Pehea e hana ai i ka Cellulose ether?

Cellulose etera he ʻano derivative cellulose i loaʻa ma ka hoʻololi etherification o cellulose. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia ma muli o kona mānoanoa maikaʻi loa, emulsification, hoʻokuʻu, hoʻokumu kiʻiʻoniʻoni, colloid pale, paʻa ʻana i ka wai, a me nā waiwai adhesion. He hana koʻikoʻi ia i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana ʻāina i ka noiʻi ʻepekema a me nā ʻoihana ʻoihana e like me ka meaʻai, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, ka hana pepa, ka uhi, nā mea kūkulu hale, ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka aila, nā textiles a me nā mea uila. Ma kēia pepa, nānā ʻia ka holomua noiʻi o ka hoʻololi etherification o cellulose.

Celluloseeteraʻo ia ka polymer organik nui loa ma ke ʻano. Hiki ke hoʻololi, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a biocompatible. He mea koʻikoʻi kumu kumu no ka ʻenekinia kemika. Wahi a nā mea hoʻololi like ʻole ma ka mole i loaʻa mai ka hopena etherification, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ethers hoʻokahi a hui pū ʻia. cellulose nā etera.Eia mākou hōʻike i ka holomua noiʻi e pili ana i ka synthesis o nā eter hoʻokahi, me nā alkyl ethers, hydroxyalkyl ethers, carboxyalkyl ethers, a me nā etera hui pū.

Hua'ōlelo nui: cellulose etera, etherification, etera hoʻokahi, etera hui, holomua noiʻi

1.Etherification pane o cellulose

ʻO ka hopena etherification o cellulose etera ʻO ka hopena o ka cellulose derivatization nui. Nui nā ʻano o nā huahana cellulose ether, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i nā ethers hoʻokahi a me nā ethers i hui ʻia e like me nā substituents like ʻole ma nā molekala i loaʻa mai ka hopena etherification. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā eter hoʻokahi i nā eter alkyl, nā eter hydroxyalkyl a me nā eter carboxyalkyl, a ʻo nā eter hui pū ʻia e pili ana i nā eter me ʻelua a ʻoi aku paha nā hui i hoʻopili ʻia i loko o ka molecular structure. Ma waena o nā huahana cellulose ether, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) i hōʻike ʻia, i waena o kekahi mau huahana i kālepa ʻia.

2.Synthesis o ka cellulose ether

2.1 Hoʻohui ʻia o kahi eter hoʻokahi

ʻO nā ethers hoʻokahi nā alkyl ethers (e like me ka ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, phenyl cellulose, cyanoethyl cellulose, etc.), hydroxyalkyl ethers (e like me hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, etc.), carboxyalkyl ethers (e like me carboxymethylyellose, cellulose etc.).

2.1.1 Hoʻohui ʻia o nā alkyl ethers

Hana mua ʻo Berglund et al i ka cellulose me ka hopena NaOH i hoʻohui ʻia me ka ethyl chloride, a laila hoʻohui i ka methyl chloride ma kahi mahana o 65.°C i 90°C a me ke kaomi o 3bar a hiki i 15bar, a hoʻopili ʻia e hana i ka methyl cellulose ether. Hiki i kēia ʻano hana ke hana maikaʻi loa No ka loaʻa ʻana o ka wai-soluble methyl cellulose ethers me nā degere like ʻole o ka hoʻololi ʻana.

