisturizing a me ka hoʻokuʻu lohi o nā mea ʻala i ka nani makeup; Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea e pono ai i kēlā me kēia lā e like me nā kāwele pepa a me nā diapers [181]. Ma ka mahiʻai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e pale i ka maloʻo a pale i nā mea kanu a hoʻemi i ka ikaika o ka hana; ma ke ʻano he mea uhi no nā hua kanu, hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui nui i ka germination rate o nā hua; ke hoʻohana ʻia i ke kanu ʻana i nā mea kanu, hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ke ola o nā mea kanu; pesticides, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohana ʻana a hoʻemi i ka pollution [182, 183]. Ma ke ʻano o ke kaiapuni, hoʻohana ʻia ia ma ke ʻano he flocculant a adsorbent no ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana i ka wai i loaʻa pinepine i nā ion metala kaumaha, nā mea ʻala a me nā mea pena e pale ai i nā kumu wai a hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kaiapuni [184]. Ma ka ʻoihana, hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe wai, lubricant drilling, mea hoʻopili kelepona, mea hoʻopaʻa a me kahi mea mālama anu, etc. [185].

1.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thermogel

ʻO ka cellulose kahi pūhui macromolecular kūlohelohe i aʻo mua ʻia, loaʻa ka pilina pili loa me ke kanaka, a ʻo ia ka mea nui loa ma ke ʻano. Aia nui ia i nā mea kanu kiʻekiʻe, nā algae a me nā microorganisms [186, 187]. Ua huki mālie ʻia ʻo Cellulose ma muli o kona kumu ākea, kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, biodegradable, palekana, non-toxic, a me ka biocompatibility maikaʻi [188].

1.2.2.1 Cellulose a me kona mau mea etera

ʻO ka cellulose kahi polymer kaulahao lōʻihi i hana ʻia e ka pilina o D-anhydroglucose structural units ma o β-1,4 glycosidic bond [189-191]. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe. Koe wale no ka hui hope ma kela a me keia welau o ke kaulahao mole, aia ekolu mau hui hydroxyl polar i kela me keia hui glucose, hiki ke hana i ka nui o na paa hydrogen intramolecular a intermolecular ma lalo o kekahi mau kulana; a he ʻano polycyclic ka cellulose, a he semi-rigid ke kaulahao mole. ʻO ke kaulahao, ka crystallinity kiʻekiʻe, a me ke ʻano maʻamau maʻamau, no laila aia nā ʻano o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka polymerization, ka molecular orientation maikaʻi, a me ke kūpaʻa kemika [83, 187]. Ma muli o ka nui o nā pūʻulu hydroxyl i loko o ke kaulahao cellulose, hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia e nā ʻano like ʻole e like me ka esterification, oxidation, a me ka etherification e loaʻa ai nā derivatives cellulose me nā waiwai noi maikaʻi loa [192, 193].

ʻO nā derivatives cellulose kekahi o nā mea noiʻi mua loa a hana ʻia i nā huahana ma ke kahua o ka kemika polymer. He mau mea kemika polymer maikaʻi lākou me ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana, i hoʻololi ʻia mai ka cellulose polymer maoli. I waena o lākou, hoʻohana nui ʻia nā cellulose ethers. ʻO ia kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi kemika i nā noi ʻoihana [194].

Nui nā ʻano like ʻole o ka cellulose ethers, ʻo ia mau mea āpau i ko lākou ʻano kūʻokoʻa a maikaʻi hoʻi, a ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā kula he nui e like me ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau [195]. ʻO MC ke ʻano maʻalahi o ka cellulose ether me ka hui methyl. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kēkelē hoʻololi, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hopena alkaline dilute, ka wai, ka waiʻona a me ka mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrocarbon aromatic i ka huli ʻana, e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai gel thermal kūikawā. [196]. ʻO CMC kahi anionic cellulose ether i loaʻa mai ka cellulose kūlohelohe e ka alkalization a me ka acidification.

ʻO ia ka cellulose ether i hoʻohana nui ʻia, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai [197]. ʻO ka HPC, he hydroxyalkyl cellulose ether i loaʻa ma ka alkalizing a me ka etherifying cellulose, he thermoplasticity maikaʻi a hōʻike pū kekahi i nā waiwai gel thermal, a ua hoʻopili nui ʻia kona mahana gel e ka degere o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl [198]. ʻO ka HPMC, kahi ether hui nui, loaʻa pū kekahi mau waiwai gel thermal, a ua pili kona mau waiwai gel i nā mea pani ʻelua a me kā lākou mau ratio [199].

1.2.2.2 Hoʻolālā Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

ʻO ka Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano molekala ma ka Figure 1-3, he ʻano maʻamau non-ionic wai-soluble cellulose i hui pū ʻia. Hoʻokō ʻia ka hopena etherification o ka methyl chloride a me ka propylene oxide no ka loaʻa ʻana o [200,201], a ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike hopena kemika ma ke Kiʻi 1-4.

He hydroxy propoxy (-[OCH2CH(CH3)] n OH), methoxy (-OCH3) a me unreacted hydroxyl pūʻulu ma ka structural unit o HPMC i ka manawa like, a me kāna hana i ka noonoo ana o ka hana hui o na hui like ole. [202]. Hoʻoholo ʻia ka lakio ma waena o nā mea hoʻololi ʻelua e ka ratio mass o nā mea etherifying ʻelua, ka ʻike a me ka nui o ka sodium hydroxide, a me ka lakio nui o nā mea etherifying i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana o ka cellulose [203]. ʻO ka hydroxy propoxy he hui ikaika, hiki ke hoʻonui houʻia a me ka hydroxy alkylated; ʻO kēia pūʻulu he hui hydrophilic me kahi kaulahao lōʻihi, e pāʻani ana i kahi hana i ka plasticizing i loko o ke kaulahao. ʻO ka Methoxy kahi hui hope-capping, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻopau ʻole ʻana o kēia wahi pane ma hope o ka hopena; ʻO kēia pūʻulu he hui hydrophobic a he ʻano pōkole kona [204, 205]. Hiki ke hoʻomau ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pūʻulu hydroxyl i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia a hoʻopuka hou ʻia, e hopena i kahi hoʻolālā kemika hope loa, a ʻokoʻa nā waiwai HPMC i loko o kekahi ʻano. No ka HPMC, hiki i ka li'ili'i o ka ho'ololi 'ana ke ho'oka'awale loa i kona mau waiwai physicochemical. Kokoke ka hana o HPMC i ka HPC.

1.2.2.3 Pono o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

(1) Thermogelability o HPMC

Loaʻa i ke kaulahao HPMC nā hiʻohiʻona hydration-dehydration ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā hui hydrophobic-methyl a me hydrophilic-hydroxypropyl. Hoʻololi mālie ʻo ia i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka gelation ke hoʻomehana ʻia, a hoʻi i kahi kūlana hoʻonā ma hope o ka hoʻoilo. ʻO ia hoʻi, loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai gel thermally, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka gelation he hana hoʻohuli akā ʻaʻole like.

E pili ana i ka hana gelation o HPMC, ua ʻae nui ʻia ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (ma lalo o ka mahana gelation), ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo HPMC i ka hoʻonā a me nā molekole wai pola e nā paʻa hydrogen e hana i kahi mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "birdcage" -like supramolecular structure. Aia kekahi mau hoʻopili maʻalahi ma waena o nā kaulahao molekala o ka HPMC hydrated, ma waho aʻe o kēlā, he liʻiliʻi nā pilina ʻē aʻe. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, hoʻopau mua ʻo HPMC i ka ikehu e wāwahi i nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular ma waena o nā molekele wai a me nā molekala HPMC, e luku ana i ka hale molekala like ʻole, e nalowale ana ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ke kaulahao mole, a e hōʻike ana i nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl a me methoxy. Ke hoʻomau nei ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana (e hiki i ka mahana gel), hoʻokumu ʻia nā molekala HPMC i kahi ʻano pūnaewele ʻekolu-dimensional ma o ka hui hydrophobic, hoʻokumu ʻia nā gels HPMC [160, 207, 208].

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā paʻakai inorganic kekahi hopena i ka mahana gel o HPMC, hoʻemi kekahi i ka mahana gel ma muli o ka paʻakai paʻakai, a hoʻonui kekahi i ka mahana gel ma muli o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe paʻakai [209]. Me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā paʻakai e like me NaCl, hiki mai ke ʻano o ka paʻakai ʻana a emi iho ka mahana gel o HPMC [210, 211]. Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā paʻakai i ka HPMC, ʻoi aku ka makemake o nā molekala wai e hui pū me nā ion paʻakai, no laila ua luku ʻia ka paʻa hydrogen ma waena o nā molekele wai a me ka HPMC, ua pau ka papa wai a puni nā molekala HPMC, a hiki ke hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia nā molekala HPMC hydrophobicity. ʻO ka hui, e emi mālie ka mahana o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka gel. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ke hoʻohui ʻia nā paʻakai e like me NaSCN, hiki ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka paʻakai a piʻi ka mahana gel o HPMC [212]. ʻO ke ʻano o ka emi ʻana o ka hopena o nā anions ma ka wela gel: SO42− > S2O32− > H2PO4− > F− > Cl− > Br− > NO3−> I− > ClO4− > SCN− , ke ʻano o nā cations ma ka ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana gel: Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+ [213].

Ke hoʻohui ʻia kekahi mau molekele liʻiliʻi e like me nā monohydric alcohols i loaʻa nā hui hydroxyl, piʻi ka mahana gel me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka hoʻohui ʻana, e hōʻike ana i ka waiwai nui a laila e emi iho a hiki i ka wā kaʻawale ʻana [214, 215]. ʻO ke kumu nui kēia ma muli o kona paona molekala liʻiliʻi, i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā molekole wai ma ke ʻano o ka nui, a hiki ke hoʻokō i ka miscibility molecular-level ma hope o ka hui ʻana.

(2) Solubility o HPMC

Loaʻa ka HPMC i ka wai wela a me ka wai anuanu e like me MC, akā hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ke ʻano hoʻopuehu anuanu a me ke ʻano hoʻopuehu wela e like me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai like ʻole [203]. Hiki ke hoʻopuehu koke i ka HPMC i ka wai i ka wai anuanu, a piʻi aʻe kona viscosity ma hope o kekahi manawa, a ua hoʻoheheʻe maoli ʻia i ka wai; ʻO ka HPMC i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka wela, ma kahi ʻē, hōʻike i ka agglomeration i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka wai ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī e hoʻohui. I ka wai wela wela, hiki ke hoʻopuehu koke ʻia ka HPMC, a piʻi aʻe ka viscosity ma hope o ka emi ʻana o ka mahana, e lilo ana i mea hoʻonā wai HPMC maoli. ʻO ka solubility o ka HPMC i ka wai e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā pūʻulu methoxy, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai wela ma luna o 85 °C, 65 °C a me 60 °C mai kiʻekiʻe a haʻahaʻa. Ma ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka HPMC i loko o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe kūlohelohe e like me ka acetone a me ka chloroform, akā hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka ethanol aqueous solution a me ka hui ʻana o nā mea hoʻonā.

(3) Ka hoʻomanawanui paʻakai o HPMC

ʻO ke ʻano non-ionic o HPMC ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka wai, no laila ʻaʻole ia e pane me nā ion metala e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka paʻakai e hoʻopili i ka mahana i hana ʻia ai ka gel HPMC. Ke piʻi aʻe ka paʻakai paʻakai, emi ka mahana gel o HPMC; ke emi ka paʻakai ma mua o ka flocculation point, hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia ka viscosity o ka solution HPMC, no laila ma ka noi ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ke kumu o ka mānoanoa ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui o ka paʻakai [210, 216].

(4) Aakika a me ka alkali pale o HPMC

Ma keʻano laulā, loaʻa i ka HPMC ka paʻa waika-paʻa ikaika a ʻaʻole pili i ka pH ma ka pH 2-12. Hōʻike ka HPMC i ke kūʻē ʻana i kekahi degere o ka waika dilute, akā hōʻike i kahi ʻano e hoʻemi i ka viscosity no ka acid concentrated; ʻAʻole liʻiliʻi ka hopena o ka alkali, akā hiki ke hoʻonui iki a hoʻemi mālie i ka viscosity solution [217, 218].

(5) Ka hopena o ka viscosity HPMC

He pseudoplastic ka HPMC, paʻa kona hopena i ka mahana wela, a ua hoʻopili ʻia kona viscosity e ke kaumaha molekala, ka ʻike a me ka mahana. Ma ka hoʻohālikelike like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka HPMC molecular paona, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity; no ka huahana kaumaha mole, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka HPMC, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity; ke emi nei ka viscosity o ka huahana HPMC me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, a hiki i ka mahana hoʻokumu gel, me ka piʻi koke o ka viscosity ma muli o ka gelation [9, 219, 220].

(6) Nā waiwai ʻē aʻe o HPMC

Loaʻa i ka HPMC ke kū'ē ikaika i nā enzymes, a hoʻonui kona kū'ē i nā enzymes me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi. No laila, ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka huahana i ka wā o ka mālama ʻana ma mua o nā huahana kōpaʻa ʻē aʻe [189, 212]. Loaʻa i ka HPMC kekahi mau waiwai emulsifying. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia nā pūʻulu methoxy Hydrophobic ma ka ʻili o ka ʻaila ʻaila i ka emulsion e hana i kahi papa adsorption mānoanoa, hiki ke hana ma ke ʻano he pale pale; Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā pūʻulu hydroxyl hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe wai me ka wai e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pae mau. ʻO ka viscosity, ke kāohi i ka hui ʻana o ka māhele i hoʻopuehu ʻia, hoʻemi i ka ʻili o ka ʻili, a hoʻopaʻa i ka emulsion [221]. Hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia ka HPMC me nā polymers hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai e like me ka gelatin, ka methylcellulose, ka ʻūhini pīni kumu, ka carrageenan a me ka gum arabic e hana i kahi ʻano like ʻole a maopopo, a hiki ke hui pū ʻia me nā plasticizers e like me ka glycerin a me ka polyethylene glycol. [200, 201, 214].

1.2.2.4 Nā pilikia i loaʻa i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

ʻO ka mea mua, ke kau nei ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe i ka noi ākea o HPMC. ʻOiai ʻo ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPMC he ʻike maikaʻi maikaʻi, nā waiwai pale momona a me nā waiwai mechanical. Eia naʻe, ʻo kona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe (e pili ana i 100,000/ton) e kaupalena i kāna noi ākea, ʻoiai ma nā noi lāʻau ʻoi aku ka waiwai nui e like me nā capsules. ʻO ke kumu ke kumu kūʻai nui ʻana o ka HPMC no ka mea ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o ka cellulose maka i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka HPMC. Eia kekahi, ʻelua pūʻulu substituent, hydroxypropyl pūʻulu a me methoxy pūʻulu, i grafted ma HPMC i ka manawa like, kahi e paʻakikī loa ai kāna kaʻina hana. Paʻakikī, no laila ʻoi aku ka pipiʻi o nā huahana HPMC.

ʻO ka lua, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa gel ikaika o ka HPMC i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻemi i kona processability i nā noi like ʻole. ʻO ka HPMC he gel wela, aia i loko o kahi kūlana hoʻonā me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a hiki ke hana i kahi gel e like me ka viscous paʻa i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, no laila pono e hoʻokō ʻia nā kaʻina hana e like me ka uhi ʻana, ka ʻū ʻana a me ka ʻū ʻana i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. . Inā ʻaʻole, e kahe maʻalahi ka hopena i lalo, e hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā mea kiʻi ʻoniʻoni like ʻole, e pili ana i ka maikaʻi a me ka hana o ka huahana. ʻO ia hana wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻonui i ka coefficient paʻakikī o ka hana, ka hopena i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe.

1.2.3 Hydroxypropyl starch anu gel

ʻO ka starch kahi pūhui polymer maoli i hoʻohui ʻia e ka photosynthesis o nā mea kanu i ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe. Hoʻokomo pinepine ʻia kāna polysaccharides i loko o nā ʻanoʻano a me nā ʻuala o nā mea kanu i ke ʻano o nā granules me nā proteins, fibers, aila, sugars a me nā minela. aiʻole ma ke kumu [222]. ʻAʻole ʻo Starch wale nō ke kumu nui o ka ʻai ʻana i ka ikehu no nā kānaka, akā he mea waiwai nui hoʻi i ka ʻoihana. Ma muli o kona kumu ākea, kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ʻōmaʻomaʻo, kūlohelohe a hoʻololi hou ʻia, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, fermentation, pepa, textile a me nā ʻoihana ʻaila [223].

1.2.3.1 Mākaʻikaʻi a me nā mea i loaʻa mai

ʻO ka starch kahi polymer kiʻekiʻe maoli nona ka ʻāpana hana he α-D-anhydroglucose unit. Hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana like ʻole e nā mea paʻa glycosidic, a ʻo kona ʻano mole (C6H10O5) n. Hoʻopili ʻia kahi ʻāpana o ke kaulahao mole i loko o nā granules starch e nā paʻa α-1,4 glycosidic, ʻo ia ka amylose laina; ʻO kekahi ʻāpana o ke kaulahao molekala i hoʻopili ʻia e nā paʻa α-1,6 glycosidic ma kēia kumu, ʻo ia ka amylopectin lālā [224]. I loko o nā granules starch, aia nā ʻāpana crystalline kahi i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ai nā molekala a me nā ʻāpana amorphous kahi i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia ai nā molekala. haku ʻāpana. ʻAʻohe palena maopopo ma waena o ka ʻāina crystalline a me ka ʻāina amorphous, a hiki i nā molekele amylopectin ke hele ma waena o nā ʻāpana crystalline a me nā ʻāpana amorphous. Ma muli o ke ʻano kūlohelohe o ka synthesis starch, ʻokoʻa ke ʻano o ka polysaccharide i ka starch me nā ʻano mea kanu a me nā wahi kumu [225].

ʻOiai ua lilo ka starch i mea waiwai nui no ka hana ʻenehana ma muli o kona ākea ākea a me nā waiwai hou, ʻo ka starch maoli ka mea maʻamau i nā hemahema e like me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka wai a me nā waiwai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa emulsifying a gelling, a lawa ʻole ka paʻa. No ka hoʻonui ʻana i kāna ʻano noi, hoʻololi pinepine ʻia ka starch i mea e hoʻololi ai i nā koi noi like ʻole [38, 114]. ʻEkolu mau pūʻulu hydroxyl manuahi ma kēlā me kēia ʻāpana hoʻokumu glucose i nā molekala starch. ʻO kēia mau pūʻulu hydroxyl he mea ikaika loa a hāʻawi i ka starch me nā waiwai e like me nā polyols, e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki ke hoʻololi i ka starch denaturation.

Ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ua hoʻomaikaʻi nui ʻia kekahi mau waiwai o ka starch maoli, e lanakila ana i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hemahema o ka starch maoli, no laila ke kuleana nui ka starch i hoʻololi ʻia i ka ʻoihana o kēia manawa [226]. ʻO ka starch oxidized kekahi o nā starches i hoʻololi nui ʻia me ka ʻenehana ʻano makua. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka starch maoli, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka starch oxidized e gelatinize. Nā pōmaikaʻi o ka hoʻopili kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka starch esterified kahi huaʻai starch i hana ʻia e ka esterification o nā pūʻulu hydroxyl i nā molekole starch. Hiki ke hoʻololi nui ʻia nā waiwai o ka starch maoli ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka ʻike a me nā waiwai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka starch paste. ʻO ka starch etherified ka hopena etherification o nā pūʻulu hydroxyl i loko o nā molekala starch e hana i ka polystarch ether, a ua nāwaliwali kāna retrogradation. Ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline ikaika ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka starch oxidized a me ka starch esterified, hiki nō hoʻi ke kūpaʻa ka paʻa eter. hiki i ka hydrolysis. Acid-modified starch, mālama ʻia ka starch me ka waikawa e hoʻonui ai i ka amylose maʻiʻo, ka hopena i hoʻonui ʻia ka retrogradation a me ka starch paste. He ʻano alohilohi a hana i kahi gel paʻa i ka wā hoʻomaha [114].

1.2.3.2 Hoʻokumu hydroxypropyl starch

ʻO ka hydroxypropyl starch (HPS), nona ka molecular structure i hōʻike ʻia ma nā kiʻi 1-4, he ether starch non-ionic, i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ka hopena etherification o propylene oxide me ka starch ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline [223, 227, 228], a me kāna. Hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike kemika ma ke Kiʻi 1-6.

I ka wā o ka synthesis o HPS, ma waho aʻe o ka hana ʻana me ka starch e hoʻohua ai i ka starch hydroxypropyl, hiki i ka propylene oxide ke hana pū me ka hydroxypropyl starch i hana ʻia e hana i nā kaulahao ʻaoʻao polyoxypropyl. degere o ka pani. ʻO ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana (DS) e pili ana i ka helu awelika o nā pūʻulu hydroxyl i pani ʻia no kēlā me kēia pūʻulu glucosyl. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā pūʻulu glucosyl o ka starch i loko o nā pūʻulu hydroxyl 3 hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, no laila ʻo ka DS kiʻekiʻe he 3. ʻO ka degere molar o ka hoʻololi ʻana (MS) e pili ana i ka nui o nā mea pani i kēlā me kēia mole o ka hui glucosyl [223, 229]. ʻO nā kūlana kaʻina o ka hopena hydroxypropylation, ka starch granule morphology, a me ka ratio o ka amylose i ka amylopectin i loko o ka starch maoli e pili ana i ka nui o ka MS.

1.2.3.3 Pono o ka hydroxypropyl starch

(1) ʻO ka gelation anuanu o HPS

No ka mea wela HPS starch paste, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻōnaehana amylose kiʻekiʻe, i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻoluʻu, ʻo nā kaulahao mole mole amylose i loko o ka paʻi starch e hoʻopili ai kekahi i kekahi e hana i kahi ʻano pūnaewele ʻekolu-dimensional, a hōʻike i ka ʻano paʻa like. Lilo ia i elastomer, hana i gel, a hiki ke hoʻi i kahi kūlana hoʻonā ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa hou ʻana, ʻo ia hoʻi, loaʻa iā ia nā waiwai gel anu, a ʻo kēia ʻano gel he mau mea hoʻohuli [228].

Hoʻopili mau ʻia ka amylose gelatinized e hana i kahi ʻano helical coaxial hoʻokahi. ʻO ka waho o kēia mau hale helical hoʻokahi he hui hydrophilic, a ʻo loko he lua hydrophobic. Ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe, aia ka HPS i loko o ka wai hoʻonā e like me nā wili maʻamau kahi e puka mai ai kekahi mau ʻāpana helical. Ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka mahana, ua haki nā paʻa hydrogen ma waena o ka HPS a me ka wai, nalowale ka wai hoʻolālā, a hoʻomau mau ʻia nā paʻa hydrogen ma waena o nā kaulahao molekala, a laila e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional network gel structure. ʻO ka manawa hoʻopiha i ka pūnaewele gel o ka starch ka koena starch granules a i ʻole nā ​​ʻāpana ma hope o ka gelatinization, a ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o kekahi amylopectin e kōkua pū i ka hana ʻana o ka gel [230-232].

(2) Hydrophilicity o HPS

ʻO ka hoʻokomoʻana i nā pūʻulu hydrophilic hydroxypropyl e hoʻonāwaliwali i ka ikaika o nā paʻa hydrogen ma waena o nā molekele starch, e hoʻoikaika i ka neʻeʻana o nā molekala starch a iʻole nā'āpana, a ho'ēmi i ka wela hoʻoheheʻe o nā microcrystals starch; Ua hoʻololi ʻia ke ʻano o nā granules starch, a ʻoʻoleʻa ka ʻili o ka starch granules I ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, ʻike ʻia kekahi mau māwae a i ʻole nā ​​puka, i hiki ai i nā molekole wai ke komo maʻalahi i loko o nā granules starch, e maʻalahi ka pehu a me ka gelatinize i ka starch. no laila ke emi nei ka mahana gelatinization o ka starch. Ke piʻi aʻe nei ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana, e emi ana ka mahana gelatinization o ka starch hydroxypropyl, a ma hope hiki ke pehu i ka wai anuanu. Ma hope o ka hydroxypropylation, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka kahe ʻana, ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka ʻike, ka solubility, a me nā ʻano hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka starch pastes [233-235].

(3) Paʻa o HPS

ʻO ka HPS kahi ether starch non-ionic me ke kūpaʻa kiʻekiʻe. I ka wā o nā hopena kemika e like me ka hydrolysis, oxidation, a me ke cross-linking, ʻaʻole e haki ka paʻa ether a ʻaʻole e hāʻule nā ​​mea pani. No laila, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā waiwai o HPS e nā electrolytes a me ka pH, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i kahi ākea o ka acid-base pH [236-238].

1.2.3.4 Hoʻohana i ka HPS ma ke kahua o ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau

ʻAʻole ʻona a ʻono ʻole ʻo HPS, me ka hana hoʻoemi maikaʻi a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hydrolyzate viscosity. ʻIke ʻia ʻo ia he starch hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia ma ka home a ma waho. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā makahiki 1950, ua ʻae ʻo ʻAmelika i ka hydroxypropyl starch no ka hoʻohana pololei ʻana i ka meaʻai [223, 229, 238]. ʻO ka HPS kahi starch i hoʻololi ʻia i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka māla meaʻai, i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mānoanoa, mea hoʻomaha a me ka stabilizer.

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā meaʻai maʻalahi a me nā meaʻai hau hau e like me nā mea inu, ice cream, a me nā jams; hiki iā ia ke hoʻololi i nā ʻōpala ʻai nui e like me ka gelatin; hiki ke hana ʻia i kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai a hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he uhi meaʻai a hoʻopaʻa ʻia [229, 236].

Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ʻo HPS ma ke ʻano o ka lāʻau lapaʻau e like me nā mea hoʻopiha, nā mea hoʻopaʻa no nā mea kanu lāʻau, nā mea hoʻokaʻawale no nā papa, nā mea hana no ka lāʻau lapaʻau palupalu a paʻakikī, nā lāʻau lapaʻau, anti-condensing agents no nā ʻāpana koko ʻulaʻula artificial a me plasma thickeners, etc. [239] .

1.3 Huihui Polymer

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā mea polymer i nā ʻano āpau o ke ola a he mea pono a koʻikoʻi. ʻO ka hoʻomau mau ʻana o ka ʻepekema a me ka ʻenehana e hoʻonui i nā koi o ka poʻe, a he mea maʻamau ka paʻakikī i nā mea polymer ʻāpana hoʻokahi e hoʻokō i nā koi noiʻi like ʻole o ke kanaka. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā polymers ʻo ia ke ala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā mea polymer me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, ka hana maikaʻi loa, ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa maʻalahi a me ka hoʻohana ākea, ka mea i huki i ka manaʻo o nā mea noiʻi he nui a ua uku nui ʻia [240-242] .

1.3.1 Ke kumu a me ke ʻano o ka hui ʻana o ka polymer

ʻO ke kumu nui o ka hoʻohuihui polymer: (l) No ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā waiwai piha o nā mea. Hoʻohui ʻia nā polymers ʻokoʻa, i paʻa i ka hui hope nā waiwai maikaʻi o kahi macromolecule hoʻokahi, aʻo mai nā ikaika o kēlā me kēia a hoʻokō i kona mau nāwaliwali, a hoʻopaʻa i nā waiwai piha o nā mea polymer. (2) E hoemi i ke kumu kuai waiwai. He mau waiwai maikaʻi loa kekahi mau mea polymer, akā he pipiʻi. No laila, hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia me nā polymers ʻē aʻe e hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai me ka ʻole o ka hoʻohana ʻana. (3) Hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai hoʻoili waiwai. Loaʻa i kekahi mau mea waiwai maikaʻi akā paʻakikī i ka hana ʻana, a hiki ke hoʻohui ʻia nā polymers ʻē aʻe e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i kā lākou ʻano hana. (4) E hoʻoikaika i kekahi waiwai o ka mea. I mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hana o ka mea ma kahi ʻano kikoʻī, hoʻohana ʻia kekahi polymer e hoʻololi iā ia. (5) Hoʻomohala i nā hana hou o nā mea.

Nā ʻano hana hoʻohui polymer maʻamau: (l) Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia. Ma lalo o ka hana ʻāhi ʻana o nā mea hoʻohuihui, hoʻomehana ʻia nā polymers ʻokoʻa ma luna o ka wela kahe o ka viscous no ka hoʻohui ʻana, a laila hoʻomoʻa ʻia a granulated ma hope o ka hui ʻana. (2) Hoʻoponopono hou. Hoʻoulu ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua a hoʻohui ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe maʻamau, a i ʻole nā ​​​​mea hoʻoheheʻe polymer ʻokoʻa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a laila hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka mea hoʻoheheʻe no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pūhui polymer. (3) Hoʻohuihui emulsion. Ma hope o ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hui ʻana i nā emulsion polymer like ʻole o ka ʻano emulsifier hoʻokahi, hoʻohui ʻia kahi coagulant e hoʻoheheʻe i ka polymer e loaʻa ai kahi pūhui polymer. (4) Copolymerization a me ka hui ʻana. Me ka copolymerization kāpili, ka copolymerization block a me ka copolymerization reactive, ua hui pū ʻia ke kaʻina hana me ka hopena kemika. (5) Uena waena [10].

1.3.2 Hoʻohui i nā polysaccharides maoli

ʻO nā polysaccharides kūlohelohe kahi papa maʻamau o nā mea polymer i ke ʻano, i hoʻololi pinepine ʻia a hōʻike i nā ʻano waiwai maikaʻi loa. Eia nō naʻe, loaʻa pinepine nā mea polysaccharide hoʻokahi i kekahi mau palena hana, no laila ua hui pinepine ʻia nā polysaccharides like ʻole e hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā pono hana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana a hoʻonui i ka laulā o ka noi. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o nā 1980s, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hui ʻana o nā polysaccharides kūlohelohe [243]. ʻO ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana polysaccharide kūlohelohe ma ka home a me nā ʻāina ʻē e nānā nui i ka ʻōnaehana hui o curdlan a me non-curdlan a me ka ʻōnaehana hui o nā ʻano polysaccharide non-curd ʻelua.

1.3.2.1 Hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā polysaccharide hydrogels maoli

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā polysaccharides kūlohelohe i curdlan a me non-curdlan e like me ko lākou hiki ke hana i nā gels. Hiki i kekahi polysaccharides ke hana i nā gels iā lākou iho, no laila ua kapa ʻia lākou he curdlan, e like me carrageenan, etc.; ʻAʻohe waiwai gelling ʻē aʻe iā lākou iho, a ua kapa ʻia nā polysaccharides non-curd, e like me ka xanthan gum.

Hiki ke loaʻa nā hydrogels ma ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka curdlan maoli i loko o kahi wai wai. Ma muli o ka thermoreversibility o ka gel hopena a me ka hilinaʻi o ka mahana o kona modulus, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i loko o nā ʻano ʻano ʻehā [244]:

(1) Cryogel, polysaccharide solution hiki ke kiʻi wale i ka gel ma ka wela haʻahaʻa, e like me ka carrageenan.

(2) Hiki ke loaʻa ka gel i ka wela wela, ka solution polysaccharide wale nō, e like me ka glucomannan.

(3) ʻAʻole hiki i ka solution polysaccharide ke loaʻa wale i ka gel ma ka wela haʻahaʻa, akā loaʻa pū kekahi i ka gel i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, akā e hōʻike i kahi kūlana hoʻonā i ka mahana waena.

(4) Hiki ke loaʻa wale ka gel i kahi mahana ma waena. Loaʻa i nā curdlan kūlohelohe kona ʻano koʻikoʻi (ka liʻiliʻi), ma luna aʻe e hiki ke loaʻa ka gel. ʻO ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi o ka gel e pili ana i ka lōʻihi mau o ka polysaccharide molecular chain; ʻO ka ikaika o ka gel e hoʻopili nuiʻia e ka manaʻo nui a me ke kaumaha mole o ka hopena, a ma keʻano maʻamau, piʻi ka ikaika o ka gel i ka piʻiʻana o ka hoʻonui [245].

1.3.2.2 Pūnaehana hui o curdlan a me non-curdlan

ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka non-curdlan me ka curdlan e hoʻomaikaʻi maʻamau i ka ikaika gel o polysaccharides [246]. ʻO ka hui ʻana o ka konjac gum a me ka carrageenan e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka kūpaʻa a me ka elasticity gel o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻoihana gel composite, a hoʻomaikaʻi nui i kona ikaika gel. Wei Yu et al. hui pū ʻia ka carrageenan a me ka konjac gum, a kūkākūkā i ke ʻano o ka gel ma hope o ka hui ʻana. Ua ʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka carrageenan a me ka konjac gum, ua hana ʻia kahi hopena synergistic, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana pūnaewele i hoʻomalu ʻia e ka carrageenan, ua hoʻopuehu ʻia ka konjac gum i loko, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kāna pūnaewele gel ma mua o ka carrageenan maʻemaʻe [247]. Kohyama et al. ua aʻo i ka ʻōnaehana hui o ka carrageenan/konjac gum, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena me ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ke kaumaha molekala o ke konjac gum, ua hoʻomau ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka haki ʻana o ka gel composite; Ua hōʻike ʻia ka hoʻokumu gel konjac me nā kaumaha molekala like ʻole. mahana wela. I loko o kēia ʻōnaehana hui, hana ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka ʻupena gel e ka carrageenan, a ʻo ka pilina ma waena o nā molekele curdlan ʻelua ka hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā wahi i hoʻopili ʻia i nā wahi nāwaliwali [248]. Nishinari et al. ua aʻo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hui pūhui gellan gum/konjac gum, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena o nā cation monovalent ma ka gel compound. Hiki iā ia ke hoʻonui i ka modulus ʻōnaehana a me ka mahana hoʻokumu gel. Hiki i nā cations divalent ke hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā gels composite i kekahi ʻano, akā ʻo ka nui o ka nui e hoʻokaʻawale i ka pae a hoʻemi i ka modulus o ka ʻōnaehana [246]. ʻO Breneer et al. ua aʻo i ka hui ʻana o carrageenan, ʻūhini ʻūhini gum a me konjac gum, a ua ʻike ʻo carrageenan, ʻūhini ʻūhini a me ka konjac gum hiki ke hoʻopuka i nā hopena synergistic, a ʻo ka ratio maikaʻi loa ʻo ka ʻūhini ʻūhini kumu/carrageenan 1:5.5, konjac gum/carrageenan 1:7 , a i ka hui pu ana o na mea ekolu, ua like ka hopena synergistic me ka carrageenan/konjac gum, e hoike ana aole he hui kūikawā o ia mau mea ekolu. pili [249].

