Uyenza njani iCellulose ether?

Iselulosi ether luhlobo lwe-cellulose derivative efunyenwe ngokuguqulwa kwe-etherification ye-cellulose. Isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ngenxa yokuqina kwayo okugqwesileyo, i-emulsification, ukumiswa, ukubunjwa kwefilimu, i-colloid ekhuselayo, ukugcinwa komswakama, kunye neempawu zokubambelela. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso loqoqosho lwesizwe kuphando lwezenzululwazi kunye namacandelo ezoshishino afana nokutya, amayeza, ukwenza iphepha, iingubo, izinto zokwakha, ukubuyiswa kwe-oli, amalaphu kunye namacandelo e-elektroniki. Kweli phepha, inkqubela yophando yokuguqulwa kwe-etherification ye-cellulose ihlaziywa.

Iselulosietheryeyona polima ininzi kakhulu kwindalo. Iyahlaziyeka, iluhlaza kwaye iyahambelana ne-biocompatible. Yimathiriyeli ekrwada esisiseko ebalulekileyo kubunjineli bemichiza. Ngokwamalungu ahlukeneyo kwimolekyuli efunyenwe kwi-etherification reaction, inokwahlulwa ibe yi-ethers enye kwaye ixutywe. iselulosi iitha.Apha thina iphonononga inkqubela yophando malunga nokudityaniswa kwee-ethers enye, kubandakanywa i-alkyl ethers, i-hydroxyalkyl ethers, i-carboxyalkyl ethers, kunye ne-ethers exubeneyo.

Amagama angundoqo: iselulosi ether, i-etherification, i-ether enye, i-ether edibeneyo, inkqubela yophando

1.Etherification reaction of cellulose

I-etherification reaction ye-cellulose ether yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-cellulose derivatization reaction.I-Etherification ye-cellulose luhlu lwee-derivatives eziveliswa yi-reaction yamaqela e-hydroxyl kwi-cellulose ye-molecular chain kunye ne-alkylating agents phantsi kweemeko ze-alkaline. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeemveliso ze-cellulose ether, ezinokuthi zohlulwe zibe yi-ethers enye kunye ne-ethers exutywe ngokuhambelana neendawo ezahlukeneyo kwiimolekyuli ezifunyenwe kwi-etherification reaction. I-ethers enye inokohlulwa ibe yi-alkyl ethers, i-hydroxyalkyl ethers kunye ne-carboxyalkyl ethers, kwaye ii-ethers ezixutywe zibhekisa kwii-ethers ezinamaqela amabini okanye ngaphezulu adityaniswe kwisakhiwo semolekyuli. Phakathi kweemveliso ze-cellulose ether, i-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), i-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), i-hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), i-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) imelwe, phakathi kwazo Ezinye iimveliso ziye zathengiswa.

2.Ukwenziwa kwe-cellulose ether

2.1 Ukudityaniswa kwe-ether enye

Iitha enye ziquka ialkyl ethers (ezifana ne ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, phenyl cellulose, cyanoethyl cellulose, njl.), hydroxyalkyl ethers (ezifana nehydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, njl. ) njl.).

2.1.1 Ukwenziwa kwee-alkyl ethers

U-Berglund et al waqala ukuphatha i-cellulose kunye nesisombululo se-NaOH esongezwa nge-ethyl chloride, emva koko yongeza i-methyl chloride kwiqondo lokushisa le-65.°C ukuya kuma-90°C kunye noxinzelelo lwe-3bar ukuya kwi-15bar, kwaye iphendule ukuvelisa i-methyl cellulose ether. Le ndlela inokusebenza kakhulu Ukufumana i-ethers ye-methyl cellulose enyibilikayo ngamanzi kunye nemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokutshintsha.

