Wahi a nā helu helu ʻole, ʻo ka hana honua i kēia manawa o ka non-ionic cellulose ether ua hiki aku ma mua o 500,000 tons, a ʻo ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose i helu ʻia no 80% a ʻoi aku ma mua o 400,000 tons, Kina i nā makahiki ʻelua i hala aku nei ua hoʻonui ka nui o nā hui i ka hana wikiwiki. e hoʻonui i ka hiki i ka 180 000 tons, e pili ana i 60 000 tons no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home, ʻoi aku ma mua o 550 miliona mau tons i hoʻohana ʻia i ka ʻoihana a ma kahi o 70 pākēneka i hoʻohana ʻia e like me ke kūkulu hale.
Ma muli o nā hoʻohana like ʻole o nā huahana, hiki ke ʻokoʻa nā koi kuhikuhi lehu o nā huahana, i hiki ke hoʻonohonoho ʻia ka hana e like me nā koi o nā hiʻohiʻona like ʻole i ke kaʻina hana, i kūpono i ka hopena o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. hoʻemi hoʻohana a hoʻemi i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana.
1 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose lehu a me kona mau ano
Ua kapa ʻia ʻo Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) i ka lehu e nā kūlana maikaʻi o ka ʻoihana a me ka sulphate a i ʻole ke koena wela e ka pharmacopoeia, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo wale ʻia he haumia paʻakai inorganic i ka huahana. ʻO ke kaʻina hana nui e ka alkali ikaika (sodium hydroxide) ma o ka hopena i ka hoʻoponopono hope ʻana o ka pH i ka paʻakai kūʻokoʻa a me nā mea maka i loaʻa mua i ka huina o ka paʻakai inorganic.
Ke ala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka nui o ka lehu; Ma hope o ke kalapona ʻana o kekahi mau laʻana a puhi ʻia i loko o kahi umu wela kiʻekiʻe, ua oxidized a decomposed nā mea organik, e pakele i ke ʻano o carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides a me ka wai, aʻo nā mea inorganic e mau ana i ke ʻano o ka sulfate, phosphate, carbonate, chloride a me nā paʻakai anorganic ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻokikene metala. He lehu kēia mau koena. Hiki ke helu ʻia ka nui o ka lehu i loko o ka hāpana ma ke kaupaona ʻana i ke koena.
E like me ke kaʻina hana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻakika like ʻole a e hana i nā paʻakai like ʻole: ka nui o ka sodium chloride (i hana ʻia e ka hopena o nā ion chloride i loko o ka chloromethane a me ka sodium hydroxide) me nā mea hoʻokaʻawale ʻē aʻe hiki ke hana i ka sodium acetate, sodium sulfide a i ʻole sodium oxalate.
2. Nā koi o ka lehu o ka ʻoihana hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
Hoʻohana nui ʻia ʻo Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose e like me ka mānoanoa, emulsification, kiʻiʻoniʻoni, colloid pale, mālama wai, adhesion, anti-enzyme a me metabolic inert a me nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻohana nui ʻia i nā ʻano o ka ʻoihana, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia i kēia mau mea. ʻaoʻao:
(1) Kūkulu: ʻo ka hana nui ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai, ka mānoanoa, viscosity, lubrication, kahe kōkua e hoʻomaikaʻi i ka sima a me ka gypsum machinability, pumping. Hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻāpana hoʻolālā, nā uhi latex e like me ka colloid pale, ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ke kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka mānoanoa a me ke kōkua hoʻokuʻu puaʻa.
(2) Polyvinyl chloride: hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me ka dispersant i ka hopena polymerization o ka ʻōnaehana polymerization suspension.
(3) nā kemika o kēlā me kēia lā: hoʻohana nui ʻia e like me nā lako pale, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka emulsification huahana, anti-enzyme, dispersion, adhesion, surface activity, film formation, moisturizing, foaming, forming, release agent, softener, lubricant a me nā waiwai ʻē aʻe;
(4) ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau: i loko o ka ʻoihana lāʻau lapaʻau e hoʻohana nui ʻia no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana, hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka hoʻomākaukau paʻa ʻana o ka mea hoʻopili, hollow capsule material, binder, hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻokuʻu lohi ʻana i ka iwi lāʻau lapaʻau, hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni, pore-forming agent, hoʻohana ʻia e like me ka wai, semi-solid hoʻomākaukau mānoanoa, emulsification, hoʻokuʻu, noi matrix;
(5) ʻO nā Ceramics: hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻopaʻa paʻa no ka billet ʻoihana ceramic, dispersing agent no ka waihoʻoluʻu glaze;
(6) hana pepa: dispersion, kala, hooikaika ikaika;
7
(8) Hoʻoulu mahiʻai: ma ka mahiʻai, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia e mālama i nā hua kanu, hoʻomaikaʻi i ka helu germination, pale i ka makū a pale i ka maʻi, mālama i ka hua hou, hoʻokuʻu lohi i nā mea kanu a me nā pesticides, etc.