1.3.2.2 ʻElua ʻōnaehana hui non-curdlan

ʻElua polysaccharides maoli ʻaʻohe waiwai gel hiki ke hōʻike i nā waiwai gel ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana, e hopena i nā huahana gel [250]. ʻO ka hui pū ʻana i ka ʻūhini ʻūhini gum me ka xanthan gum e hoʻopuka i kahi hopena synergistic e hoʻoulu ai i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā gels hou [251]. Hiki ke loaʻa i kahi huahana gel hou ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka xanthan gum i konjac glucomannan no ka hui ʻana [252]. Wei Yanxia et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai rheological o ka paʻakikī o ka ʻūhini ʻūhini gum a me ka xanthan gum. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hui ʻana o ka ʻūhini ʻūhini a me ka xanthan gum e hoʻopuka i kahi hopena synergistic. Ke 4:6 ka ratio leo hui, ʻo ka hopena synergistic ikaika loa [253]. Fitzsimons et al. hui pū ʻia ka konjac glucomannan me ka xanthan gum ma ka lumi wela a ma lalo o ka hoʻomehana ʻana. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i hōʻike ʻia nā mea hoʻohui āpau i nā waiwai gel, e hōʻike ana i ka hopena synergistic ma waena o nā mea ʻelua. ʻAʻole i hoʻopilikia ka mahana hoʻohui a me ke kūlana o ka xanthan gum i ka pilina ma waena o nā mea ʻelua [254]. Ua aʻo ʻo Guo Shoujun a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hui mua ʻana o ka puaʻa feces bean gum a me ka xanthan gum, a ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka hopena synergistic ikaika i ka feces feces bean gum a me xanthan gum. ʻO ka lakio hoʻohui maikaʻi loa o ka puaʻa feces bean gum a me xanthan gum compound adhesive he 6/4 (w/w). He 102 manawa ia o ka hopena hoʻokahi o ka soybean gum, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka gel i ka wā e hiki ai ka neʻe ʻana o ka hui ʻana i ka 0.4%. He kiʻekiʻe viscosity ka mea hoʻopili paʻa, kūpaʻa maikaʻi a me nā waiwai rheological, a he meaʻai maikaʻi loa ia [255].

1.3.3 Hoʻohālikelike o nā hui polimer

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike, mai kahi ʻano thermodynamic o ka nānā ʻana, pili i ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka pae molecular-level compatibility, ʻike ʻia hoʻi he solubility i kekahi. Wahi a ke kumu hoʻohālike Flory-Huggins, ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu manuahi o ka ʻōnaehana polymer i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻohui e like me ka Gibbs free energy formula:

△���=△���—T△S (1-1)

Ma waena o lākou, △���ʻo ia ka ikehu manuahi paʻakikī, △���ʻo ka wela paʻakikī, ʻo ia ka entropy paʻakikī; ʻo ia ka wela piha; ʻO ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī he ʻōnaehana kūpono wale nō ke hoʻololi ka ikehu manuahi △���i ka wā o ka hana paʻakikī [256].

ʻO ka manaʻo o ka miscibility e kū mai ana i ka liʻiliʻi o nā ʻōnaehana hiki ke hoʻokō i ka thermodynamic compatibility. ʻO ka Miscibility e pili ana i ka hiki i nā ʻāpana like ʻole ke hana i nā paʻakikī homogeneous, a ʻo ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo ia ka hōʻike ʻana o nā paʻakikī i kahi wahi hoʻololi aniani.

ʻOkoʻa mai ka thermodynamic compatibility, generalized compatibility e pili ana i ka hiki o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui e hoʻokipa kekahi i kekahi, i manaʻo ʻia mai kahi ʻike kūpono [257].

Ma muli o ka hoʻohālikelike maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻōnaehana polymer i nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole, ʻāpana ʻāpana a me nā ʻōnaehana like ʻole. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana kūpono piha, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki i ka hui ke thermodynamically miscible ma ka pae mole; ʻO ka ʻōnaehana like ʻole, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua paʻa ka hui i loko o kahi mahana a i ʻole ka pae haku mele; 'o ia ho'i, 'o ia ho'i, 'o ia ho'i, 'o ia ho'i, 'a'ole hiki ke ho'okō 'ia ka hui 'ana ma ka wela a me ka haku mele 'ana.

Ma muli o kekahi mau ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa a me ka entropy conformational ma waena o nā polymers ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī polymer he ʻāpana a pili ʻole paha [11, 12]. Ma muli o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hui ʻana, e ʻokoʻa loa ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana ʻāpana ʻāpana [11]. ʻO nā waiwai macroscopic o nā polymer composites e pili kokoke ana i ko lākou microscopic morphology i loko a me nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o kēlā me kēia mea. 240], no laila, he mea nui ke aʻo ʻana i ka microscopic morphology a me ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōnaehana hui.

Nā ʻano noiʻi a me ke ʻano no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā hui binary:

(1) Ke aniani hoʻololi wela T���ʻano hoʻohālikelike. Ke hoʻohālikelike nei i ka T���o ka hui me ka T���o kona mau mea, ina hookahi wale no T���ʻike ʻia i loko o ka pūhui, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hui kahi ʻōnaehana kūpono; inā ʻelua mau T���, a ʻo nā T���Aia nā kūlana o ka hui i nā hui ʻelua ʻO ka waena o nā kiko T���hōʻike i ka ʻōnaehana hui he ʻōnaehana like ʻole; inā ʻelua T���, a aia lākou ma nā kūlana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua T���, hōʻike ia he ʻōnaehana like ʻole ka ʻōnaehana hui.

T���ʻO nā mea hana hoʻāʻo i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike he dynamic thermomechanical analyzer (DMA) a me differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Hiki i kēia ʻano ke hoʻoholo koke i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui, akā inā ʻo ka T���ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua ua like, hoʻokahi T���e ʻike ʻia ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana, no laila he mau hemahema kēia ʻano [10].

(2) Keʻano o ka nānāʻana i ke kino. ʻO ka mea mua, e nānā i ka macroscopic morphology o ka pūhui. Inā maopopo ka kaʻawale ʻana o ka pūhui, hiki ke hoʻoholo mua ʻia he ʻōnaehana like ʻole ka ʻōnaehana hui. ʻO ka lua, ʻike ʻia ka microscopic morphology a me ke ʻano hana o ka pūhui e ka microscope. ʻO nā ʻāpana ʻelua i kūpono loa e hana i kahi kūlana homogeneous. No laila, hiki i ka hui me ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi ke ʻike i ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka māhele like ʻole a me ka nui o nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi. a me ka pohihihi interface.

ʻO nā mea hana hoʻāʻo i hoʻohana pinepine ʻia i ke ʻano nānā topography he microscope optical a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i ka topography ma ke ʻano he ala kōkua i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻano hiʻohiʻona ʻē aʻe.

(3) ʻO ke ala ʻike. I loko o kahi ʻōnaehana hui like ʻole, hiki i nā ʻāpana ʻelua ke paʻa i loko o kekahi ʻano wela a me ke ʻano o ka haku mele ʻana, a hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka māhele ma waho o kēia pae. I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui mai kahi ʻōnaehana homogeneous i kahi ʻōnaehana ʻelua-phase, e hoʻololi ʻia kāna transmittance māmā, no laila hiki ke aʻo ʻia kona kūlike ma ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻike o ka hui.

Hiki ke hoʻohana wale ʻia kēia ʻano hana ma ke ʻano he kōkua kōkua, no ka mea, i ka wā e like ai nā helu refractive o nā polymers ʻelua, ʻike ʻia ka pūhui i loaʻa ma ka hui ʻana i nā polymers like ʻole ʻelua.

(4) Keʻano Rheological. Ma kēia ʻano, hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻololi koke ʻana o nā ʻāpana viscoelastic o ka pūhui e like me ka hōʻailona o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hoʻololi koke ʻana o ka viscosity-temperature curve e hōʻailona i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a me ka hoʻololi koke ʻana o ka ʻike. Hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻaʻe koʻikoʻi me ka wela ma ke ʻano he hōʻailona o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui me ka ʻole o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana he kūpono maikaʻi, a ʻo ka poʻe me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ʻaʻole kūpono a i ʻole ʻāpana ʻōnaehana [258].

(5) ʻO ke ʻano o ka piko o Han. ʻO lg ka piko o Han���'(���) lg G", inā ʻaʻohe hilinaʻi wela o ka piko o ka Han o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohuihui, a ʻo ka ʻaoʻao o Han ma nā mahana like ʻole e hana i ka pihi nui, ua kūpono ka ʻōnaehana hui; inā pili ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia ʻO ka pā o Han pili i ka wela. Inā ho'oka'awale 'ia ka piko o ka Han mai kekahi i kekahi ma nā mahana like 'ole a 'a'ole hiki ke hana i ka piko nui, 'a'ole pili ka 'ōnaehana hui. No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui e like me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pihi o Han.

(6) Keʻano viscosity solution. Ke hoʻohana nei kēia ʻano i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka viscosity solution e ʻike i ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Ma lalo o nā manaʻo hoʻonā like ʻole, ua hoʻolālā ʻia ka viscosity o ka hui e kūʻē i ka haku mele. Inā he pilina laina ia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ua kūpono loa ka ʻōnaehana hui; inā he pilina pili ʻole ia, ʻo ia hoʻi, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia he ʻāpana kūpono; inā he kāpuni S-like, a laila e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole kūpono loa ka ʻōnaehana hui [10].

(7) Ka nānā 'ana i ka infrared. Ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o nā polymers ʻelua, inā maikaʻi ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, aia nā pilina e like me nā paʻa hydrogen, a e hoʻololi nā kūlana band o nā pūʻulu hiʻohiʻona ma ka spectrum infrared o kēlā me kēia hui ma ke kaulahao polymer. Hiki i ka offset o nā pūʻulu hiʻohiʻona o ka paʻakikī a me kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ke hoʻoholo i ka kūlike o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī.

Eia kekahi, hiki ke aʻo ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā mea paʻakikī e ka thermogravimetric analyzers, X-ray diffraction, liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi X-ray scattering, kukui scattering, neutron electron scattering, nuclear magnetic resonance a me nā ʻenehana ultrasonic [10].

1.3.4 Ka holomua o ka noiʻi ʻana o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana i ka starch hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/hydroxypropyl starch.

1.3.4.1 Huihui o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose a me na mea e ae

Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā pūhui o ka HPMC a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i nā ʻōnaehana hoʻokuʻu i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me nā mea hoʻopili kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia a i ʻole degradable. I ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā polymers me HPMC i nā polymers synthetic e like me polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) a me polycaprolactone (PCL), a me nā proteins, Natural polymers e like me polysaccharides. ʻO Abdel-Zaher et al. ua aʻo i ka haku mele, thermal stability a me ko lākou pilina me ka hana o HPMC/PVA composites, a ua hōʻike nā hualoaʻa aia kekahi miscibility i mua o nā polymers ʻelua [259]. Zabihi et al. hoʻohana i ka HPMC / PLGA paʻakikī e hoʻomākaukau i nā microcapsules no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ka insulin, hiki ke hoʻokō i ka hoʻokuʻu mau ʻana i ka ʻōpū a me ka ʻōpū [260]. ʻO Javed et al. hoʻohui ʻia ka HPMC hydrophilic a me ka PCL hydrophobic a hoʻohana i nā paʻakikī HPMC / PCL e like me nā mea microcapsule no ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻokuʻu mau ʻana, hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ke kino kanaka ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ratio hui ʻana [261]. ʻO Ding et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai rheological e like me ka viscosity, dynamic viscoelasticity, creep recovery, a me thixotropy o HPMC / collagen complexes i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau, e hāʻawi ana i ke alakaʻi kumu no nā noi ʻoihana [262]. Arthanari, Cai a me Rai et al. [263-265] Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā paʻakikī o HPMC a me nā polysaccharides e like me chitosan, xanthan gum, a me ka sodium alginate i ke kaʻina hana o ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lāʻau, a ua hōʻike nā hopena i kahi hopena hoʻokuʻu lāʻau hoʻomalu [263-265].

I ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia a i ʻole degradable, ʻo nā polymers i hui pinepine ʻia me HPMC he mau polymers kūlohelohe e like me lipids, proteins a me polysaccharides. ʻO Karaca, Fagundes a me Contreras-Oliva et al. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā membrane edible composite me HPMC/lipid complexes, a hoʻohana iā lākou i ka mālama ʻana i nā plums, cherry tomatoes a me ka citrus, kēlā me kēia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena he maikaʻi nā membrane paʻakikī HPMC / lipid i ka hopena antibacterial o ka mālama hou [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, a me Ding et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai mechanical, thermal stability, microstructure, a me nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible composite i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai HPMC, siliki protein, whey protein isolate, a me ka collagen, kēlā me kēia [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka HPMC me ka gelatin e hoʻomākaukau i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili bio-based [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata a me Ortega-Toro et al. hoomakaukau HPMC / chitosan HPMC / xyloglucan, HPMC / ethyl cellulose a me HPMC / starch edible composite kiʻiʻoniʻoni, pakahi, a aʻo i ko lakou thermal paʻa, mechanical waiwai waiwai, microstructure a me antibacterial waiwai [139, 272-274]. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pūhui HPMC/PLA ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopili no nā meaʻai, maʻamau ma ka extrusion [275].

I ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili kiʻiʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia a i ʻole degradable, ʻo nā polymers i hui pinepine ʻia me HPMC he mau polymers kūlohelohe e like me lipids, proteins a me polysaccharides. ʻO Karaca, Fagundes a me Contreras-Oliva et al. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā membrane edible composite me HPMC/lipid complexes, a hoʻohana iā lākou i ka mālama ʻana i nā plums, cherry tomatoes a me ka citrus, kēlā me kēia. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena he maikaʻi nā membrane paʻakikī HPMC / lipid i ka hopena antibacterial o ka mālama hou [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, a me Ding et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai mechanical, thermal stability, microstructure, a me nā pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible composite i hoʻomākaukau ʻia mai HPMC, siliki protein, whey protein isolate, a me ka collagen, kēlā me kēia [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka HPMC me ka gelatin e hoʻomākaukau i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hoʻopili bio-based [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata a me Ortega-Toro et al. hoomakaukau HPMC / chitosan HPMC / xyloglucan, HPMC / ethyl cellulose a me HPMC / starch edible composite kiʻiʻoniʻoni, pakahi, a aʻo i ko lakou thermal paʻa, mechanical waiwai waiwai, microstructure a me antibacterial waiwai [139, 272-274]. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pūhui HPMC/PLA ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopili no nā meaʻai, maʻamau ma ka extrusion [275].

1.3.4.2 Hoʻohui ʻia o ka mākiko a me nā mea ʻē aʻe

ʻO ka noiʻi e pili ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka starch a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i kālele mua ʻia i nā mea like ʻole hydrophobic aliphatic polyester substance, me ka polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutene succinic acid (PBSA), etc. 276). Muller et al. ua aʻo i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o ka starch/PLA composites a me ka launa pū ʻana ma waena o nā mea ʻelua, a ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka nāwaliwali o ka pilina ma waena o nā mea ʻelua a ua maikaʻi ʻole nā ​​waiwai mechanical o nā composites [277]. ʻO Correa, Komur a me Diaz-Gomez et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai rheological, nā waiwai gel a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka starch / PCL complexes, i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā mea biodegradable, Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering Scaffolding Materials [278-280]. Ohkika et al. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka cornstarch a me ka PBSA he mea maikaʻi loa. Ke 5-30% ka nui o ka starch, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o nā granules starch ke hoʻonui i ka modulus a hoʻemi i ke koʻikoʻi tensile a me ka elongation i ka wā haki [281,282]. ʻAʻole kūlike ka hydrophobic aliphatic polyester me ka hydrophilic starch, a ua hoʻohui pinepine ʻia nā mea hoʻohui like ʻole a me nā mea hoʻohui e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pilina ma waena o ka starch a me ka polyester. Szadkowska, Ferri, a me Li et al. ua aʻo i nā hopena o nā plasticizers-based silanol, maleic anhydride linseed oil, a me nā huahana aila meaʻai i hana ʻia ma ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o ka starch/PLA complexes, i kēlā me kēia [283-285]. Ortega-Toro, Yu et al. hoʻohana i ka waikawa citric a me ka diphenylmethane diisocyanate e hoʻohui i ka starch / PCL compound a me ka starch / PBSA pūhui, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i nā waiwai waiwai a me ka paʻa [286, 287].

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā noiʻi i hana ʻia e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o ka starch me nā polymers kūlohelohe e like me nā protein, polysaccharides a me nā lipid. Ua aʻo ʻo Teklehaimanot, Sahin-Nadeen a me Zhang et al i nā waiwai physicochemical o ka starch/zein, starch/whey protein a me starch/gelatin complexes, a me nā hopena i loaʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā biomaterials meaʻai a me nā capsules [52, 288, 289]. Lozanno-Navarro, Talon a me Ren et al. ua aʻo i ka transmittance māmā, nā waiwai mechanical, nā waiwai antibacterial a me ka ʻike chitosan o ka starch/chitosan composite films, kēlā me kēia, a hoʻohui ʻia i nā extracts kūlohelohe, tea polyphenols a me nā mea hana antibacterial kūlohelohe e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hopena antibacterial o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa noiʻi ʻo ka starch/chitosan composite kiʻiʻoniʻoni he mana nui i ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau [290-292]. Kaushik, Ghanbarzadeh, Arvanitoyannis, a me Zhang et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai o ka starch/cellulose nanocrystals, starch/carboxymethylcellulose, starch/methylcellulose, a me ka starch/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose composite films, kēlā me kēia, a me nā noi nui i loko o nā mea hoʻopili meaʻai / biodegradable [293-295]. ʻO Dafe, Jumaidin a me Lascombes et al. ua aʻo i nā pūhui starch/meaʻai e like me ka starch/pectin, starch/agar a me ka starch/carrageenan, ka mea nui i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke kahua o ka meaʻai a me ka ʻeke meaʻai [296-298]. Ua aʻo ʻia nā waiwai physicochemical o ka tapioca starch/corn oil, starch/lipid complexes e Perez, De et al., e alakaʻi i ke kaʻina hana o nā meaʻai extruded [299, 300].

1.3.4.3 Huihui o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose a me ka starch

I kēia manawa, ʻaʻole nui nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana hui o ka HPMC a me ka starch ma ka home a ma waho, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e hoʻohui i kahi helu liʻiliʻi o ka HPMC i loko o ka matrix starch e hoʻomaikaʻi i ke ʻano ʻelemakule o ka starch. Jimenez et al. ua hoʻohana ʻia ka HPMC e hoʻemi i ka ʻelemakule o ka mākiko maoli e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka permeability o nā membrane starch. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPMC i hoʻemi i ka ʻelemakule o ka starch a hoʻonui i ka maʻalahi o ka membrane composite. Ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka oxygen permeability o ka membrane composite, akā ʻaʻole i hana ka wai. Pehea ka nui o ka loli [301]. ʻO Villacres, Basch et al. Hoʻohui ʻia ka HPMC a me ka mākū tapioka e hoʻomākaukau i ka HPMC/starch composite film packaging material, a ua aʻo i ka hopena plasticizing o ka glycerin ma ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā hopena o ka potassium sorbate a me ka nisin ma nā waiwai antibacterial o ke kiʻi hoʻohui. Nā hopena Hōʻike ia me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike HPMC, hoʻonui ʻia ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o ke kiʻi hoʻohuihui, hoʻemi ʻia ka elongation ma ka haki ʻana, a ʻaʻohe hopena liʻiliʻi o ka permeability wai; Hiki i ka potassium sorbate a me ka nisin ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena antibacterial o ʻelua mau mea antibacterial ke hoʻohana pū ʻia [112, 302]. Ortega-Toro et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai o ka HPMC/starch hot-pressed composite membranes, a ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka ʻakika citric ma nā waiwai o nā membrane composite. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hualoaʻa ua hoʻopuehu ʻia ka HPMC i ka manawa hoʻomau starch, a ua loaʻa ka hopena o ka waikawa citric a me ka HPMC i ka ʻelemakule o ka starch. i kekahi degere o ka inhibition [139]. ʻO Ayorinde et al. Ua hoʻohana ʻo HPMC/starch composite film no ka uhi ʻana i ka amlodipine waha, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i ka maikaʻi loa o ka manawa hemo a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni hui [303].

Zhao Ming et al. ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka starch i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPMC, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena i loaʻa i ka starch a me ka HPMC kekahi hopena synergistic, kahi i hoʻonui ai i ka nui o ka paʻa wai [304]. ʻO Zhang et al. ua aʻo i nā waiwai kiʻiʻoniʻoni o ka hui HPMC/HPS a me nā waiwai rheological o ka hoʻonā. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka hui pū ʻana o ka HPMC/HPS i kekahi kūpono, maikaʻi ka hana ʻana o ka membrane, a me nā waiwai rheological o HPS i HPMC He hopena kaulike maikaʻi [305, 306]. He kakaikahi mau haʻawina e pili ana i ka HPMC/starch hui pūnaewele me ka kiʻekiʻe HPMC maʻiʻo, a me ka hapa nui o ia mau mea i loko o ka papau hana noiʻi, a me ka theoretical noiʻi ma luna o ka hui nenoaiu mea nele, oi aku ka gel o HPMC/HPS anu-wela hoohuliia. -phase composite gel. Aia nā haʻawina mechanistic i kahi kūlana hakahaka.

1.4 Rheology o ka polymer complexes

Ma ke kaʻina hana o nā mea polymer, hiki ʻole ke kahe a me ka deformation, a ʻo ka rheology ka ʻepekema e aʻo i nā kānāwai kahe a me nā deformation o nā mea [307]. He waiwai ka kahe o nā mea wai, ʻoiai ʻo ka deformation kahi waiwai o nā mea paʻa (crystalline). ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike maʻamau o ka kahe wai a me ka deformation paʻa penei:

I nā noi ʻoihana hana o nā mea polymer, ʻo kā lākou viscosity a me viscoelasticity e hoʻoholo i kā lākou hana hana. I ke kaʻina hana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, me ka loli o ka shear rate, hiki i ka viscosity o nā mea polymer ke loaʻa i ka nui o nā kauoha o ka nui. Hoʻololi [308]. ʻO nā waiwai Rheological e like me ka viscosity a me ka shear thinning pili pono i ka mana o ka pumping, perfusion, dispersion and spraying i ka wā o ka hana ʻana i nā mea polymer, a ʻo ia nā waiwai nui o nā mea polymer.

1.4.1 Viscoelasticity o nā polymers

Ma lalo o ka ikaika o waho, ʻaʻole hiki ke kahe wale ka wai polymer, akā hōʻike pū kekahi i ka deformation, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano o ka "viscoelasticity" hana, a ʻo kona ʻano nui ka coexistence o "solid-liquid two-phase" [309]. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia viscoelasticity linear viscoelasticity i nā liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, akā nonlinear viscoelasticity kahi e hōʻike ai ka mea i nā deformations nui a me ke koʻikoʻi lōʻihi [310].

ʻO ka wai wai polysaccharide maoli i kapa ʻia ʻo hydrosol. I loko o ka hopena dilute, aia nā macromolecules polysaccharide i ke ʻano o nā coils i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia mai kekahi i kekahi. Ke piʻi aʻe ka manaʻo i kekahi waiwai, ʻo ka macromolecular coils interpenette a overlap kekahi i kekahi. Ua kapa ʻia ka waiwai i ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi [311]. Ma lalo o ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi, he haʻahaʻa ka viscosity o ka hoʻonā, a ʻaʻole pili ia i ka nui o ka shear rate, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano wai o Newtonian; i ka wā e hiki ai ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, hoʻomaka nā macromolecules i neʻe mua i kahi kaʻawale me kekahi, a piʻi nui ka viscosity solution. mahuahua [312]; ʻoiai ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ma mua o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, ʻike ʻia ka shear thinning a hōʻike ka hopena i ka ʻano wai non-Newtonian [245].

Hiki i kekahi mau hydrosols ke hana i nā gels ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana, a ʻike pinepine ʻia ko lākou mau waiwai viscoelastic e ka modulus mālama G', modulus G" a me ko lākou hilinaʻi pinepine. ʻO ka modulus mālama e pili ana i ka elasticity o ka ʻōnaehana, aʻo ka modulus nalowale e pili ana i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana [311]. I loko o nā hoʻonā dilute, ʻaʻohe entanglement ma waena o nā molekala, no laila ma kahi ākea o nā alapine, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o G′ ma mua o G″, a hōʻike i ka hilinaʻi alapine ikaika. No ka mea, pili like ka G′ a me G″ i ke alapine ω a me kona quadratic, i ka wā i kiʻekiʻe ai ke alapine, G′ > G″. Ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻike ma mua o ka noʻonoʻo koʻikoʻi, ʻo G′ a me G″ ka hilinaʻi pinepine. Ke emi iho ka alapine, G′ <G″, a pi'i mālie ke alapine, e 'a'a nā 'elua, a huli i G′ > ma ka māhele alapine ki'eki'e G".

ʻO ka helu koʻikoʻi kahi e hoʻololi ai ka polysaccharide hydrosol i loko o ka gel i kapa ʻia ʻo ka gel point. Nui nā wehewehe o ke kiko gel, a ʻo ka mea maʻamau ka wehewehe ʻana i ka viscoelasticity dynamic i ka rheology. Ke like ka modulus mālama G′ o ka ʻōnaehana me ka modulus nalowale G″, ʻo ia ke kiko gel, a me G′> G″ Gel hoʻokumu [312, 313].

ʻO kekahi mau molekole polysaccharide maoli e hana i nā hui nāwaliwali, a ua maʻalahi ka luku ʻana i ko lākou ʻano gel, a ʻoi aku ka nui o G' ma mua o G", e hōʻike ana i ka hilinaʻi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa; ʻoiai hiki i kekahi mau molekole polysaccharide maoli ke hana i nā ʻāpana cross-linking paʻa, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hana gel, ʻoi aku ka nui o G′ ma mua o G″, a ʻaʻohe hilinaʻi pinepine [311].

1.4.2 ʻO ka hana Rheological o nā hui polimer

No kahi ʻōnaehana polymer paʻa piha, ʻo ka pūhui he ʻōnaehana homogeneous, a ʻo kona viscoelasticity maʻamau ka huina o nā waiwai o kahi polymer hoʻokahi, a hiki ke wehewehe ʻia kona viscoelasticity e nā lula empirical maʻalahi [314]. Ua hōʻoia ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻana ʻaʻole kūpono ka ʻōnaehana homogeneous i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i kāna mau waiwai mechanical. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo kekahi mau ʻōnaehana paʻakikī me nā hale i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i ka pae he hana maikaʻi loa [315].

E hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻae ʻana o kahi ʻōnaehana hui like ʻole e nā mea e like me ka ratio compound system, shear rate, temperature and component structure, e hōʻike ana i ke kūlike a i ʻole ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana he mea hiki ʻole ke pale ʻia. alakaʻi i nā loli nui i ka viscoelasticity o ka ʻōnaehana [316, 317]. I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua nui nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka ʻano viscoelastic o nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī polymer like ʻole. Hōʻike ka noiʻi e hōʻike ana ka ʻano rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hui i ka ʻāpana kūpono i nā ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana homogeneous. Ma ka māhele kaʻawale, ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻano rheological mai ka ʻāpana homogeneous a paʻakikī loa.

ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole, ka hui pū ʻana, ka nui o ka shear, nā mahana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he mea nui ia no ke koho pololei ʻana i ka ʻenehana hana, ka hoʻolālā kūpono o nā ʻano, ka mana koʻikoʻi o ka maikaʻi o ka huahana, a me ka hōʻemi kūpono o ka hana. hoʻohana ikehu. [309]. No ka laʻana, no nā mea wela, hiki ke hoʻololi i ka viscosity o ka mea ma ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka mahana. A hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hana; e hoʻomaopopo i ka shear thinning zone o ka mea, koho i ka shear rate kūpono e hoʻomalu i ka hana hana o ka mea, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hana.

1.4.3 Nā mea e pili ana i nā waiwai rheological o ka pūhui

1.4.3.1 Hui

ʻO nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika a me ke ʻano o loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui he hōʻike piha o nā haʻawina i hui ʻia o nā waiwai o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana a me ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana. No laila, ʻo nā waiwai kino a me nā kemika o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ponoʻī he kuleana koʻikoʻi i ka ʻōnaehana hui. 'Oko'a ka degere o ka launa 'ana ma waena o nā polymers like 'ole, 'olu'olu loa kekahi, a 'ane'ane like 'ole kekahi.

1.4.3.2 ʻO ka lakio o ka ʻōnaehana hui

ʻO ka viscoelasticity a me ka mechanical properties o ka pūnaewele polymer compound e hoʻololi nuiʻia me ka hoʻololiʻana o ka ratio hui. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ka ratio hui e hoʻoholo i ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana i ka ʻōnaehana hui, a pili pū kekahi i kēlā me kēia ʻāpana. ka launa pū ʻana a me ka māhele māhele. Xie Yajie et al. ua aʻo i ka chitosan/hydroxypropyl cellulose a ʻike i ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka viscosity o ka pūhui me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl cellulose content [318]. ʻO Zhang Yayuan et al. ua aʻo i ka paʻakikī o ka xanthan gum a me ka starch kulina a ʻike i ka wā i 10% ka lakio o ka xanthan gum, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka coefficient kūlike, ke koʻikoʻi a me ka helu wai o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī. ʻIke loa [319].

1.4.3.3 Ka nui o ka shear

ʻO ka hapa nui o nā wai polymer he wai pseudoplastic, ʻaʻole i kūlike me ke kānāwai o ke kahe o Newton. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona nui, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ʻia ka viscosity ma lalo o ka shear haʻahaʻa, a e emi loa ka viscosity me ka piʻi ʻana o ka shear rate [308, 320]. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kahe kahe o ka wai polymer i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: ʻāpana haʻahaʻa ʻo Newtonian, ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻāhiʻi a me ka ʻāina kūpaʻa ʻoki kiʻekiʻe. Ke hele ka ʻāʻī ʻana i ka zero, lilo ke koʻikoʻi a me ke kānana i laina laina, a ua like ke kahe o ka wai me ka wai o Newtonian. I kēia manawa, hoʻomaka ka viscosity i kekahi waiwai, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka zero-shear viscosity η0. Hōʻike ka η0 i ka manawa hoʻomaha kiʻekiʻe o ka mea a he mea koʻikoʻi ia o nā mea polymer, e pili ana i ka awelika molecular kaumaha o ka polymer a me ka ikehu hoʻāla o ka kahe viscous. I loko o ka shear thinning zone, e emi mālie ana ka viscosity me ka piʻi ʻana o ka shear rate, a ke ʻano o ka "shear thinning". ʻO kēia wahi kahi kahe kahe maʻamau i ka hana ʻana i nā mea polymer. Ma ka ʻāina kūpaʻa ʻoki kiʻekiʻe, ʻoiai e hoʻomau ka piʻi ʻana o ka shear rate, ʻoi aku ka viscosity i kahi mau ʻē aʻe, ʻo ka viscosity shear palena ʻole η∞, akā paʻakikī kēia ʻāpana.

1.4.3.4 Mahana

Hoʻopili pololei ka mahana i ka ikaika o ka neʻe wela o nā molekala, hiki ke hoʻopilikia nui i nā pilina intermolecular e like me ka diffusion, ka pae molecular chain orientation, a me ka entanglement. Ma keʻano laulā, i ka wā o ka holoʻana o nā mea polymer, laweʻia ka neʻeʻana o nā kaulahao mole i nā'āpana; i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, piʻi ka leo manuahi, a emi ke kūpaʻa kahe o nā ʻāpana, no laila ke emi nei ka viscosity. Eia nō naʻe, no kekahi mau polymers, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, hiki i ka hui hydrophobic ma waena o nā kaulahao, no laila e piʻi ka viscosity.

ʻO nā polymer like ʻole nā ​​degere like ʻole o ka naʻau i ka mahana, a ʻo ka polymer kiʻekiʻe like ka hopena like ʻole i ka hana o kāna mīkini i nā pae wela like ʻole.

1.5 No ka noiʻi koʻikoʻi, kumu noiʻi a me ka ʻike noiʻi o kēia kumuhana

1.5.1 Koʻikoʻi ka noiʻi

ʻOiai ʻo HPMC he mea palekana a hiki ke hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke kahua o ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau, he maikaʻi kāna hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hoʻopuehu, mānoanoa, a hoʻopaʻa i nā waiwai. Loaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPMC ke aniani maikaʻi, nā waiwai pale aila, a me nā waiwai mechanical. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo kona kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe (ma kahi o 100,000/ton) e kaupalena i kāna noi ākea, ʻoiai i nā noi lāʻau kiʻekiʻe e like me nā capsules. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka HPMC he gel thermally induced, aia i loko o kahi kūlana hoʻonā me ka viscosity haʻahaʻa i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a hiki ke hana i kahi gel viscous-like me ka wela kiʻekiʻe, no laila, pono e lawe ʻia nā kaʻina hana e like me ka uhi ʻana, ka hoʻoulu ʻana a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana. i waho i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, e hopena i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumu kūʻai kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā waiwai e like me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka ikaika gel o HPMC ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hōʻemi i ka hiki ke hana o HPMC i nā noi he nui.

ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ʻo ka HPS kahi mea ʻai maʻalahi (ma kahi o 20,000/ton) i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke kahua o ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. ʻO ke kumu o ke kumu kūʻai nui o ka HPMC, ʻo ia ke kumu kūʻai o ka cellulose maka i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka HPMC ma mua o ka starch maka i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka HPS. Eia kekahi, hoʻopili ʻia ka HPMC me ʻelua mau mea pani, hydroxypropyl a me methoxy. ʻO ka hopena, paʻakikī loa ka hana hoʻomākaukau, no laila ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai o HPMC ma mua o ka HPS. Manaʻo kēia papahana e pani i kekahi o nā HPMC pipiʻi me nā HPS kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa, a hoʻemi i ke kumukūʻai huahana ma ke kumu o ka mālama ʻana i nā hana like.