I-Ethylcellulose yigranule emhlophe ye-thermoplastic okanye umgubo. Iimveliso ngokubanzi ziqulethe i-44% ~ 49% ethoxy. I-Soluble kwi-solvents ezininzi eziphilayo, ezinganyibiliki emanzini. i-pulp okanye i-cotton linters ene-40% ~ 50% yesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide yamanzi, kunye ne-alkalized cellulose i-ethoxylated ne-ethyl chloride ukuvelisa i-cellulose ye-ethyl. ukudibanisa ngempumelelo i-ethyl cellulose (EC) kunye nomxholo we-ethoxy we-43.98% ngendlela yesinyathelo esinye ngokuphendula i-cellulose kunye ne-ethyl chloride engaphezulu kunye ne-sodium hydroxide, usebenzisa i-toluene njenge-diluent. I-Toluene isetyenziswe njenge-diluent kuvavanyo. Ngexesha le-etherification reaction, ayinakukhuthaza kuphela ukusasazwa kwe-ethyl chloride kwi-alkali cellulose, kodwa iphinde inyibilikise i-ethyl cellulose efakwe endaweni ephezulu. Ngethuba lokuphendula, inxalenye engaphendulwanga inokuvezwa ngokuqhubekayo, yenza i-etherification agent Kulula ukuyihlasela, ukwenzela ukuba i-ethylation reaction reaction itshintshe ukusuka kwi-heterogeneous ukuya kwi-homogeneous, kunye nokuhanjiswa kwezinto ezithatha indawo kwimveliso kufana kakhulu.

isebenzise i-ethyl bromide njenge-etherification agent kunye ne-tetrahydrofuran njenge-diluent ukuze idibanise i-ethyl cellulose (EC), kwaye ibonakalise isakhiwo semveliso nge-infrared spectroscopy, i-nuclear magnetic resonance kunye ne-gel permeation chromatography. Kubalwa ukuba iqondo lokutshintshwa kwe-ethyl cellulose eyenziweyo malunga ne-2.5, ukusabalalisa kwe-molecular mass imxinwa, kwaye ine-solubility efanelekileyo kwi-solvents eziphilayo.

I-cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) ngeendlela ezingafaniyo kunye ne-heterogeneous usebenzisa i-cellulose enemigangatho eyahlukeneyo ye-polymerization njengempahla ekrwada, kunye nokulungiswa kwemathiriyeli ye-CEC eshinyeneyo ngokuphosa isisombululo kunye noxinzelelo olushushu. Iimbrane ze-CEC ezinama-Porous zalungiswa nge-teknoloji ye-solvent-induced phase separation (NIPS), kunye ne-barium titanate / i-cyanoethyl cellulose (BT / CEC) izinto ze-nanocomposite membrane zalungiswa ngeteknoloji ye-NIPS, kwaye izakhiwo kunye neempawu zabo zafundwa.

wasebenzisa i-self-developed cellulose solvent (isisombululo sealkali / urea) njengendlela yokusabela kwi-homogeneously synthesize cyanoethyl cellulose (CEC) kunye ne-acrylonitrile njenge-etherification agent, kwaye yenza uphando kwisakhiwo, iipropati kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemveliso. funda ngokunzulu. Kwaye ngokulawula iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokusabela, uchungechunge lwe-CECs kunye namaxabiso e-DS ukusuka kwi-0.26 ukuya kwi-1.81 inokufumaneka.

2.1.2 Ukwenziwa kwee-ether ze-hydroxyalkyl

UFan Junlin et al ulungiselele i-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) kwi-reactor ye-500 L usebenzisa ikotoni ecociweyo njengento eluhlaza kunye ne-87.7% ye-isopropanol-amanzi njenge-solvent nge-alkalization ye-step-step, i-neutralization yesinyathelo-nge-nyathelo kunye ne-step-by-step etherification. . Iziphumo zibonise ukuba i-cellulose ye-hydroxyethyl (HEC) elungiselelwe i-molar substitution MS ye-2.2-2.9, ifikelela kumgangatho ofanayo womgangatho wemveliso ye-Dows 250 HEC yemveliso kunye ne-molar substitution ye-2.2-2.4. Ukusebenzisa i-HEC ekuveliseni ipeyinti ye-latex kunokuphucula ifilimu-ukwenza ifilimu kunye nokulinganisa iimpawu zepeyinti ye-latex.

U-Liu Dan kunye nabanye baxoxe ngokulungiswa kwe-quaternary ammonium salt cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose ngendlela ye-semi-dry ye-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) kunye ne-2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (GTA) phantsi kwesenzo se-alkali catalysis. iimeko ze-ether. Isiphumo sokongeza i-cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose ether ephepheni yaphandwa. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba: kwi-pulp ye-bleached hardwood, xa idigri yokutshintshwa kwe-cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose ether yi-0.26, izinga lokugcinwa lilonke landa nge-9%, kwaye izinga lokuhluza amanzi landa nge-14%; kwi-pulp ye-bleached hardwood, xa Xa isixa se-cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose ether yi-0.08% ye-pulp fiber, inefuthe elibalulekileyo lokuqinisa ephepheni; Iqondo elikhulu lokutshintshwa kwe-cationic cellulose ether, inkulu ingxinano yentlawulo ye-cationic, kwaye ngcono isiphumo sokuqinisa.