Wahi a ka manaʻo o ka ʻike noi noi lōʻihi a me ka hōʻuluʻulu o nā kūlana hoʻomalu kūloko o kekahi mau ʻoihana ʻē aʻe a me nā ʻoihana kūloko, pono wale kekahi mau huahana o ka polyvinyl chloride polymerization a me nā kinikona i kēlā me kēia lā e hoʻomalu i ka paʻakai ma lalo o 0.010, a me ka pharmacopoeia. Pono nā ʻāina like ʻole e hoʻomalu i ka paʻakai ma lalo o 0.015. A ʻo nā hoʻohana ʻē aʻe o ka mana paʻakai hiki ke ākea ākea, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā huahana kūkulu i ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka putty, paʻakai paʻakai kekahi mau koi, hiki i ke koena ke hoʻomalu i ka paʻakai <0.05 hiki ke hoʻokō pono i ka hoʻohana.
3 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose kaʻina a me ke ʻano hoʻohemo paʻakai
ʻO nā ʻano hana nui o ka hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ma ka home a ma waho e like me kēia:
(1) Liquid phase method (slurry method): ʻo ka pauka maikaʻi o ka cellulose e ʻoki ʻia e hoʻopuehu ʻia ma kahi o 10 mau manawa i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o kahi reactor kū a i ʻole paha me ka hoʻonāukiuki ikaika, a laila hoʻohui ʻia ka lye quantitative a me ka etherifying agent no ka pane ʻana. Ma hope o ka hopena, holoi ʻia ka huahana, hoʻomaloʻo, ʻokiʻoki a kānana ʻia me ka wai wela.
(2) Keʻano o ke kinoea (gas-solid method): Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka hopena o ka pauka cellulose e ʻoki ʻia i ke kūlana semi-maloʻo ma ka hoʻohui pololei ʻana i ka lye quantitative a me ka etherifying agent a me kahi liʻiliʻi o nā hua liʻiliʻi. i loko o kahi reactor ākea me ka hoʻonāukiuki ikaika. ʻAʻole koi ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe organik hou no ka hopena. Ma hope o ka hopena, holoi ʻia ka huahana, hoʻomaloʻo, ʻokiʻoki a kānana ʻia me ka wai wela.
(3) Keʻano likeʻole (dissolution method): Hiki ke hoʻohui pololeiʻia ka paepae ma hope o kaʻokiʻana i ka cellulose me kahi reactor hoʻoulu ikaika i hoʻopuehuʻia i loko o ka naoh / urea (aiʻole nā mea'ē aʻe o cellulose) e pili ana i 5 ~ 8 manawa o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe wai i loko o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe, a laila e hoʻohui i ka lye quantitative a me ka etherifying agent ma ka hopena, ma hope o ka hopena me ka acetone precipitation reaction maikaʻi cellulose etera, A laila holoi ʻia i ka wai wela, maloʻo, ʻoki ʻia a kānana ʻia e kiʻi i ka huahana pau. (ʻAʻole i kēia manawa i ka hana ʻoihana).
ʻO ka hopena hopena no ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā ʻano o nā ʻano i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei he nui ka paʻakai, e like me ke kaʻina hana like ʻole e hiki ke hana: ka sodium chloride a me ka sodium acetate, ka sodium sulfide, ka sodium oxalate, a pēlā aku ka paʻakai paʻakai, pono ma o ka desalination, ka ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka paʻakai i loko o ka wai hoʻoheheʻe, maʻamau me ka nui o ka holoi ʻana i ka wai wela, i kēia manawa nā mea hana nui a me ke ʻano o ka holoi ʻana:
(1) kāʻei ʻūhā kānana; Hana ʻia kēia ma ka ʻū ʻana i ka mea maka i hoʻopau ʻia me ka wai wela a laila holoi i ka paʻakai ma o ka hohola ʻana i ka slurry ma luna o kahi kāʻei kānana ma o ka pīpī ʻana i ka wai wela ma luna o ia mea a holoi ʻia ma lalo.
(2) Horizontal centrifuge: ia ma ka hopena o ka hopena o ka crude mea i loko o ka slurry me ka wai wela e hoʻoheheʻe i ka paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai wela a laila ma o ka centrifugation kaawale ka wai-paʻa kaʻawale e wehe i ka paʻakai.