Eia kekahi, ʻo ka HPS he gel anu, aia i loko o kahi kūlana gel viscoelastic ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a hana i kahi hopena kahe i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka HPS i ka HPMC hiki ke hōʻemi i ka mahana gel o HPMC a hoʻonui i kona viscosity i ka wela haʻahaʻa. a me ka ikaika o ka gel, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i kona kaʻina hana ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Eia kekahi, he mau waiwai pale oxygen maikaʻi ko HPS, no laila hiki ke hoʻohui i ka HPS i loko o ka HPMC e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai pale oxygen o ke kiʻi ʻai.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, ka hui ʻana o HPMC a me HPS: ʻO ka mea mua, he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi. He gel wela ka HPMC, a he gel anu ka HPS. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻelua, aia ma ke ʻano he wahi hoʻololi ma waena o nā gels wela a me ke anu. ʻO ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka HPMC/HPS anu a me ka ʻōnaehana gel hoʻohuihui wela a me kāna noiʻi ʻenehana hiki ke hāʻawi i kahi ala hou no ka noiʻi ʻana i kēia ʻano ʻōnaehana gel hoʻololi anuanu a wela, hoʻokumu i ke alakaʻi kumu. ʻO ka lua, hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i nā kumukūʻai hana a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā waiwai huahana. Ma o ka hui pū ʻana o HPS a me HPMC, hiki ke hoʻemi ʻia ke kumukūʻai hana ma ke ʻano o nā kumu waiwai a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu hana, a hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka waiwai o ka huahana. ʻO ke kolu, hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana hana a hoʻonui i ka noi. Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPS ke hoʻonui i ka manaʻo a me ka ikaika gel o HPMC i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna hana hana ma ka wela haʻahaʻa. Eia hou, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana huahana. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka HPS no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible composite o HPMC/HPS, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia nā waiwai pale oxygen o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible.

Hiki ke hoʻoholo pololei i ka morphology microscopic a me nā waiwai holoʻokoʻa o ka pūhui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai mechanical. No laila, he mea nui e aʻo i ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS. ʻO ka HPMC a me ka HPS he polysaccharides hydrophilic me ka hui like-glucose a hoʻololi ʻia e ka hui hydroxypropyl hana like, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi nui ai i ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS. Eia nō naʻe, he gel anu ʻo HPMC a he gel wela ka HPS, a ʻo ka ʻano gel inverse o nā mea ʻelua e alakaʻi i ka hanana kaʻawale o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS. I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, paʻakikī loa ka pae morphology a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka HPMC/HPS anu-wela gel composite pūnaewele, no laila e hoihoi loa ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kēia ʻōnaehana.

Hoʻopili ʻia ke ʻano morphological a me ke ʻano rheological o nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī polymer. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, ʻo ke ʻano rheological i ka wā o ka hoʻoili ʻana e loaʻa ka hopena nui i ke ʻano morphological o ka ʻōnaehana; ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i ke ʻano rheological o ka ʻōnaehana ke hōʻike pololei i nā loli i ke ʻano morphological o ka ʻōnaehana. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS no ke alakaʻi ʻana i ka hana, ka hana a me ka hoʻokele maikaʻi.

ʻO nā waiwai macroscopic e like me ka morphological structure, compatibility and rheology of the HPMC/HPS cold and hot gel compound system is dynamic, a ua hoʻopili ʻia e kekahi mau mea e like me ka hoʻonā hopena, ka ratio hui ʻana, ka shear rate a me ka mahana. Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microscopic morphological structure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o ka ʻōnaehana composite ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ke ʻano morphological a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana composite.

1.5.2 Ke kumu noiʻi

Ua kūkulu ʻia ka HPMC/HPS anu a me ka wela hoʻohuli-phase gel hui pūnaewele, ua aʻo ʻia kona mau ʻano rheological, a ua ʻimi ʻia nā hopena o ke kino a me ke kemika o nā ʻāpana, ka ratio hui ʻana a me nā kūlana hana i nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible o HPMC/HPS, a ua aʻo ʻia nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai mechanical, ea permeability a me nā waiwai optical o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a ua ʻimi ʻia nā mea hoʻoikaika a me nā kānāwai. E noʻonoʻo pono i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae, ka launa ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka HPMC/HPS anu a me ka wela hoʻohuli-phase gel complex system, e ʻimi i kona mau mea hoʻoikaika a me nā mīkini, a hoʻokumu i ka pilina ma waena o ka microscopic morphological structure and macroscopic properties. Hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano morphological a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana composite e kāohi i nā waiwai o nā mea hana.

1.5.3 Maikaʻi noiʻi

I mea e hoʻokō ai i ke kumu noiʻi i manaʻo ʻia, e hana kēia pepa i kēia mau noiʻi:

(1) E kūkulu i ka HPMC/HPS pūnaeho hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka wela, a e hoʻohana i ka rheometer e aʻo i nā waiwai rheological o ka hoʻonā hui, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hopena o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ka ratio hui ʻana a me ka nui o ka shear ma ka viscosity a me ka index index. ka ʻōnaehana hui. Ua noiʻi ʻia ka mana a me ke kānāwai o nā waiwai rheological e like me thixotropy a me thixotropy, a ua ʻimi mua ʻia ke ʻano hana o ka gel composite anu a me ka wela.

(2) Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia HPMC/HPS, a ua hoʻohana ʻia ka microscope electron scanning no ka noiʻi ʻana i ka mana o nā ʻano waiwai o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana a me ka ratio haku ʻana i ka microscopic morphology o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni; ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea hōʻike waiwai mechanical e aʻo i nā ʻano waiwai o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, ke ʻano o ke kiʻi hoʻohui ʻia ʻO ka mana o ka ratio a me ka haʻahaʻa pili kaiapuni ma nā ʻano mechanical o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni; ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka oxygen transmission rate tester a me UV-Vis spectrophotometer no ke aʻo ʻana i nā hopena o nā waiwai kūlohelohe o nā ʻāpana a me ka ratio hoʻohui i ka oxygen a me nā waiwai lawe māmā o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka HPMC/HPS anuanu- Ua aʻo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana gel composite wela e ka scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic thermomechanical analysis.

(3) Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microscopic morphology a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka HPMC/HPS cold-hot inverse gel composite system. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible o ka HPMC/HPS, a ua aʻo ʻia ka mana o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana a me ka lākiō hoʻohui i ka māhele māhele a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka māhele o ka hāpana i aʻo ʻia e ka microscope optical a me ke ʻano o ka iodine; Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka lula mana o ka hoʻohuihui ʻana a me ka ratio hoʻohui i nā waiwai mechanical a me nā waiwai lawe māmā o nā laʻana. Ua noiʻi ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka HPMC/HPS cold-hot inverse gel composite system.

(4) Nā hopena o ke kēkelē hoʻololi HPS ma luna o nā waiwai rheological a me nā waiwai gel o HPMC/HPS pūnaehana gel composite anuanu-wela hoʻohuli. Ua aʻo ʻia nā hopena o ka pae hoʻololi o ka HPS, ka nui shear a me ka mahana ma ka viscosity a me nā waiwai rheological ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a me ka wahi hoʻololi gel, modulus frequency dependence a me nā waiwai gel ʻē aʻe a me kā lākou mau kānāwai i aʻo ʻia ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka rheometer. Ua aʻo ʻia ka māhele ʻana o ka pae e pili ana i ka mahana a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae o nā laʻana e ka iodine staining, a ua wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano gelation o ka HPMC/HPS anu-wela hoʻohuli-phase gel complex system.

(5) Nā hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hoʻololi kemika o HPS i nā waiwai macroscopic a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana gel composite ʻo HPMC/HPS anu-wela hoʻohuli. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible o ka HPMC/HPS, a ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere ma ke ʻano aniani a me ka micro-domain structure o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i aʻo ʻia e ka synchrotron radiation liʻiliʻi-kiʻi X-ray scattering ʻenehana. Ua aʻo ʻia ke kānāwai mana o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere ma nā ʻano mechanical o ka membrane composite e ka mea hōʻike waiwai mechanical; Ua aʻo ʻia ke kānāwai mana o ka HPS substitution degree ma ka oxygen permeability o ka membrane composite e ka oxygen permeability tester; ka HPS hydroxypropyl Influence of group substitution degree on thermal stability of HPMC/HPS composite films.

Mokuna 2 Haʻawina Rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS

Hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni kūlohelohe polymer-based ma kahi ʻano pulu maʻalahi [321]. ʻO ka mea mua, ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka polymer i loko o ka wai wai e hoʻomākaukau ai i kahi wai hoʻoheheʻe kiʻiʻoniʻoni a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a laila hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka wehe ʻana i ka solvent. Maʻaneʻi, hana maʻamau ka hana ma ka hoʻomaloʻoʻana i kahi wela iki aʻe. Hoʻohana mau ʻia kēia kaʻina hana no ka hana ʻana i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, a i ʻole e uhi pono i ka huahana me kahi hopena kiʻiʻoniʻoni ma ke kaomi ʻana, ka pulupulu ʻana a i ʻole ke kāpī ʻana. Pono ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili rheological pololei o ka wai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, he mea koʻikoʻi loa ia no ka mana o ka maikaʻi o ka huahana o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible a me nā uhi [322].

ʻO ka HPMC kahi mea hoʻopili wela, kahi e hana ai i ka gel i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a aia i kahi kūlana hoʻonā i ka wela haʻahaʻa. ʻO kēia waiwai gel thermal e hana i kona viscosity i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa, ʻaʻole kūpono i nā kaʻina hana kikoʻī e like me ke kuʻi ʻana, ka palaki ʻana a me ke kuʻi ʻana. ka hana ʻana, ka hopena i ka hana maikaʻi ʻole i nā wela haʻahaʻa. I ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ʻo ka HPS he gel anu, kahi kūlana gel viscous i ka wela haʻahaʻa, a me kahi wela kiʻekiʻe. He kūlana hoʻonā haʻahaʻa viscosity. No laila, ma o ka hui pū ʻana o nā mea ʻelua, hiki ke kaulike ʻia nā waiwai rheological o HPMC e like me ka viscosity i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Ke nānā nei kēia mokuna i nā hopena o ka hoʻonā ʻana, ka ratio hui ʻana a me ka mahana ma nā waiwai rheological e like me ka zero-shear viscosity, flow index a me ka thixotropy o ka HPMC/HPS pūnaeho hoʻohuihui gel wela wela. Hoʻohana ʻia ka lula hoʻohui e kūkākūkā mua i ke kūlike o ka ʻōnaehana hui.

2.2 Hana hoʻokolohua

2.2.1 Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hoʻonā huihu HPMC/HPS

E kaupaona mua i ka pauka maloʻo HPMC a me HPS, a hui e like me 15% (w/w) ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me nā ratio like ʻole o 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10; a laila e hoʻohui i ka 70 °C I ka wai C, e hoʻoulu wikiwiki no 30 min ma 120 rpm / min e hoʻopuehu piha i ka HPMC; a laila e hoʻomehana i ka hopena ma luna o 95 °C, e hoʻoulu wikiwiki no 1 h ma ka wikiwiki like e gelatinize HPS; pau ka gelatinization Ma hope o kēlā, ua ho'ēmi kokeʻia ka mahana o ka hopena i 70 °C, a ua hoʻopau pihaʻia ka HPMC ma ka hoʻouluʻana i ka wikiwiki o 80 rpm / min no 40 min. (ʻO nā w/w a pau ma kēia ʻatikala: ka nui kumu maloʻo o ka hāpana/ka nui o ka hopena hopena).

2.2.2 Nā waiwai Rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS

2.2.2.1 Kumu o ke kālailai rheological

Hoʻolako ʻia ka rheometer rotational me ʻelua o nā puʻupuʻu like ʻole i luna a i lalo, a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke kahe ʻana maʻalahi ma o ka neʻe pili ʻana ma waena o nā pipili. Hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia ka rheometer ma ke ʻano ʻanuʻu, ke ʻano kahe a me ke ʻano oscillation: ma ke ʻano ʻanuʻu, hiki i ka rheometer ke hoʻopili i ke koʻikoʻi transient i ka hāpana, kahi i hoʻohana nui ʻia e hoʻāʻo i ka pane ʻano transient a me ka manawa paʻa o ka hāpana. ʻO ka loiloi a me ka pane viscoelastic e like me ka hoʻomaha hoʻomaha, ke kolo a me ka hoʻihoʻi; i ke kahe kahe, hiki i ka rheometer ke hoʻopili i ke koʻikoʻi laina i ka hāpana, i hoʻohana nui ʻia e hoʻāʻo i ka hilinaʻi o ka viscosity o ka hāpana ma ka shear rate a me ka hilinaʻi o ka viscosity i ka mahana a me ka thixotropy; i ke ʻano oscillation, hiki i ka rheometer ke hoʻoulu i ka sinusoidal alternating oscillating stress, ka mea i hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻāina viscoelastic linear, loiloi kūpaʻa wela a me ka mahana gelation o ka hāpana.

2.2.2.2 Kahea ala hoao

Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea paʻa pā like me ke anawaena o 40 mm, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka spacing pā i 0.5 mm.

1. Hoʻololi ka viscosity me ka manawa. ʻO ka mahana ho'āʻo he 25 °C, he 800 s-1 ka lōʻihi o ka shear, a he 2500 s ka manawa hoʻāʻo.

2. He ʻokoʻa ka viscosity me ka nui o ka shear rate. ʻO ka mahana ho'āʻo 25 °C, ka lōʻihi o ka ʻohi ʻana 800 s-1, ka manawa o ka ʻohi mua 1000 s; ʻauheʻe 10²-10³s.

ʻO ke koʻikoʻi ʻako (τ ) a me ka ʻauamo ʻako (γ) ma muli o ke kānāwai mana Ostwald-de Waele:

̇τ=K.γ n (2-1)

ma kahi o τ ke koina ako, Pa;

ʻO ka γ ka lōʻihi ʻāhi, s-1;

n ka papa kuhikuhi waiwai;

K ka helu viscosity, Pa·sn.

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka viscosity (ŋ) o ka solution polymer a me ka shear rate (γ) hiki ke hookomoia e ka carren modulus:

Iwaena o lakou,ŋ0shear viscosity, Pa s;

ŋ∞ʻo ka viscosity shear palena ʻole, Pa s;

ʻO ka manawa hoʻomaha, s;

n ʻo ia ka ʻōlelo hōʻemi shear thinning index;

3. ʻEkolu mau ʻano hoʻāʻo thixotropy. ʻO ka mahana ho'āʻo he 25 °C, a. ʻO ke kahua paʻa, ʻo 1 s-1 ka nui o ka ʻoki, a ʻo ka manawa hoʻāʻo ʻo 50 s; b. ʻO ka pae ʻāwili, ʻo 1000 s-1 ka nui o ka shear, a ʻo ka manawa hoʻāʻo ʻo 20 s; c. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻihoʻi hou, ʻo ka nui o ka shear he 1 s-1, a ʻo ka manawa hoʻāʻo ʻo 250 s.

I ke kaʻina hana o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana, hōʻike ʻia ka pae hoʻihoʻi o ka hale ma hope o ka manawa hoʻihoʻi like ʻole e ka helu hoʻihoʻi o ka viscosity:

DSR=ŋt ⁄ ŋ╳100%

Iwaena o lakou,ŋt ka viscosity i ka manawa ho'oponopono hale ts, Pa s;

hŋʻo ia ka viscosity ma ka hopena o ka pae mua, Pa s.

2.3 Nā hopena a me nā kūkākūkā

2.3.1 Ka hopena o ka manawa ʻoki i nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hui

Ma kahi ʻano ʻoki mau, ʻike ʻia ka viscosity i ʻike ʻia i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manawa ʻā. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 2-1 i kahi pihi maʻamau o ka viscosity me ka manawa ma kahi ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻia o ka manawa ʻako, e emi mau ana ka viscosity. Ke hiki i ka manawa shearing ma kahi o 500 s, hiki i ka viscosity i kahi kūlana paʻa, e hōʻike ana i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui ma lalo o ka shearing kiʻekiʻe he waiwai. Hōʻike ʻia ka hilinaʻi o ka manawa, ʻo ia hoʻi, thixotropy i loko o kekahi mau manawa.

No laila, i ka wā e aʻo ai i ke kānāwai hoʻololi o ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui me ka nui o ka shear rate, ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka shear steady state shear, pono kahi manawa o ka wikiwiki kiʻekiʻe pre-shearing e hoʻopau i ka mana o thixotropy ma ka ʻōnaehana hui. . No laila, loaʻa ke kānāwai o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka viscosity me ka shear rate ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻokahi. Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, hiki i ka viscosity o nā laʻana a pau i kahi kūlana paʻa ma mua o 1000 s ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka shear rate o 800 1/s me ka manawa, ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia ma ʻaneʻi. No laila, i ka hoʻolālā hoʻokolohua e hiki mai ana, ua ʻae ʻia ka ʻohi mua ʻana no 1000 s ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 800 1/s e hoʻopau i ka hopena o ka thixotropy o nā laʻana a pau.

2.3.2 Ka hopena o ka noonoo ana i na waiwai rheological o ka pūnaehana hui

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, piʻi ka viscosity o nā hopena polymer me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā hoʻonā. Hōʻike ka Figure 2-2 i ka hopena o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hilinaʻi o ka shear rate o ka viscosity o nā hana HPMC/HPS. Mai ke kiʻi, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka nui o ka shear rate hoʻokahi, piʻi mālie ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā hoʻonā. Ua emi mālie ka viscosity o ka HPMC/HPS pūhui hāʻina me nā ʻokoʻa me ka piʻi ʻana o ka shear rate, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano ʻano ʻoki ʻoki ʻoki, ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia no nā wai pseudoplastic nā hui pū me nā ʻokoʻa like ʻole. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka viscosity i kahi ʻano ʻokoʻa me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hoʻonā. I ka haʻahaʻa ʻana o ka hoʻonā haʻahaʻa, liʻiliʻi ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe shear o ka hoʻonā hui; me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā hoʻonā, ʻoi aku ka ʻike o ke ʻano hoʻoheheʻe shear o ka hoʻonā hui.

2.3.1

Ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā ʻōniʻoniʻo viscosity-shear rate o ka ʻōnaehana hui ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa e ka model Carren, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka viscosity zero-shear viscosity o ka hopena hui (0.9960 < R₂< 0.9997). Hiki ke aʻo hou ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka viscosity o ka mea hoʻohuihui ma ke aʻo ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o ka viscosity shear zero a me ka ʻike. Mai ka Kiʻi 2-3, hiki ke ʻike ʻia e pili ana ka pilina ma waena o ka viscosity zero-shear a me ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻonā hui ʻia ma muli o ke kānāwai mana.

kahi o k a me m he mau mau.

I loko o ka logarithmic coordinate ʻelua, e pili ana i ka nui o ka slope m, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hilinaʻi ʻana i ka noʻonoʻo e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau ʻano like ʻole. Wahi a Dio-Edwards theory, ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka pali (m = 11.9, R2 = 0.9942), nona ka dilute solution; oiai ma ka noonoo kiekie, he haahaa ka pali (m = 2.8, R2 = 0.9822), nona ka ha'ina ha'aha'a. No laila, hiki ke hoʻoholo ʻia ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi C* o ka ʻōnaehana hui i 8% ma o ka hui ʻana o kēia mau ʻāpana ʻelua. E like me ka pilina maʻamau ma waena o nā mokuʻāina like ʻole a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā polymers i ka hoʻonā, ua manaʻo ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike molecular state o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 2-3.

ʻO ka HPS he gel anu, he kūlana gel i ka wela haʻahaʻa, a he kūlana hoʻonā i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka mahana ho'āʻo (25 °C), he kūlana gel ka HPS, e like me ka mea i hōʻikeʻia ma ka'āpana pūnaewele polū ma ke kiʻi; ma ka mea 'ē aʻe, HPMC mea he wela gel, Ma ka hoao ana wela, ka mea i loko o ka hoʻonā kūlana, e like me ka hoike ana i loko o ka ulaula laina mole.

I loko o ka dilute solution o C <C*, aia ka HPMC molecular chains ma ke ʻano he hale kaulahao kūʻokoʻa, a ʻo ka leo i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e hoʻokaʻawale i nā kaulahao mai kekahi i kekahi; eia kekahi, pili ka HPS gel phase me kekahi mau molekule HPMC e hana i ke ano holookoa.

Me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka manaʻo, ua emi mālie ka mamao ma waena o nā kaulahao molekala kūʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana. Ke hiki i ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi C*, e hoʻonui mālie nā molekala HPMC e pili ana me ka pae gel HPS, a hoʻomaka nā kaulahao molekala HPMC kūʻokoʻa e hoʻopili i kekahi i kekahi, e hana ana i ka pae HPS ma ke kikowaena gel, a ua hui pū ʻia nā kaulahao mole HPMC. a pili kekahi i kekahi. Hōʻike ʻia ke kūlana microgel ma ke kiʻi 2-2b.

Me ka hoʻonui hou ʻana o ka manaʻo, C > C*, ua hoʻemi hou ʻia ka mamao ma waena o nā ʻāpana gel HPS, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaulahao polymer HPMC a me ka ʻāpana HPS a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pilina, no laila ke hōʻike nei ka hopena i ka ʻano. e like me ko ka polymer hehee, e like me ka hoike ana ma ke kii 2-2c.

2.3.2.2 Ka hopena o ka noonoo ana i ka hana wai o ka pūnaehana hui

Hoʻohana ʻia ke kānāwai mana ʻo Ostwald-de Waele (e nānā i ke ʻano (2-1)) no ka hoʻopili ʻana i ke koʻikoʻi ʻako a me nā ʻōkuhi shear rate (ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ma ka kikokikona) o ka ʻōnaehana hui me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa, a me ka helu kahe n a me ka helu viscosity. K hiki ke loaa. , ʻo ka hopena kūpono e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 2-1.

Papa 2-1 Helu helu hoʻoheheʻe kahe (n) a me ka helu helu hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka wai (K) o ka hoʻonā HPS/HPMC me ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ma 25 °C

ʻO ka huina kahe o ka wai ʻo Newtonian he n = 1, ʻo ka huina kahe o ka wai pseudoplastic he n <1, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o n haʻalele ʻia mai ka 1, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka pseudoplasticity o ka wai, a ʻo ka huina kahe o ka wai dilatant he n > 1. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 2-1 ʻo nā n waiwai o nā haʻina hui me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 1, e hōʻike ana ʻo nā mea hoʻonā hui he mau wai pseudoplastic āpau. Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua kokoke ka helu n o ka hopena i hoʻoponopono hou ʻia i ka 0, e hōʻike ana ua kokoke ka ʻaha hui haʻahaʻa i ka wai o Newtonian, no ka mea, i loko o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa hoʻohuihui, ua kū kaʻawale nā ​​kaulahao polymer o kekahi me kekahi. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā hoʻonā, ua emi mālie ka n waiwai o ka ʻōnaehana hui, ʻo ia ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻano pseudoplastic o ka hopena hui. Hoʻopili ʻia e like me ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena a me ka pae HPS, a ʻoi aku ka pili o kāna kahe kahe ʻana i ka melts polymer.

Ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, liʻiliʻi ka coefficient viscosity K o ka ʻōnaehana hui (C <8%, K <1 Pa·sn), a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike, piʻi mālie ka waiwai K o ka ʻōnaehana hui, e hōʻike ana i ka viscosity o ua emi ka ʻōnaehana hui, i kūlike me ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka zero shear viscosity.

2.3.3 Ka hopena o ka lākiō hoʻohuihui i nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohuihui

Fig. 2-4 Viscosity vs. shear rate of HPMC/HPS solution with different blend ratio at 25 °C

Papa 2-2 Helu helu hoʻoheheʻe kahe (n) a me ka helu hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka wai (K) o ka hoʻonā HPS/HPMC me ka ratio hui like ʻole ma 25 °

Hōʻike nā kiʻi 2-4 i ka hopena o ka ratio hui ʻana i ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka ʻili o ka HPMC/HPS hoʻohuihui viscosity. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka helu ʻana i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui me ka haʻahaʻa HPS maʻiʻo (HPS <20%) ʻaʻole e loli nui me ka piʻi ʻana o ka shear rate, no ka mea ma ka ʻōnaehana hui me ka haʻahaʻa HPS maʻiʻo , HPMC i ka hoʻonā kūlana. i ka haʻahaʻa wela ka manawa mau; e emi mālie ana ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui me ka HPS kiʻekiʻe me ka piʻi ʻana o ka shear rate, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano ʻano ʻokiʻoki ʻāwili, e hōʻike ana he wai pseudoplastic ka hopena hui. Ma ka helu shear like, hoʻonui ka viscosity o ka solution compound me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, ʻo ia ka mea ma muli o ka HPS i loko o kahi kūlana gel viscous i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Ke hoʻohana nei i ke kānāwai mana o Ostwald-de Waele (e nānā i ke ʻano (2-1)) e hoʻokomo i nā ʻōkuhi shear stress-shear rate (ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ma ka kikokikona) o nā ʻōnaehana hui me nā ratio hui like ʻole, ke kahe kahe n a me ka helu viscosity. K, hōʻike ʻia nā hopena kūpono ma ka Papa 2-2. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka pākaukau ʻo 0.9869 <R2 <0.9999, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena kūpono. E emi mālie ana ka helu kahe n o ka ʻōnaehana hui pū me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei ka coefficient viscosity K i ka piʻi mālie ʻana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka HPS e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī a paʻakikī ke kahe. . Kūlike kēia ʻano me nā hualoaʻa noiʻi a Zhang, akā no ka ratio hoʻohui like, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka n waiwai o ka hopena i hoʻohui ʻia ma mua o ka hopena o Zhang [305], ʻo ia ka mea nui ma muli o ka hana mua ʻana i kēia hoʻokolohua e hoʻopau i ka hopena o ka thixotropy. ua hoopauia; ʻO ka hopena Zhang ka hopena o ka hana hui o thixotropy a me ka shear rate; e kūkākūkā nui ʻia ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o kēia mau ʻano ʻelua ma ka Mokuna 5.

2.3.3.1 Ka hopena o ka lākiō hoʻohuihui ma luna o ka viscosity shear ʻole o ka ʻōnaehana hui

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻano rheological o ka ʻōnaehana polymer homogeneous a me nā waiwai rheological o nā mea i loko o ka ʻōnaehana e kūlike me ka rule logarithmic summation. No ka ʻōnaehana hui ʻelua ʻāpana, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka ʻōnaehana hui a me kēlā me kēia ʻāpana e ka hoohalike penei:

I waena o lākou, ʻo F ka ʻāpana waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī;

ʻO F1, F2 nā ʻāpana rheological o ka māhele 1 a me ka ʻāpana 2;

ʻO ∅1 a me ∅2 nā hakina nui o ka māhele 1 a me ka māhele 2, a me ∅1 ∅2.

No laila, hiki ke helu ʻia ka viscosity zero-shear o ka ʻōnaehana hui ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana me nā lākiō hoʻohui like ʻole e like me ke kumu logaritmic summation e helu ai i ka waiwai wānana pili. Ua hoʻonui mau ʻia nā waiwai hoʻokolohua o nā haʻina hui pū me nā lākiō hui like ʻole e ka carren fitting o ka ʻōniu viscosity-shear rate curve. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka waiwai i wānana ʻia o ka viscosity shear zero o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS me nā lakio hui like ʻole me ka waiwai hoʻokolohua, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 2-5.

ʻO ka māhele laina kiko i loko o ke kiʻi, ʻo ia ka waiwai wānana o ka viscosity shear zero o ka hāʻina hui i loaʻa mai ma ka lula huina logarithmic, a ʻo ka pakuhi laina kikoo ka waiwai hoʻokolohua o ka ʻōnaehana hui me nā lakio hoʻohuihui like ʻole. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi e hōʻike ana ka waiwai hoʻokolohua o ka hoʻoheheʻe hui ʻana i kekahi ʻokoʻa maikaʻi ʻole-ʻole e pili ana i ka lula hui, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole hiki i ka ʻōnaehana hui ke hoʻokō i ka thermodynamic compatibility, a ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui he māhele hoʻomau mau ma haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ʻO ke ʻano "sea-island" o ka ʻōnaehana ʻelua-phase; a me ka ho'ēmi mau 'ana o ka HPMC/HPS hui pū 'ana, ua ho'ololi 'ia ka manawa mau o ka 'ōnaehana ho'ohui 'ana ma hope o ka ratio hui 'ana he 4:6. Kūkākūkā ka mokuna i ka ʻimi noiʻi.

Hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia mai ka kiʻi i ka wā i nui ai ka lakio huila HPMC/HPS, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia he ʻano ʻino ʻole, ʻo ia paha no ka puʻunaue ʻana o ka HPS viscosity kiʻekiʻe i ka mokuʻāina i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa HPMC hoʻomau pae waena. . Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, loaʻa kahi hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae hoʻomau i ka ʻōnaehana hui i kēia manawa. ʻO ka HPS me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe e lilo i ka manawa mau o ka ʻōnaehana hui, ʻoiai ʻo HPMC e hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka wā mau o ka HPS i kahi kūlana ʻoi aʻe.

2.3.3.2 Ka hopena o ka lākiō hoʻohuihui i ka ʻano wai o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohuihui

Hōʻike nā kiʻi 2-6 i ka helu kahe n o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano he hana o ka ʻike HPS. No ka mea ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka helu kahe n mai kahi log-logarithmic coordinate, n eia ka huina laina. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, e emi mālie ana ka helu kahe n o ka ʻōnaehana hui, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻemi ʻana o HPS i nā waiwai wai Newtonian o ka hoʻonā hui a hoʻomaikaʻi i kāna ʻano wai pseudoplastic. ʻO ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa ka mokuʻāina gel me ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi e pili ana ka pilina ma waena o ka helu kahe o ka ʻōnaehana hui a me ka ʻike o ka HPS i kahi pilina laina (R2 ʻo 0.98062), e hōʻike ana kēia i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia he kūpono maikaʻi.

2.3.3.3 Ka hopena o ka lākiō hoʻohuihui ma luna o ka viscosity coefficient o ka ʻōnaehana hui.

Hōʻike ka Figure 2-7 i ka coefficient viscosity K o ka hopena i hoʻohui ʻia ma ke ʻano he hana o ka ʻike HPS. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi ʻana he liʻiliʻi loa ka waiwai K o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka waiwai K o ka HPS maʻemaʻe ka nui loa, e pili ana i nā waiwai gel o HPMC a me HPS, aia i ka hoʻonā a me ka mokuʻāina gel ma kēlā me kēia. haʻahaʻa wela. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o ka ʻāpana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke haʻahaʻa ka maʻiʻo o ka HPS, ʻo ka coefficient viscosity o ka hopena hoʻohui e kokoke ana i ka mea haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa HPMC; ʻoiai ke kiʻekiʻe ka maʻiʻo o ka mea kiʻekiʻe-viscosity, piʻi ka K waiwai o ka hoʻonā hui me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻi HPS i hoʻonui nui ʻia, i hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻonui ka HPS i ka viscosity o HPMC ma ka wela haʻahaʻa. Hōʻike nui kēia i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka viscosity o ka pae mau i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Ma nāʻano likeʻole kahi o ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa viscosity ka māhele hoʻomau aʻo ka mea kiʻekiʻe-viscosity ka manawa mau,ʻo ka hāʻawiʻana i ka viscosity o ka manawa mau i ka viscosity o ka pūnaewele hui pū kekahi. ʻO ka HPMC haʻahaʻa viscosity ka manawa mau, ʻo ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui e hōʻike nui i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka viscosity o ka pae mau; a i ka wā o ka HPS viscosity kiʻekiʻe ka pae hoʻomau, ʻo ka HPMC e like me ka māhele hoʻopuehu e hoʻemi i ka viscosity o ka HPS kiʻekiʻe-viscosity. hopena.

2.3.4 Thixotropy

Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Thixotropy e loiloi i ke kūpaʻa o nā mea a i ʻole nā ​​ʻōnaehana lehulehu, no ka mea hiki ke loaʻa i ka thixotropy ka ʻike e pili ana i ka hale o loko a me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pōʻino ma lalo o ka ikaika shearing [323-325]. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Thixotropy me nā hopena kino a me ka mōʻaukala shear e alakaʻi ana i nā loli microstructural [324, 326]. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano hana thixotropic ʻekolu no ke aʻo ʻana i ka hopena o nā ʻano hui like ʻole i nā waiwai thixotropic o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai nā Kiʻi 2-5, hōʻike ʻia nā laʻana āpau i nā degere like ʻole o ka thixotropy. Ma ka ha'aha'a ha'aha'a, ua pi'i nui ka viscosity o ka solution compound me ka ho'onui 'ana i ka ma'i'o HPS, i kūlike me ka ho'ololi 'ana o ka viscosity zero-shear me ka ma'i HPS.

Ua helu ʻia ka degere hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana o ka DSR o nā laʻana i hui pū ʻia i ka manawa hoʻihoʻi like ʻole ma ke ʻano (2-3), e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ka Papa 2-1. Inā ʻo DSR <1, he haʻahaʻa ka pale ʻana o ka hāpana, a he thixotropic ka hāpana; ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, inā ʻo DSR> 1, he anti-thixotropy ka hāpana. Mai ka papaʻaina, hiki iā mākou keʻike i ka waiwai DSR o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe he kiʻekiʻe loa, kokoke i ka 1, no ka mea, he kaulahao paʻa ka mole HPMC, a he pōkole kona manawa hoʻomaha, a ua hoʻihoʻi kokeʻia ka hale ma lalo o ka ikaika nui. He haʻahaʻa ka waiwai DSR o HPS, e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i kona mau waiwai thixotropic ikaika, no ka mea, he kaulahao maʻalahi ka HPS a he lōʻihi kona manawa hoʻomaha. ʻAʻole i hoʻōla piha ka hale i loko o ka manawa hoʻāʻo.