I-Zhanhong isebenzisa indlela yolwelo-yenqanaba lokudibanisa ukulungisa i-hydroxyethyl cellulose enexabiso le-viscosity ye-5.×104mPa·s okanye ngaphezulu kunye nexabiso lothuthu elingaphantsi kwe-0.3% ngenkqubo yamanyathelo amabini e-alkalization kunye ne-etherification. Kusetyenziswe iindlela ezimbini zealkalization. Indlela yokuqala kukusebenzisa i-acetone njenge-diluent. I-cellulose i-raw material isekelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwi-concentration ethile ye-sodium hydroxide isisombululo se-aqueous. Emva kokuba i-basection reaction yenziwe, i-ejenti ye-etherification yongezwa ukuba iqhube ngokuthe ngqo i-etherification reaction. Indlela yesibini kukuba i-cellulose imathiriyeli ekrwada i-alkali kwisisombululo esimanzi sesodium hydroxide kunye ne-urea, kunye neselulosi yealkali elungiselelwe yile ndlela kufuneka icudiswe ukuze isuse i-lye engaphezulu ngaphambi kokusabela kwe-etherification. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba izinto ezifana nexabiso elikhethiweyo le-diluent, inani le-ethylene oxide eyongeziweyo, ixesha le-alkalization, ubushushu kunye nexesha lokuphendula kokuqala, kunye nobushushu kunye nexesha lokuphendula okwesibini zonke zinempembelelo enkulu ekusebenzeni. yemveliso.

Xu Qin et al. kuqhutywe i-etherification reaction ye-alkali cellulose kunye ne-propylene oxide, kunye ne-synthesized hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) kunye neqondo eliphantsi lokutshintsha nge-gas-solid phase method. Imiphumo ye-mass fraction ye-propylene oxide, i-squeeze ratio kunye nobushushu be-etherification kwiqondo le-etherification ye-HPC kunye nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo kwe-propylene oxide yafundwa. Iziphumo zibonise ukuba iimeko ze-HPC ze-HPC yayiyi-propylene oxide mass fraction 20% (i-mass ratio kwi-cellulose), i-alkali cellulose extrusion ratio 3.0, kunye nobushushu be-etherification 60.°C. Uvavanyo lwesakhiwo se-HPC nge-nuclear magnetic resonance lubonisa ukuba i-degree of etherification ye-HPC yi-0.23, izinga elisebenzayo lokusetyenziswa kwe-propylene oxide yi-41.51%, kunye ne-cellulose ye-molecular chain idibene ngempumelelo kunye namaqela e-hydroxypropyl.

Kong Xingjie et al. kulungiswe i-hydroxypropyl cellulose enolwelo lwe-ionic njengesinyibilikisi ukuqonda ukusabela okulinganayo kweselulosi ukuze kuqatshelwe ukulawulwa kwenkqubo yokusabela kunye neemveliso. Ngethuba lovavanyo, i-synthetic imidazole phosphate ionic liquid 1, i-3-diethylimidazole diethyl phosphate yayisetyenziselwa ukutshabalalisa i-cellulose ye-microcrystalline, kunye ne-hydroxypropyl cellulose yafunyanwa nge-alkalization, i-etherification, i-acidification, kunye nokuhlamba.

2.1.3 Ukwenziwa kwee-ether ze-carboxyalkyl

Eyona nto iqhelekileyo ye-carboxymethyl cellulose yi-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Isisombululo samanzi se-carboxymethyl cellulose sinemisebenzi yokuqina, ukubunjwa kwefilimu, ukudibanisa, ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukukhuselwa kwe-colloid, i-emulsification kunye nokumiswa, kwaye isetyenziswa ngokubanzi ekuhlambeni. Amachiza, ukutya, intlama yamazinyo, amalaphu, ukuprinta kunye nokudaya, ukwenza iphepha, i-petroleum, imigodi, iyeza, iiseramikhi, izinto ze-elektroniki, irabha, ipeyinti, izibulali-zinambuzane, izithambiso, isikhumba, iiplastiki kunye nokugrumba ioli, njl.

