Yeyiphi ipholima ebizwa ngokuba yi-cellulose yendalo?

I-cellulose yendalo i-polymer eyinkimbinkimbi eyona nto isisiseko sokwakheka kweendonga zesityalo. Le polysaccharide idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekunikeni amandla, ukuqina kunye nenkxaso kwiiseli zezityalo, ezinegalelo kwisakhiwo esipheleleyo sezicubu zezityalo.

I-cellulose yendalo i-polysaccharide, i-carbohydrate eyenziwe ngamatyathanga amade eeyunithi ze-glucose ezidityaniswe kunye ne-β-1,4-glycosidic bond. Yenye yezona zinto zininzi zikhoyo emhlabeni kwaye zifumaneka ikakhulu kwiindonga zeeseli zezityalo. Ilungiselelo elikhethekileyo leemolekyuli zeselulosi linika izicubu zezityalo amandla angaqhelekanga kunye nokuqina, nto leyo eyenza ibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo yesakhiwo sesityalo kunye nomsebenzi.

Ubume be-cellulose yendalo

Iyunithi yesiseko yesakhiwo se-cellulose yintambo yomgca ye-molecule ye-β-D-glucose, apho iyunithi nganye ye-glucose idibaniswe neyunithi elandelayo ye-glucose nge-β-1,4-glycosidic bond. I-β-bonds inika i-cellulose i-linear ekhethekileyo kunye nesakhiwo esingenamasebe. Ngokungafani nesitashi (enye i-polysaccharide eyenziwe nge-glucose), i-cellulose ayikwazi ukugaywa yizinto ezininzi eziphilayo ngenxa yobukho be-beta-linkages, apho i-enzymes ezifana ne-amylase ayinako ukuphuka.

Ukuphindaphinda iiyunithi zeglucose kumatyathanga ecellulose zenza amatyathanga amade athe nkqo abanjwe kunye ngeebhondi zehydrogen ze-intermolecular. Ezi bhondi zinegalelo ekuyilweni kwee-microfibrils, ezithi zidibanise ngakumbi zenze izakhiwo ezinkulu ezibizwa ngokuba ziifiber ze-cellulose. Ulungelelwaniso lwale micu lunika amandla kunye nokuqina kokutyala iindonga zeeseli.

Umthombo wefiber yendalo

isityalo:

Ukhuni: Ukhuni lutyebile kwi-cellulose kwaye ngumthombo omkhulu wezicelo zemizi-mveliso.

Umqhaphu: Ifayibha yomqhaphu iphantse ibe yiselulosi esulungekileyo, nto leyo eyenza umqhaphu ube yenye yezona mithombo zixabisekileyo zendalo zale polima.

I-Hemp: Ngokufana nomqhaphu, ifayibha ye-hemp yenziwa ikakhulu yi-cellulose.

I-algae:

Iindidi ezithile ze-algae ziqulethe i-cellulose kwiindonga zeeseli zabo, ezinegalelo kwintembeko yesakhiwo sezi zidalwa ze-photosynthetic.

ibhaktheriya:

Ezinye iibhaktheriya zivelisa i-cellulose, zenza umaleko okhuselayo obizwa ngokuba yi-biofilm. Le cellulose yebhaktheriya ineempawu ezizodwa ezenza ukuba zixabiseke kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo.

I-biosynthesis ye-cellulose

I-cellulose biosynthesis yenzeka ngokuyinhloko kwi-plasma membrane yeeseli zezityalo. Inkqubo ibandakanya i-enzyme eyinkimbinkimbi ye-cellulose synthase, eyenza i-polymerization yeeyunithi ze-glucose kumatyathanga e-cellulose. La matyathanga akhutshwa kwi-membrane yeplasma kwaye enze i-microfibrils eludongeni lweseli.

Iipropati zeselulosi yendalo

Ukunganyibiliki:

Ngenxa yobume bekristale obuphezulu, i-cellulose ayinyibiliki ngokubanzi emanzini kunye nezinyibilikisi ezininzi zendalo.

I-Hydrophilicity:

Nangona inganyibiliki, i-cellulose ineempawu ze-hydrophilic, ezivumela ukuba zifunxe kwaye zigcine amanzi.

Ukonakala kwezinto eziphilayo:

I-Cellulose i-biodegradable kwaye ngoko ke ihambelana nokusingqongileyo. Iintsholongwane ezinje ngebhaktheriya kunye nomngundo zineeenzymes ezahlula icellulose zibe ziikhompawundi ezilula.

Amandla oomatshini:

Ilungiselelo elikhethekileyo leemolekyuli zeselulosi linika iifiber zeselulosi amandla agqwesileyo ngoomatshini, zizenza zilungele usetyenziso olwahlukeneyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-cellulose yendalo

impahla:

Umqhaphu wenziwa ikakhulu yi-cellulose kwaye yeyona nto iphambili ekrwada kushishino lwamalaphu.

Iphepha kunye nepulp:

I-Wood pulp ityebile kwi-cellulose kwaye isetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwephepha kunye nekhadibhodi.

Usetyenziso lweBiomedical:

I-cellulose yebhaktheriya ifumana izicelo kwiingubo zenxeba, ubunjineli bezicubu, kunye nokuhanjiswa kweziyobisi ngenxa ye-biocompatibility kunye neempawu ezizodwa.

ishishini lokutya:

I-cellulose derivatives, efana ne-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), isetyenziswa kwishishini lokutya njenge-thickeners kunye ne-stabilizers.

I-Biofuels:

I-cellulosic biomass ingasetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwe-biofuels, igalelo kumandla azinzileyo.

Imingeni kunye namathemba ekamva

Ngaphandle kokuguquguquka kwayo, kukho imingeni ekwandiseni ukusetyenziswa kwe-cellulose. Iindlela ezisebenzayo zokutsalwa, ukuphuculwa kwezinto eziphilayo kunye nokusebenza okuphuculweyo kwezixhobo ezisekelwe kwiselulosi ziinkalo zophando oluqhubekayo. Ngaphaya koko, inkqubela phambili kwi-biotechnology inokwenza ukuba ubunjineli bezityalo ezinezakhiwo eziguquliweyo zeselulosi kusetyenziso oluthile lwemizi-mveliso.

Iselulosi yendalo yipolymer efana neendonga zeeseli zesityalo kwaye idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekubumbeni iipropathi ezibonakalayo zezityalo. Isakhiwo salo esiyingqayizivele siphumela kwilungiselelo leeyunithi ze-glucose ezidityaniswe ngamabhondi e-β-1,4-glycosidic, ukunika izicubu zezityalo amandla amakhulu kunye nokuqina. I-cellulose ivela kwimithombo eyahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiplanga ukuya kwikotoni ukuya kwi-cellulose yebhaktheriya, inika izicelo eziguquguqukayo kumacandelo ahlukeneyo amashishini.

Njengoko itekhnoloji kunye ne-biotechnology iqhubela phambili, ukuphononongwa kwesakhono seselulosi kuyakhula. Ukusuka kusetyenziso lwemveli kwiilaphu kunye nephepha ukuya kwizicelo ezitsha kubunjineli bebhayoloji kunye namandla azinzileyo, i-cellulose yendalo ihlala iyinto ebaluleke kakhulu. Ukuqonda ukwakhiwa kwayo, iipropathi kunye nemvelaphi kubalulekile ekuvuleni amandla apheleleyo ale polima imangalisayo ukujongana nemingeni kunye neemfuno zehlabathi elivela ngokukhawuleza.