Iyini i-Tio2?

I-TiO2, evame ukufushaniswa ukusukaI-Titanium dioxide, iyinhlanganisela eguquguqukayo enezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene. Le nto, eyakhiwe ngama-athomu e-titanium ne-oxygen, ibambe ukubaluleka ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezihlukile kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okuhlukahlukene. Kulokhu kuhlola okuphelele, sizocubungula isakhiwo, izakhiwo, izindlela zokukhiqiza, izinhlelo zokusebenza, ukucatshangelwa kwemvelo, namathemba esikhathi esizayo e-titanium dioxide.

Isakhiwo Nokubunjwa

I-Titanium dioxide inefomula yamakhemikhali elula: i-TiO2. Isakhiwo sayo samangqamuzana sihlanganisa i-athomu eyodwa ye-titanium ehlanganiswe nama-athomu amabili omoya-mpilo, enze i-crystalline lattice ezinzile. Inhlanganisela ikhona kuma-polymorphs amaningana, ngezindlela ezivame kakhulu i-rutile, i-anatase, ne-brookite. Lawa ma-polymorphs abonisa izakhiwo zekristalu ezihlukene, okuholela ekuhlukeni kwezakhiwo zabo kanye nokusebenza.

I-Rutile iwuhlobo oluzinzile kakhulu lwe-thermodynamically lwe-titanium dioxide futhi lubonakala ngenkomba yayo ephezulu ye-refractive ne-opacity. I-Anatase, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iyakwazi ukumetastable kodwa inomsebenzi we-photocatalytic ophezulu uma iqhathaniswa ne-rutile. I-Brookite, nakuba ingajwayelekile kangako, yabelana ngokufana nakho kokubili i-rutile ne-anatase.

Izakhiwo

I-Titanium dioxide inenqwaba yezinto ezimangalisayo eziyenza ibaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini eziningi:

1. Ubumhlophe: I-Titanium dioxide idume ngokuba mhlophe kwayo okungavamile, okuvela enkombeni yayo ephezulu yokugqamisa. Lesi sakhiwo sisenza sikwazi ukusabalalisa ukukhanya okubonakalayo, okuholela kumibala emhlophe ekhanyayo.
2. I-Opacity: Ukungafihli kwayo kuvela ekhonweni layo lokumunca nokusabalalisa ukukhanya ngempumelelo. Lesi sakhiwo sikwenza kube yisinqumo esikhethwayo sokunikeza ukukhanya nokumbozwa ngopende, okokunamathela, namapulasitiki.
3. Ukumuncwa kwe-UV: I-Titanium dioxide ikhombisa izinto ezinhle kakhulu zokuvinjwa kwe-UV, okuyenza ibe isithako esibalulekile kumakhilogremu elanga kanye nezingubo ezimelana ne-UV. Imunca ngokuphumelelayo imisebe ye-UV eyingozi, ivikela izinto ezingaphansi ekonakalisweni nasekulimaleni okubangelwa yi-UV.
4. Ukuzinza Kwamakhemikhali: I-TiO2 ayisebenzi ngamakhemikhali futhi imelana namakhemikhali amaningi, ama-asidi, nama-alkali. Lokhu kuzinza kuqinisekisa ukuphila kwayo isikhathi eside nokuqina ezinhlelweni ezihlukahlukene.
5. Umsebenzi we-Photocatalytic: Izinhlobo ezithile ze-titanium dioxide, ikakhulukazi i-anatase, zibonisa umsebenzi we-photocatalytic lapho zivezwe ekukhanyeni kwe-ultraviolet (UV). Lesi sakhiwo sisetshenziselwa ukulungisa imvelo, ukuhlanzwa kwamanzi, kanye nezingubo zokuzihlanza.

Izindlela Zokukhiqiza

Ukukhiqizwa kwe-titanium dioxide ngokuvamile kuhilela izindlela ezimbili eziyinhloko: inqubo ye-sulfate kanye nenqubo ye-chloride.

1. Inqubo ye-Sulfate: Le ndlela ihilela ukuguqulwa kwensimbi ene-titanium, njenge-ilmenite noma i-rutile, ibe i-titanium dioxide pigment. I-ore iqala ukuphathwa nge-sulfuric acid ukuze ikhiqize isisombululo se-titanium sulfate, esibe se-hydrolyzed ukuze senze i-hydrated titanium dioxide precipitate. Ngemuva kokubala, i-precipitate iguqulwa ibe i-pigment yokugcina.
2. Inqubo Ye-Chloride: Kule nqubo, i-titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) iphendulwa ngomoya-mpilo noma umhwamuko wamanzi emazingeni okushisa aphezulu ukuze yakhe izinhlayiya ze-titanium dioxide. I-pigment ewumphumela ngokuvamile ihlanzekile futhi inezinto zokubona ezingcono kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nenqubo ye-sulfate-derived titanium dioxide.