Ngowe-1918, uJamani uE. Jansen wavelisa indlela yokudibanisa i-carboxymethyl cellulose. Ngomnyaka we-1940, umzi-mveliso waseKalle we-German IG Farbeninaustrie Company waqaphela imveliso yemizi-mveliso. Ngo-1947, i-Wyandotle Chemical Company yase-United States yaphuhlisa ngempumelelo inkqubo yokuvelisa eqhubekayo. ilizwe lam laqala ukubeka kwimveliso yemveliso yeCMC kwi-Shanghai Celluloid Factory ngo-1958. I-Carboxymethyl cellulose yi-cellulose ether eveliswa kumqhaphu ococekileyo phantsi kwesenzo se-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-chloroacetic acid. Iindlela zayo zokuvelisa i-industrial zingahlulwa zibe ngamacandelo amabini: indlela esekelwe emanzini kunye ne-solvent-based based method ngokweendlela ezahlukeneyo ze-etherification media. Inkqubo yokusebenzisa amanzi njengendlela yokusabela ibizwa ngokuba yindlela ephakathi kwamanzi, kwaye inkqubo equlethe i-solvent ye-organic kwi-reaction medium ibizwa ngokuba yi-solvent method.

Ngokunzulu kophando kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwethekhnoloji, iimeko ezintsha zokuphendula ziye zasetyenziswa kwi-synthesis ye-carboxymethyl cellulose, kwaye inkqubo entsha ye-solvent inempembelelo ebalulekileyo kwinkqubo yokusabela okanye umgangatho wemveliso. Olaru et al. yafumanisa ukuba i-carboxymethylation reaction ye-cellulose isebenzisa inkqubo edibeneyo ye-ethanol-acetone ingcono kune-ethanol okanye i-acetone yodwa. UNicholson et al. Kwinkqubo, iCMC eneqondo eliphantsi lokutshintshwa yalungiswa. UPhilipp et al ulungiselele i-CMC endaweni yayo I-N-methylmorpholine-N oxide kunye ne-N, i-N dimethylacetamide/i-lithium chloride ye-solvent systems ngokulandelanayo. Cai et al. iphuhlise indlela yokulungiselela i-CMC kwi-NaOH/urea system solvent. URamos et al. isebenzise i-DMSO/tetrabutylammonium fluoride ionic liquid system njengesinyibilikisi kwi-carboxymethylate imathiriyeli ekrwada ye-cellulose esulungekisiweyo ukusuka kumqhaphu kunye ne-sisal, kwaye ifumene imveliso ye-CMC ene-degree degree endaweni ephezulu njenge-2.17. UChen Jinghuan et al. isetyenziselwe i-cellulose ene-pulp concentration ephezulu (20%) njengento ekrwada, i-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-acrylamide njenge-reagents yokuguqulwa, iqhutywe ukuguqulwa kwe-carboxyethylation reaction ngexesha elibekiwe kunye nobushushu, kwaye ekugqibeleni yafumana i-carboxyethyl base cellulose. Umxholo we-carboxyethyl wemveliso elungisiweyo unokulawulwa ngokutshintsha inani le-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-acrylamide.

2.2 Ukudityaniswa kwee-ether ezixutyiweyo

IHydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether luhlobo lwe-non-polar cellulose ether enyibilika kumanzi abandayo afunyenwe kwi-cellulose yendalo ngokuguqulwa kwe-alkalization kunye ne-etherification. I-alkalized kunye nesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kwaye yongeza inani elithile le-isopropanol kunye ne-toluene solvent, i-etherification agent eyamkela i-methyl chloride kunye ne-propylene oxide.

UDai Mingyun et al. isebenzise i-hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) njengomqolo wepolymer ye-hydrophilic, kwaye ihlonyelwe i-agent ye-hydrophobizing i-butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) kwi-backbone nge-etherification reaction to adjust the hydrophobic group butyl group. Iqondo lokutshintshwa kweqela, ukwenzela ukuba libe nexabiso elifanelekileyo le-hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value, kunye ne-2-hydroxy-3-butoxypropyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (HBPEC) ilungiselelwe; ipropati ejongene nokushisa ilungiselelwe Izinto ezisebenzayo ezisekelwe kwi-cellulose zibonelela ngendlela entsha yokusetyenziswa kwezinto ezisebenzayo kwimimandla yokukhutshwa kweziyobisi kunye ne-biology.