ʻO ka Ethylcellulose kahi granule thermoplastic keʻokeʻo a i ʻole ka pauka. Loaʻa i nā huahana maʻamau ka 44% ~ 49% ethoxy. Hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka hapa nui o nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai. ka pulp a pulupulu linters me 40% ~ 50% sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, a me ka alkalized cellulose ua ethoxylated me ka ethyl chloride e hana i ka ethyl cellulose. ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka ethyl cellulose (EC) me kahi maʻiʻo ethoxy o 43.98% ma ke ʻano hoʻokahi ʻanuʻu ma ka hana ʻana i ka cellulose me ka ethyl chloride a me ka sodium hydroxide, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka toluene ma ke ʻano he diluent. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Toluene e like me ka diluent i ka hoʻokolohua. I ka wā o ka hopena etherification, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻolaha wale i ka diffusion o ka ethyl chloride i ka cellulose alkali, akā hoʻopau pū i ka ethyl cellulose i hoʻololi ʻia. I ka wā o ka hopena, hiki ke hōʻike mau ʻia ka ʻāpana i hoʻokō ʻole ʻia, e hana ana i ka mea etherification He mea maʻalahi ke hoʻouka ʻia, i hoʻololi ʻia ka hopena ethylation mai heterogeneous a homogeneous, a ʻoi aku ka like o ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā substituent i ka huahana.

hoʻohana i ka ethyl bromide ma ke ʻano he etherification agent a me ka tetrahydrofuran ma ke ʻano he diluent e synthesize ethyl cellulose (EC), a hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka huahana e ka infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance a me ka gel permeation chromatography. Ua helu ʻia ʻo ka degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ethyl cellulose ma kahi o 2.5, he haiki ka molecular mass, a he solubility maikaʻi i nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik.

cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) ma o nā ʻano like ʻole a me nā ʻano heterogeneous me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka cellulose me nā degere like ʻole o ka polymerization ma ke ʻano he kumu waiwai, a hoʻomākaukau i nā mea membrane CEC me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana a me ke kaomi wela. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā membranes CEC porous e ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i ka ʻenehana hoʻokaʻawale (NIPS), a ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā mea membrane nanocomposite barium titanate / cyanoethyl cellulose (BT / CEC) e ka ʻenehana NIPS, a ua aʻo ʻia ko lākou mau hale a me nā waiwai.

hoʻohana i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe cellulose i hoʻomohala ʻia (alkali / urea solution) e like me ke ʻano o ka hopena i homogeneously synthesize cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) me ka acrylonitrile e like me ka etherification agent, a alakaʻi i ka noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano, nā waiwai a me nā noi o ka huahana. e aʻo hohonu. A ma ke kaohi ʻana i nā ʻano hopena like ʻole, hiki ke loaʻa ke ʻano o nā CEC me nā koina DS mai 0.26 a 1.81.

2.1.2 Hoʻohui i nā hydroxyalkyl ethers

Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Fan Junlin et al i ka hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) i loko o kahi reactor 500 L me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia e like me ka mea maka a me ka 87.7% isopropanol-wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe e hoʻokahi-step alkalization, step-by-step neutralization and step-by-step etherification. . Ua hōʻike nā hualoaʻa i ka hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) i hoʻomākaukau ʻia he molar substitution MS o 2.2-2.9, e hiki ana i ke kūlana kūlana like me ka huahana ʻoihana Dows 250 HEC me kahi molar substitution o 2.2-2.4. Hiki i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka HEC i ka hana ʻana i ka pena latex ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni a me ka pae pae ʻana o ka pena latex.

Ua kūkākūkā ʻo Liu Dan a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka quaternary ammonium salt cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose e ke ʻano semi-dry o hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) a me 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTA) ma lalo o ka hana o ka catalysis alkali. nā kūlana etera. Ua noiʻi ʻia ka hopena o ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose ether ma ka pepa. Hōʻike nā hualoaʻa hoʻokolohua: i loko o ka bleached hardwood pulp, i ka wā o ka degere pani o cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose etera he 0.26, ka huina o ka paʻa 'ana piʻi e 9%, a me ka wai filtration rate piʻi e 14%; i ka bleached hardwood pulp, i ka wā i ka nui o ka cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose ether he 0.08% o ka pulupulu pulupulu, he mea hooikaika nui ia ma ka pepa; ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka cationic cellulose ether, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka cationic charge density, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena hoʻoikaika.