No ka hoʻonā hui, i ka manawa hoʻihoʻi like, ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka HPMC ma mua o 70%, e emi koke ka DSR me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, no ka mea, ʻo ke kaulahao mole HPS he kaulahao maʻalahi, a ʻo ka helu o nā kaulahao mole paʻa. i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui e hoʻonui me ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPS. Inā hoʻemi ʻia, hoʻolōʻihi ʻia ka manawa hoʻomaha o ka ʻāpana molekala holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻihoʻi koke ʻia ka thixotropy o ka ʻōnaehana hui ma lalo o ka hana o ka ʻoki kiʻekiʻe. Ke emi ka helu o ka HPMC ma lalo o 70%, hoʻonui ka DSR me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻike o ka HPS, e hōʻike ana aia kahi pilina ma waena o nā kaulahao mole o HPS a me HPMC i ka ʻōnaehana hui, e hoʻomaikaʻi ana i ka rigidity holoʻokoʻa o ka molekala. ʻO nā māhele i loko o ka pūnaewele hui a hoʻopōkole i ka manawa hoʻomaha o ka pūnaewele hui e ho'ēmiʻia, a ua ho'ēmiʻia ka thixotropy.

Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka DSR o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia ma mua o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe, i hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ka thixotropy o HPMC ma o ka hui ʻana. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā waiwai DSR o ka hapa nui o nā laʻana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohuihui ma mua o ka HPS maʻemaʻe, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke kūpaʻa o ka HPS i kekahi ʻano.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka papa ʻaina i nā manawa hoʻihoʻi like ʻole, hōʻike nā helu DSR āpau i ka helu haʻahaʻa i ka wā he 70% ka HPMC, a i ka wā i ʻoi aku ka nui o ka starch ma mua o 60%, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka DSR o ka paʻakikī ma mua o o ka HPS maemae. ʻO nā koina DSR i loko o 10 s o nā laʻana a pau ua kokoke loa i nā koina DSR hope loa, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻopau maoli ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana composite i ka hapa nui o nā hana o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hale i loko o 10 mau minuke. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hōʻike ʻana o nā mea hoʻohālikelike me ka maʻiʻo HPS kiʻekiʻe i ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wā mua a laila emi iho me ka hoʻolōʻihi ʻana o ka manawa hoʻihoʻi, i hōʻike ʻia ua hōʻike pū nā mea hoʻohui i kahi degere o thixotropy ma lalo o ka hana o ka ʻoki haʻahaʻa, a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ko lākou hale.

ʻO ka loiloi qualitative o ka thixotropy ʻekolu-pae e kūlike me nā hopena hoʻāʻo thixotropic ring i hōʻike ʻia, akā ʻaʻole kūlike nā hopena o ka loiloi quantitative me nā hopena hōʻike ring thixotropic. Ua ana ʻia ka thixotropy o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui HPMC/HPS e ke ʻano o ke apo thixotropic me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike HPS [305]. Ua emi mua ka degeneration a laila mahuahua. Hiki i ka thixotropic ring test ke kuhi wale i ke ola o ka thixotropic phenomenon, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻoia, no ka mea, ʻo ke apo thixotropic ka hopena o ka hana like o ka manawa shear a me ka shear rate [325-327].

2.4 Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o kēia mokuna

Ma kēia mokuna, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka gel thermal HPMC a me ke anuanu gel HPS ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana hui ʻelua ʻāpana o ke anuanu a me ka gel wela. Ka hopena o nā waiwai rheological e like me ka viscosity, kahe kahe a me ka thixotropy. E like me ka pilina maʻamau ma waena o nā mokuʻāina like ʻole a me ka ʻike ʻana o nā polymers i ka hopena, ua manaʻo ʻia ka molecular state model of HPMC/HPS compound system in low temperature solution. E like me ka logarithmic summation loina o nā waiwai o nā ʻāpana like ʻole i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui, ua aʻo ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōnaehana hui. ʻO nā mea nui i ʻike ʻia penei:

1. ʻO nā laʻana hui pū me nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa i hōʻike ʻia i kekahi degere o ka ʻāhi ʻoki ʻana, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ke degere o ka ʻohi ʻana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo.
2. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ua emi ka helu kahe o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka viscosity zero-shear a me ka viscosity coefficient, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻano paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana hui.
3. Loaʻa ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi (8%) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, ma lalo o ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kaulahao molekala HPMC a me ka ʻāpana ʻāpana gel HPS i loko o ka hoʻonā hoʻohui ʻia mai kekahi i kekahi a noho kūʻokoʻa; i ka wā e hiki ai ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, i loko o ka hopena hui Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi mokuʻāina microgel me ka pae HPS e like me ke kikowaena gel, a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kaulahao molekika HPMC a pili kekahi i kekahi; ma luna aʻe o ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaulahao macromolecular HPMC a me kā lākou intertwining me ka māhele o ka HPS, a ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī. ʻoi aku ka ikaika, no laila e like ka hopena me he polymer melt.
4. He hopena koʻikoʻi ka lākiō hoʻohuihui i nā waiwai rheological o ka hoʻonā huihui HPMC/HPS. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, ʻoi aku ka ʻike o ke ʻano shear thinning o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui, e emi mālie ka helu kahe, a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka viscosity zero-shear a me ka viscosity coefficient. piʻi, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano like me ka paʻa o ka paʻakikī.
5. Hōʻike ka viscosity zero-shear o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui i kekahi ʻokoʻa maikaʻi-negative-deviation e pili ana i ka lula hōʻuluʻulu logarithmic. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui he ʻōnaehana ʻelua ʻāpana me ka pae hoʻopuehu mau ʻana o ka "mokupuni moana" i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a, I ka emi ʻana o ka lākiō hoʻohui HPMC / HPS ma hope o 4: 6, ua hoʻololi ke ʻano mau o ka ʻōnaehana hui.
6. Aia kahi pilina laina ma waena o ka helu kahe a me ka ratio hui o nā mea hoʻonā i hoʻohui ʻia me nā ʻano hui like ʻole, e hōʻike ana he kūpono maikaʻi ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui.
7. No ka pūnaewele hui HPMC/HPS, i ka wā o ka māhele haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka manawa mau a ʻo ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe-viscosity ka manawa mau, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka viscosity pae mau i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Ke hoʻomau nei ka HPMC haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻike nui ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka viscosity mau; ʻoiai ka HPS kiʻekiʻe-viscosity ka manawa mau, ʻo ka HPMC e like me ka disperse phase e hoʻemi i ka viscosity o ka HPS kiʻekiʻe-viscosity. hopena.
8. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻekolu-pae thixotropy e aʻo i ka hopena o ka ratio hoʻohuihui i ka thixotropy o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Ua hōʻike ka thixotropy o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui i kahi ʻano o ka emi mua ʻana a laila hoʻonui ʻia me ka emi ʻana o ka ratio hui pū HPMC/HPS.
9. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua ma luna aʻe ma o ka hui ʻana o HPMC a me HPS, ua kaulike nā waiwai rheological o nā ʻāpana ʻelua, e like me ka viscosity, shear thinning phenomenon a me thixotropy, ua kaulike i kekahi ʻano.

Mokuna 3 Hoʻomākaukau a me nā waiwai o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni HPMC/HPS Edible Composite

ʻO ka polymer compound ke ala maikaʻi loa e hoʻokō ai i ka hoʻokō ʻana o nā mea he nui, hoʻomohala i nā mea hou me ka hana maikaʻi loa, hoʻemi i nā kumukūʻai huahana, a hoʻonui i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā mea waiwai [240-242, 328]. A laila, ma muli o kekahi mau ʻokoʻa molecular structure a me conformational entropy ma waena o nā polymers like ʻole, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohui polymer ʻaʻole kūpono a ʻāpana paha [11, 12]. ʻO nāʻano mechanical a me nā mea macroscopic'ē aʻe o ka pūnaewele polymer compound e pili kokoke ana i nā waiwai physicochemical o kēlā me kēia mea, ka ratio hui o kēlā me kēia mea, ka pilina ma waena o nā mea, a me ka microscopic structure a me nā mea'ē aʻe [240, 329].

Mai ka manaʻo hoʻolālā kemika, ʻo ka HPMC a me ka HPS he hydrophilic curdlan, loaʻa ka hui like ʻole - glucose, a ua hoʻololi ʻia e ka hui hana like - pūʻulu hydroxypropyl, no laila e loaʻa i ka HPMC a me HPS kahi pae maikaʻi. Ka manaʻo. Eia naʻe, HPMC mea he thermally induced gel, ka mea i loko o ka hoʻonā kūlana me ka haʻahaʻa loa viscosity ma haʻahaʻa wela, a me ka hana i ka colloid ma kiʻekiʻe wela; ʻO ka HPS he gel i hoʻokomoʻia i ke anu, he gel wela haʻahaʻa a aia i kahi kūlana hoʻonā i ka wela kiʻekiʻe; ʻokoʻa loa nā kūlana gel a me ka hana. ʻAʻole kūpono ka hui ʻana o HPMC a me HPS i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana homogeneous me ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi. Ma ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka hoʻolālā kemika a me ka thermodynamics, he koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi a me ka waiwai kūpono e hoʻohui i ka HPMC me HPS e hoʻokumu i kahi ʻōnaehana hui gel wela wela.

Ke nānā nei kēia mokuna i ke aʻo ʻana i nā ʻano waiwai o nā ʻāpana i loko o ka HPMC/HPS pūnaewele gel hoʻohuihui wela, ka ratio hui pū ʻana a me ka haʻahaʻa pili o ke kaiapuni ma ka microscopic morphology, compatibility and phase separation, mechanical properties, optical properties. , a me nā waiwai kulu wela o ka ʻōnaehana hui. A me ka mana o nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai pale oxygen.

3.1 Mea a me na lako

3.1.1 Mea hoʻokolohua nui

3.1.2 Nā mea hana nui a me nā mea hana

3.2 Hana hoʻokolohua

3.2.1 Hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia HPMC/HPS

ʻO ka 15% (w / w) maloʻo maloʻo o HPMC a me HPS ua hui pū ʻia me 3% (w / w) Ua hoʻohui ʻia ka polyethylene glycol plasticizer i ka wai deionized e loaʻa ai ka wai hoʻohuihui kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a me ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible o HPMC/ Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ʻo HPS ma ke ʻano hoʻolei.

Kaʻina hana hoʻomākaukau: e kaupaona mua i ka HPMC a me ka pauka maloʻo HPS, a hoʻohui iā lākou e like me nā ratio like ʻole; a laila hoʻohui i loko o ka wai 70 °C, a hoʻoulu wikiwiki i ka 120 rpm / min no 30 min e hoʻopuehu piha i ka HPMC; a laila e hoʻomehana i ka hopena ma luna o 95 °C, e hoʻoulu koke i ka māmā like no 1 h e gelatinize HPS; ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka gelatinization, hoʻemi koke ʻia ka mahana o ka hopena i 70 ° C, a hoʻoulu ʻia ka hopena ma kahi wikiwiki o 80 rpm / min no 40 min. E hoopau loa i ka HPMC. E ninini i ka 20 g o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui ʻia i loko o kahi pā polystyrene petri me ke anawaena o 15 cm, e hoʻolei palahalaha, a maloʻo ma 37 °C. Wehe ʻia ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni maloʻo mai ka diski no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi membrane composite edible.

Ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai ma 57% haʻahaʻa no nā lā ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 mau lā ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka ʻāpana kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka waiwai mechanical ma 75% haʻahaʻa no nā lā ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 lā.

3.2.2 Micromorphology o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui ʻai o HPMC/HPS

3.2.1

Hiki i ka pū electron ma luna o ka Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) ke hoʻokuʻu i ka nui o nā electrons. Ma hope o ka ho'ēmiʻana a me ka nānāʻana, hiki iā ia ke hana i kahi kukuna electron me kahi ikaika a me ka ikaika. E alakaʻi ʻia e ke kahua magnetic o ka scanning coil, e like me kekahi manawa a me kahi kauoha E nānā i ka ʻili o ka laʻana ma ke kiko. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o nā hiʻohiʻona o ka micro-area, ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka hāpana a me ke kukuna electron e hoʻohua i nā hōʻailona electron lua me nā ikaika like ʻole, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ka mea ʻike a hoʻololi ʻia i nā hōʻailona uila, i hoʻonui ʻia e ka wikiō. a hoʻokomo i ka ʻO ka mākia o ka paipu kiʻi, ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ʻōlinolino o ka paipu kiʻi, hiki ke kiʻi i ke kiʻi electron lua e hiki ke hōʻike i ka morphology a me nā ʻano o ka micro-region ma ka ʻili o ka hāpana. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā microscopes optical maʻamau, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻonā o SEM, ma kahi o 3nm-6nm o ka papa honua o ka hāpana, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka nānā ʻana i nā hiʻohiʻona micro-structure ma ka ʻili o nā mea.

3.2.2.2 Ke ano hoao

Hoʻokomo ʻia ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i loko o kahi desiccator no ka maloʻo ʻana, a ua koho ʻia ka nui kūpono o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni edible, i hoʻopili ʻia ma ke kahua hoʻohālike kūikawā SEM me ka hoʻopili conductive, a laila uhi ʻia i ke gula me kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe. I ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka hāpana i loko o ka SEM, a ua nānā ʻia ka microscopic morphology o ka hāpana a paʻi ʻia i nā manawa 300 a me 1000 mau manawa hoʻonui ma lalo o ka uila uila acceleration o 5 kV.

3.2.3 Ka hoʻouna māmā ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui ʻia e hiki ke ʻai ʻia HPMC/HPS

3.2.3.1 Ka loina noke ana o UV-Vis spectrophotometry

Hiki i ka spectrophotometer UV-Vis ke hoʻokuʻu i ka mālamalama me ka lōʻihi o ka nalu o 200~800nm ​​a hoʻomālamalama iā ia ma luna o ka mea. Hoʻopili ʻia kekahi mau lōʻihi hawewe o ka mālamalama i ka mea i hana ʻia e ka mea, a hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu vibrational molecular a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu uila. No ka mea he ʻokoʻa nā molecular, atomic a me molecular spatial structures kēlā me kēia mea, loaʻa i kēlā me kēia mea kona kikoʻī absorption kikoʻī, a hiki ke hoʻoholo a hoʻoholo ʻia ka ʻike o ka mea e like me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka absorbance ma kekahi mau nalu kikoʻī ma ka spectrum absorption. No laila, ʻo ka nānā ʻana o UV-Vis spectrophotometric kekahi o nā ala kūpono e aʻo ai i ka haku mele ʻana, ke ʻano a me ka pilina o nā mea.

I ka wā e paʻi ai ke kukui i kekahi mea, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kekahi hapa o ka mālamalama i hana ʻia e ka mea, a ua hoʻouna ʻia kekahi ʻaoʻao o ka mālamalama i hana ʻia ma o ka mea; ʻO ka ratio o ka māmā māmā i hoʻoili ʻia i ka mea i hana ʻia ʻo ka māmā māmā ka transmittance.

ʻO ke kumu no ka pilina ma waena o ka absorbance a me ka transmittance:

Ma waena o lākou, ʻo A ka ʻohi ʻana;

ʻO T ka hoʻouna, %.

Ua hoʻoponopono like ʻia ka absorbance hope e ka absorbance × 0.25 mm/mānoanoa.

3.2.3.2 Ke ano hoao

E hoʻomākaukau i 5% HPMC a me HPS solutions, e hui pū me nā ratio like ʻole, e ninini i ka 10 g o ka hopena kiʻiʻoniʻoni i loko o ka polystyrene petri dish me ke anawaena o 15 knm, a hoʻomaloʻo iā lākou ma 37 ° C e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni. E ʻoki i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai i loko o kahi ʻāpana ʻāpana ʻehā 1mm × 3mm, e hoʻokomo i loko o ka cuvette, a hana i ke kiʻi ʻai kokoke i ka paia o loko o ka cuvette. Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi spectrophotometer WFZ UV-3802 UV-vis e nānā i nā laʻana ma ka lōʻihi hawewe piha o 200-800 nm, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia hāpana 5 manawa.

3.2.4 Nā waiwai thermomechanical dynamic o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia HPMC/HPS

3.2.4.1 Ku'ina o ka ho'onanea wela wela

ʻO ka Dynamic Thermomechanical Analysis (DMA) kahi mea hana e hiki ke ana i ka pilina ma waena o ka nuipa a me ka mahana o ka hāpana ma lalo o kahi haʻalulu haʻalulu a me ka mahana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia, a hiki ke hoʻāʻo i nā waiwai mechanical o ka hāpana ma lalo o ka hana o ka manawa a me ka manawa. ka mahana a me ka mahana. pili pinepine.

Loaʻa i nā polymers molecular kiʻekiʻe nā waiwai viscoelastic, hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu mechanical e like me ka elastomer ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, a hoʻopau i ka ikehu e like me ka mucus ma kekahi ʻaoʻao. Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka ikaika hoʻololi manawa, hoʻololi ka ʻāpana elastic i ka ikehu i ka ikehu kūpono a mālama iā ia; ʻoiai hoʻololi ka ʻāpana viscous i ka ikehu i ikehu wela a nalowale. Hōʻike maʻamau nā mea Polymer i ʻelua mau mokuʻāina o ke aniani wela haʻahaʻa a me ke kūlana ʻōpala wela kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka mahana hoʻololi ma waena o nā mokuʻāina ʻelua ʻo ka mahana hoʻololi aniani. Hoʻopili pololei ka mahana hoʻololi aniani i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā mea, a ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano wela nui o nā polymers.

Ma ka nānā ʻana i nā waiwai thermomechanical ikaika o nā polymers, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka viscoelasticity o nā polymers, a hiki ke loaʻa nā ʻāpana koʻikoʻi e hoʻoholo ai i ka hana o nā polymers, i hiki ke hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻohana maoli ʻana. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka loiloi thermomechanical hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻololi aniani, ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka crystallization a me ka neʻe molekala ma nā pae āpau o nā ʻāpana mole, a hiki ke loaʻa i ka nui o ka ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano a me nā waiwai o nā polymers. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia e aʻo i nā molekala o nā polymers. ʻano neʻe. Ke hoʻohana nei i ke ʻano wela wela o ka DMA, hiki ke hoʻāʻo ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae e like me ke aniani. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me DSC, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka naʻau o DMA a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi no ka nānā ʻana i nā mea e hoʻohālikelike ana i ka hoʻohana maoli ʻana.

3.2.4.2 Ke ano hoao

E koho i nā laʻana maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻahu, pālahalaha a me ka pohō ʻole, a ʻoki iā lākou i loko o nā ʻāpana ʻāpana 10mm × 20mm. Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā laʻana ma ke ʻano tensile me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Pydris Diamond dynamic thermomechanical analyzer mai PerkinElmer, USA. ʻO 25 ~ 150 ° C ka pae wela hoʻāʻo, ʻo 2 ° C / min ka wela wela, ʻo 1 Hz ke alapine, a ua hana hou ʻia ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ʻelua manawa no kēlā me kēia hāpana. I ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka modulus mālama (E') a me ka modulus poho (E") o ka hāpana, a hiki ke helu ʻia ka ratio o ka modulus poho i ka modulus mālama, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka tangent angle tan δ, hiki ke helu ʻia.

3.2.5 Paʻa wela o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia HPMC/HPS

3.2.5.1 Kumu o ka hoʻolālikelike thermogravimetric

Hiki i ka Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) ke ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka nuipaʻa o kahi hāpana me ka mahana a i ʻole ka manawa ma kahi mahana i hoʻolālā ʻia, a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e aʻo i ka hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe, hoʻoheheʻe, sublimation, dehydration, decomposition a me ka oxidation o nā mea i ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana. . a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o ke kino a me ke kemika. ʻO ka pānaʻi pili ma waena o ka nuipa o ka mea a me ka mahana (a i ʻole ka manawa) i loaʻa pololei ma hope o ka hoʻāʻo ʻia ʻana o ka hāpana i kapa ʻia ʻo thermogravimetric (TGA curve). poho kaumaha a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe. Hiki ke loaʻa ka Derivative Thermogravimetric curve (DTG curve) ma hope o ka loaʻa mua ʻana o ka pihi TGA, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka helu o ke kaumaha o ka hāpana i hoʻāʻo ʻia me ka mahana a i ʻole ka manawa, a ʻo ka piko ka palena kiʻekiʻe o ka mea mau. uku.

3.2.5.2 Ke ano hoao

E koho i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni me ka mānoanoa like ʻole, e ʻoki ʻia i loko o ka pōʻai me ke anawaena like me ka thermogravimetric analyzer test disk, a laila e waiho palahalaha ma ka disk hoʻāʻo, a hoʻāʻo iā ia i loko o ka lewa nitrogen me ka kahe o 20 mL/min. . ʻO 30-700 ° C ka pae wela, ʻo 10 ° C / min ka wela wela, a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia kēlā me kēia hāpana.

3.2.6.1 Kumu o ka hooponopono waiwai tensile

3.2.6 Nā waiwai uʻi o HPMC/HPS edible composite films

Hiki i ka mea ho'āʻo waiwai mechanical ke hoʻopili i kahi haʻahaʻa tensile paʻa i ka spline ma ke axis longitudinal ma lalo o ka mahana kikoʻī, ka haʻahaʻa a me nā kūlana wikiwiki a hiki i ka haki ʻana o ka spline. I ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ukana i hoʻopili ʻia i ka spline a me kona nui deformation e ka mea hōʻike waiwai mechanical, a ua huki ʻia ke kāʻei koʻikoʻi i ka wā o ka tensile deformation o ka spline. Mai ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, hiki ke helu ʻia ka ikaika tensile (ζt), elongation at break (εb) a me elastic modulus (E) e loiloi i nā waiwai tensile o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka pilina koʻikoʻi o nā mea i ʻelua ʻāpana: ʻāpana elastic deformation a me ka ʻāina deformation plastic. I loko o ka elastic deformation zone, ke koʻikoʻi a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka mea i loaʻa i kahi pilina laina, a hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou ʻia ka deformation i kēia manawa, e like me ke kānāwai o Cook; i loko o ka plastic deformation zone, ʻaʻole linear ke koʻikoʻi a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka mea, a ʻo ka deformation i hana ʻia i kēia manawa ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia, ma hope o ka haki ʻana o ka mea.

ʻO ke kumu helu helu ikaika tensile:

Auhea: ka ikaika tensile, MPa;

p ka haawe kiʻekiʻe a haʻihaʻi paha, N;

ʻO b ka laulā hāpana, mm;

d ka mānoanoa o ka hāpana, mm.

ʻO ke kumu no ka helu ʻana i ka elongation i ka wā hoʻomaha:

ʻAuhea: εb ka hoʻolōʻihi i ka wā haki, %;

ʻO L ka mamao ma waena o nā kaha kaha i ka wā e haki ai ka hāpana, mm;

ʻO L0 ka lōʻihi o ke ana mua o ka hāpana, mm.

ʻO ke kumu helu helu modulus elastic:

Ma waena o lākou: ʻO E ka modulus elastic, MPa;

ζ ke kaumaha, MPa;

ʻO ε ke kānana.

3.2.6.2 Ke ano hoao

E koho i nā laʻana maʻemaʻe, ʻaʻahu, pālahalaha a me ka pohō ʻole, e nānā i ke kūlana ʻāina GB13022-91, a ʻokiʻoki iā lākou i loko o nā splines dumbbell-like me ka lōʻihi o 120mm, kahi mamao mua ma waena o nā mea paʻa o 86mm, kahi mamao ma waena o nā kaha o 40mm, a he 10mm ka laula. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā splines ma 75% a me 57% (i loko o kahi lewa o ka sodium chloride saturated a me ka solution sodium bromide) haʻahaʻa, a hoʻohālikelike ʻia no nā lā ʻoi aku ma mua o 3 mau lā ma mua o ke ana ʻana. Ma kēia hoʻokolohua, hoʻohana ʻia ka ASTM D638, 5566 mechanical property tester o Instron Corporation o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me kāna 2712-003 pneumatic clamp no ka hoʻāʻo. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka tensile he 10 mm / min, a ua hana hou ʻia ka hāpana i nā manawa 7, a ua helu ʻia ka waiwai awelika.

3.2.7 Oxygen permeability o HPMC/HPS edible composite film

3.2.7.1 Kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka oxygen permeability

Ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka hāpana hoʻāʻo, ua māhele ʻia ka lua hoʻāʻo i ʻelua ʻāpana, A a me B; ʻO ke kahe o ka oxygen maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe me kahi kahe kahe i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lua A, a ʻo ke kahe ʻana o ka nitrogen me kahi kahe kahe i loko o ka lua B; i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻāʻo, ʻo ka A cavity Ua komo ka oxygen ma o ka hāpana i loko o ka lua B, a lawe ʻia ka oxygen i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka lua B e ke kahe o ka nitrogen a haʻalele i ka lua B a hiki i ka ʻike oxygen. Hoʻopili ka mea ʻike oxygen i ka ʻike o ka oxygen i loko o ke kahe o ka nitrogen a hoʻopuka i kahi hōʻailona uila e pili ana, a laila e helu ana i ka oxygen sample. ka hoʻouna ʻana.

3.2.7.2 Hana hoao

E koho i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni hiki ʻole ke ʻai ʻia, e ʻoki ʻia i loko o nā laʻana o ke daimana 10.16 x 10.16 kenimika, e uhi i ka ʻili o nā ʻili me ka ʻaila maloʻo, a e hoʻopili i nā laʻana i ka poloka hoʻāʻo. Hoʻāʻo ʻia e like me ASTM D-3985, ʻo kēlā me kēia laʻana he wahi hoʻāʻo o 50 cm2.

3.3 Nā hopena a me ke kūkākūkā

3.3.1 Ke kālailai microstructure o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui ʻia

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana o ka wai hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me nā kūlana maloʻo-e hoʻoholo i ke ʻano hope loa o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni a hoʻopilikia nui i nā ʻano kino kino a me nā mea kemika o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni [330, 331]. Hiki i nā waiwai gel inherent a me ka ratio hui ʻana o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana ke hoʻopili i ka morphology o ka pūhui, kahi e hoʻopili hou ai i ka ʻili a me nā waiwai hope o ka membrane [301, 332]. No laila, hiki i ka loiloi microstructural o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke hāʻawi i ka ʻike pili e pili ana i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ka molekala o kēlā me kēia ʻāpana, ʻo ia hoʻi e hiki ke kōkua iā mākou e hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā waiwai pale, nā waiwai mechanical, a me nā waiwai optical o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

Hōʻike ʻia nā micrographs microscope electron scanning surface o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻai ʻia HPS/HPMC me nā lakio like ʻole ma ke Kiʻi 3-1. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka Figure 3-1, ua hōʻike kekahi mau laʻana i nā micro-cracks ma luna o ka ʻili, a ma muli paha o ka emi ʻana o ka makū i ka hāpana i ka wā o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana, a i ʻole ma ka hoʻouka ʻana o ka beam electron i loko o ka microscope cavity [122]. , 139]. Ma ke kiʻi, maʻemaʻe HPS membrane a maʻemaʻe HPMC. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā membrane i nā ʻāpana microscopic maʻalahi, a ʻo ka microstructure o nā membrane HPS maʻemaʻe ua ʻoi aku ka homogeneous a ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi ma mua o nā membrane HPMC maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia paha ma muli o nā macromolecules starch (amylose molecules a me amylopectin mole) i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo. i loko o ka wai. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he nui i ka ʻōnaehana wai amylose-amylopectin i ke kaʻina hoʻoluʻu

Aia paha kahi hana hoʻokūkū ma waena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka gel a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana. Inā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pae ma mua o ka helu o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka gel, ʻaʻole e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka māhele i loko o ka ʻōnaehana, inā ʻaʻole, e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka māhele ma ka ʻōnaehana [333, 334]. Eia kekahi, ke ʻoi aku ka nui o ka amylose ma mua o 25%, hiki i ka gelatinization o amylose a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele amylose hiki ke pale nui i ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana [334]. ʻO ka ʻike amylose o HPS i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia pepa he 80%, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 25%, no laila e hōʻike maikaʻi ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻoi aku o ka homogeneous a me ka maʻalahi o nā membrane HPS maʻemaʻe ma mua o nā membrane HPMC maʻemaʻe.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā kiʻi i ka ʻili o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni a pau, a ua hoʻopuehu ʻia kekahi mau puʻupuʻu like ʻole, e hōʻike ana aia kekahi degere o ka immiscibility ma waena o HPMC a me HPS. Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā membrane composite me nā ʻike HPMC kiʻekiʻe i kahi ʻano like ʻole ma mua o nā mea me ka HPS kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka condensation e pili ana i ka HPS ma 37 °C ka wela hoʻokumu kiʻiʻoniʻoni

Ma muli o nā waiwai gel, hōʻike ʻo HPS i kahi kūlana gel viscous; ʻoiai e pili ana i nā waiwai gel thermal o HPMC, ua hōʻike ʻo HPMC i kahi kūlana hoʻonā wai. I loko o ka membrane composite me ka maʻiʻo HPS kiʻekiʻe (7: 3 HPS/HPMC), ʻo ka HPS viscous ka manawa mau, a ʻo ka HPMC e like me ka wai i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka HPS kiʻekiʻe-viscosity ka manawa mau e like me ka dispersed phase, ʻaʻole kūpono. i ka puunaue like ole o ka mahele hoopuehu; I loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka maʻiʻo HPMC kiʻekiʻe (3: 7 HPS/HPMC), hoʻololi ka HPMC haʻahaʻa-viscosity i ka pae mau, a ua hoʻopuehu ʻia ka HPS viscous i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa HPMC ma ke ʻano o ka dispersed. ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi pae homogeneous. ʻōnaehana hui.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni a pau i nā hoʻolālā ʻili a me ka like ʻole, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia kahi pānaʻi māhele ʻike, e hōʻike ana he kūpono maikaʻi ka HPMC a me HPS. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni HPMC/starch me ka ʻole o ka plasticizers e like me PEG i ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka pae [301], no laila e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl o ka starch a me PEG plasticizers hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka composite -system.

3.3.2 Ka nānā 'ana i nā waiwai 'opika o nā ki'i 'oni'oni hiki ke 'ai

Ua ho'āʻo ʻia nā waiwai hoʻouna māmā o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui ʻia o HPMC/HPS me nā lakio like ʻole e ka spectrophotometer UV-vis, a ua hōʻike ʻia ka spectra UV ma ke Kiʻi 3-2. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka waiwai transmittance māmā, ʻoi aku ka ʻoi aʻe o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni; ʻO ka mea liʻiliʻi, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka waiwai transmittance māmā, ʻoi aku ka like ʻole a me ka opaque o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Figure 3-2(a) e hōʻike ana nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a pau i ke ʻano like me ka piʻi ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ka hawewe scanning i ka laulā hawewe piha, a piʻi mālie ka transmittance māmā me ka piʻi ʻana o ka lōʻihi o ka nalu. Ma ka 350nm, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pihi.

E koho i ka transmittance ma ka nalu o 500nm no ka hoohalike ana, e like me ka hoike ana ma ke Kii 3-2(b), o ka transmittance o ka maemae HPS kiʻiʻoniʻoni haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka maemae HPMC kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a me ka mahuahua o ka HPMC maʻiʻo, ka transmittance emi mua, a laila hoʻonui ʻia ma hope o ka hiki ʻana i ka waiwai liʻiliʻi. I ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike HPMC i 70%, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻouna māmā ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma mua o ka HPS maʻemaʻe. Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka ʻōnaehana homogeneous e hōʻike i ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka transmittance māmā, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kāna waiwai transmittance i ana UV; ʻO nā mea like ʻole he ʻoi aku ka opaque a he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa nā waiwai transmittance UV. ʻOi aku ka haʻahaʻa o nā kumukūʻai hoʻouna o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui ʻia (7:3, 5:5) ma mua o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPS maʻemaʻe a me HPMC, e hōʻike ana aia kekahi pae o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o HPS a me HPMC.

Fig. 3-2 UV spectra ma na nalu nalu a pau (a), a ma 500 nm (b), no na ki'i huila HPS/HPMC. Hōʻike ka pā i ka mean ± maʻamau deviations. ac: ʻokoʻa loa nā leka like ʻole me ka ratio hui like ʻole (p <0.05), i hoʻopili ʻia i ka dissertation piha.

3.3.3 Ka nānā 'ana i ka thermomechanical Dynamic o nā ki'i 'oni'oni hui 'ai

Hōʻike ka Figure 3-3 i nā waiwai thermomechanical ikaika o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o HPMC/HPS me nā ʻano hana like ʻole. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka Fig. 3-3(a) ke emi nei ka modulus waihona (E') me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike HPMC. Eia hou, ua emi mālie ka modulus mālama o nā laʻana a pau me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, koe wale nō ka piʻi iki ʻana o ka modulus mālama o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPS maʻemaʻe (10:0) ma hope o ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana i 70 °C. Ma ke kiʻekiʻe wela, no ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni me ka ʻike HPMC kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ka modulus mālama o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni i ʻike ʻia i lalo me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana; ʻoiai no ka laʻana me ka maʻiʻo HPS kiʻekiʻe, e emi iki ka modulus mālama me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana.

Fig. 3-3 Modulus waihona (E′) (a) a me ka tangent poho (tan δ) (b) o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni huila HPS/HPMC

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Figure 3-3(b) ʻo nā laʻana me ka HPMC maʻiʻo kiʻekiʻe aʻe ma mua o 30% (5:5, 3:7, 0:10) hōʻike nā mea āpau i kahi kiʻekiʻe hoʻololi aniani, a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike HPMC, ka hoʻololi aniani ua hoʻololi ka mahana hoʻololi i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana ua emi ka maʻalahi o ke kaulahao polymer HPMC. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hōʻike ka membrane HPS maʻemaʻe i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka envelopp ma kahi o 67 °C, ʻoiai ʻo ka membrane composite me 70% HPS maʻiʻo ʻaʻohe hoʻololi aniani. No ka mea, aia kekahi pae o ka pilina ma waena o HPMC a me HPS, no laila ke kaohi ʻana i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana molekala o HPMC a me HPS.