(3) me ka puʻe kānana, ia ma ka hopena o ka hopena o ka crude mea i loko o ka slurry me ka wai wela, ia i loko o ka puʻe kānana, mua me ka mahu i puhi ia i ka wai a laila me ka wela ka wai wela N mau manawa me ka mahu puhi wai e. hoʻokaʻawale a wehe i ka paʻakai.
ʻO ka holoi wai wela e wehe i nā paʻakai i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, no ka mea, pono e hui pū me ka wai wela, ka holoi ʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka haʻahaʻa o ka lehu maʻiʻo, a ʻo ia hoʻi, ua pili pono kona lehu i ka nui o ka wai wela, ka ʻoihana maʻamau. huahana inā ho'omalu lehu ma lalo o 1% HO'ohana 'ia ka wai wela 10 tons, inā 'o ka mana ma lalo o 5% e pono ana ma kahi o 6 tona wai wela.
Loaʻa i ka wai ʻōpala cellulose ether kahi koi oxygen kemika (COD) ʻoi aku ma mua o 60 000 mg / L a me kahi maʻi paʻakai ma mua o 30 000 mg / L, no laila he mea kūʻai nui ke mālama ʻana i kēlā wai ʻōpala, no ka mea paʻakikī ke kuhikuhi pololei. biochemical ia paʻakai kiʻekiʻe, a ʻaʻole ʻae ʻia e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e like me nā koi o ka mālama kaiapuni o kēia manawa. ʻO ka hopena hope loa ka wehe ʻana i ka paʻakai ma ka distillation. No laila, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka holoi wai paila i hoʻokahi tona hou aʻe. Wahi a ka ʻenehana MUR o kēia manawa me ka ikaika o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ke kumukūʻai piha o kēlā me kēia ton o ka holoi ʻana i ka wai i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi o 80 yuan, a ʻo ke kumu kūʻai nui ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu piha.
Ka hopena o ka lehu 4 i ka pae paʻa wai o ka ʻoihana hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
ʻEkolu kuleana o HPMC i ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, ka mānoanoa a me ka ʻoluʻolu o ke kūkulu hale.
Paʻa wai: e hoʻonui i ka manawa wehe o ka paʻa wai waiwai, e kōkua i kāna hana hydration piha.
Mānoanoa: Hiki ke mānoanoa ka cellulose e pāʻani i ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana, i hiki ai i ka hopena ke mālama i ka ʻaʻahu i luna a i lalo i ka hana like, ke kū ʻana i ke kahe e kau ana.
Hana: Cellulose lubrication, hiki ke hana maikaʻi. ʻAʻole komo ʻo HPMC i ke ʻano o ka hopena kemika, he hana kōkua wale nō. ʻO kekahi o nā mea koʻikoʻi ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai, ʻo ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ka mortar e pili ana i ka homogenization o ka mortar, a laila pili i nā waiwai mechanical a me ka lōʻihi o ka mortar paʻakikī. ʻO ka mortar masonry a me ka mortar plaster he ʻelua ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o nā mea mortar, a ʻo ke kahua noi nui o ka mortar masonry a me ka mortar plaster ʻo ia ka hana masonry. E like me ka poloka i loko o ka palapala noi i loko o ke kaʻina hana o nā huahana i loko o ka maloʻo moku'āina, i mea e ho'ēmi i ka maloʻo poloka o ka ikaika wai absorption o ka mortar, kūkulu apono i ka poloka ma mua prewetting, e ālai i kekahi mau maʻiʻo maʻiʻo, e malama i ka makū i loko o ka mortar. e ālai mea excessive absorption, hiki ke malama maʻamau hydration kūloko gelling mea e like me ka sima mortar. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā mea e like me ka ʻokoʻa ʻano poloka a me ka pae ma mua o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ka pae e hoʻopilikia i ka nui o ka pohō wai a me ka nalowale o ka wai o ka mortar, kahi e lawe mai ai i nā pōʻino huna i ka maikaʻi o ka hale masonry. Hiki i ka mortar me ka paʻa wai maikaʻi ke hoʻopau i ka mana o nā mea poloka a me nā kumu kanaka, a hōʻoia i ka homogeneity o ka mortar.