Hoʻohana ʻo Zhanhong i ke ʻano hana synthesis wai-phase e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka hydroxyethyl cellulose me kahi waiwai viscosity o 5×104mPa·s a i ʻole a ʻoi aku ka waiwai o ka lehu ma lalo o 0.3% ma o ke kaʻina hana ʻelua o ka alkalization a me ka etherification. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻano hana alkaliization ʻelua. ʻO ke ala mua ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka acetone ma ke ʻano he diluent. Hoʻokumu pololei ʻia ka cellulose maka kumu i loko o kahi ʻano o ka wai wai sodium hydroxide. Ma hope o ka hoʻokō ʻia ʻana o ka hopena basification, hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea etherification e hoʻokō pololei i ka hopena etherification. ʻO ke ʻano ʻelua, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ka cellulose maka i loko o kahi wai wai o ka sodium hydroxide a me ka urea, a ʻo ka cellulose alkali i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e kēia ʻano pono e ʻoki ʻia e wehe i ka lye keu ma mua o ka hopena etherification. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻokolohua ʻo nā mea e like me ka nui diluent i koho ʻia, ka nui o ka ethylene oxide i hoʻohui ʻia, ka manawa alkalization, ka mahana a me ka manawa o ka pane mua, a me ka mahana a me ka manawa o ka pane ʻelua i ka hopena nui i ka hana. o ka huahana.

Xu Qin et al. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hopena etherification o ka cellulose alkali a me ka propylene oxide, a me ka hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) synthesized me ke degere hoʻololi haʻahaʻa ma ke ʻano hana kinoea. Ua aʻo ʻia nā hopena o ka hapa nui o ka propylene oxide, squeeze ratio a me ka mahana etherification ma ke degere o ka etherification o ka HPC a me ka hoʻohana pono ʻana i ka propylene oxide. Ua hōʻike nā hopena i nā kūlana synthesis maikaʻi loa o ka HPC he propylene oxide mass fraction 20% (mass ratio to cellulose), alkali cellulose extrusion ratio 3.0, a me ka mahana etherification 60°C. ʻO ka hōʻike hoʻolālā o ka HPC ma o ka nuclear magnetic resonance e hōʻike ana i ka degere o ka etherification o HPC he 0.23, ʻo ka helu hoʻohana pono o ka propylene oxide he 41.51%, a ua hoʻopili maikaʻi ʻia ke kaulahao mole cellulose me nā hui hydroxypropyl.

Kong Xingjie et al. hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka hydroxypropyl cellulose me ka wai ionic e like me ka solvent e ʻike ai i ka hopena homogeneous o cellulose e ʻike ai i ka hoʻoponopono o ke kaʻina hana a me nā huahana. I ka wā o ka hoʻokolohua, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka synthetic imidazole phosphate ionic liquid 1, 3-diethylimidazole diethyl phosphate e hoʻopau i ka microcrystalline cellulose, a ua loaʻa ka hydroxypropyl cellulose ma o ka alkalization, etherification, acidification, a me ka holoi ʻana.

2.1.3 Hoʻohui ʻia o nā eter carboxyalkyl

ʻO ka carboxymethyl cellulose maʻamau ka carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). ʻO ka hopena wai o ka carboxymethyl cellulose nā hana o ka mānoanoa, hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, hoʻopaʻa ʻana, paʻa wai, pale colloid, emulsification a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, a hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka holoi ʻana. ʻO nā lāʻau lapaʻau, nā meaʻai, nā niho niho, nā lole lole, ka paʻi ʻana a me ke kala, ka hana pepa, ka ʻaila, ka mining, ka lāʻau lapaʻau, nā seramika, nā mea uila, ka pahu, ka pena, nā pesticides, nā mea hoʻonaninani, nā ʻili, nā plastik a me ka ʻaila ʻaila, etc.