3.3.4 Ka nānā 'ana i ke kūpa'a wela o nā ki'i 'oni'oni hiki ke 'ai

Fig. 3-4 TGA piko (a) a me ko lakou kumu (DTG) piko (b) o HPS/HPMC hui kii

Ua ho'āʻo ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui ʻia o HPMC/HPS e ka thermogravimetric analyzer. Hōʻike ka Kiʻi 3-4 i ka ʻaʻe thermogravimetric (TGA) a me kona ʻāpana pohō kaumaha (DTG) o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Mai ka pihi TGA ma ke Kiʻi 3-4(a), hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo nā laʻana membrane composite me nā lakio like ʻole e hōʻike ana i ʻelua mau pae hoʻololi thermogravimetric me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. ʻO ka volatilization o ka wai i hoʻopili ʻia e ka polysaccharide macromolecule ka hopena i kahi wahi liʻiliʻi o ka pohō kaumaha ma 30-180 ° C ma mua o ka hiki ʻana o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela maoli. Ma hope mai, aia kahi mahele nui o ka pohō kaumaha ma 300 ~ 450 °C, ma ʻaneʻi ka pae hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela o HPMC a me HPS.

Mai nā ʻōkuhi DTG ma ke Kiʻi 3-4(b), hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka wela o ka wela wela o ka HPS maʻemaʻe a me ka HPMC maʻemaʻe he 338 °C a me 400 °C, a ʻo ka wela hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe. ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka HPS, e hōʻike ana i ka HPMC ʻoi aku ka paʻa wela ma mua o HPS. I ka manawa he 30% (7:3) ka helu HPMC (7:3), ua ʻike ʻia kahi piko hoʻokahi ma 347 °C, e pili ana i ka piko hiʻona o HPS, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wela ma mua o ka piko degradation thermal o HPS; i ka manawa he 70% ka helu HPMC (3:7), ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe hiʻona wale nō o HPMC i ʻike ʻia ma 400 °C; i ka wā he 50% ka helu o ka HPMC, ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau piko hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela ma ka pihi DTG, 345 °C a me 396 °C. Kūlike nā piko i nā piko hiʻona o HPS a me HPMC, akā, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka piko hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela e pili ana me HPS, a he ʻano hoʻololi ko nā piko ʻelua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hapa nui o nā membrane composite wale nō ke hōʻike i kahi ʻano piko hoʻokahi e pili ana i kekahi ʻāpana, a ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia lākou me ka membrane ʻāpana maʻemaʻe, e hōʻike ana aia kekahi ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā ʻāpana HPMC a me HPS. degere o ka pili. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka wela wela o ka membrane composite ma mua o ka HPS maʻemaʻe, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka HPMC ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ke kūpaʻa wela o ka membrane HPS i kekahi ʻano.

3.3.5 Ka nānā 'ana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka edible composite film

Ua ana ʻia nā waiwai tensile o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni HPMC/HPS me nā lakio like ʻole e ka mīkini ʻenehana waiwai ma 25 °C, ka haʻahaʻa pili o 57% a me 75%. Hōʻike ka Figure 3-5 i ka modulus elastic (a), elongation ma ka haki ʻana (b) a me ka ikaika tensile (c) o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hui HPMC/HPS me nā ratio like ʻole ma lalo o ka haʻahaʻa pili like ʻole. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi i ka wā o ka haʻahaʻa pili i ka 57%, ʻo ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o ke kiʻi HPS maʻemaʻe ka nui loa, a ʻo ka HPMC maʻemaʻe ka mea liʻiliʻi loa. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike HPS, ua hoʻonui mau ʻia ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka elongation ma ka haki ʻana o ka membrane HPMC maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka membrane HPS maʻemaʻe, a ʻoi aku lāua ʻelua ma mua o ka membrane composite.

Ke kiʻekiʻe ka haʻahaʻa pili (75%) i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me 57% haʻahaʻa pili, ua emi ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o nā laʻana a pau, ʻoiai ua piʻi nui ka elongation i ka wā hoʻomaha. ʻO kēia ka mea ma muli o ka wai, ma ke ʻano he plasticizer maʻamau, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe i ka HPMC a me HPS matrix, hoʻemi i ka ikaika ma waena o nā kaulahao polymer, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka neʻe ʻana o nā ʻāpana polymer. Ma ka haʻahaʻa pili kiʻekiʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o nā kiʻi HPMC maʻemaʻe ma mua o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPS maʻemaʻe, akā ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka elongation ma ka haʻihaʻi, kahi hopena i ʻokoʻa loa mai nā hopena i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā waiwai mechanical o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui pū ʻia me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana ma kahi haʻahaʻa kiʻekiʻe o 75% e kūʻē loa i kēlā me kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka hihia ma kahi haʻahaʻa pili o 57%. Ma lalo o ke kiʻekiʻe haʻahaʻa, hoʻonui ka maʻemaʻe o ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a ʻaʻole wale ka wai i kekahi hopena plasticizing ma ka polymer matrix, akā hoʻolaha pū i ka recrystallization o ka starch. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HPMC, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka HPS i ka recrystallize, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hopena o ka haʻahaʻa pili ma HPS ma mua o ka HPMC.

Fig. 3-5 Nā waiwai uʻi o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPS/HPMC me nā lakio HPS/HPMC like ʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa pili like ʻole (RH). *: ʻokoʻa loa nā leka helu ʻokoʻa me nā RH like ʻole, i hoʻopili ʻia i ka dissertation piha

3.3.6 Nānā i ka Oxygen Permeability o Edible Composite Films

Hoʻohana ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible e like me ka mea ʻai meaʻai e hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka meaʻai, a ʻo kāna hana pale oxygen kekahi o nā hōʻailona koʻikoʻi. No laila, ua ana ʻia ka nui o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka oxygen o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai me nā lakio like ʻole o HPMC/HPS ma kahi mahana o 23 °C, a ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke Kiʻi 3-6. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi ʻana he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa loa ka oxygen permeability o ka membrane HPS maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka membrane HPMC maʻemaʻe, e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka membrane HPS ma mua o ka membrane HPMC. Ma muli o ka viscosity haʻahaʻa a me ka noho ʻana o nā ʻāpana amorphous, ua maʻalahi ka HPMC e hana i kahi ʻano pūnaewele haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni; ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me HPS, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka rerystallize, a maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i kahi hale paʻa i loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina he nui i loaʻa i nā kiʻi starch nā waiwai pale oxygen maikaʻi ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā polymers ʻē aʻe [139, 301, 335, 336].

Fig. 3-6 Oxygen permeability o HPS/HPMC hui kiʻiʻoniʻoni

Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPS ke hoʻemi nui i ka hikiwawe o ka oxygen o nā membrane HPMC, a me ka emi ʻana o ka oxygen permeability o nā membrane composite me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike HPS. Hiki i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka HPS oxygen-impermeable hiki ke hoʻonui i ka tortuosity o ke kahawai oxygen i loko o ka membrane composite, kahi e alakaʻi ai i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka oxygen permeation a hoʻohaʻahaʻa i ka oxygen permeability. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hopena like ʻole no nā starch maoli [139,301].

3.4 Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o kēia mokuna

Ma kēia mokuna, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka HPMC a me ka HPS ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka polyethylene glycol ma ke ʻano he plasticizer, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible o HPMC/HPS me nā lakio like ʻole e ke ʻano hoʻolei. Ua aʻo ʻia ka mana o nā ʻano waiwai o nā ʻāpana a me ka ratio hui ʻana i ka microscopic morphology o ka membrane composite e ka scanning electron microscopy; ua aʻo ʻia nā ʻano mechanical o ka membrane composite e ka mea hōʻike mechanical-properties. Ua aʻo ʻia ka mana o ka waiwai o nā ʻāpana a me ka ratio hui ʻana i nā waiwai pale oxygen a me ka lawe māmā ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e ka oxygen transmittance tester a me UV-vis spectrophotometer. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic thermal analysis. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka loiloi mīkini a me nā ʻano analytical ʻē aʻe no ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui gel wela-wela. ʻO nā mea nui i ʻike ʻia penei:

1. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka HPMC maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka HPS maʻemaʻe e hana i kahi morphology microscopic surface homogeneous. ʻO ka mea nui kēia ma muli o ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ka molekala ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā macromolecules starch (amylose molecules a amylopectin molecules) i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe starch i ka wā o ka hoʻoilo.
2. ʻO nā pūhui me ka HPMC kiʻekiʻe ka mea e hana i nā ʻano membrane homogeneous. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēia ma nā waiwai gel o HPMC a me HPS. Ma ka wela hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hōʻike ʻo HPMC a me HPS i kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me kahi kūlana gel viscosity kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopuehu ʻia ka māhele kiʻekiʻe-viscosity dispersed i ka haʻahaʻa-viscosity hoʻomau. , ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana homogeneous.
3. He hopena koʻikoʻi ka haʻahaʻa pili i nā waiwai mechanical o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui HPMC/HPS, a piʻi ka degere o kona hopena me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike HPS. Ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻohui ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka elongation i ka haki ʻana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma mua o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni maʻemaʻe. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa pili, ua emi ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka elongation i ka wā hoʻomaha, a ʻo ka pilina ma waena o nā waiwai mechanical o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me ka ratio hui pū ʻana i hōʻike i kahi ʻano hoʻololi kūʻē loa ma lalo o nā ʻokoʻa. haʻahaʻa pili. Hōʻike nā ʻano mechanical o nā membrane composite me nā ʻano hui like ʻole i kahi intersection ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa pili like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hana huahana e like me nā koi noi like ʻole.
4. ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPS i hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā waiwai pale oxygen o ka membrane composite. Ua emi nui ka oxygen permeability o ka membrane composite me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka ʻike HPS.
5. I loko o ka HPMC/HPS anu a me ka ʻōnaehana gel hoʻohuihui wela, aia kahi hoʻohālikelike ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua ʻāpana i nā kiʻi SEM o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni a pau, ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻohui ʻia he hoʻokahi wale nō wahi hoʻololi aniani i nā hualoaʻa DMA, a hoʻokahi wale nō puʻupuʻu hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela i ʻike ʻia ma nā pihi DTG o ka hapa nui o ka hui. nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Hōʻike ia aia kahi wehewehe ma waena o HPMC a me HPS.

Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua ma luna nei ʻaʻole hiki i ka hui ʻana o HPS a me HPMC ke hōʻemi wale i ke kumukūʻai hana o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni HPMC, akā hoʻomaikaʻi pū i kāna hana. Hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia nā waiwai mechanical, oxygen barrier properties a me nā waiwai optical o ka edible composite film ma o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka ratio hui ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua a me ka haʻahaʻa pili o ka kaiapuni waho.

Mokuna 4 Ka pilina ma waena o Micromorphology a me Mechanical Properties o HPMC/HPS Compound System

Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka entropy hui ʻoi aʻe i ka wā o ka hui ʻana o ka metala, ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka entropy hui ʻana i ka wā o ka hui ʻana o ka polymer, a ʻo ka wela o ka hui ʻana i ka wā o ka hui ʻana he mea maʻamau ia, e hopena i nā kaʻina hana polymer. He maikaʻi ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu manuahi o Gibbs (���>), no laila, hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōnaehana polymer e hana i nā ʻōnaehana ʻelua-phase i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia, a he mea kakaikahi loa nā hana polymer kūpono loa [242].

Hiki i nā ʻōnaehana hui like ʻole ke hoʻokō i ka miscibility pae molecular i ka thermodynamics a hana i nā pūhui homogeneous, no laila ʻaʻole hiki ke hui pū ka hapa nui o nā ʻōnaehana polymer. Eia naʻe, hiki i nā ʻōnaehana polymer he nui ke hiki i kahi kūlana kūpono ma lalo o kekahi mau kūlana a lilo i ʻōnaehana hoʻohui me kekahi ʻano like [257].

ʻO nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai mechanical o nā ʻōnaehana composite polymer e hilinaʻi nui ʻia i ka pilina a me ka morphology phase o kā lākou mau ʻāpana, ʻoi aku ka pili ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā pae hoʻomau a hoʻopuehu [301]. No laila, he mea koʻikoʻi ke aʻo ʻana i ka microscopic morphology a me nā waiwai macroscopic o ka ʻōnaehana composite a hoʻokumu i ka pilina ma waena o lākou, ʻo ia ka mea koʻikoʻi nui e hoʻomalu i nā waiwai o nā mea i hoʻohui ʻia ma o ka hoʻomalu ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pae a me ke kūlike o ka ʻōnaehana hui.

Ma ke kaʻina hana o ke aʻo ʻana i ka morphology a me ke kiʻikuhi o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī, he mea nui e koho i nā ala kūpono e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana like ʻole. Eia naʻe, paʻakikī loa ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana ma waena o HPMC a me HPS, no ka mea, loaʻa i nā mea ʻelua ke aniani maikaʻi a me nā ʻōlelo kuhikuhi refractive like, no laila paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana ʻelua me ka microscopy optical; Eia kekahi, no ka mea, he mea kalapona kalapona ʻelua, no laila ua like nā mea ʻelua i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka ikehu, no laila paʻakikī hoʻi no ka scanning electron microscopy e hoʻokaʻawale pololei i nā ʻāpana ʻelua. Hiki i ka Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy ke hōʻike i nā loli i ka morphology a me ke kiʻikuhi pae o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī protein-starch ma o ka ratio ʻāpana o ka hui polysaccharide ma 1180-953 cm-1 a me ka band amide ma 1750-1483 cm-1 [52, 337], akā paʻakikī loa kēia ʻenehana a koi pinepine ʻo synchrotron radiation ʻO Fourier transform infrared techniques e hoʻohua i ka ʻokoʻa kūpono no nā ʻōnaehana hybrid HPMC/HPS. Aia kekahi mau hana e hoʻokō ai i kēia kaʻawale ʻana o nā ʻāpana, e like me ka microscopy electron transmission a me ka hoʻopuehu X-ray liʻiliʻi, akā paʻakikī kēia mau ʻenehana [338]. Ma kēia kumuhana, hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka iodine optical microscope analysis, a ʻo ke kumumanaʻo e hiki ai i ka hui hope o ka hale amylose helical ke hana me ka iodine e hana i nā paʻakikī hoʻohui i hoʻohana ʻia e pena i ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS e ka iodine dyeing, no laila. ʻO ia HPS Ua ʻokoʻa nā ʻāpana mai nā ʻāpana HPMC e ko lākou mau kala like ʻole ma lalo o ka microscope māmā. No laila, he ala noiʻi maʻalahi a maikaʻi hoʻi ka iodine dyeing optical microscope no ka morphology a me ke kiʻikuhi pae o nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī e pili ana i ka starch.

Ma kēia mokuna, ua aʻo ʻia ka microscopic morphology, phase distribution, phase transition a me nā microstructures ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS ma o ka iodine dyeing optical microscope analysis; a me nā waiwai mechanical a me nā waiwai macroscopic; a ma o ka hoʻopili ʻana o ka microscopic morphology a me nā waiwai macroscopic o nā ʻano hoʻonā like ʻole a me ka hui pū ʻana, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, i mea e hoʻomalu ai i ka HPMC/HPS. Hāʻawi i ke kumu no nā waiwai o nā mea hoʻohui.

4.1 Mea a me na lako

4.1.1 Mea hoʻokolohua nui

4.2 Keʻano hoʻokolohua

4.2.1 Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka hoʻonā huihu HPMC/HPS

E hoʻomākaukau i ka hoʻonā HPMC a me ka hoʻonā HPS ma 3%, 5%, 7% a me 9% hoʻonā, e nānā i ka 2.2.1 no ke ʻano hoʻomākaukau. Hoʻohui i ka HPMC solution a me HPS solution e like me 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 45:55, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 0: 100 Ua hui pū ʻia nā lākiō like ʻole i ka wikiwiki o 250 rmp / min ma 21 ° C no 30 min, a ua loaʻa nā ʻano hui like ʻole me nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ratio like ʻole.

4.2.2 Hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka membrane composite HPMC/HPS

E nana 3.2.1.

4.2.3 Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā capsules composite HPMC/HPS

E nānā i ka hoʻonā i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e ke ʻano ma 2.2.1, e hoʻohana i ka ʻeleʻele kuhiliʻole no ka ʻū ʻana, a maloʻo ma 37 °C. Huki i nā capsules maloʻo, ʻoki i ke koena, a hoʻohui iā lākou i ʻelua.

4.2.4 HPMC/HPS kiʻiʻoniʻoni kiʻi microscope

4.2.4.1 Nā Kuʻuna o ka ʻIke ʻIke ʻImi Optical

Hoʻohana ka microscope optical i ka manaʻo optical o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke kiʻi e ka convex lens, a hoʻohana i ʻelua mau lens converging no ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wehe ʻana o nā mea liʻiliʻi kokoke i nā maka, a hoʻonui i ka nui o nā mea liʻiliʻi hiki ʻole ke ʻike ʻia e ka maka kanaka. a hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā mea e ka maka kanaka.

4.2.4.2 Ke ano hoao

Ua lawe ʻia ka HPMC/HPS hui pū ʻia o nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me nā ratio hui pū ʻia ma 21 °C, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ke aniani paheʻe, hoʻolei ʻia i loko o kahi ʻāpana lahilahi, a maloʻo i ka mahana like. Hoʻopiliʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka 1% iodine solution (1 g o ka iodine a me 10 g o ka potassium iodide i hoʻokomoʻia i loko o ka 100-mL volumetric flask, a hoʻoheheʻeʻia i loko o ka ethanol), waihoʻia ma ke kahua o ka microscope māmā no ka nānāʻana a me ke kiʻi.

4.2.5 Ka hoʻouna māmā ʻana o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni HPMC/HPS

4.2.5.1 Ka loina kālailai o UV-vis spectrophotometry

E like me 3.2.3.1.

4.2.5.1 Ke ano hoao

E nana 3.2.3.2.

4.2.6 Nā waiwai tensile o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni HPMC/HPS

4.2.6.1 Kumu o ka hooponopono waiwai tensile

E like me 3.2.3.1.

4.2.6.1 Ke ano hoao

Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā laʻana ma hope o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma 73% humidity no 48 mau hola. E nana 3.2.3.2 no ke ano hoao.

4.3 Nā hopena a me ke kūkākūkā

4.3.1 Mākaʻikaʻi ʻia nā huahana

Hōʻike ka Figure 4-1 i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni ʻai a me nā capsules i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka HPMC a me ka HPS i kahi ratio hui pū 70:30. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi, loaʻa i nā huahana ke aniani maikaʻi, e hōʻike ana i ka HPMC a me HPS i nā helu refractive like, a hiki ke loaʻa kahi hui homogeneous ma hope o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā mea ʻelua.

4.3.2 Nā kiʻi microscope optical o nā paʻakikī HPMC/HPS ma mua a ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana

Hōʻike ka Figure 4-2 i ka morphology maʻamau ma mua a ma hope o ke kala ʻana i nā paʻakikī HPMC/HPS me nā lakio hoʻohui like ʻole i ʻike ʻia ma lalo o kahi microscope optical. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi, paʻakikī ke hoʻokaʻawale i ka pae HPMC a me ka pae HPS i ka helu ʻole; ʻO ka HPMC maʻemaʻe a me ka HPS maʻemaʻe i hoʻoluʻu ʻia e hōʻike i ko lākou mau kala kūʻokoʻa, ʻo ia ke kumu o ka hopena o ka HPS a me ka iodine ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka iodine. No laila, ʻokoʻa maʻalahi nā ʻāpana ʻelua i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, kahi e hōʻoia hou ai ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka HPMC a me ka HPS a ʻaʻole hiki ke hana i kahi pūhui homogeneous. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ka kiʻi, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike HPS, e hoʻonui mau ana ka ʻāpana o ka wahi ʻeleʻele (HPS phase) i ke kiʻi e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, no laila e hōʻoiaʻiʻo ana i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana i ʻelua manawa i kēia kaʻina hana. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka ʻike o ka HPMC ma mua o 40%, hōʻike ʻo HPMC i ka mokuʻāina o ka pae mau, a ua hoʻopuehu ʻia ka HPS i ka manawa mau o HPMC e like me ka pae hoʻopuehu. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ke emi iho ka ʻike o ka HPMC ma mua o 40%, hōʻike ʻo HPS i kahi kūlana hoʻomau, a hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻo HPMC i ka pae hoʻomau o HPS ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana hoʻopuehu. No laila, i loko o ka 5% HPMC/HPS hoʻohuihui, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka maʻiʻo HPS, ʻo ka mea ʻē aʻe i hana ʻia inā ʻo ka ratio hui ʻia ʻo HPMC/HPS 40:60. Hoʻololi ka pae hoʻomau mai ka pae HPMC mua i ka pae HPS hope. Ma ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pae, hiki ke ʻike ʻia he spherical ka pae HPMC i ka matrix HPS ma hope o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, aʻo ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka pae HPS i ka HPMC matrix ʻoi aku ka maʻamau.

Eia kekahi, ma ka helu ʻana i ka lakio o ka ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana ʻulaʻula (HPMC) i kahi ʻāpana ʻeleʻele (HPS) i loko o ka paʻakikī HPMC/HPS ma hope o ke kala ʻana (me ka nānā ʻole ʻana i ke kūlana mesophase), ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻāpana o HPMC (ka waihoʻoluʻu māmā)/HPS (ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻeleʻele) i ke kiʻi ʻOi aku ka lākiō ma mua o ka lakio hui pū ʻia HPMC/HPS. No ka laʻana, ma ke kiʻikuhi ʻoniʻoni o ka hui HPMC/HPS me ka lākiō hui o 50:50, ʻaʻole i helu ʻia ka ʻāpana o HPS i ka ʻāpana interphase, a ʻo ka ratio o ka ʻāpana māmā/ʻeleʻele he 71/29. Hōʻoia kēia hopena i ka noho ʻana o ka nui o nā mesophases i ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS.

Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia he kakaikahi nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohui polymer kūpono loa no ka mea i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻohui polymer, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka wela o ka hoʻohui ʻana a ʻo ka entropy o ka hoʻohui ʻana e loli liʻiliʻi, no laila ka hopena i ka ikehu manuahi i ka wā o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana i kahi waiwai maikaʻi. Eia naʻe, i loko o ka HPMC/HPS hui nenoaiu, HPMC a me HPS mau olelo hoopomaikai e hōʻike i ka oi aku degere o ka hoʻokō 'ana, no ka mea, HPMC a me HPS he hydrophilic polysaccharides, loaʻa i ka ia structural wae - glucose, a hele i ka ia functional group ua hoʻololi 'ia me. hydroxypropyl. ʻO ke ʻano o nā mesophases he nui i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS e hōʻike pū ana i ka HPMC a me ka HPS i loko o ka pūhui i kekahi degere o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, a loaʻa kahi ʻano like i ka starch-polyvinyl alcohol blend system me ka plasticizer i hoʻohui ʻia. ʻike pū ʻia [339].

4.3.3 Ka pilina ma waena o ka microscopic morphology a me nā waiwai macroscopic o ka ʻōnaehana hui

Ua aʻo ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka morphology, phase separation phenomenon, transparency and mechanical properties of the HPMC/HPS composite system. Hōʻike ka Figure 4-3 i ka hopena o ka maʻiʻo HPS ma nā waiwai macroscopic e like me ke aniani a me ka modulus tensile o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi i ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻike o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka HPS maʻemaʻe, no ka mea, ʻo ka recrystallization o ka starch e hōʻemi i ka ʻike o HPS, a ʻo ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl o ka starch kekahi kumu nui no ka hoʻemi ʻana i ka ʻike. HPS [340, 341]. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka kiʻi e loaʻa ana ka waiwai liʻiliʻi o ka transmittance o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS me ka ʻokoʻa o ka ʻike HPS. Hoʻonui ka transmittance o ka ʻōnaehana hui, ma ka laulā o ka ʻike HPS ma lalo o 70%, meit emi me ka mahuahua o ka HPS maʻiʻo; ke oi aku ka maʻiʻo HPS ma mua o 70%, hoʻonui ia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS. ʻO ke ʻano o kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, no ka mea, ke alakaʻi nei ke ʻano o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana i ka emi ʻana o ka transmittance māmā. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka modulus o ka ʻōpio o ka ʻōnaehana hui i kahi kiko haʻahaʻa me nā ʻāpana like ʻole, a ua hoʻomau ka emi ʻana o ka modulus o ka Young me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, a hiki i ka helu haʻahaʻa i ka wā he 60% ka helu HPS. Ua hoʻomau ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka modulus, a ua hoʻonui iki ka modulus. ʻO ka modulus o ka ʻōpiopio o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS i hōʻike i kahi waiwai liʻiliʻi, a ua hōʻike pū ʻia he ʻōnaehana hiki ʻole ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hui. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻouna māmā ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS ua kūlike me ka pae hoʻololi o ka māhele hoʻomau o ka pae hoʻomau HPMC a i ka māhele hoʻopuehu a me ka helu haʻahaʻa o ka waiwai modulus o Young ma ke Kiʻi 4-2.

4.3.4 Ka hopena o ka hoʻonā hoʻonā ʻana i ka microscopic morphology o ka ʻōnaehana hui

Hōʻike ka Figure 4-4 i ka hopena o ka hoʻonā ʻana i ka morphology a me ka hoʻololi pae o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi, ʻo ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o 3% HPMC/HPS pūnaehana hui, ma ka ratio hui o HPMC/HPS ʻo 40:60, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hui pū ʻana; ʻOiai i ka hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe o 7% solution, ʻike ʻia kēia ʻano hoʻomau i ke kiʻi me ka ratio hui ʻana o 50:50. Hōʻike kēia hopena i ka pae hoʻololi o ka pae hoʻololi o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS i kekahi ʻano hilinaʻi, a ʻo ka HPMC/HPS pūhui lākiō o ka hoʻololi ʻana e piʻi aʻe me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā hoʻohuihui hoʻohuihui, a ke manaʻo nei ka HPS e hana i kahi pae mau. . . Eia kekahi, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kikowaena HPS i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka hana mau o HPMC i nā ʻano like a me nā morphologies me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka manaʻo; ʻoiai ka HPMC dispersed phases dispersed in the HPS continue phase hōʻike i nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā morphologies ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa. a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hoʻonā hoʻonā, ua ʻoi aku ka maʻamau o ka dispersion o HPMC. ʻO ke kumu nui o kēia hanana, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity o ka solution HPS ma mua o ka HPMC solution ma ka lumi wela, a ʻo ke ʻano o ka pae HPMC e hana i kahi kūlana spherical maʻemaʻe ma muli o ka ʻili o ka ʻili.

4.3.5 Ka hopena o ka hoʻonā ʻana ma luna o nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana hui

E like me ka morphologies o ka Fig. 4-4, Fig. 4-5 e hōʻike ana i nā waiwai tensile o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻokumu ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻano hoʻonā ʻokoʻa. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi e emi iho ana ka modulus o ka Young a me ka elongation i ka wā o ka HPMC/HPS composite system me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hoʻonā ʻana, e kūlike me ka hoʻololi mālie o ka HPMC mai ka pae mau a i ka manawa hoʻopuehu i ke kiʻi 4. -4. Kūlike ka microscopic morphology. No ka mea ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka modulus o ka ʻōpio o ka homopolymer HPMC ma mua o ka HPS, ua wānana ʻia e hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka modulus o ka ʻōpiopio o HPMC/HPS composite system ke HPMC ka pae mau.

4.4 Hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo o kēia mokuna

Ma kēia mokuna, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā hāʻina hui HPMC/HPS a me nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui ʻia me nā ʻano ʻokoʻa a me nā ratio hui pū ʻia, a ua ʻike ʻia ka microscopic morphology a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS e ka nānā ʻana i ka microscope optical o ka ʻili iodine e ʻike ai i nā pae starch. Ua aʻo ʻia ka transmittance māmā a me nā waiwai mechanical o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni edible o HPMC/HPS e ka UV-vis spectrophotometer a me ka mea hōʻike waiwai mechanical, a ua aʻo ʻia nā hopena o nā ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa a me nā ratio hui ʻana i nā waiwai optical a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka microstructure o ka ʻōnaehana composite, e like me ka microstructure, ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana, a me nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai optical a me nā waiwai mechanical. ʻO nā mea nui i ʻike ʻia penei:

1. ʻO ke ʻano o ka nānā ʻana i ka microscope optical e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻāpana starch ma ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka iodine ʻo ia ke ala maʻalahi, pololei a maikaʻi hoʻi no ke aʻo ʻana i ka morphology a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohui i ka starch. Me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka iodine, ʻeleʻele a ʻeleʻele ka māhele starch ma lalo o ka microscopy māmā, ʻoiai ʻaʻole ʻeleʻele ʻo HPMC a no laila ʻoi aku ka māmā o ke kala.
2. ʻAʻole hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui HPMC/HPS, a aia kahi pae hoʻololi i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a ʻo kēia wahi hoʻololi ʻana he ʻano hilinaʻi hui pū ʻia a me ka hilinaʻi ʻana o ka hopena.
3. Loaʻa i ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS ka hoʻohālikelike maikaʻi, a aia ka nui o nā mesophases i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Ma ka māhele waena, ua hoʻopuehuʻia ka māhele hoʻomau i ka māhele hoʻolaha i ka moku'āina o nā'āpana.
4. Ua hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano spherical like ʻole o ke ʻano o ka hoʻopuehu ʻana o ka HPS i loko o ka HPMC matrix ma nā ʻano ʻokoʻa; Ua hōʻike ʻo HPMC i ka morphology irregular i loko o ka matrix HPS, a ua hoʻonui ʻia ka irregularity o ka morphology me ka piʻi ʻana o ka noʻonoʻo.
5. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae, ka ʻike a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana composite HPMC/HPS. a. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ʻikea o ka ʻōnaehana hui e kūlike me ka pae hoʻololi o ka HPMC mai ka pae hoʻomau a i ka māhele hoʻopuehu a me ka palena liʻiliʻi o ka emi ʻana o ka modulus tensile. b. ʻO ka modulus a me ka elongation o ka ʻōpio i ka wā hoʻomaha e emi me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻonā, kahi kumu e pili ana i ka hoʻololi morphological o HPMC mai ka manawa mau a i ka māhele dispersed i ka ʻōnaehana hui.

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, pili pili loa nā waiwai macroscopic o ka HPMC/HPS composite system i kona microscopic morphological structure, phase transition, phase separation a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, a hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nā waiwai o nā composites ma ke kāohi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka pae a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka mea hoʻohui. ʻōnaehana.

Mokuna 5 Ka Mana o HPS Hydroxypropyl Substitution Degree on Rheological Properties of HPMC/HPS Compound System

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo nā hoʻololi liʻiliʻi i ke ʻano kemika o ka starch hiki ke alakaʻi i nā loli nui i kāna mau waiwai rheological. No laila, hāʻawi ka hoʻololi kemika i ka hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi a mālama i nā waiwai rheological o nā huahana starch-based [342]. Ma ka huli ʻana, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i ka mana o ka hoʻolālā kemika starch ma kāna mau waiwai rheological hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi i nā ʻano hana o nā huahana starch-based, a hāʻawi i kumu no ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā starch i hoʻololi ʻia me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā waiwai hana starch [235]. ʻO ka hydroxypropyl starch he starch i hoʻololi ʻia i hoʻohana nui ʻia ma ke kahua o ka meaʻai a me ka lāʻau lapaʻau. Hoʻomākaukau maʻamau ia e ka hopena etherification o ka starch maoli me ka propylene oxide ma lalo o nā kūlana alkaline. ʻO Hydroxypropyl kahi hui hydrophilic. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o kēia mau pūʻulu i loko o ke kaulahao molekika starch hiki ke wāwahi a hoʻonāwaliwali paha i nā paʻa hydrogen intramolecular e mālama ana i ke ʻano o ka starch granule. No laila, pili nā waiwai physicochemical o hydroxypropyl starch i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl ma kāna kaulahao mole [233, 235, 343, 344].

Nui nā haʻawina i noiʻi i ka hopena o ka hydroxypropyl substitution degree ma nā waiwai physicochemical o ka hydroxypropyl starch. Han et al. ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka hydroxypropyl waxy starch a me ka hydroxypropyl cornstarch ma ke ʻano a me nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻihoʻi hou o nā keke laiki paʻa Korea. Ua ʻike ka haʻawina e hiki i ka hydroxypropylation ke hoʻemi i ka mahana gelatinization o ka starch a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hiki ke paʻa i ka wai o ka starch. hana, a keakea nui i ke ano kahiko o ka starch i loko o na keke laiki kolea [345]. Kaur et al. ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka hydroxypropyl substitution i nā waiwai physicochemical o nā ʻano like ʻole o ka starch potato, a ua ʻike ʻia ke ʻano o ka hydroxypropyl substitution o ka starch potato i ʻokoʻa me nā ʻano like ʻole, a me kona hopena i nā waiwai o ka starch me ka nui o ka nui o ka mea nui ʻoi aku ka nui; ʻO ka hopena hydroxypropylation ka mea e hoʻoulu ai i nā ʻāpana a me nā ʻōpala ma ka ʻili o nā granules starch; Hiki i ka hydroxypropyl substitution ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i nā waiwai pehu, ka wai a me ka solubility o ka starch i ka dimethyl sulfoxide, a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka starch i ka ʻike o ka paʻi [346]. Lawal et al. ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka hydroxypropyl substitution i nā waiwai o ka mākoʻuala. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka haʻawina ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka nui o ka pehu manuahi a me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai o ka starch; ua pale ʻia ka recrystallization a me ka retrogradation o ka starch maoli; Hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka digestibility [347]. ʻO Schmitz et al. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo hydroxypropyl tapioca starch a loaʻa iā ia he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pehu a me ka viscosity, ka haʻahaʻa o ka ʻelemakule, a ʻoi aku ka paʻa o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana [344].