Hōʻike nui ʻia ka hopena o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai i ka hana hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka mortar ma ka hopena ma ka wahi kikowaena ma waena o ka mortar a me ka poloka. Me ka wikiwiki o ka wai o ka mortar me ka paʻa ʻole o ka wai, ʻaʻole lawa ka wai o ka mortar ma ka ʻāpana interface, a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe piha ʻia ka sima, e pili ana i ka hoʻomohala maʻamau o ka ikaika. Hoʻokumu nui ʻia ka ikaika paʻa o nā mea i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka cement e ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o nā huahana hydration cement. ʻO ka lawa ʻole o ka hydration sima i loko o ka ʻāpana interface e hoʻemi i ka ikaika paʻa pili, a me ka hollow bulging a me ka pohā o ka mortar e hoʻonui.
No laila, ke koho 'ana i ka 'oi loa o ka pa'a 'ana o ka wai i ka hale K brand 'ekolu pu'upu'u o ka 'oko'a viscosity, ma o 'ano like 'ole o ka holoi 'ana e 'ike i ka huina like 'elua helu lehu i mana'o 'ia, a laila e like me ke 'ano o ka wai ma'amau ho'ā'o 'ana (pepa kānana 'ano hana. ) ma ka helu pūʻulu like ʻole o ka lehu maʻiʻo o ka paʻa wai o ʻekolu pūʻulu o nā laʻana e like me kēia:
4.1 Ke ala hoʻokolohua no ka ʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai (ke ʻano pepa kānana)
4.1.1 Hoʻohana i nā mea hana a me nā mea hana
Mea hoʻoheheʻe slurry sima, ana cylinder, koena, stopwatch, kuhiliʻole kila ipu, puna, kuhiliʻole kila apo make (loko anawaena φ100 mm× waho anawaena φ110 mm× kiʻekiʻe 25 mm, wikiwiki kānana pepa, lohi pepa kānana, aniani pā.
4.1.2 Nā mea a me nā mea hoʻohui
ʻO ka CEMENT Portland maʻamau (425#), KE KĀNĀ MAU (KE KĀNĀ OLE ME KA LELE I HOLOIA E KA WAI), KA HĀNĀ HUA (HPMC), KA WAI MAEMAʻE NO KA HOʻOPIʻO (WATER PELE, WAI MINERAL).
4.1.3 Nā kūlana hoʻokolohua hoʻokolohua
Ka wela o ka hale hana: 23±2 ℃; ʻAno haʻahaʻa: ≥ 50%; Ua like ka wela o ka wai me ka wela o ka lumi 23 ℃.
4.1.4 Nā ʻano hoʻokolohua
E kau i ka ipu aniani ma ka papa hana, e kau i ka pepa kānana mau loa (ke kaumaha: M1), a laila e kau i kahi ʻāpana pepa kānana wikiwiki ma luna o ka pepa kānana lohi, a laila e kau i ke apo metala ma luna o ka pepa kānana wikiwiki ( ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ke apo i ka pepa kānana wikiwiki.
Ke kaupaona pololei (425#) sima 90 g; ʻO ke one maʻamau 210 g; Huahana (laana) 0.125g; E ninini i loko o ka ipu hao a hui maikaʻi (dry mix).
E hoʻohana i ka huila sima (ʻo ka hui ʻana o ka ipuhao a me nā lau he maʻemaʻe a maloʻo, hoʻomaʻemaʻe a maloʻo ma hope o kēlā me kēia hoʻokolohua, waiho ʻia). E hoʻohana i ka cylinder ana e ana i 72 ml o ka wai maʻemaʻe (23 ℃), e ninini mua i loko o ka ipu hao, a laila ninini i ka mea i hoʻomākaukau ʻia, e hoʻokomo no 30 s; I ka manawa like, e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka ipuhao i ke kūlana hui, e hoʻomaka i ka mixer, a hoʻoulu i ka wikiwiki haʻahaʻa (ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻoulu lohi) no 60 s; E kū no 15 s a ʻoki i ka slurry ma ka paia a me ka pahi i loko o ka ipuhao; E hoʻomau i ka wili wikiwiki no 120 s e kū. E ninini (hoʻouka) a pau i ka hamo i hui ʻia i loko o ke apo kila kila me ka wikiwiki, a me ka manawa mai ka manawa e pā ai ka pahu i ka pepa kānana wikiwiki (e kaomi i ka wati). Ma hope o 2 min, ua hoʻohuli ʻia ke apo apo a lawe ʻia ka pepa kānana maʻamau a kaupaona ʻia (kaumaha: M2). E hana i ka hoʻokolohua hakahaka e like me ke ʻano o luna (ʻo ke kaumaha o ka pepa kānana mau ma mua a ma hope o ke kaupaona ʻana ʻo M3, M4)
Penei ke ano helu.