U-Chen Yangming kunye nabanye basebenzisa i-cellulose ye-hydroxyethyl njengento ekrwada, kwaye kwinkqubo yesisombululo se-isopropanol, yongeza inani elincinci le-Na2B4O7 kwi-reactant ye-homogeneous reaction ukuze ilungiselele i-ether edibeneyo ye-hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl cellulose. Imveliso ikhawuleza emanzini, kwaye i-viscosity izinzile.

UWang Peng usebenzisa i-cellulose esulungekisiweyo yendalo yekotoni njengesiseko sezinto ezisisiseko, kwaye isebenzisa inkqubo ye-etherification enenyathelo elinye ukuvelisa i-carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose kunye nokusabela okufanayo, i-viscosity ephezulu, ukuxhathisa okulungileyo kwe-asidi kunye nokuxhathisa ityuwa ngokusebenzisa i-alkalization kunye ne-etherification reactions Compound ether. Isebenzisa inkqubo ye-etherification enenyathelo elinye, i-carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose eveliswayo inokumelana netyuwa elungileyo, ukuxhathisa kweasidi kunye nokunyibilika. Ngokutshintsha izixa ezihambelanayo zepropylene oxide kunye ne-chloroacetic acid, iimveliso ezine-carboxymethyl ezahlukeneyo kunye neziqulatho ze-hydroxypropyl zinokulungiswa. Iziphumo zovavanyo zibonisa ukuba i-carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose eveliswe yindlela enenyathelo elinye inomjikelezo omfutshane wokuvelisa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-solvent ephantsi, kwaye imveliso inokumelana okugqwesileyo kwi-monovalent kunye ne-divalent salts kunye nokuxhathisa okuhle kwe-asidi. Xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iimveliso ze-cellulose ether, inokhuphiswano olunamandla kwimimandla yokutya kunye nokuhlola ioli.

IHydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) lolona didi lusebenza ngeendlela ezininzi kwaye lusebenza kakuhle phakathi kwazo zonke iintlobo zeselulosi, kwaye ikwangummeli oqhelekileyo worhwebo phakathi kweether ezixubeneyo. Kwi-1927, i-hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) yenziwe ngempumelelo kwaye yodwa. Kwi-1938, i-Dow Chemical Co. yase-United States yaqaphela ukuveliswa kwemveliso ye-methyl cellulose kwaye yenza uphawu lokuthengisa oludumileyo "iMethocel". Ukuveliswa kwemizi-mveliso emikhulu ye-hydroxypropyl methylcellulose yaqala e-United States ngo-1948. Inkqubo yokuvelisa i-HPMC inokwahlulwa ibe ngamacandelo amabini: indlela yesigaba segesi kunye nendlela yesigaba solwelo. Okwangoku, amazwe aphuhlileyo afana neYurophu, iMelika kunye neJapan amkela ngakumbi inkqubo yesigaba segesi, kwaye imveliso yasekhaya ye-HPMC isekelwe ikakhulu kwinkqubo yesigaba solwelo.

UZhang Shuangjian kunye nabanye abacociweyo ngumgubo wepotton njengento ekrwada, ialkalize kunye nesodium hydroxide ekuphenduleni i-solvent medium toluene kunye ne-isopropanol, i-etherifying agent propylene oxide kunye ne-methyl chloride, yasabela kwaye yalungisa uhlobo lwe-hydroxypropyl methyl alcohol base cellulose ether.

3. Umbono

I-Cellulose yinto ebalulekileyo yeekhemikhali kunye neekhemikhali zezinto eziluhlaza ezityebileyo kwizibonelelo, eziluhlaza kunye nokusingqongileyo, kunye nokuhlaziywa. Izinto eziphuma kwi-cellulose etherification modification zinentsebenzo egqwesileyo, uluhlu olubanzi losetyenziso kunye neziphumo ezigqwesileyo zokusetyenziswa, kwaye zihlangabezana neemfuno zoqoqosho lwesizwe kakhulu. Kwaye iimfuno zophuhliso lwentlalo, kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kunye nokufezekiswa korhwebo kwixa elizayo, ukuba izinto zokwenziwa ekrwada kunye neendlela zokwenziwa kwe-cellulose derivatives zinokuba nemveliso ngakumbi, ziya kusetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo kwaye ziqonde uluhlu olubanzi lwezicelo. Ixabiso.