Izinhlelo zokusebenza

I-Titanium dioxide ithola ukusetshenziswa okubanzi kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo eziguquguqukayo:

1. Opende Nezimbozwe: I-Titanium dioxide iwumbala omhlophe osetshenziswa kakhulu kumapende, ezingxenyeni ezinamathelayo, nasezihlotsheni zezakhiwo ngenxa yokufiphala kwayo, ukukhanya, nokuqina.
2. Ipulasitiki: Ifakwe emikhiqizweni ehlukahlukene yepulasitiki, okuhlanganisa i-PVC, i-polyethylene, ne-polypropylene, ukuthuthukisa ukukhanya, ukumelana ne-UV, nokuba mhlophe.
3. Izimonyo: I-TiO2 iyisithako esivamile kuzimonyo, emikhiqizweni ye-skincare, kanye nokwakhiwa kokuvikela ilanga ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezivimbela i-UV kanye nemvelo engenabo ubuthi.
4. Ukudla Nemithi: Isebenza njengebala elimhlophe ne-opacifier emikhiqizweni yokudla, amaphilisi emithi, namaphilisi. I-titanium dioxide yezinga lokudla ivunyelwe ukusetshenziswa emazweni amaningi, nakuba kukhona ukukhathazeka ngokuphepha kwayo kanye nezingozi zempilo ezingaba khona.
5. I-Photocatalysis: Izinhlobo ezithile ze-titanium dioxide zisetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwe-photocatalytic, njengokuhlanzwa komoya namanzi, izindawo ezizihlanzayo, kanye nokucekelwa phansi okungcolisayo.
6. I-Ceramics: Isetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ama-ceramic glaze, amathayili, ne-porcelain ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhanya nokumhlophe.

Ukucatshangelwa Kwemvelo

Nakuba i-titanium dioxide inikeza izinzuzo eziningi, ukukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwayo kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka kwemvelo:

1. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla: Ukukhiqizwa kwe-titanium dioxide ngokuvamile kudinga amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokufakwa kwamandla okubalulekile, okunomthelela ekukhishweni kwesisi esibamba ukushisa kanye nomthelela emvelweni.
2. Ukukhiqiza Udoti: Kokubili izinqubo ze-sulfate ne-chloride zikhiqiza imikhiqizo ephuma ngaphandle kanye nemifudlana yemfucuza, okungenzeka iqukethe ukungcola futhi idinga ukulahlwa okufanele noma ukwelashwa ukuvimbela ukungcoliswa kwemvelo.
3. I-Nanoparticles: Izinhlayiya ze-Nanoscale titanium dioxide, ezivame ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizweni kwelanga nasezinhlelweni zokwenziwa, ziphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nobuthi obungaba khona kanye nokuphikelela kwemvelo. Ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi lawa ma-nanoparticles angase abangele ubungozi kuzinto eziphilayo zasemanzini kanye nempilo yabantu uma ekhishelwa endaweni ezungezile.
4. Ukwengamela Okulawulayo: Izikhungo ezilawulayo emhlabeni wonke, njenge-US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kanye ne-European Chemicals Agency (ECHA), ziqapha ngokucophelela ukukhiqizwa, ukusetshenziswa, nokuphepha kwe-titanium dioxide ukuze kuncishiswe izingozi ezingaba khona futhi ziqinisekise ukuthotshelwa kwemithetho yemvelo nempilo. .

Amathemba Ekusasa

Njengoba umphakathi uqhubeka nokubeka phambili ukusimama nokuphathwa kwemvelo, ikusasa le-titanium dioxide lincike ekusungulweni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezobuchwepheshe:

1. Izinqubo Zokukhiqiza Okuluhlaza: Imizamo yocwaningo igxile ekuthuthukiseni izindlela zokukhiqiza ezizinzile neziwonga amandla ze-titanium dioxide, njengezinqubo ze-photocatalytic kanye ne-electrochemical.
2. I-Nanostructured Materials: Intuthuko ku-nanotechnology inika amandla ukuklama nokuhlanganiswa kwezinto zokwakha ze-titanium dioxide ezinezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zokusetshenziswa kokugcinwa kwamandla, i-catalysis, kanye nobunjiniyela be-biomedical.
3. Izindlela Ezihlukile Ezingaboli: Ukwakhiwa kwezinye izindlela ezibolayo nezingavumelani nemvelo esikhundleni sombala ojwayelekile we-titanium dioxide kuyaqhubeka, kuhloswe ukunciphisa umthelela wendawo futhi kubhekwane nokukhathazeka okuzungezile ubuthi be-nanoparticle.
4. Izinyathelo Zomnotho Eziyindilinga: Ukuqaliswa kokusetshenziswa kwezimiso zomnotho eziyindilinga, okuhlanganisa ukugaywa kabusha kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwemfucuza, kunganciphisa ukuncipha kwensiza futhi kunciphise umkhondo wemvelo wokukhiqizwa nokusetshenziswa kwe-titanium dioxide.
5. Ukuthobela Umthetho Nokuphepha: Ucwaningo oluqhubekayo emiphumeleni yezemvelo nempilo ye-titanium dioxide nanoparticles, kuhambisana nokuqondisa okuqinile kokulawula, kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusetshenziswa okuphephile nokunesibopho kuzo zonke izimboni ezihlukahlukene.

Sengiphetha, i-titanium dioxide ime njengenhlanganisela enezici eziningi nenqwaba yezicelo nemithelela. Izakhiwo zayo eziyingqayizivele, ezihambisana nocwaningo oluqhubekayo nokusungula izinto ezintsha, zithembisa ukubumba indima yazo ezimbonini ezihlukahlukene kuyilapho kubhekwana nokukhathazeka kwemvelo futhi kugqugquzelwa izinqubo ezizinzile zesikhathi esizayo.