Eia nō naʻe, he kakaikahi nā haʻawina e pili ana i nā waiwai rheological o ka starch hydroxypropyl, a ʻo nā hopena o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl i nā waiwai rheological a me nā waiwai gel o nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohui kumu starch i hōʻike pinepine ʻia i kēia manawa. ʻO Chun et al. ua aʻo i ka rheology o ka haʻahaʻa-concentration (5%) hydroxypropyl rice starch solution. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka hopena o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl i ka steady-state a dynamic viscoelasticity o ka starch solution e pili ana i ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana, a hiki i kahi mea liʻiliʻi o ka hydroxypropyl Propyl substitution ke hoʻololi nui i nā waiwai rheological o nā hoʻonā starch; ke emi nei ka viscosity coefficient o ka starch solutions me ka pi'i 'ana o ke degere pani, a ke pi'i nei ka hilina'i o ka wela o kona mau waiwai rheological me ka pi'i 'ana o ka degere ho'ololi hydroxypropyl. Ke emi nei ka nui me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana [342]. ʻO Lee et al. ua aʻo i ka hopena o ka hydroxypropyl substitution i nā waiwai kino a me nā waiwai rheological o ka starch ʻuala, a ua hōʻike nā hopena i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka hiki ke pehu a me ka hoʻoheheʻe wai o ka starch me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hydroxypropyl substitution; E emi ana ka waiwai enthalpy me ka pi'i 'ana o ke degere ho'ololi hydroxypropyl; ke emi nei ka viscosity coefficient, complex viscosity, yield stress, complex viscosity and dynamic modulus of starch solution me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl substitution degree, fluid index and loss factor Ua hoʻonui ia me ke degere o ka hydroxypropyl substitution; ke emi nei ka ikaika gel o ka starch glue, piʻi ka paʻa o ka freeze-thaw, a emi ka hopena syneresis [235].

Ma kēia mokuna, ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere ma nā waiwai rheological a me nā waiwai gel o ka HPMC/HPS pūnaeho hoʻohuihui gel wela. He mea koʻikoʻi ke kūlana hoʻololi no ka ʻike hohonu o ka pilina ma waena o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hale a me nā waiwai rheological. Eia kekahi, ua kūkākūkā mua ʻia ke ʻano o ka gelation o ka HPMC/HPS reverse-cooling compound system, i mea e hāʻawi ai i kekahi alakaʻi kumu no nā ʻōnaehana gel hoʻomaha hoʻihoʻi like.

5.1 Mea a me na lako

5.1.1 Mea hoʻokolohua nui

5.1.2 Nā mea hana nui a me nā mea hana

5.2 Hana hoʻokolohua

5.2.1 Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā haʻina hui

15% HPMC/HPS pūhui hoʻonā me nā lākiō hui like ʻole (100/0, 50/50, 0/100) a me HPS me nā degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl ʻokoʻa (G80, A939, A1081). Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano hoʻomākaukau o A1081, A939, HPMC a me kā lākou hui pū ʻana ma 2.2.1. ʻO G80 a me kāna mau mea hoʻonā hui pū me HPMC ua gelatinized ma ka hoʻoulu ʻana ma lalo o nā kūlana o 1500psi a me 110 ° C i loko o kahi autoclave, no ka mea, ʻo G80 Native starch he amylose kiʻekiʻe (80%), a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o kona wela gelatinization ma mua o 100 °C, ʻaʻole hiki ke hiki. i loaʻa e ke ʻano gelatinization wai-ʻauʻau mua [348].

5.2.2 Waiwai Rheological o HPMC/HPS hoʻohuihui me nā degere like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution

5.2.2.1 Ku'ina o ka ho'oponopono rheological

E like me 2.2.2.1

5.2.2.2 Kahea ala hoao

Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi pāpaʻi pāpaʻi like me ke anawaena o 60 mm, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka mamao o ka pā i 1 mm.

1. Aia kahi ʻano hoʻāʻo hoʻoheheʻe pre-shear a me kahi thixotropy ʻekolu-pae. E like me 2.2.2.2.
2. ʻO ke ala hoʻāʻo kahe me ka ʻoki ʻole mua a me ke apo thixotropic thixotropy. ʻO ka mahana ho'āʻo he 25 °C, a. ʻO ka ʻako ʻana ma ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka wikiwiki, ka laulā o ka shear rate 0-1000 s-1, ka manawa ʻako 1 min; b. ʻO ka ʻako ʻako mau, ka helu ʻako 1000 s-1, ka manawa ʻako 1 min; c. Hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻāhi ʻāwī ʻana, ʻo 1000-0s-1 ka lōʻihi o ka shear, a ʻo 1 min ka manawa ʻako.

5.2.2.3 Ke ano hoao oscillation

Ua hoʻohana ʻia kahi mea paʻa pā like me ke anawaena o 60 mm, a ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka spacing pā i 1 mm.

1. Holoi ʻano hoʻololi hoʻololi. ʻO ka mahana ho'āʻo 25 °C, alapine 1 Hz, deformation 0.01-100 %.
2. Nānā wela. Ka pinepine 1 Hz, hoʻololi 0.1 %, a. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻomehana, ka mahana 5-85 °C, ka wikiwiki hoʻomehana 2 °C / min; b. ʻO ke kaʻina hana hoʻoluʻu, ka mahana 85-5 °C, ka helu hoʻoluʻu 2 °C / min. Hoʻohana ʻia kahi sila aila silicone a puni ka laʻana i mea e pale ai i ka nalowale o ka makū i ka wā hoʻāʻo.
3. Holoi pinepine. Hoʻololi 0.1 %, alapine 1-100 rad/s. Ua lawe ʻia nā hoʻāʻo ma 5 °C a me 85 °C, kēlā me kēia, a hoʻohālikelike ʻia i ka mahana hoʻāʻo no 5 min ma mua o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana.

ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka modulus waihona G′ a me ka modulus poho G″ o ka solution polymer a me ke alapine angular ω e hahai ana i ke kānāwai mana:

kahi n′ a me n″ nā pali o ka log G′-log ω a me ka log G″-log ω, pakahi;

ʻO G0′ a me G0″ nā ʻāpana o ka log G′-log ω a me ka log G″-log ω.

5.2.3 ʻO ka microscope optika

5.2.3.1 Mea hana kumu

E like me 4.2.3.1

5.2.3.2 Ke ano hoao

Ua lawe ʻia ka 3% 5:5 HPMC/HPS hoʻohuihui ʻia ma nā mahana like ʻole o 25 °C, 45 °C, a me 85 °C, i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma luna o kahi paheʻe aniani i mālama ʻia ma ka mahana like, a hoʻolei ʻia i loko o kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni lahilahi. hoʻonā papa a maloʻo ma ka mahana like. Hoʻopiliʻia nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka 1% iodine solution, waihoʻia ma ke kahua o ka microscope māmā no ka nānāʻana a me ke kiʻi.

5.3 Nā hopena a me ke kūkākūkā

5.3.1 Ka nānā 'ana i ka viscosity a me ka ho'okahe

5.3.1.1 Ke ala ho'āʻo kahe me ka ʻoki mua ʻole a me ke apo thixotropic thixotropy

Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke ʻano hoʻāʻo kahe me ka ʻole o ka ʻohi mua ʻana a me ke ʻano thixotropic ring thixotropic, ua aʻo ʻia ka viscosity o ka hoʻonā ʻana o ka HPMC/HPS me nā pae like ʻole o ka hydroxypropyl substitution HPS. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke Kiʻi 5-1. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi e hōʻike ana ka viscosity o nā laʻana a pau i ka emi ʻana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka nui o ka shear rate ma lalo o ka hana o ka ikaika ʻāʻā, e hōʻike ana i kekahi degere o ka ʻoki ʻoki ʻana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻonā polymer kiʻekiʻe a hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe ikaika ʻia a me ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o ka mole ma lalo o ka ʻoki, no laila e hōʻike ana i ka ʻano wai pseudoplastic [305, 349, 350]. Eia nō naʻe, ʻokoʻa nā degere ʻoki ʻoki ʻoki o ka HPMC/HPS hui pū ʻia o HPS me nā degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl like ʻole.

Fig. 5-1 Viscosities vs. shear rate of the HPS/HPMC solution with different hydropropyl substitution degere o HPS (me ka ʻole o ka ʻako mua ʻana, ʻo nā hōʻailona paʻa a me ka hollow e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana a me ka emi ʻana o ke kaʻina hana.)

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka viscosity a me ka shear thinning degere o ka laʻana HPS maʻemaʻe ma mua o ko ka HPMC/HPS pūhui hāpana, ʻoiai ka haʻahaʻa loa o ka ʻeke ʻoki ʻoki o ka hopena HPMC, no ka mea ʻo ka viscosity o HPS. ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mahana haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka HPMC. Eia hou, no ka HPMC/HPS hoʻohuihui me ka lakene hui like, hoʻonui ka viscosity me ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. ʻO kēia paha ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl i loko o nā molekole starch e uhaʻi i nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular a pēlā e alakaʻi ai i ka hemo ʻana o nā granules starch. ʻO ka hydroxypropylation ka mea i hōʻemi nui i ke ʻano ʻāhiʻi ʻana o ka starch, a ʻo ke ʻano ʻoki ʻoki ʻoki o ka starch maoli ka mea ʻike loa. Me ka hoʻonui mau ʻana o ka degere pani ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl, ua emi mālie ke degere shear thinning o HPS.

Loaʻa nā apo thixotropic i nā laʻana a pau ma ka ʻāʻī koʻikoʻi-shear rate curve, e hōʻike ana he ʻano thixotropy nā laʻana a pau. Hōʻike ʻia ka ikaika thixotropic e ka nui o ka wahi apo thixotropic. ʻOi aku ka thixotropic o ka hāpana [351]. Hiki ke helu 'ia ka index kahe n a me ka viscosity coefficient K o ka hāpana hāpana e ke kānāwai mana Ostwald-de Waele (e nānā i ka hoohalike (2-1)).

Papa 5-1 Helu helu hoʻoheheʻe kahe (n) a me ka helu hoʻopaʻa like ʻana o ka wai (K) i ka wā e piʻi aʻe ana ka nui o ke kaʻina hana a me ka ʻāpana loop thixotropy o ka solution HPS/HPMC me ke degere hoʻololi hydropropyl ʻokoʻa o HPS ma 25 °C

Hōʻike ka papa 5-1 i ka index index n, viscosity coefficient K a me thixotropic ring area o HPMC/HPS compound solutions me nā degere like ʻole o ka hydroxypropyl substitution HPS i ke kaʻina o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻāhi a me ka emi ʻana o ka ʻāhi. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka papa ʻaina he emi iho ka helu kahe n o nā laʻana a pau ma mua o 1, e hōʻike ana he mau wai pseudoplastic nā hāpana hāpana āpau. No ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS me ke degere hoʻololi like o ka HPS hydroxypropyl, piʻi ka helu kahe n me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPMC, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka HPMC e hōʻike i ka ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka wai o Newtonian. Eia naʻe, me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka HPMC maʻiʻo, ua emi mau ka viscosity coefficient K, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPMC i hoʻemi i ka viscosity o ka hoʻonā hui, no ka mea, ua kūlike ka coefficient viscosity K me ka viscosity. ʻO ka waiwai n a me ka waiwai K o ka HPS maʻemaʻe me nā degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl like ʻole i ka piʻi ʻana o ka shear stage i emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl substitution degere, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka hoʻololi hydroxypropylation ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka pseudoplasticity o ka starch a hoʻemi i ka Viscosity o nā hopena starch. ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, piʻi ka waiwai o n me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere pani i ka pae ʻāhi emi ʻana, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka hydroxypropylation i ka ʻano wai o Newtonian o ka hopena ma hope o ka ʻohi wikiwiki. Ua hoʻopili ʻia ka waiwai n a me ka waiwai K o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS e ka HPS hydroxypropylation a me HPMC, ʻo ia ka hopena o kā lākou hana hui. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻāhi ʻāhi, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā helu n o nā laʻana a pau i ke kaʻina shearing emi ʻana, ʻoiai ua liʻiliʻi nā koina K, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻemi ʻia ka viscosity o ka solution compound ma hope o ka shearing kiʻekiʻe, a me ka Hoʻonui ʻia ka ʻano wai o Newtonian o ka hoʻonā hui. .

Ua emi ka wahi o ke apo thixotropic me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka HPMC maʻiʻo, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPMC i hōʻemi i ka thixotropy o ka hoʻonā hui a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona kūpaʻa. No ka HPMC/HPS hoʻoheheʻe hui me ka ratio hoʻohui like, e emi ana ka ʻāpana o ke apo thixotropic me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi o ka HPS hydroxypropyl, e hōʻike ana i ka hydroxypropylation e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka paʻa o HPS.

5.3.1.2 ʻO ke ʻano ʻāhi me ka ʻoki mua a me ke ʻano thixotropic ʻekolu

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano ʻāhi me ka ʻā mua ʻana e aʻo i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka viscosity o ka hoʻohuihui HPMC/HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hydroxypropyl substitution HPS me ka nui o ka shear. Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena ma ke Kiʻi 5-2. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi i hōʻike ʻia ka hopena HPMC ʻaneʻane ʻaʻole ʻoki ʻoki, a ʻo nā mea hoʻohālike ʻē aʻe e hōʻike ana i ka ʻoki ʻoki. Kūlike kēia me nā hopena i loaʻa me ke ʻano ʻāhi me ka ʻāʻī ʻole. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ʻana ma nā ʻāpana ʻoki haʻahaʻa, hōʻike ka hāpana hydroxypropyl i pani ʻia i kahi ʻāina pāpū.

Fig. 5-2 Viscosities vs. shear rate of the HPS/HPMC solution with different hydropropyl substitution degree of HPS (me pre-shearing)

Hōʻike ʻia ka viscosity zero-shear (h0), flow index (n) a me ka viscosity coefficient (K) i loaʻa ma ka hoʻopili ʻana ma ka Papa 5-2. Mai ka papaʻaina, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike no nā laʻana HPS maʻemaʻe, hoʻonui nā n waiwai i loaʻa ma nā ʻano ʻelua me ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana, e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ke ʻano paʻa o ka hopena starch i ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPMC, ua hōʻike ʻia nā n waiwai āpau i ke ʻano i lalo, e hōʻike ana ua hōʻemi ʻo HPMC i ka ʻano paʻa o ka hopena. Hōʻike kēia i ka paʻa ʻana o nā hopena loiloi qualitative o nā ʻano ʻelua.

I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i nā ʻikepili i loaʻa no ka laʻana like ma lalo o nā ʻano hoʻāʻo like ʻole, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka waiwai o n i loaʻa ma hope o ka ʻohi mua ʻana ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka mea i loaʻa ma ke ʻano me ka ʻole o ka ʻohi mua ʻana, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻōnaehana composite i loaʻa e ka pre-shearing. -ʻo ke ʻano ʻāhiʻu he ʻano paʻa-e like me ka haʻahaʻa o ke ʻano ma mua o ke ʻano i ana ʻia e ke ʻano me ka ʻoki ʻole mua. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ka hopena hope loa i loaʻa i ka hoʻāʻo me ka ʻole o ka ʻohi mua ʻana ʻo ia ka hopena o ka hana hui ʻana o ka nui o ka shear rate a me ka manawa shear, aʻo ke ʻano hoʻāʻo me ka pre-shear e hoʻopau mua i ka hopena thixotropic e ka shear kiʻekiʻe no kekahi manawa o manawa. No laila, hiki i kēia ʻano hana ke hoʻoholo pololei i ke ʻano shear thinning a me nā hiʻohiʻona kahe o ka ʻōnaehana hui.

Mai ka papaʻaina, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike no ka lakene hui like (5:5), ua kokoke ka n waiwai o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui i ka 1, a piʻi ka n i hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia me ke degere o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl. he manawa mau i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka HPMC i nā hōʻailona starch me ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl haʻahaʻa, i kūlike me ka hopena o ka piʻi ʻana o ka n waiwai me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere pani me ka ʻole o ka ʻohi mua ʻana. ʻO nā koina K o nā ʻōnaehana hui pū me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā ʻano ʻelua, ua like ia, a ʻaʻohe ʻano ʻike maopopo ʻia, ʻoiai ke hōʻike nei ka viscosity zero-shear i kahi hiʻohiʻona i lalo, no ka mea, kūʻokoʻa ka viscosity zero-shear i ka shear. uku. Hiki i ka viscosity intrinsic ke hōʻike pololei i nā waiwai o ka waiwai ponoʻī.

Fig. 5-3 ʻEkolu kauā thixotropy o ka HPS/HPMC hoʻohuihui ʻia me ka degere hoʻololi hydropropyl o HPS.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ke ʻano thixotropic ʻekolu manawa e aʻo i ka hopena o nā degere like ʻole o ka hydroxypropyl substitution o ka hydroxypropyl starch ma nā waiwai thixotropic o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Figure 5-3 ma ka pae ʻāhi haʻahaʻa, e emi ana ka viscosity solution me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPMC, a e emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere pani, i kūlike me ke kānāwai o ka viscosity zero shear.

Hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻihoʻi hou ʻana ma hope o ka manawa like ʻole i ka pae hoʻihoʻi e ka viscosity recovery rate DSR, a hōʻike ʻia ke ʻano helu helu ma 2.3.2. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Papa 5-2 i loko o ka manawa hoʻihoʻi like, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka DSR o ka HPS maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi no ka mea he kaulahao paʻa ka mole HPMC, a he pōkole kona manawa hoʻomaha. hiki ke hoʻihoʻi hou i ka hale i ka manawa pōkole. hoʻōla. ʻOiai he kaulahao maʻalahi ka HPS, lōʻihi kona manawa hoʻomaha, a lōʻihi ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka hale. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kēkelē hoʻololi, hoʻemi ka DSR o ka HPS maʻemaʻe me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi, e hōʻike ana i ka hydroxypropylation e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maʻalahi o ke kaulahao mole starch a hoʻolōʻihi i ka manawa hoʻomaha o HPS. He haʻahaʻa ka DSR o ka hoʻonā hui ʻia ma mua o ka HPS maʻemaʻe a me nā laʻana HPMC maʻemaʻe, akā me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere pani o HPS hydroxypropyl, piʻi ka DSR o ka hāpana hui, e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka thixotropy o ka ʻōnaehana hui me ka ka hoʻonui o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Hoʻemi ia me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka radical, i kūlike me nā hopena me ka ʻole o ka ʻohi ʻana.

Pauku 5-2 Zero shear viscosity (h0), flow behavior index (n), fluid consistency index (K) i ka wā e pi'i ana a me ke degere o ka ho'iho'i hou 'ana o ka hale (DSR) ma hope o kekahi manawa ho'ōla no ka solution HPS/HPMC me nā hydropropyl like 'ole. degere pani o HPS ma 25 °C

I ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hiki i ka hoʻokolohua kūpaʻa me ka ʻole o ka ʻohi mua ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo thixotropic ring thixotropy hiki ke hoʻopaʻa pono i nā laʻana me nā ʻokoʻa hana nui, akā no nā pūhui me nā degere ʻokoʻa o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere me nā ʻokoʻa hana liʻiliʻi. nā hualoaʻa maoli, no ka mea, ʻo nā ʻikepili i ana ʻia nā hualoaʻa piha o ka mana o ka shear rate a me ka shear time, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻike maoli i ka mana o ka hoʻololi hoʻokahi.

5.3.2 Māhele viscoelastic laina

Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia no nā hydrogels, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ka modulus G′ e mālama ʻia e ka paʻakikī, ka ikaika a me ka helu o nā kaulahao molekala maikaʻi, a ʻo ka modulus G′′ e hoʻoholo ʻia e ka neʻe ʻana, ka neʻe a me ka friction o nā molekele liʻiliʻi a me nā hui hana. . Hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu frictional e like me ka vibration a me ka rotation. Hōʻailona ola o ka hui ʻana o ka modulus mālama G′ a me ka modulus nalowale G″ (ʻo ia hoʻi. tan δ = 1). ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana mai ka hopena i ka gel i kapa ʻia ʻo ka gel point. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ka modulus G ′ a me ka modulus G ″ e aʻo i ke ʻano o ka gelation, ka helu hoʻokumu a me nā waiwai o ka ʻōnaehana gel [352]. Hiki iā lākou ke noʻonoʻo i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i loko o ka hale a me ka hoʻolālā mole i ka wā o ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka ʻoihana pūnaewele gel. pili [353].

Hōʻike ka Figure 5-4 i nā ʻāpana kānana o ka HPMC/HPS compound solutions me nā degere like ʻole o ka hydroxypropyl substitution HPS ma ke alapine o 1 Hz a me kahi ākea o 0.01% -100%. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka kiʻi ma ka ʻāpana deformation haʻahaʻa (0.01-1%), ʻo nā laʻana āpau koe HPMC he G′> G″, e hōʻike ana i kahi kūlana gel. No HPMC, ʻo G′ ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa ka hilinaʻi deformation o ka viscoelasticity o nā laʻana like ʻole. No ka laʻana G80, ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ka hilinaʻi pinepine o ka viscoelasticity: inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka deformation ma mua o 0.3%, hiki ke ʻike ʻia e emi mālie ʻo G', me ka piʻi nui ʻana o G". piʻi, a me ka piʻi nui o ka tan δ; a intersect i ka wā o ka deformation nui he 1.7%, ka mea e hoike mai ana i ka hana gel network o G80 ua poino loa ma hope o ka deformation nui ma mua o 1.7%, a ia mea i loko o ka hoʻonā kūlana.

Fig. 5-4 Modulus waihona (G′) a me modulus poho (G″) vs. strain no ka hui pū ʻana o HPS/HPMC me ke degere hoʻololi hydroypropyl like ʻole o HPS (Ke hōʻike ʻia nei nā hōʻailona paʻa a me nā hollow G′ a me G″, kēlā me kēia)

Fig. 5-5 tan δ vs. kānana no ka HPMC/HPS hoʻoheheʻe hui ʻia me ka degere hoʻololi hydropropyl like ʻole o HPS

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi ʻana, ʻo ka ʻāpana viscoelastic linear o ka HPS maʻemaʻe, ua ʻike maopopo ʻia me ka emi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, i ka piʻi ʻana o ka HPS hydroxypropyl degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻike ʻia nā loli koʻikoʻi o ka pā tan δ i ka nui o ka deformation kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka mea kūikawā, ʻo ka laina viscoelastic māhele o G80 ka haiki loa o nā laʻana a pau. No laila, hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻāpana viscoelastic linear o G80 e hoʻoholo ai

Paʻa no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka waiwai o ka mea hoʻololi deformation ma kēia pūʻulu hoʻāʻo. No ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS me ka lākiō hoʻohui like, ua hōʻemi pū ka ʻāina viscoelastic linear me ka emi ʻana o ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl o HPS, akā ʻaʻole maopopo loa ka hopena o ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl ma ka ʻāpana viscoelastic linear.

5.3.3 Nā waiwai viscoelastic i ka wā hoʻomehana a me ka hoʻoluʻu

Hōʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona viscoelastic ikaika o HPMC/HPS pūhui hoʻonā o HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl ma ke Kiʻi 5-6. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, hōʻike ʻo HPMC i ʻehā mau ʻanuʻu i ka wā o ke kaʻina hana hoʻomehana: kahi ʻāina pāpū mua, ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu kūkulu hale, a me kahi ʻāina pāpū hope. Ma ka pae papa mua, G′ <G″, liʻiliʻi nā waiwai o G′ a me G″, a e emi iki ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano viscoelastic wai maʻamau. ʻElua mau ʻanuʻu ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o ka hale i ka hui ʻana o G′ a me G″ (ʻo ia hoʻi, ka pae hoʻololi-gel hoʻololi, ma kahi o 49 °C), i kūlike me nā hōʻike mua. Kūlike [160, 354]. I ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ma muli o ka hui hydrophobic a me ka hui hydrophilic, hoʻokumu mālie ʻo HPMC i kahi ʻōnaehana cross-network [344, 355, 356]. Ma ka ʻāina pāpū o ka huelo, ua kiʻekiʻe nā waiwai o G′ a me G″, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻokumu piha ʻia ka ʻōnaehana ʻoihana gel HPMC.

Hōʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻanuʻu ʻehā o ka HPMC ma ka ʻaoʻao hope i ka emi ʻana o ka mahana. Hoʻololi ka intersection o G′ a me G″ i ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa ma kahi o 32 ° C i ka wā hoʻomaha, ʻo ia paha ma muli o ka hysteresis [208] a i ʻole ka hopena condensation o ke kaulahao ma ka wela haʻahaʻa [355]. E like me HPMC, nā laʻana ʻē aʻe i ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana He ʻehā mau pae i loko, a hiki ke ʻano hoʻohuli i ka wā o ke kaʻina hoʻomaha. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi e hōʻike ana ʻo G80 a me A939 i kahi kaʻina hana maʻalahi me ka ʻole o ka hui ʻana ma waena o G' a me G", a ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka pihi o G80. ʻO ka ʻāpana paepae ma hope.

No ka HPS maʻemaʻe, hiki ke hoʻololi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hydroxypropyl substitution i ka wela mua a me ka wela hope o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka gel, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka mahana mua, ʻo ia ka 61 °C no G80, A939, a me A1081. , 62 °C a me 54 °C. Eia kekahi, no nā HPMC / HPS samples me ka ratio hoʻohui like, e like me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ua emi nā waiwai o G′ a me G″ ʻelua, e kūlike me nā hopena o nā noiʻi mua [357, 358]. Ke piʻi aʻe ka pae o ka hoʻololi ʻana, lilo ke ʻano o ka gel i palupalu. No laila, hoʻopau ka hydroxypropylation i ke ʻano o ka starch maoli a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona hydrophilicity [343].

No ka HPMC/HPS pūhui laʻana, ʻo G′ a me G″ i emi iho me ka piʻi ʻana o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere, i kūlike me nā hopena o ka HPS maʻemaʻe. Eia kekahi, me ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPMC, he hopena koʻikoʻi ke kēkelē hoʻololi iā G′ ʻO ka hopena me G" e liʻiliʻi ka haʻi.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōkuhi viscoelastic o nā HPMC/HPS composite samples i ke ʻano like, e pili ana me HPS i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a me HPMC ma ke kiʻekiʻe wela. I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻomalu ʻo HPS i nā waiwai viscoelastic o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui, ʻoiai ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe e hoʻoholo ai ʻo HPMC i nā waiwai viscoelastic o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Loaʻa kēia hopena i ka HPMC. ʻO ka mea nui, he gel anuanu ka HPS, e hoʻololi ana mai kahi kūlana gel i kahi kūlana hoʻonā i ka wā i wela ai; ʻO ka mea ʻē aʻe, ʻo HPMC kahi gel wela, kahi e hana mālie ai i kahi gel me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana ʻoihana wela. No ka HPMC/HPS hui pūnaewele, ma ka haʻahaʻa wela, nā waiwai gel o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui i hāʻawi nui ʻia e ka HPS anuanu gel, a ma ke kiʻekiʻe wela, i nā mahana wela, ʻoi aku ka gelation o HPMC i ka ʻōnaehana hui.

Fig. 5-6 Modulus storage (G′), modulus poho (G″) a me tan δ vs. wela no ka HPS/HPMC hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka degere hoʻololi hydroypropyl ʻokoʻa o HPS

ʻO ka modulus o ka HPMC/HPS composite system, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, aia ma waena o ka moduli o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe a me ka HPS maʻemaʻe. Eia kekahi, hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī i ka G′> G″ i loko o ke ana wela wela, e hōʻike ana e hiki i ka HPMC a me ka HPS ke hana i nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular me nā mole wai, a hiki ke hana i nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular me kekahi. Eia hou, Ma ke kaʻe kumu poho, loaʻa i nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī a pau ke kiʻekiʻe tan δ ma kahi o 45 °C, e hōʻike ana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae hoʻomau i ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī. E kūkākūkā ʻia kēia hoʻololi pae ma ka 5.3.6 aʻe. e hoʻomau i ke kūkākūkā.

5.3.4 Ka hopena o ka wela ma ka viscosity hui

He mea koʻikoʻi ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hopena o ka mahana ma nā ʻano rheological o nā mea waiwai ma muli o ka laulā o nā mahana e hiki mai ana i ka wā o ka hana ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana [359, 360]. Ma ka laulā o 5 °C - 85 °C, ua hōʻike ʻia ka hopena o ka mahana ma ka viscosity paʻakikī o nā hoʻonā hui pū HPMC/HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl HPS ma ke Kiʻi 5-7. Mai ka Kiʻi 5-7(a), hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka emi ʻana o ka viscosity paʻakikī o ka HPS maʻemaʻe me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana; emi iki ka viscosity o ka HPMC ma'ema'e mai ka mua a hiki i ka 45 °C me ka pi'i 'ana o ka mahana. hoʻomaikaʻi.

Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻōkuhi viscosity o nā mea hoʻohui a pau i nā ʻano like me ka mahana, e emi mua me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana a laila e piʻi me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka pili o ka viscosity o nā laʻana i hoʻohui ʻia i ka HPS ma kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a kokoke i ka HPMC i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. Hoʻopili pū ʻia kēia hopena i ka ʻano gelation ʻokoʻa o ka HPMC a me HPS. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka neʻe viscosity o ka laʻana i hoʻohui ʻia i ka hoʻololi wikiwiki ʻana ma 45 °C, ma muli paha o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui HPMC/HPS. Eia naʻe, he mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka viscosity o ka G80 / HPMC 5: 5 mea hoʻohui pūhui i ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia ka mea ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka intrinsic viscosity o G80 i ke kiʻekiʻe wela [361]. Ma lalo o ka lākiō hoʻohui like, e emi ana ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi HPS hydroxypropyl. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl i loko o nā molekole starch hiki ke alakaʻi i ka haki ʻana o nā paʻa hydrogen intramolecular i loko o nā molekala starch.

Fig. 5-7 ʻO ka viscosity paʻakikī a me ka wela no ka hui ʻana o HPS/HPMC me ka degere hoʻololi hydroypropyl o HPS.

ʻO ka hopena o ka wela ma ka viscosity paʻakikī o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS e kūlike me ka pilina Arrhenius i loko o kekahi pae wela, a ʻo ka viscosity paʻakikī he pilina exponential me ka mahana. Penei ka hoohalike Arrhenius:

Ma waena o lākou, ʻo η* ka viscosity paʻakikī, Pa s;

A he mea mau, Pa s;

ʻO T ka wela piha, K;

ʻO R ke kinoea mau, 8.3144 J·mol–1·K–1;

ʻO E ka ikehu hoʻāla, J·mol–1.

Hoʻokomo ʻia e like me ke ʻano (5-3), hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka ʻāpana viscosity-mahana o ka ʻōnaehana hui i ʻelua ʻāpana e like me ka tan δ peak ma 45 °C; ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hui ma 5 °C – 45 °C a me 45 °C – 85 ° Hōʻike ʻia nā waiwai o ka ikehu hoʻāla E a me ka A mau loa i loaʻa ma ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka laulā o C ma ka Papa 5-3. Aia nā koina i helu ʻia o ka ikehu hoʻāla E ma waena o −174 kJ·mol−1 a me 124 kJ·mol−1, a aia nā koina o ka mea mau A ma waena o 6.24×10−11 Pa·s a me 1.99×1028 Pa·s. I loko o ka laulā kūpono, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā coefficient correlation i hoʻopili ʻia (R2 = 0.9071 –0.9892) koe wale nō ka laʻana G80/HPMC. ʻO ka hāpana G80/HPMC he haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (R2= 0.4435) ma ke ana wela o 45 °C - 85 °C, ʻo ia paha ma muli o ka ʻoi aku o ka paʻakikī o G80 a me kona kaumaha wikiwiki i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā HPS Crystallization rate [ 362]. Hiki i kēia waiwai o G80 ke hana i nā pūhui like ʻole ke hoʻohui ʻia me HPMC.

Ma ke ana wela o 5 °C - 45 °C, he emi iki ka waiwai E o ka HPMC/HPS composite sample ma mua o ko HPS maemae, ma muli paha o ka pilina ma waena o HPS a me HPMC. E ho'ēmi i ka hilinaʻi wela o ka viscosity. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai E o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe ma mua o nā laʻana ʻē aʻe. He mau waiwai maikaʻi haʻahaʻa ka ikaika hoʻāla no nā laʻana a pau i loaʻa i ka starch, e hōʻike ana i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka emi o ka viscosity me ka mahana a ua hōʻike ʻia nā mea hana i kahi ʻano starch-like.

Papa 5-3 Arrhenius equation parameters (E: activation energy; A: constant; R 2 : determination coefficient) mai ka Eq.(1) no ka hui HPS/HPMC me na degere like ole o ka hydroxypropylation o HPS

Eia naʻe, i loko o ke kiʻekiʻe wela laula o 45 °C - 85 °C, ka E waiwai hoʻololi qualitatively ma waena o maemae HPS a me HPMC/HPS composite Eia kekahi laʻana, a me ka E waiwai o maemae HPSs he 45.6 kJ·mol−1 – I ka laulā o 124 kJ·mol−1, aia nā koina E o nā paʻakikī i ka laulā o -3.77 kJ·mol−1– -72.2 kJ·mol−1. Hōʻike kēia hoʻololi i ka hopena ikaika o HPMC i ka ikehu hoʻāla o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī, ʻoiai ʻo ka waiwai E o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe he -174 kJ mol−1. He ʻino nā koina E o ka HPMC maʻemaʻe a me ka ʻōnaehana hui pū ʻia, e hōʻike ana i nā mahana kiʻekiʻe, piʻi ka viscosity me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, a hōʻike ka pūhui i ke ʻano like me ka HPMC.

ʻO nā hopena o ka HPMC a me ka HPS i ka paʻakikī paʻakikī o nā ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS i ka wela kiʻekiʻe a me ka wela haʻahaʻa e kūlike me nā waiwai viscoelastic i kūkākūkā ʻia.

5.3.5 Nā waiwai mechanical Dynamic

Hōʻike nā kiʻi 5-8 i nā ʻōkuhi hoʻoneʻe alapine ma 5 °C o nā ʻoluʻolu hui pū HPMC/HPS o HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi e hōʻike ana ka HPS maʻemaʻe i ke ʻano like me ka paʻa paʻa (G′> G″), aʻo ka HPMC he ʻano like wai (G′ <G″). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka HPMC/HPS. No ka hapa nui o nā laʻana, hoʻonui ʻia ʻo G′ a me G″ me ka hoʻonui pinepine ʻana, e hōʻike ana he ikaika ke ʻano paʻa o ka mea.