I ka makahiki 1918, ua hana ʻo German E. Jansen i ke ʻano synthesis o carboxymethyl cellulose. I ka makahiki 1940, ua ʻike ka hale hana Kalle o ka German IG Farbeninaustrie Company i ka hana ʻoihana. I ka makahiki 1947, ua holomua ka Wyandotle Chemical Company o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kahi kaʻina hana hoʻomau. Ua hoʻokomo mua koʻu ʻāina i ka hana ʻoihana CMC ma Shanghai Celluloid Factory i ka makahiki 1958. ʻO Carboxymethyl cellulose he cellulose ether i hana ʻia mai ka pulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia ma lalo o ka hana o ka sodium hydroxide a me ka chloroacetic acid. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia kāna ʻano hana hana ʻenehana i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ke ʻano wai-wai a me ke ʻano solvent-based e like me ka media etherification like ʻole. ʻO ke kaʻina hana e hoʻohana ana i ka wai e like me ke ʻano o ka hopena i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano ʻano wai, a ʻo ke kaʻina hana i loaʻa i kahi mea hoʻoheheʻe organik i loko o ke ʻano hoʻololi i kapa ʻia ʻo ke ʻano solvent.

Me ka hohonu o ka noiʻi a me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana, ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kūlana hopena hou i ka synthesis o carboxymethyl cellulose, a he hopena koʻikoʻi ka ʻōnaehana solvent hou i ke kaʻina hana a i ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka huahana. Olaru et al. ʻike ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hopena carboxymethylation o cellulose me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ethanol-acetone i hui pū ʻia ma mua o ka ethanol a i ʻole acetone wale nō. ʻO Nicholson et al. I ka ʻōnaehana, ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia ʻo CMC me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Ua hoʻomākaukau ʻo Philipp et al i ka CMC i hoʻololi nui ʻia me N-methylmorpholine-N oxide a me N, N dimethylacetamide/lithium chloride nā ʻōnaehana hoʻonā. Cai et al. ua hoʻomohala i kahi ala no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i ka CMC i loko o ka ʻōnaehana solvent NaOH/urea. ʻO Ramos et al. ua hoʻohana i ka DMSO/tetrabutylammonium fluoride ionic wai ʻōnaehana ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe i ka carboxymethylate i ka cellulose maka mea i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia mai ka pulupulu a me ka sisal, a loaʻa kahi huahana CMC me kahi degere pani e like me 2.17. ʻO Chen Jinghuan et al. hoʻohana i ka cellulose me ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pulp concentration (20%) ma ke ʻano he mea maka, ka sodium hydroxide a me ka acrylamide ma ke ʻano he hoʻololi hoʻololi, hoʻokō i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka carboxyethylation i ka manawa a me ka mahana, a loaʻa ka cellulose base carboxyethyl. Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia ka ʻike carboxyethyl o ka huahana i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui o ka sodium hydroxide a me ka acrylamide.

2.2 Hoʻohui ʻia o nā ethers hui ʻia

ʻO ka Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether kahi ʻano non-polar cellulose ether i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wai anuanu i loaʻa mai ka cellulose kūlohelohe ma o ka alkalization a me ka hoʻololi etherification. Hoʻopili ʻia me ka sodium hydroxide solution a hoʻohui i kahi nui o ka nui o ka isopropanol a me toluene solvent, ʻo ka etherification agent e hāpai ʻia ʻo ia ka methyl chloride a me ka propylene oxide.

ʻO Dai Mingyun et al. ua hoʻohana i ka hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) ma ke ʻano he iwi kuamoʻo o ka polymer hydrophilic, a hoʻopaʻa i ka mea hoʻoheheʻe hydrophobizing butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) ma luna o ka iwi kuamoʻo e ka hopena etherification e hoʻoponopono i ka pūʻulu butyl hydrophobic. ʻO ke degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka hui, i loaʻa iā ia kahi waiwai kaulike hydrophilic-lipophilic kūpono, a ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi mahana-responsive 2-hydroxy-3-butoxypropyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (HBPEC); ua hoʻomākaukau ʻia kahi waiwai pane wela ʻO ka cellulose-based functional material e hāʻawi i kahi ala hou no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea hana ma nā kahua o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka lāʻau lapaʻau a me ka biology.