(1)
Kahi, M1 - ke kaumaha o ka pepa kānana mau ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua hāpana; M2 - ke kaumaha o ka pepa kānana mau ma hope o ka hoʻokolohua laʻana; M3 - ke kaumaha o ka pepa kānana maʻamau ma mua o ka hoʻokolohua ʻole; M4 — ke kaumaha o ka pepa kānana mau ma hope o ka hoʻokolohua hakahaka.
4.1.5 Hoʻomalu
(1) he 23 ℃ ka mahana o ka wai maʻemaʻe, a pololei ke kaupaona ʻana;
(2) ma hope o ka hoʻouluʻana, e wehe i ka ipu hao a hoʻoulu like me kahi puna;
(3) pono e hoʻokomo koke ʻia ka moltar, a e hoʻopili ʻia ka mīkini paʻa a paʻa i ka wā e kau ana;
(4) E hoʻomaopopo pono i ka manawa e pā ai ka momi i ka pepa kānana wikiwiki, a mai ninini i ka hamo ma ka pepa kānana waho.
4.2 ka laʻana
ʻEkolu mau helu pūʻulu me nā viscosity ʻokoʻa o ka brand K hoʻokahi i koho ʻia e like me: 201302028 viscosity 75 000 mPa·s, 20130233 viscosity 150 000 mPa·s, 20130236 viscosity 200 000 mPa·s i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā helu like ʻole ma o nā helu like ʻole. lehu (e nānā i ka Papa 3.1). E hoʻopaʻa paʻa i ka makū a me ka pH o ka pūʻulu like o nā laʻana e like me ka hiki, a laila e hoʻokō i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana o ka wai e like me ke ʻano o luna (ke ala pepa kānana).
4.3 Nā hopena hoʻokolohua
Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hōʻike helu helu o nā ʻāpana ʻekolu o nā laʻana ma ka Papa 1, hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻāʻo o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o nā viscosities like ʻole ma ka Figure 1, a hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻāʻo o ka paʻa wai o nā lehu like ʻole a me ka pH ma ka Figure 2 .
(1) Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hōʻike helu helu o nā pūʻulu ʻekolu o nā laʻana ma ka Papa 1
Papa 1 Nā hualoaʻa noʻonoʻo o ʻekolu pūʻulu laʻana
papahana
Pūʻulu no.
lehu %
pH
Viscosity/mPa, s
wai / %
Paʻa wai
201302028
4.9
4.2
75,000,
6
76
0.9
4.3
74, 500,
5.9
76
20130233
4.7
4.0
150,000,
5.5
79
0.8
4.1
140,000,
5.4
78
20130236
4.8
4.1
200,000,
5.1
82
0.9
4.0
195,000,
5.2
81
(2) Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena hoʻāʻo paʻa wai o nā pūʻulu ʻekolu o nā laʻana me nā viscosity ʻokoʻa ma ke Kiʻi 1.
FIG. 1 Nā hopena hoʻāʻo o ka paʻa ʻana o ka wai o ʻekolu pūʻulu o nā laʻana me nā viscosity ʻokoʻa
(3) Hōʻike ʻia nā hopena o ka ʻike ʻana i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai o ʻekolu mau laʻana me nā ʻano lehu like ʻole a me ka pH ma ke Kiʻi 2.
FIG. 2 Nā hualoaʻa ʻike o ka pae paʻa wai o ʻekolu pūʻulu o nā laʻana me nā ʻano lehu like ʻole a me ka pH
Ma o nā hopena hoʻokolohua ma luna nei, hiki mai ka mana o ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai mai ka viscosity, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka viscosity kiʻekiʻe e pili ana i kona kiʻekiʻe paʻa wai. ʻAʻole pili ka loli o ka lehu ma kahi o 1% ~ 5% i ka nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka wai, no laila ʻaʻole ia e pili i kāna hana mālama wai.
5 hopena
I mea e pili pono ai ka maʻamau i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo a e hoʻohālikelike i ke ʻano nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ua manaʻo ʻia e:
Hoʻokumu ʻia ke kūlana ʻoihana o ka ʻenehana hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose i ka mana lehu e nā māka, e like me: pae 1 mana lehu <0.010, pae 2 mana lehu <0.050. Ma kēia ala, hiki i ka mea hana ke koho e ʻae i ka mea hoʻohana i nā koho hou aʻe. I ka manawa like, hiki ke hoʻonohonohoʻia ke kumukūʻai ma muli o ke kumu o ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe a me ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe e pale ai i ka huikau o ka mākeke. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu a me ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni e hana i nā huahana i ʻoi aku ka launa a me ke kūlike me ke kaiapuni.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-09-2022