Hōʻike nā HPMC maʻemaʻe i ka hilinaʻi pinepine a paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia ma nā laʻana HPS maʻemaʻe. E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, ua hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī HPMC/HPS i kahi ʻano o ka hilinaʻi pinepine. No nā laʻana HPS a pau, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o n′ ma mua o n″, a hōʻike ʻo G″ i ka hilinaʻi ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o G′, e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka elastic o kēia mau laʻana ma mua o ka viscous [352, 359, 363]. No laila, ʻo ka hana o nā laʻana i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e HPS, ʻo ia ka mea nui no ka hāʻawi ʻana o HPMC i kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa viscosity i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Papa 5-4 n′, n″, G0′ a me G0″ no HPS/HPMC me ke degere ho'ololi hydropropyl like 'ole o HPS ma 5 °C e like me ka ho'oholo 'ia mai Eqs. (5-1) a me (5-2)

Fig. 5-8 Modulus waihona (G′) a me modulus poho (G″) vs. alapine no ka hui HPS/HPMC me ka degere ho'ololi hydroypropyl o HPS ma 5 °C

Hōʻike nā HPMC maʻemaʻe i ka hilinaʻi pinepine a paʻakikī ke ʻike ʻia ma nā laʻana HPS maʻemaʻe. E like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia no ka paʻakikī HPMC/HPS, ua hōʻike ka ʻōnaehana ligand i kahi pae o ka hilinaʻi pinepine. No nā laʻana HPS a pau, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o n′ ma mua o n″, a hōʻike ʻo G″ i ka hilinaʻi ʻoi aku ka ikaika ma mua o G′, e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka elastic o kēia mau laʻana ma mua o ka viscous [352, 359, 363]. No laila, ʻo ka hana o nā laʻana i hoʻohui ʻia e hoʻoholo nui ʻia e HPS, ʻo ia ka mea nui no ka hāʻawi ʻana o HPMC i kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa viscosity i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa.

Hōʻike nā kiʻi 5-9 i nā ʻōkuhi hoʻoneʻe alapine o ka HPMC/HPS hui pū ʻia o HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl ma 85°C. E like me ka ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi, hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka HPS a pau koe A1081. No A1081, kokoke loa nā waiwai o G' a me G", a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o G' ma mua o G", e hōʻike ana i ka hana ʻana o A1081 ma ke ʻano he wai.

ʻO kēia paha no ka mea he gel anu ʻo A1081 a loaʻa i kahi hoʻololi gel-to-solution i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. Ma kekahi ʻaoʻao, no nā laʻana me ka ratio hoʻohui like, ua emi nā kumu waiwai o n′, n″, G0′ a me G0″ (Papa 5-5) me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl, e hōʻike ana ua hoʻemi ka hydroxypropylation i ka paʻa- e like me ke ano o ka starch ma ke ana wela (85°C). ʻO ka mea nui, kokoke ka n′ a me n″ o G80 i ka 0, e hōʻike ana i ke ʻano paʻa paʻa ikaika; ʻokoʻa, ua kokoke nā n′ a me n″ o A1081 i ka 1, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻano wai ikaika. Kūlike kēia mau helu n' a me n” me ka ʻikepili no G' a me G”. Eia kekahi, e like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai nā Kiʻi 5-9, hiki i ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka hilinaʻi pinepine o ka HPS i ka wela kiʻekiʻe.

Fig. 5-9 Modulus waihona (G′) a me modulus poho (G″) vs. alapine no ka hui HPS/HPMC me ka degere ho'ololi hydroypropyl o HPS ma 85 °C

Hōʻike nā kiʻi 5-9 e hōʻike ana ʻo HPMC i ke ʻano paʻa paʻa maʻamau (G′> G″) ma 85°C, ʻo ia ka mea i pili nui i kāna mau waiwai thermogel. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa ka G′ a me G″ o HPMC me ke alapine ʻAʻole i loli nui ka piʻi ʻana, e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i maopopo ka hilinaʻi alapine.

No ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, ua kokoke nā koina o n′ a me n″ i ka 0, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o G0′ ma mua o G0 (Papa ″ 5-5), e hōʻoia ana i kona ʻano paʻa. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl kiʻekiʻe ke hoʻololi i ka HPS mai ka paʻa-like a i ka wai-like ʻano, kahi hanana ʻaʻole i kū i loko o nā hoʻonā hui. Eia kekahi, no ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui i hoʻohui ʻia me HPMC, me ka piʻi ʻana o ka alapine, ʻo G' a me G" i paʻa paʻa, a ua kokoke nā waiwai o n' a me n" i ko HPMC. Ke hōʻike nei kēia mau hopena a pau e lanakila ana ka HPMC i ka viscoelasticity o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻia i ka wela kiʻekiʻe o 85°C.

Papa 5-5 n′, n″, G0′ a me G0″ no HPS/HPMC me ka ho'ololi hydropropyl like 'ole o HPS ma 85 °C e like me ka ho'oholo 'ia mai Eqs. (5-1) a me (5-2)

5.3.6 Morphology o ka HPMC/HPS composite system

Ua aʻo ʻia ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS e ka iodine staining optical microscope. Ua ho'āʻo ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS me ka ratio hui o 5:5 ma 25 °C, 45 °C a me 85 °C. Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi microscope māmā ma lalo ma nā Kiʻi 5-10. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma hope o ka hoʻoluʻu ʻana me ka iodine, hoʻoluu ʻia ka pae HPS i kahi kala ʻeleʻele, a hōʻike ka ʻāpana HPMC i kahi kala māmā no ka mea ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoluu ʻia e ka iodine. No laila, hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua o HPMC/HPS. Ma nā wela kiʻekiʻe, piʻi ka ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana ʻeleʻele (ʻāpana HPS) a e emi ana ka ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana ʻālohilohi (ʻāpana HPMC). ʻO ka mea nui, ma 25 °C, ʻo HPMC (ka waihoʻoluʻu ʻulaʻula) ka manawa mau i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, a ua hoʻopuehu ʻia ka māhele HPS spherical liʻiliʻi (ʻeleʻele ʻeleʻele) i ka pae mau HPMC. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa, ma 85 °C, ua lilo ʻo HPMC i mea liʻiliʻi loa a me ke ʻano like ʻole i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka pae hoʻomau HPS.

Fig. 5-8 Nā Morphologies o 1:1 hui pū ʻia ʻo HPMC/HPS ma 25 °C, 45 °C a me 85 °C.

Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana, pono e loaʻa kahi wahi hoʻololi o ka pae morphology o ka manawa mau mai HPMC a i HPS ma ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS. Ma ke kumumanaʻo, pono ia e hana i ka wā like a i ʻole like ka viscosity o HPMC a me HPS. E like me ka mea i ʻike ʻia mai nā micrographs 45 °C ma nā Kiʻi 5-10, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ke kiʻi maʻamau "sea-island" phase diagram, akā ʻike ʻia kahi pae hoʻomau. Hōʻoiaʻiʻo pū kēia ʻike i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae hoʻomau ma ka piko tan δ ma ka pihi kumu-mahana dissipation i kūkākūkā ʻia ma 5.3.3.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (25 °C), kekahi mau ʻāpana o ka ʻāpana ʻeleʻele HPS i hoʻopuehu ʻia e hōʻike i kahi degere o ke kala ʻālohilohi, ʻo ia paha no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hapa o ka pae HPMC i ka pae HPS i ka ʻano o kahi māhele hoʻopuehu. waena. I ka manawa like, ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe (85 °C), ua puʻunaue ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi i ka māhele hoʻopuehu HPMC kala ʻulaʻula, a ʻo kēia mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele liʻiliʻi ka manawa mau HPS. Ke hōʻike nei kēia mau ʻike ʻana aia kekahi degere o ka mesophase i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC-HPS, no laila e hōʻike ana he kūpono ko HPMC me HPS.

5.3.7 Kiʻikuhi o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS

Ma muli o ke ʻano rheological maʻamau o nā solution polymer a me nā helu gel composite [216, 232] a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me nā paʻakikī i kūkākūkā ʻia ma ka pepa, ua manaʻo ʻia kahi kumu hoʻohālike no ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka HPMC/HPS paʻakikī me ka mahana, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma Fig. 5-11.

Fig. 5-11 Nā hana hoʻolālā o ka hoʻololi sol-gel o HPMC (a); HPS (b); a me HPMC/HPS (c)

Ua aʻo nui ʻia ka hana gel o HPMC a me kāna ʻōnaehana hoʻololi-gel hoʻololi pili [159, 160, 207, 208]. ʻO kekahi o nā mea i ʻae nui ʻia, aia nā kaulahao HPMC i ka hopena ma ke ʻano o nā pūʻulu aggregated. Hoʻopili ʻia kēia mau puʻupuʻu ma ke kāʻei ʻana i kekahi mau hale cellulose i hoʻololi ʻole ʻia a i ʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, a pili pū ʻia i nā wahi i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hydrophobic aggregation o nā pūʻulu methyl a me nā pūʻulu hydroxyl. Ma ka wela haʻahaʻa, hana nā molekala wai i nā hale e like me ka hale ma waho o nā pūʻulu methyl hydrophobic a me nā hale ʻili wai ma waho o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic e like me nā pūʻulu hydroxyl, e pale ana i ka HPMC mai ka hana ʻana i nā paʻa hydrogen interchain i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ke piʻi aʻe ka mahana, hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka HPMC i ka ikehu a ua haki kēia mau hale paʻa wai a me nā hale wai, ʻo ia nā kinetics o ka hoʻololi-gel hoʻololi. ʻO ka haki ʻana o ka hale wai a me ka pūpū wai e hōʻike ana i nā pūʻulu methyl a me hydroxypropyl i ke kaiapuni wai, e hopena i ka piʻi nui o ka leo manuahi. Ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ma muli o ka hui hydrophobic o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic a me ka hui hydrophilic o nā pūʻulu hydrophilic, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana ʻekolu-dimensional o ka gel, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 5-11(a).

Ma hope o ka gelatinization starch, hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka amylose mai nā granules starch e hana i kahi ʻano helical hollow hoʻokahi, e ʻeha mau ʻia a hōʻike ʻia i kahi kūlana o nā wili ʻāwili. Hoʻokumu kēia ʻano helix hoʻokahi i kahi lua hydrophobic ma loko a me kahi ʻili hydrophilic ma waho. Hāʻawi kēia ʻano paʻa o ka starch iā ia me ka paʻa maikaʻi loa [230-232]. No laila, loaʻa ka HPS ma ke ʻano o nā wili liʻiliʻi like ʻole me kekahi mau ʻāpana helical i hohola ʻia i loko o ka wai wai i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. I ka emi ʻana o ka mahana, ua haki nā paʻa hydrogen ma waena o HPS a me nā molekala wai a nalowale ka wai paʻa. ʻO ka hope loa, ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano pūnaewele ʻekolu-dimensional ma muli o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā paʻa hydrogen ma waena o nā kaulahao mole, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi gel, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 5-11(b).

ʻO ka mea maʻamau, ke hoʻohui ʻia nā ʻāpana ʻelua me nā viscosity ʻokoʻa loa, ʻo ka ʻāpana viscosity kiʻekiʻe e hana i kahi māhele hoʻopuehu a hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka manawa mau o ka ʻāpana viscosity haʻahaʻa. Ma nā wela haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka viscosity o HPMC ma mua o ka HPS. No laila, hoʻokumu ʻo HPMC i kahi hana hoʻomau e hoʻopuni ana i ka pae gel HPS kiʻekiʻe-viscosity. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā ʻāpana ʻelua, nalo nā hui hydroxyl ma nā kaulahao HPMC i kahi hapa o ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia a hana i nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular me nā kaulahao molekala HPS. I ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ua neʻe nā kaulahao molekala HPS ma muli o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka ikehu a hoʻokumu i nā paʻa hydrogen me nā mole wai, e hopena i ka haki ʻana o ka hale gel. I ka manawa like, ua luku ʻia ka hale paʻa wai a me ka ʻili wai-wai ma ke kaulahao HPMC a ua haki mālie e hōʻike i nā pūʻulu hydrophilic a me nā pūpū hydrophobic. Ma ke kiʻekiʻe wela, hoʻokumu ʻo HPMC i kahi ʻōnaehana gel ma muli o nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular a me ka hui hydrophobic, a pēlā e lilo ai i kahi kiʻekiʻe-viscosity i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka HPS mau manawa o nā coils random, e like me ka hōʻike ʻana ma ke Kiʻi 5-11(c). No laila, ua lanakila ka HPS a me ka HPMC i nā waiwai rheological, nā waiwai gel a me ka pae morphology o nā gels composite ma nā wela haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe.

ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl i loko o nā molekole starch e uhaʻi i kāna ʻano hoʻopaʻa hydrogen intramolecular intramolecular i kauoha ʻia, no laila aia ka gelatinized amylose mole i loko o kahi ʻano pehu a kau ʻia, kahi e hoʻonui ai i ka nui o ka hydration pono o nā molekala a keʻakeʻa i ka manaʻo o nā molekala starch e hoʻopili wale ʻia. i loko o ka wai wai [362]. No laila, ʻo ka waiwai nui a me ka hydrophilic o ka hydroxypropyl e hoʻohui hou i nā kaulahao molekula amylose a me ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻāpana cross-linking paʻakikī [233]. No laila, me ka emi ʻana o ka mahana, ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka starch maoli, hoʻokumu ʻo HPS i kahi ʻano pūnaewele ʻoluʻolu a palupalu.

Me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi o ka hydroxypropyl, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana helical i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i loko o ka solution HPS, hiki ke hana i nā mea paʻa hydrogen intermolecular me ke kaulahao mole HPMC ma ka palena o nā pae ʻelua, no laila e hana i kahi ʻano like ʻole. Eia kekahi, hoʻemi ka hydroxypropylation i ka viscosity o ka starch, kahi e hoʻemi ai i ka ʻokoʻa viscosity ma waena o HPMC a me HPS i ka hana. No laila, hoʻololi ka pae hoʻololi o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī HPMC/HPS i ka wela haʻahaʻa me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi HPS hydroxypropyl. Hiki ke hōʻoia ʻia kēia ma ka hoʻololi koke ʻana i ka viscosity me ka mahana o nā mea hoʻohālike i hoʻohui ʻia ma 5.3.4.

5.4 Mokuna Hōʻuluʻulu

Ma kēia mokuna, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā haʻina hoʻohuihui HPMC/HPS me nā degere hoʻololi like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl, a ua noiʻi ʻia ka hopena o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree i nā waiwai rheological a me nā waiwai gel o ka HPMC/HPS anu a me ka ʻōnaehana gel hoʻohuihui wela ua noiʻi ʻia e ka rheometer. Ua aʻo ʻia ka māhele māhele o HPMC/HPS anu a me ka ʻōnaehana gel composite e ka iodine staining optical microscope analysis. ʻO nā ʻike nui e like me kēia:

1. Ma ka lumi wela, ua emi ka viscosity a me ka shear thinning o ka HPMC/HPS compound solution me ka pi'i 'ana o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. ʻO ka mea nui kēia ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka pūʻulu hydroxypropyl i loko o ka mole starch e hoʻopau i kāna ʻano hoʻopaʻa hydrogen intramolecular a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hydrophilicity o ka starch.
2. Ma ka lumi wela, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka viscosity zero-shear h0, flow index n, a me ka viscosity coefficient K o ka HPMC/HPS hoʻohuihui ʻia e ka HPMC a me ka hydroxypropylation. Me ka mahuahua o ka HPMC maʻiʻo, ka zero shear viscosity h0 emi, kahe kahe n piʻi, a me ka viscosity coefficient K emi; ʻo ka viscosity shear zero h0, ka helu kahe n a me ka coefficient viscosity K o ka HPS maʻemaʻe e piʻi aʻe me ka hydroxyl Me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere o ka propyl substitution, lilo ia i mea liʻiliʻi; akā, no ka ʻōnaehana hui, e emi ana ka viscosity shear zero h0 me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana, ʻoiai ke piʻi nei ka helu kahe n a me ka viscosity mau K me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere o ka hoʻololi.
3. Hiki ke hoʻohālikelike pono ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻāʻili ʻana me ka thixotropy mua a me ka thixotropy ʻekolu i ka viscosity, nā waiwai kahe a me ka thixotropy o ka hoʻonā hui.
4. ʻO ka ʻāpana viscoelastic linear o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS me ka emi ʻana o ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl o HPS.
5. I loko o kēia ʻōnaehana hoʻohuihui gel-wela, hiki i ka HPMC a me ka HPS ke hana i nā hanana mau i nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kēia hoʻololi hoʻololi ʻana ke hoʻololi i ka viscosity paʻakikī, nā waiwai viscoelastic, ka hilinaʻi pinepine a me nā waiwai gel o ka gel paʻakikī.
6. E like me nā ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia, hiki i ka HPMC a me ka HPS ke hoʻoholo i nā waiwai rheological a me nā waiwai gel o nā ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS ma ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kēlā me kēia. Ua kūlike nā kaha viscoelastic o ka HPMC/HPS composite samples me HPS ma ka wela haʻahaʻa a me ka HPMC ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe.
7. He hopena koʻikoʻi nō ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻololi kemika o ka hale starch i nā waiwai gel. Hōʻike nā hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka viscosity paʻakikī, ka modulus mālama, a me ka modulus nalowale me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pae hoʻololi o ka HPS hydroxypropyl. No laila, hiki i ka hydroxypropylation o ka starch maoli ke hoʻopau i kona ʻano i kauoha ʻia a hoʻonui i ka hydrophilicity o ka starch, ka hopena i kahi ʻano gel palupalu.
8. Hiki i ka Hydroxypropylation ke hoʻemi i ka ʻano paʻa o nā hāʻina starch ma ka wela haʻahaʻa a me ke ʻano like me ka wai i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. Ma ka wela haʻahaʻa, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o nā waiwai o n′ a me n″ me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi HPS hydroxypropyl; i ka wela kiʻekiʻe, ua liʻiliʻi nā waiwai n′ a me n″ me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere pani ʻana o ka HPS hydroxypropyl.
9. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure, rheological waiwai a me nā waiwai gel o HPMC/HPS composite system. ʻO ka hoʻololi koke ʻana o ka ʻākea viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui pū ʻia a me ka peak tan δ i loko o ka pihi kumu poho e ʻike ʻia ma 45 °C, ʻo ia ke kūlike me ke ʻano hanana hoʻomau i ʻike ʻia ma ka micrograph (ma 45 °C).

ʻO ka hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo, hōʻike ka HPMC/HPS anu-wela gel composite ʻōnaehana i ka morphology a me nā waiwai kūikawā. Ma o nā hoʻololi kemika like ʻole o ka starch a me ka cellulose, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka HPMC/HPS pūnaewele hoʻohuihui gel wela no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea akamai kiʻekiʻe.

Mokuna 6 Nā hopena o ka HPS Substitution Degree ma nā Pono a me ka Pūnaehana Kūlike o nā Membranes Composite HPMC/HPS

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka Mokuna 5 ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke ʻano kemika o nā mea i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui e hoʻoholo ai i ka ʻokoʻa o nā waiwai rheological, nā waiwai gel a me nā mea hana ʻē aʻe o ka ʻōnaehana hui. He hopena koʻikoʻi ka hana holoʻokoʻa.

Ke nānā nei kēia mokuna i ka mana o ka hoʻolālā kemika o nā mea i ka microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o ka membrane composite HPMC/HPS. Hoʻohui ʻia me ka mana o ka Mokuna 5 i nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana composite, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā waiwai rheological o ka HPMC/HPS composite system- ka pilina ma waena o nā waiwai kiʻiʻoniʻoni.

6.1 Mea a me na lako

6.1.1 Mea hoʻokolohua nui

6.1.2 Nā mea hana nui a me nā mea hana

6.2 Hana hoʻokolohua

6.2.1 Ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā membrane huila HPMC/HPS me nā degere hoʻololi like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl.

He 8% (w/w) ka huina hoonui o ka hooluolu huipuia, o ka ratio huihui HPMC/HPS he 10:0, 5:5, 0:10, o ka plasticizer he 2.4% (w/w) polyethylene glycol, Ka mea e ai. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o HPMC/HPS ma ke ʻano hoʻolei. No ke ʻano hoʻomākaukau kūikawā, e nānā i ka 3.2.1.

6.2.2 Hoʻolālā microdomain o nā membrane hui HPMC/HPS me nā degere hoʻololi ʻokoʻa o ka HPS hydroxypropyl.

6.2.2.1 Ka loina o ka microstructure anaana o ka synchrotron radiation ka li'ili'i kihi X-ray hoopuehu.

ʻO ka Scattering Angel X-ray Scattering (SAXS) e pili ana i ka hoʻopuehu ʻana i hana ʻia e ke kukui X-ray e hoʻomālamalama ana i ka hāpana ma lalo o ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i loko o kahi kihi liʻiliʻi kokoke i ke kukui X-ray. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa electron nanoscale ma waena o ka mea hoʻopuehu a me ka mea e hoʻopuni ana, hoʻohana maʻamau ka hoʻopuehu X-ray liʻiliʻi i ke aʻo ʻana i nā mea polymer paʻa, colloidal, a me ka wai i ka laulā nanoscale. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka ʻenehana X-ray diffraction ākea ākea, hiki i ka SAXS ke loaʻa i ka ʻike kikoʻī ma kahi pālākiō nui aʻe, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka nānā ʻana i ka conformation o nā kaulahao polymer molecular, nā hale wā lōʻihi, a me ke ʻano o ka pae a me ka māhele māhele o nā ʻōnaehana paʻakikī polymer. . ʻO Synchrotron X-ray kumu kukui he ʻano hou o ke kumu kukui hana kiʻekiʻe, nona nā pono o ka maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, polarization kiʻekiʻe, pulse haiki, ʻālohilohi kiʻekiʻe, a me ka collimation kiʻekiʻe, no laila hiki iā ia ke loaʻa i ka ʻike nanoscale structural ʻike o nā mea i ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki. a pololei. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ka spectrum SAXS o ka mea i ana ʻia e hiki ke loaʻa i ka kūlike o ke ao uila electron, ka like ʻole o ka nui o ke ao uila electron hoʻokahi (ka hoʻokaʻawale maikaʻi ʻana mai Porod a i ʻole Debye's theorem), a me ka akaka o ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua manawa (negative deviation mai Porod. aiʻole ka manaʻo o Debye). ), scatterer self-similarity (inā paha he fractal hiʻona), scatterer dispersity (monodispersity or polydispersity hoʻoholo ʻia e Guinier) a me nā ʻike ʻē aʻe, a me ka scatterer fractal ana, gyration radius, a me ka awelika o ka papa hana hou ʻana hiki ke loaʻa ma ka quantitatively. ʻO ka mānoanoa, ka nui awelika, ka hakina leo scatterer, ka ʻili kiko kiko a me nā ʻāpana ʻē aʻe.

6.2.2.2 Ke ano hoao

Ma ka Australian Synchrotron Radiation Center (Clayton, Victoria, Australia), ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu hoʻoheheʻe hoʻoheheʻe synchrotron ʻekolu o ka honua (flux 1013 photons/s, wavelength 1.47 Å) i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana micro-domain a me nā ʻike pili ʻē aʻe o ka composite. kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke ʻano hoʻopuehu ʻelua o ka hāpana hoʻāʻo e ka Pilatus 1M detector (169 × 172 μm area, 172 × 172 μm pixel nui), a ʻo ka hāpana i ana ʻia ma ka laulā o 0.015 < q < 0.15 Å−1 ( ʻO q ka vector hoʻopuehu) Ua loaʻa mai ka ʻōkuhi hoʻopuehu X-ray liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi i loko mai ke kumu hoʻopuehu ʻelua e ka polokalamu ScatterBrain, a ua hoʻololi ʻia ka vector hoʻopuehu q a me ka huina hoʻopuehu 2 e ke kumu i / , aia i hea ka lōʻihi nalu X-ray. Ua hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia nā ʻikepili āpau ma mua o ka nānā ʻana i ka ʻikepili.

6.2.3 Ka nānā 'ana o Thermogravimetric o HPMC/HPS composite membranes me nā degere like 'ole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution.

6.2.3.1 Ku'ina o ka ana'ana thermogravimetric

E like me 3.2.5.1

6.2.3.2 Ke ano hoao

E nana 3.2.5.2

6.2.4 Nā waiwai uʻi o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui HPMC/HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl HPS.

6.2.4.1 Kumu o ka hooponopono waiwai tensile

E like me 3.2.6.1

6.2.4.2 Ke ano hoao

E nana 3.2.6.2

Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka maʻamau ISO37, ʻoki ʻia ia i loko o nā splines like dumbbell, me ka lōʻihi o 35mm, kahi mamao ma waena o nā laina kaha o 12mm, a me ka laulā o 2mm. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā mea hoʻāʻo āpau ma 75% haʻahaʻa no ka ʻoi aku o 3 d.

6.2.5 Oxygen permeability o HPMC/HPS composite membranes me na degere like ole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution

6.2.5.1 Kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka oxygen permeability

E like me 3.2.7.1

6.2.5.2 Ke ano hoao

E nana 3.2.7.2

6.3 Nā hopena a me ke kūkākūkā

6.3.1 Ka nānā 'ana i ka ho'olālā kristal o nā ki'i 'oni'oni hui pū HPMC/HPS me nā degere like 'ole o ka ho'ololi 'ana i ka hydroxypropyl HPS.

Hōʻike ka Figure 6-1 i ke kiko liʻiliʻi X-ray scattering spectra o HPMC/HPS composite films me nā degere like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi ma ka laulā nui o q > 0.3 Å (2θ > 40), ʻike ʻia nā piko hiʻohiʻona ma nā ʻāpana membrane āpau. Mai ke kumu hoʻopuehu X-ray o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni maʻemaʻe (Fig. 6-1a), HPMC maʻemaʻe he kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopuehu X-ray ma 0.569 Å, e hōʻike ana i ka HPMC he kiʻekiʻe hoʻopuehu X-ray ma ke kihi ākea. māhele o 7.70 (2θ > 50). ʻO nā kiʻekiʻe hiʻohiʻona kristal, e hōʻike ana he ʻano ʻano kristal ka HPMC ma aneʻi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā laʻana kiʻi ʻoniʻoni maʻemaʻe A939 a me A1081 i kahi piko hoʻopuehu X-ray ʻokoʻa ma 0.397 Å, e hōʻike ana he kiʻekiʻe ʻano crystalline ka HPS ma ka ʻāpana ākea ākea o 5.30, e like me ka B-type crystalline peak o ka starch. Hiki ke ʻike maopopo ʻia ma ke kiʻi ʻo A939 me ka haʻahaʻa hydroxypropyl substitution he ʻoi aku ka nui o ka piko ma mua o A1081 me ka hoʻololi kiʻekiʻe. ʻO kēia ka mea nui ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka pūʻulu hydroxypropyl i loko o ke kaulahao molekika starch i haki i ke ʻano kauoha mua o nā molekole starch, hoʻonui i ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā kaulahao mole starch, a hoʻemi i ka degere o ka starch recrystallization. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere pani o ka pūʻulu hydroxypropyl, ʻoi aku ka maopopo o ka hopena inhibitory o ka pūʻulu hydroxypropyl ma ka starch recrystallization.

Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāpana liʻiliʻi X-ray scattering spectra o nā mea hoʻohālike (Fig. 6-1b) ua hōʻike nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni HPMC-HPS i nā piko hiʻohiʻona ma 0.569 Å a me 0.397 Å, e pili ana i ka aniani 7.70 HPMC. ʻano piko, kēlā me kēia. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka wahi kiʻekiʻe o ka crystallization HPS o HPMC/A939 kiʻi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma mua o ko HPMC/A1081 kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Hoʻopau ʻia ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana, e kūlike me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka wahi kiʻekiʻe o ka crystallization HPS me ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni maʻemaʻe. ʻAʻole i loli nui ka ʻāpana peak crystalline me HPMC ma 7.70 no nā membrane composite me nā degere like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke kiko o nā mea hoʻohālike maʻemaʻe (Fig. 5-1a), ua emi iho nā wahi o ka HPMC crystallization peaks a me HPS crystallization peaks o nā mea hoʻohālike i hoʻohui ʻia, i hōʻike ʻia ma o ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻelua, hiki i ka HPMC a me ka HPS ke kūpono no ka ka hui ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hanana recrystallization o ka mea hoʻokaʻawale kiʻiʻoniʻoni ke pāʻani nei i kekahi hana pale.

Fig. 6-1 SAXS spectra o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni huila HPMC/HPS me nā degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl like ʻole o HPS

I ka hopena, hiki i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere a me ka hui ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua ke kāohi i ka hanana recrystallization o HPMC/HPS composite membrane i kekahi ʻano. ʻO ka piʻi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl substitution degere o HPS ka mea nui i kaohi i ka recrystallization o HPS i loko o ka membrane composite, ʻoiai ʻo ka hui ʻelua-hui i hoʻokani i kahi hana inhibitory i ka recrystallization o HPS a me HPMC i ka membrane composite.

6.3.2 Ka nānā 'ana i ka ho'olālā fractal like o ka HPMC/HPS composite membrane me nā degere ho'ololi like 'ole HPS hydroxypropyl.

ʻO ka lōʻihi kaulahao maʻamau (R) o nā molekole polysaccharide e like me nā molela starch a me nā molekala cellulose aia ma ka laulā o 1000-1500 nm, a ʻo q aia i ka laulā o 0.01-0.1 Å-1, me qR >> 1. Wahi a ka ʻO ke ʻano o ka Porod, ʻike ʻia nā laʻana kiʻiʻoniʻoni polysaccharide ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi X-ray hoʻopuehu ikaika a me ka huina hoʻopuehu:

Ma waena o kēia, ʻo I(q) ka ikaika hoʻopuehu X-ray liʻiliʻi;

q ka huina hoopuehu;

ʻO α ka pali Porod.

Pili ka slope Porod α i ka hana fractal. Ina α < 3, e hoike mai ana ia i ka wehe 'ana o ke kinona, he laumania ka ili o ka mea hoopuehu, a he hakina nui ia, a me kona anana fractal D = α; inā 3 < α <4, hōʻike ia he ʻōʻō o ke kinona a ʻo ka mea hoʻopuehu ka ʻili o ka ʻili, ʻo ia ka hakina ili, a me kona ʻāpana fractal D = 6 – α.

Hōʻike ka 6-2 i nā ʻāpana lnI (q) -lnq o nā membrane composite HPMC/HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi e hōʻike ana nā laʻana a pau i kahi ʻano fractal like ʻole i loko o kahi kikoʻī, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka slope Porod α ma mua o 3, e hōʻike ana i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e hōʻike ana i ka fractal nuipa, a ʻo ka ʻili o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni he mea pili. pahee. Hōʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana fractal nui o nā membranes composite HPMC/HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl HPS ma ka Papa 6-1.

Hōʻike ka papa 6-1 i ka ʻāpana fractal o nā membrane composite HPMC/HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka HPS hydroxypropyl. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka papa ʻaina no nā laʻana HPS maʻemaʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui fractal o A939 i pani ʻia me ka hydroxypropyl haʻahaʻa ma mua o ka A1081 i hoʻololi ʻia me ka hydroxypropyl kiʻekiʻe, e hōʻike ana me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl, ma ka membrane. Hoʻemi nui ʻia ka mānoanoa o ka hale like-like. ʻO kēia no ka mea, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl ma ke kaulahao molekika starch e pale nui i ka hoʻopaʻa like ʻana o nā ʻāpana HPS, e hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ke ʻano like ʻole i loko o ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni. Hiki i nā hui hydrophilic hydroxypropyl ke hana i nā pilina hydrogen intermolecular me nā mole wai, e ho'ēmi ana i ka pilina ma waena o nā'āpana mole; ʻO nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl nui aʻe e kaupalena i ka hui hou ʻana a me ka hoʻopili ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana molekika starch, no laila me ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl substitution, hana ʻo HPS i kahi ʻano like ʻole.

No ka HPMC/A939 hui pūnaewele, o ka fractal ana o HPS oi aku mamua o ka HPMC, ka mea, no ka mea, ka starch recrystallizes, a oi kauoha 'ia ka hale ma waena o na mole kaulahao, e alakai i ka pono-like hale i loko o ka membrane. . Kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe. He haʻahaʻa ka ʻāpana fractal o ka hāpana hui ma mua o nā ʻāpana maʻemaʻe ʻelua, no ka mea ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana, ua keʻakeʻa ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana molekala o nā ʻāpana ʻelua e kekahi i kekahi, e hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka nui o nā hale like ʻole. Ma ka ʻokoʻa, ma ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/A1081, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka fractal dimension o HPS ma mua o ka HPMC. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl i loko o nā molekala starch e pale nui i ka recrystallization o ka starch. ʻO ke ʻano like ʻole o ka lāʻau i ʻoi aku ka wehe. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻāpana fractal o ka hāpana hui HPMC/A1081 ma mua o ka HPS maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻokoʻa loa mai ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/A939. ʻO ke ʻano like ʻole, hiki i nā molekole HPMC like me ke kaulahao ke komo i loko o ka lua o kona ʻano wehe, a laila e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka nui o ke ʻano like ʻole o ka HPS, e hōʻike ana hoʻi ʻo HPS me ka hydroxypropyl substitution kiʻekiʻe hiki ke hana i kahi paʻakikī like ʻole ma hope o ka hui ʻana. me HPMC. mea ʻai. Mai ka ʻikepili o nā waiwai rheological, hiki ke ʻike ʻia e hiki i ka hydroxypropylation ke hoʻemi i ka viscosity o ka starch, no laila i ka wā o ka hoʻohui ʻana, ua hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻokoʻa viscosity ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi homogeneous. pūhui.

Fig. 6-2 lnI(q)-lnq maona a me kona mau pihi kupono no ka HPMC/HPS hui kii me na degere hoololi hydroxypropyl like ole o HPS

Pākuʻi 6-1 Nā ʻāpana hana Fractal o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni hui pū ʻia o HPS/HPMC me kahi degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl o HPS.