Ua hoʻohana ʻo Chen Yangming a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka hydroxyethyl cellulose ma ke ʻano he mea maka, a ma ka ʻōnaehana isopropanol solution, ua hoʻohui ʻia kahi mea liʻiliʻi o Na2B4O7 i ka reactant no ka hopena homogeneous e hoʻomākaukau ai i ka ether hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose. Hiki koke ka huahana i ka wai, a paʻa ka viscosity.

Hoʻohana ʻo Wang Peng i ka pulupulu i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka cellulose ma ke ʻano he kumu kumu, a hoʻohana i kahi kaʻina hana etherification hoʻokahi e hana ai i ka carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose me ka hopena like, viscosity kiʻekiʻe, kūpaʻa maikaʻi a me ka paʻakai paʻakai ma o ka alkalization a me ka etherification reactions Compound ether. Me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke kaʻina hana etherification hoʻokahi, ʻo ka carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose i hana ʻia he kūpaʻa paʻakai maikaʻi, kūpaʻa waikawa a me ka solubility. Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka nui o ka propylene oxide a me ka waikawa chloroacetic, hiki ke hoʻomākaukau ʻia nā huahana me nā ʻano carboxymethyl a me hydroxypropyl like ʻole. Hōʻike nā hopena hoʻāʻo i ka carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose i hana ʻia e ke ʻano hana hoʻokahi he pōkole hana pōkole, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka huahana i nā paʻakai monovalent a me divalent a me ke kūpaʻa maikaʻi o ka waikawa. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā huahana cellulose ether ʻē aʻe, ʻoi aku ka ikaika o ka hoʻokūkū ma nā ʻano meaʻai a me ka ʻimi ʻaila.

ʻO ka Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) ka mea maʻalahi loa a me ka hana maikaʻi loa ma waena o nā ʻano cellulose āpau, a he hōʻailona maʻamau nō hoʻi ia no ka hoʻolaha ʻana ma waena o nā ethers i hui pū ʻia. I ka makahiki 1927, ua hoʻohui maikaʻi ʻia ka hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) a hoʻokaʻawale ʻia. I ka makahiki 1938, ua ʻike ʻo Dow Chemical Co. o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka hana ʻana o ka methyl cellulose a hana i ka inoa inoa kaulana "Methocel". Hoʻomaka ka hana ʻoihana nui o ka hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ka makahiki 1948. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke kaʻina hana o ka HPMC i ʻelua mau ʻāpana: ke ʻano o ke kaʻina hana a me ke ʻano hana wai. I kēia manawa, ʻoi aku ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā ʻāina hoʻomohala e like me ʻEulopa, ʻAmelika a me Iapana i ke kaʻina hana kinoea, a ʻo ka hana ʻana o ka home o HPMC e hoʻokumu nui ʻia ma ke kaʻina hana wai.

Ua hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻo Zhang Shuangjian a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i ka pauka pulupulu e like me ka mea maka, alkalized me ka sodium hydroxide i ka solvent medium toluene a me isopropanol, etherified me ka etherifying agent propylene oxide a me methyl chloride, pane a hoʻomākaukau i kahi ʻano hydroxypropyl methyl alcohol base cellulose ether.

3. Nānā

ʻO ka Cellulose kahi mea waiwai nui a me nā mea waiwai i waiwai i nā kumu waiwai, ʻōmaʻomaʻo a me ke kaiapuni, a hiki ke hana hou. ʻO nā derivatives o ka cellulose etherification hoʻololi he hana maikaʻi loa, ākea ka hoʻohana ʻana a me nā hopena hoʻohana maikaʻi loa, a hoʻokō i nā pono o ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka ʻāina i ka nui. A me nā pono o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka nohona, me ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me ka hoʻokō ʻana i ke kālepa i ka wā e hiki mai ana, inā hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia nā mea synthetic raw a me nā ʻano hana synthetic o cellulose derivatives, e hoʻohana nui ʻia lākou a ʻike i kahi ākea ākea o nā noi. Waiwai.