No nā membrane hui pū me ka lākiō hoʻohui like, ke emi nei ka ʻāpana fractal me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere pani o ka hui hydroxypropyl. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl i loko o ka mole HPS hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā ʻāpana polymer i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a laila e hōʻemi ai i ka nui o ka membrane composite; ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka HPS me ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl kiʻekiʻe me HPMC, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hana ʻana i ka hui like a me ka paʻa. No laila, e emi ana ka mānoanoa o ka hale like-like i loko o ka membrane composite me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi o HPS, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka mana hui o ke degere hoʻololi o HPS hydroxypropyl a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua i ka composite. ʻōnaehana.

6.3.3 Ka nānā 'ana i ke kūpa'a wela o nā ki'i 'oni'oni hui pū 'o HPMC/HPS me nā degere ho'ololi o ka HPS hydroxypropyl.

Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka mea ananali Thermogravimetric e hoʻāʻo i ke kūpaʻa wela o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni hiki ke ʻai ʻia HPMC/HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hydroxypropyl substitution. Hōʻike ke Kiʻi 6-3 i ka pihi thermogravimetric (TGA) a me kona kaha pohō kaumaha (DTG) o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui pū ʻia me nā degere like ʻole o ka hydroxypropyl substitution HPS. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka pihi TGA ma ke Kiʻi 6-3(a) ʻo nā mea hoʻohālike membrane composite me nā degere hoʻololi o ka HPS hydroxypropyl. Aia ʻelua mau ʻanuʻu hoʻololi thermogravimetric me ka piʻi ʻana o ka mahana. ʻO ka mea mua, aia kahi pae liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi ma 30 ~ 180 ° C, ʻo ia ka mea ma muli o ka volatilization o ka wai adsorbed e ka polysaccharide macromolecule. Aia ka nui o ka pohō kaumaha ma 300 ~ 450 ° C, ʻo ia ka pae hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela maoli, ma muli o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela o HPMC a me HPS. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi, ua like a ʻokoʻa loa nā pale paona o HPS me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka hydroxypropyl me ko HPMC. Ma waena o nā ʻano ʻelua o nā ʻāpana pohō kaumaha no nā HPMC maʻemaʻe a me nā laʻana HPS maʻemaʻe.

Mai nā ʻāpana DTG ma ke Kiʻi 6-3(b), hiki ke ʻike ʻia ʻo nā mahana hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela o ka HPS maʻemaʻe me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl ua kokoke loa, a ʻo nā wela wela wela o ka A939 a me A081 nā laʻana he 310 °C. a me 305 °C, i kēlā me kēia ʻO ka wela wela wela o ka hāpana HPMC maʻemaʻe ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ka HPS, a ʻo kona wela kiʻekiʻe he 365 °C; HPMC/HPS composite kiʻiʻoniʻoni i elua wela degradation piko ma ka DTG curve, e like me ka thermal degradation o HPS a me HPMC, pakahi. ʻO nā peaks hiʻohiʻona, e hōʻike ana aia kekahi degere o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana composite me kahi lākiō hui o 5: 5, i kūlike me nā hopena degradation thermal o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni me ka lākiō o 5: 5 ma ka Mokuna 3 . ʻO ka wela wela wela o ka HPMC/A1081 composite film samples he 306 °C a me 363 °C. Ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia nā wela kiʻekiʻe o nā laʻana kiʻiʻoniʻoni i haʻahaʻa loa ma mua o nā ʻāpana maʻemaʻe, i hōʻike ʻia ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kūpaʻa wela o nā mea hoʻohālike. No nā laʻana me ka lākiō hoʻohui like, ua emi ka wela wela wela me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere pani hydroxypropyl, e hōʻike ana i ka emi ʻana o ke kūpaʻa wela o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere pani hydroxypropyl. ʻO kēia no ka mea ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl i loko o nā molekole starch e hōʻemi ana i ka launa ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana mole a keʻakeʻa i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā molekala. Ua kūlike me nā hualoaʻa e emi ana ka nui o nā hale like me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere o ka hoʻololi hydroxypropyl.

Fig. 6-3 TGA piʻi (a) a me ko lākou kumu (DTG) piko (b) o HPMC/HPS hui kiʻiʻoniʻoni me ka hydroxypropyl degere pani o HPS.

6.3.4 Ka nānā 'ana i nā waiwai mechanical o ka HPMC/HPS composite membrane me HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere like 'ole.

Fig. 6-5 Nā waiwai uʻi o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni HPMC/HPS me nā degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl like ʻole o HPS

Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia nā waiwai tensile o HPMC/HPS composite film me HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere like ʻole e ka mechanical property analyzer ma 25 °C a me 75% humidity pili. Hōʻike nā kiʻi 6-5 i ka modulus elastic (a), elongation ma ka haki ʻana (b) a me ka ikaika tensile (c) o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni me nā degere like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ke kiʻi no ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/A1081, me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, ua emi mālie ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka elongation ma ka haʻihaʻi, i kūlike me 3.3. 5 haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā hopena o nā membrane composite me nā lakene hui like ʻole i kūlike.

No nā membrane HPS maʻemaʻe, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile me ka emi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi o ka HPS hydroxypropyl, me ka manaʻo e hōʻemi ka hydroxypropylation i ka ʻoʻoleʻa o ka membrane composite a hoʻomaikaʻi i kona maʻalahi. ʻO ka mea nui kēia no ka mea me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl, piʻi ka hydrophilicity o HPS, a ʻoi aku ka wehe ʻana o ka hale o ka membrane, i kūlike me ka hopena o ka emi ʻana o ka fractal me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere pani ma ke kihi liʻiliʻi X- ho'āʻo hoʻopuehu ray. Eia naʻe, ke emi nei ka elongation ma ka haʻihaʻi me ka emi ʻana o ke degere pani o ka hui hydroxypropyl HPS, ʻo ia ka mea nui ma muli o ka hoʻokomo ʻana o ka pūʻulu hydroxypropyl i loko o ka mole starch hiki ke kāohi i ka recrystallization o ka starch. Kūlike nā hopena me ka hoʻonui a me ka emi ʻana.

No ka HPMC/HPS composite membrane me ka ratio hui like, e hoʻonui ana ka modulus elastic o ka mea membrane me ka emi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi o ka HPS hydroxypropyl, a ʻo ka ikaika tensile a me ka elongation i ka wā hoʻomaha e emi iho me ka emi ʻana o ke degere pani. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻokoʻa ʻana o nā ʻano mechanical o nā membrane composite me ka ratio hui pū me nā degere like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. ʻO ka mea nui kēia no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻopilikia wale ʻia nā ʻano mechanical o ka membrane composite e ka HPS substitution degree ma ke ʻano o ka membrane, akā me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o nā mea i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Hoʻemi ka viscosity o HPS me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hana ʻana i kahi hui like ʻole ma ka hui ʻana.

6.3.5 Ka nānā 'ana o ka oxygen permeability o ka HPMC/HPS composite membrane me HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere like 'ole.

ʻO ka oxidation i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka oxygen ʻo ia ka pae mua i nā ʻano he nui e hoʻopau ai i ka meaʻai, no laila hiki i nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni composite hiki ke ʻai me kekahi mau mea pale oxygen ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka maikaʻi o ka meaʻai a hoʻolōʻihi i ke ola o ka meaʻai [108, 364]. No laila, ua ana 'ia ka nui o ka oxygen o ka HPMC/HPS composite membranes me HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere like 'ole, a ua hoikeia na hopena ma ke Kii 5-6. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi e ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka oxygen permeability o nā membrane HPS maʻemaʻe a pau ma mua o nā membrane HPMC maʻemaʻe, e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā membrane HPS ma mua o nā membrane HPMC, i kūlike me nā hopena mua. No nā membrane HPS maʻemaʻe me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl, piʻi ka nui o ka hoʻoili ʻana o ka oxygen me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana, e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wahi o ka oxygen i loko o ka mea membrane. Ua kūlike kēia me ka microstructure analysis o ka liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi X-ray e hoʻopuehu ana e lilo ke ʻano o ka membrane me ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana o hydroxypropyl, no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ke kahawai permeation o ka oxygen i loko o ka membrane, a ʻo ka oxygen i loko o ka membrane. permeates I ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻāpana, piʻi mālie ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka oxygen.

Fig. 6-6 Oxygen permeability o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni HPS/HPMC me nā degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl like ʻole o HPS

No nā membrane hui pū me nā degere hoʻololi o ka hydroxypropyl HPS like ʻole, e emi ana ka nui o ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka oxygen me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl. ʻO kēia ka mea nui ma ka ʻōnaehana 5:5 hui pū ʻana, aia ka HPS ma ke ʻano o ka dispersed phase i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa HPMC hoʻomau, a ke emi nei ka viscosity o HPS me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl. ʻOi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka ʻokoʻa viscosity, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi hui homogeneous, ʻoi aku ka tortuous o ke kahe o ka oxygen permeation i loko o ka mea membrane, a ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻouna ʻana o ka oxygen.

6.4 Mokuna Hōʻuluʻulu

Ma kēia mokuna, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni ʻoniʻoni HPMC/HPS ma ka hoʻolei ʻana iā HPS a me HPMC me nā degere like ʻole o ka hydroxypropyl substitution, a me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka polyethylene glycol ma ke ʻano he plasticizer. Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o nā degere hoʻololi like ʻole o ka HPS hydroxypropyl ma ke ʻano aniani a me ke ʻano microdomain o ka membrane composite e ka synchrotron radiation liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi X-ray scattering ʻenehana. Ua aʻo ʻia nā hopena o nā degere hoʻololi ʻokoʻa o ka HPS hydroxypropyl i ke kūpaʻa wela, nā waiwai mechanical a me ka oxygen permeability o nā membrane composite a me kā lākou mau kānāwai i aʻo ʻia e ka thermogravimetric analyzer, mechanical property tester a me ka oxygen permeability tester. ʻO nā mea nui i ʻike ʻia penei:

1. No ka HPMC/HPS composite membrane me ka lakene hui like like, me ka hoonui o ka hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ka crystallization peak area e pili ana i HPS ma 5.30 emi iho, oiai ka crystallization peak wahi e pili ana me HPMC ma 7.70 aole loli nui, e hoike ana i ka Hiki i ka hydroxypropylation o ka starch ke pale i ka recrystallization o ka starch i loko o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni.
2. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana maʻemaʻe o HPMC a me HPS, ua hoʻemi ʻia nā wahi kiʻekiʻe o ka crystallization o HPS (5.30) a me HPMC (7.70) o nā membrane composite, e hōʻike ana ma o ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻelua, hiki i ka HPMC a me ka HPS ke hana maikaʻi i loko. nā membrane hui. ʻO ka recrystallization o kekahi ʻāpana ʻē aʻe ke pāʻani i kekahi hana pale.
3. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā membranes composite HPMC/HPS a pau i ka hoʻolālā fractal mass like. No nā membrane hui pū me ka ratio pūhui like, ua emi nui ka mānoanoa o ka mea membrane me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl; haʻahaʻa HPS hydroxypropyl substitution He haʻahaʻa loa ka haʻahaʻa o ka mea membrane composite ma mua o nā mea ʻelua-maʻemaʻe ʻāpana, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka mea membrane composite me kahi kiʻekiʻe o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere ma mua o ka membrane HPS maʻemaʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi. ʻO ka mea nui no ka mea e pili ana ka nui o ka mea membrane composite i ka manawa like. ʻO ka hopena o ka hydroxypropylation HPS i ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka māhele polymer a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana ma waena o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka ʻōnaehana hui.
4. Hiki i ka Hydroxypropylation o HPS ke ho'ēmi i ka paʻa wela o ka HPMC/HPS composite kiʻiʻoniʻoni, a me ka thermal degradation peak wela o ka composite films neʻe i ka haʻahaʻa wela māhele me ka piʻiʻana o hydroxypropyl substitution degere, i mea no ka hydroxypropyl pūʻulu i ka starch mole. Hoʻemi ka hoʻolauna ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o nā ʻāpana molekala a pale i ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā molekala.
5. Ua emi ka elastic modulus a me ka ikaika tensile o ka membrane HPS maʻemaʻe me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi o ka HPS hydroxypropyl, ʻoiai ua hoʻonui ʻia ka elongation i ka wā hoʻomaha. ʻO ka mea nui kēia ma muli o ke kāohi ʻana o ka hydroxypropylation i ka recrystallization o ka starch a hoʻolilo i ka kiʻiʻoniʻoni composite i mea ʻoi aku ka palupalu.
6. Ua emi iho ka elastic modulus o HPMC/HPS composite film me ka pi'i 'ana o ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, akā, ua ho'onui 'ia ka ikaika tensile a me ka elongation ma ka ha'iha'i, no ka mea, 'a'ole i ho'opilikia 'ia nā waiwai mechanical o ke ki'i hui e ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Ma waho aʻe o ka mana o, pili pū ia e ka hoʻohālikelike o nā ʻāpana ʻelua o ka ʻōnaehana hui.
7. Hoʻonui ka oxygen permeability o ka HPS maʻemaʻe me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl substitution degree, no ka mea, hoʻemi ka hydroxypropylation i ka nui o ka wahi amorphous HPS a hoʻonui i ka wahi o ka oxygen permeation i loko o ka membrane; HPMC/HPS composite membrane Ke emi nei ka oxygen permeability me ka piʻi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl substitution degree, ʻo ia hoʻi no ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka HPS hyperhydroxypropylated me HPMC, e alakaʻi ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka tortuosity o ke kahawai permeation oxygen i loko o ka membrane composite. Hoʻemi i ka oxygen permeability.

Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua ma luna nei e pili pono ana nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai mechanical, thermal stability a me ka oxygen permeability o ka HPMC/HPS composite membranes i ko lākou ʻano crystalline kūloko a me ka ʻāpana amorphous, ʻaʻole i pili wale ʻia e ka HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, akā. e ka paʻakikī hoʻi. Ka hopena o ka hui like ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana ligand ʻelua.

Ka hopena a me ka Outlook

1. Ka hopena

I loko o kēia pepa, ua hui pū ʻia ka HPMC gel wela a me ka HPS gel anuanu, a ua kūkulu ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohuli a me ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohuli HPMC/HPS. ʻO ka hoʻonā ʻana, ka ratio hui pū ʻana a me ka hopena shearing ma ka ʻōnaehana hui e aʻo ʻia i ka mana o nā waiwai rheological e like me ka viscosity, flow index and thixotropy, i hui pū ʻia me nā waiwai mechanical, dynamic thermomechanical properties, oxygen permeability, light transmission properties and thermal stability. nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma ke ʻano hoʻolei. Ua aʻo ʻia nā waiwai piha, a me ka iodine waina i ka hoʻopili ʻana, ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka morphology o ka ʻōnaehana composite e ka microscopy optical, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o HPMC/HPS. No ka hoʻomaluʻana i nā waiwai o nā mea hoʻohui ma o ka hoʻomaluʻana i ka hanana phase a me ka pili o ka HPMC/HPS composite system e like me ka pilina ma waena o nā waiwai macroscopic a me ka micromorphological structure o ka HPMC/HPS composite system. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā hopena o ka HPS i hoʻololi kemika me nā degere like ʻole ma nā waiwai rheological, nā waiwai gel, microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o nā membranes, ua noiʻi hou ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o ka HPMC/HPS ʻōnaehana anuanu a wela inverse gel. Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā meaʻelua, a me keʻano hoʻohālike kino e ho'ākāka i keʻano o ka gelation a me kona mau mea hoʻoikaika a me nā kānāwai o ke anuanu a me ka wela i loko o ka pūnaewele hui. Ua unuhi nā haʻawina pili i kēia mau hopena.

1. Hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ratio hui pū ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi nui i nā waiwai rheological e like me ka viscosity, fluidity a me thixotropy o HPMC ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ua aʻo hou ʻia ka pilina ma waena o nā waiwai rheological a me ka microstructure o ka ʻōnaehana hui. ʻO nā hopena kikoʻī penei:

(1) Ma ka wela haʻahaʻa, ʻo ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui he ʻano hoʻopuehu mau ʻia o ka pae "mokupuni moana", a ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae hoʻomau i ka 4:6 me ka emi ʻana o ka lakene hui HPMC/HPS. Ke kiʻekiʻe ka lākiō hui (ʻoi aku ka HPMC maʻiʻo), ʻo HPMC me ka viscosity haʻahaʻa ka pae mau, a ʻo HPS ka pae hoʻopuehu. No ka pūnaewele hui HPMC/HPS, i ka wā o ka māhele haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa i ka manawa mau a ʻo ka ʻāpana kiʻekiʻe-viscosity ka manawa mau, ʻo ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka viscosity pae mau i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Ke hoʻomau nei ka HPMC haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻike nui ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui i ka hāʻawi ʻana o ka viscosity mau; i ka wā o ka HPS viscosity kiʻekiʻe ka manawa hoʻomau, ʻo ka HPMC e like me ka dispersed phase e hoʻemi i ka viscosity o ka HPS kiʻekiʻe-viscosity. hopena. Me ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka HPS maʻiʻo a me ka hoʻonā ʻana i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohuihui, ua hoʻonui mālie ʻia ka viscosity a me ka shear thinning o ka ʻōnaehana hui, ua emi ka wai, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ke ʻano paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana hui. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka viscosity a me ka thixotropy o HPMC e ka hana ʻana me HPS.

(2) No ka 5:5 ʻōnaehana hoʻohuihui, hiki i ka HPMC a me ka HPS ke hana i nā ʻanuʻu mau i nā wela haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe. Hiki i kēia hoʻololi hoʻololi ʻana ke hoʻololi i ka viscosity paʻakikī, nā waiwai viscoelastic, ka hilinaʻi pinepine a me nā waiwai gel o ka gel paʻakikī. E like me nā ʻāpana i hoʻopuehu ʻia, hiki i ka HPMC a me ka HPS ke hoʻoholo i nā waiwai rheological a me nā waiwai gel o nā ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS ma ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, kēlā me kēia. Ua kūlike nā kaha viscoelastic o ka HPMC/HPS composite samples me HPS ma ka wela haʻahaʻa a me ka HPMC ma ka wela kiʻekiʻe.

(3) Ua hoʻokumuʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure, rheological properties a me nā waiwai gel o HPMC/HPS composite system. Ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻololi koke ʻana o ka pihi viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui pū ʻia a me ka peak tan delta i ka pihi kumu poho ma 45 °C, i kūlike me ke ʻano hana hoʻomau i ʻike ʻia ma ka micrograph (ma 45 °C).

1. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i ka microstructure a me ka mechanical properties, dynamic thermomechanical properties, light transmittance, oxygen permeability and thermal stability of the composite membranes i hoʻomākaukau ʻia ma lalo o nā ʻano hui like ʻole a me nā hoʻonā hopena, i hui pū ʻia me ka iodine dyeing optical microscopy technology, research The phase morphology, phase transition and compatibility. ua noiʻi ʻia nā paʻakikī, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o nā complexes. ʻO nā hopena kikoʻī penei:

(1) ʻAʻohe mea ʻike maka ʻelua ʻāpana i nā kiʻi SEM o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui pū ʻia me nā lakio hui like ʻole. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hui pū ʻia he hoʻokahi wale nō wahi hoʻololi aniani i nā hopena DMA, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻohui ʻia he hoʻokahi wale nō piko hoʻohaʻahaʻa wela ma ka pihi DTG. Hōʻike pū kēia mau mea he kūpono ko HPMC me HPS.

(2) He hopena koʻikoʻi ka haʻahaʻa pili i nā waiwai mechanical o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni hui HPMC/HPS, a piʻi ka degere o kona hopena me ka piʻi ʻana o ka ʻike HPS. Ma ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni i hoʻohui ʻia me ka piʻi ʻana o ka maʻiʻo HPS, a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka elongation i ka haki ʻana o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma mua o nā kiʻiʻoniʻoni maʻemaʻe. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka haʻahaʻa pili, ua emi ka modulus elastic a me ka ikaika tensile o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ka elongation i ka wā hoʻomaha, a ʻo ka pilina ma waena o nā waiwai mechanical o ka kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me ka ratio hui pū ʻana i hōʻike i kahi ʻano hoʻololi kūʻē loa ma lalo o nā ʻokoʻa. haʻahaʻa pili. Hōʻike nā ʻano mechanical o nā membrane composite me nā ʻano hui like ʻole i kahi intersection ma lalo o nā kūlana haʻahaʻa pili like ʻole, e hāʻawi ana i ka hiki ke hoʻonui i ka hana huahana e like me nā koi noi like ʻole.

(3) Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure, ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae, ka ʻike a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui HPMC/HPS. a. ʻO ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ʻikea o ka ʻōnaehana hui e kūlike me ka pae hoʻololi o ka HPMC mai ka pae hoʻomau a i ka māhele hoʻopuehu a me ka palena liʻiliʻi o ka emi ʻana o ka modulus tensile. b. ʻO ka modulus a me ka elongation o ka ʻōpio i ka wā hoʻomaha e emi me ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka hoʻonā, kahi kumu e pili ana i ka hoʻololi morphological o HPMC mai ka manawa mau a i ka māhele dispersed i ka ʻōnaehana hui.

(4) ʻO ka hoʻohui ʻana o HPS e hoʻonui i ka tortuosity o ka oxygen permeation channel i loko o ka membrane composite, hoʻemi nui i ka oxygen permeability o ka membrane, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana pale oxygen o ka membrane HPMC.

1. Ua aʻo ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻololi kemika HPS i nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana composite a me nā waiwai piha o ka membrane composite e like me ke ʻano kristal, ka ʻāina amorphous, nā waiwai mechanical, ka oxygen permeability a me ke kūpaʻa wela. ʻO nā hopena kikoʻī penei:

(1) Hiki i ka hydroxypropylation o HPS ke hoʻemi i ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana hui i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka wai o ka hoʻonā hui, a hoʻemi i ke ʻano o ka shear thinning; hiki i ka hydroxypropylation o HPS ke hōʻemi i ka ʻāpana viscoelastic linear o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui, hoʻemi i ka mahana hoʻololi o ka pae o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka ʻano paʻa o ka ʻōnaehana hui ma ka wela haʻahaʻa a me ka wai i ka wela kiʻekiʻe.

(2) ʻO ka hydroxypropylation o HPS a me ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua hiki ke kāohi i ka recrystallization o ka starch i loko o ka membrane, a hoʻoikaika i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka membrane composite. ʻO ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydroxypropyl nui ma ke kaulahao molekika starch e kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho hou ʻana o nā ʻāpana molekala HPS, e hopena i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi ʻano like ʻole o ka HPS. No ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī, ʻo ka piʻi ʻana o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hydroxypropyl e hiki ai i nā molekala HPMC like me ke kaulahao ke komo i loko o ka ʻāpana lua o HPS, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī a hoʻomaikaʻi i ka nui o ke ʻano like ʻole o ka HPS. Hoʻonui ka hoʻohālikelike o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻohui me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere pani o ka hui hydroxypropyl, i kūlike me nā hopena o nā waiwai rheological.

(3) ʻO nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai mechanical, thermal stability a me ka oxygen permeability o ka HPMC/HPS composite membrane pili loa i kona ʻano crystalline kūloko a me ka ʻāpana amorphous. ʻO ka hopena hui o nā hopena ʻelua o ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o nā ʻāpana ʻelua.

1. Ma ke aʻo ʻana i nā hopena o ka hoʻonā ʻana, ka mahana a me ka hoʻololi kemika o HPS ma nā waiwai rheological o ka ʻōnaehana hui, ua kūkākūkā ʻia ke ʻano gelation o ka HPMC/HPS anu-wela inverse gel compound system. ʻO nā hopena kikoʻī penei:

(1) Loaʻa ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi (8%) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hui, ma lalo o ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi, aia ka HPMC a me HPS i nā kaulahao molekala kūʻokoʻa a me nā ʻāpana ʻāpana; i ka wā i loaʻa ai ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pae HPS i ka hopena ma ke ʻano he condensate. ʻO ke kikowaena gel kahi ʻano microgel i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hui ʻana o nā kaulahao molekala HPMC; Ma luna aʻe o ka manaʻo koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻopili ʻana a ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka launa pū ʻana, a hōʻike ka hopena i kahi ʻano like me ka hoʻoheheʻe polymer.

(2) He wahi hoʻololi o ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mahana, pili i ka hana gel o HPMC a me HPS i ka ʻōnaehana paʻakikī. Ma nā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka viscosity o HPMC ma mua o ka HPS, no laila, hoʻokumu ʻo HPMC i kahi manawa mau e hoʻopuni ana i ka pae gel HPS kiʻekiʻe. Ma nā ʻaoʻao o nā ʻāpana ʻelua, nalowale nā ​​pūʻulu hydroxyl ma ke kaulahao HPMC i kahi hapa o ko lākou wai hoʻopaʻa a hana i nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular me ke kaulahao molekala HPS. I ka wā o ka hoʻomehana ʻana, ua neʻe nā kaulahao molekala HPS ma muli o ka hoʻomoʻa ʻana i ka ikehu a hoʻokumu i nā paʻa hydrogen me nā mole wai, e hopena i ka haki ʻana o ka hale gel. I ka manawa like, ua hoʻopau ʻia nā hale wai-wai a me nā ʻāpana wai ma nā kaulahao HPMC, a ua wāwahi ʻia e hōʻike i nā hui hydrophilic a me nā pūʻulu hydrophobic. Ma ke kiʻekiʻe wela, hana ʻo HPMC i kahi ʻōnaehana gel ma muli o nā paʻa hydrogen intermolecular a me ka hui hydrophobic, a pēlā e lilo ai i mea hoʻopuehu kiʻekiʻe-viscosity i hoʻopuehu ʻia i loko o ka HPS mau manawa o nā coils random.

(3) Me ka piʻi ʻana o ka degere hoʻololi hydroxypropyl o HPS, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka ʻōnaehana hui HPMC/HPS, a neʻe ka mahana hoʻololi o ka pae i ka ʻōnaehana hui i ka wela haʻahaʻa. Me ka piʻi ʻana o ke degere hoʻololi o ka hydroxypropyl, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā ʻāpana helical i hoʻolōʻihi ʻia i loko o ka solution HPS, hiki ke hana i nā mea paʻa hydrogen intermolecular me ke kaulahao mole HPMC ma ka palena o nā pae ʻelua, no laila e hana i kahi ʻano like ʻole. Hydroxypropylation ho'ēmi i ka viscosity o ka starch, no laila, i ka viscosity okoa ma waena o HPMC a me HPS i loko o ka hui ua narrowed, i mea conducive i ka hookumu ana o ka oi homogeneous hui, a me ka palena iki waiwai o ka viscosity okoa ma waena o nā mea elua neʻe i ka haʻahaʻa. ʻāpana mahana.

2. Nā helu hou

1. E hoʻolālā a kūkulu i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻoheheʻe ʻia o ka gel a me ke anuanu HPMC/HPS, a noʻonoʻo pono i nā ʻano rheological kūʻokoʻa o kēia ʻōnaehana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻonā ʻana, ka ratio hui, ka mahana a me ka hoʻololi kemika o nā ʻāpana. Ua aʻo hou ʻia nā kānāwai mana o nā waiwai rheological, nā waiwai gel a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a ua aʻo hou ʻia ka pae morphology a me ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka pae o ka ʻōnaehana hui pū me ka nānā ʻana i ka iodine dyeing optical microscope, a me ka micro-morphological. ua hoʻokumu ʻia ke ʻano o ka ʻōnaehana hui- Rheological properties-gel properties pili. No ka manawa mua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻo Arrhenius e kūpono i ke kānāwai hoʻokumu gel o ke anu a me ka wela hoʻohuli-phase composite gels i nā pae wela like ʻole.

2. Ua ʻike ʻia ka māhele māhele, ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka HPMC/HPS composite system e ka iodine dyeing optical microscope analysis technology, a ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā waiwai transparency-mechanical ma o ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā waiwai optical a me nā waiwai mechanical o nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic e like me nā waiwai-phase morphology a me ka ʻike-mechanical properties-phase morphology. ʻO ia ka manawa mua e nānā pono ai i ke kānāwai hoʻololi o ka pae morphology o kēia ʻōnaehana hui me ka ratio hui ʻana, ka mahana a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kūlana o ka hoʻololi ʻana a me ka hopena o ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā waiwai o ka ʻōnaehana hui.

3. Ua aʻo ʻia e SAXS ke ʻano crystalline a me ke ʻano amorphous o nā membrane composite me HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degere like ʻole, a ua kūkākūkā ʻia ke ʻano gelation a me ka mana o nā gels composite i hui pū ʻia me nā hopena rheological a me nā waiwai macroscopic e like me ka oxygen permeability o nā membrane composite. ʻO nā kumu a me nā kānāwai, ua ʻike ʻia no ka manawa mua e pili ana ka viscosity o ka ʻōnaehana composite i ka density o ke ʻano like ʻole i loko o ka membrane composite, a hoʻoholo pololei i nā waiwai macroscopic e like me ka oxygen permeability a me nā waiwai mechanical o ka composite. membrane, a hoʻokumu i nā waiwai rheological-microstructure-membrane pilina ma waena o nā waiwai waiwai.

3. Nānā

I kēia mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lilo ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā meaʻai palekana palekana a me ka ʻai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā polymers kūlohelohe hou e like me nā mea maka i lilo i wahi wela no ka noiʻi ʻana i ke kahua o ka meaʻai. Ma kēia pepa, hoʻohana ʻia ka polysaccharide maoli ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka HPMC a me ka HPS, ua hoʻemi ʻia ke kumukūʻai o nā mea maka, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana ʻana o ka HPMC i ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia ka hana pale oxygen o ka membrane composite. Ma o ka hui 'ana o ka rheological analysis, iodine dyeing optical microscope analysis and composite film microstructure and composite performance analysis, the phase morphology, phase transition, phase separation and compatibility of the cold-hot reversed-phase gel composite system. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka pilina ma waena o ka microstructure a me nā waiwai macroscopic o ka ʻōnaehana composite. E like me ka pilina ma waena o nā waiwai macroscopic a me ka micromorphological structure o ka HPMC/HPS composite system, hiki ke hoʻomalu ʻia ke ʻano o ka pae a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana composite e hoʻomalu i ka mea hoʻohui. He kumu alakaʻi koʻikoʻi ko ka noiʻi ma kēia pepa no ke kaʻina hana maoli; ʻO ke ʻano o ka hoʻokumu ʻana, nā mea hoʻohuli a me nā kānāwai o ke anu a me ka wela inverse composite gels e kūkākūkā ʻia, ʻo ia kahi ʻōnaehana hui like o nā gels inverse anu a wela. Hāʻawi ka noiʻi o kēia pepa i kahi kumu hoʻohālike e hāʻawi i ke alakaʻi kumu no ka hoʻomohala ʻana a me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea akamai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka wela. Loaʻa i nā hopena noiʻi o kēia pepa ka waiwai theoretical maikaʻi. ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana o kēia pepa e pili ana i ka hui ʻana o ka meaʻai, ka meaʻai, ka gel a me ka hui pū ʻana a me nā ʻano hana ʻē aʻe. Ma muli o ka palena o ka manawa a me nā ʻano noiʻi, ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana o kēia kumuhana he nui nā mea i hoʻopau ʻole ʻia, hiki ke hoʻonui a hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia mai kēia mau ʻaoʻao. hoʻonui:

Nā hiʻohiʻona manaʻo:

1. No ka ʻimi ʻana i nā hopena o nā lālā lālā kaulahao like ʻole, nā paona molekala a me nā ʻano like ʻole o ka HPS i nā waiwai rheological, nā waiwai membrane, ka morphology phase, a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana hui, a me ka ʻimi ʻana i ke kānāwai o kona mana i ke ʻano hana gel o ka pūhui. ʻōnaehana.
2. E noiʻi i nā hopena o ka HPMC hydroxypropyl substitution degere, methoxyl substitution degere, molecular weight and source on the rheological properties, gel waiwai, membrane waiwai a me nenoaiu compatibility o ka hui pūnaewele, a kālailai i ka hopena o ka HPMC hoʻololi kemika ma ka hui condensation. Ka lula o ka hana ʻana o ka gel.
3. Ua aʻo ʻia ka mana o ka paʻakai, pH, plasticizer, cross-linking agent, antibacterial agent a me nā ʻōnaehana hoʻohui ʻē aʻe i nā waiwai rheological, nā waiwai gel, nā ʻano membrane a me nā waiwai a me kā lākou mau kānāwai.

Noi:

1. E hoʻonui i ke ʻano no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā ʻeke meaʻala, nā ʻeke meaʻai a me nā sopa paʻa, a e aʻo i ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i nā mea ʻala, nā mea kanu a me nā sopa i ka wā mālama, nā waiwai mechanical o nā mea, a me nā loli i ka hana o ka huahana ke hoʻokau ʻia i nā mana o waho. , a me ka wai solubility a me ka hygienic index o ka mea. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā meaʻai granulated e like me ke kofe a me ka waiu kī, a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā keke, cheeses, desserts a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe.
2. E hoʻolālā i ka hoʻolālā kumu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā capsules lāʻau lapaʻau botanical, e aʻo hou i nā kūlana hana a me ke koho maikaʻi loa o nā mea kōkua kōkua, a hoʻomākaukau i nā huahana hollow capsule. Ua ho'āʻo ʻia nā hōʻailona kino a me ke kemika e like me ka friability, ka wā hemo, ka ʻike metala kaumaha, a me ka ʻike microbial.
3. No ka hoʻohana hou ʻana i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu, nā huahana ʻiʻo, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, e like me nā ʻano hana like ʻole o ka pīpī ʻana, ka ʻū ʻana, a me ka pena ʻana, e koho i ke ʻano kūpono, a e aʻo i ka nui o ka hua popopo, ka nalowale o ka wai, ka ʻai meaʻai, ka paʻakikī. o nā huaʻai ma hope o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wā mālama, ka nani a me ka ʻono a me nā hōʻailona ʻē aʻe; ke kala, ka pH, ka waiwai TVB-N, ka waikawa thiobarbituric a me ka helu o nā microorganism o nā huahana ʻiʻo ma hope o ka hoʻopili ʻana.