Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga, imveliso yangoku yehlabathi ye-non-ionic cellulose ether ifikelele ngaphezu kweetoni ze-500,000, kwaye i-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ibalwa kwi-80% ukuya kwiitoni ezingaphezu kwe-400,000, i-China kwiminyaka emibini yakutshanje inani leenkampani liye landisa imveliso ngokukhawuleza. ukwandisa umthamo ufikelele malunga ne-180 000 yeetoni, malunga neetoni ezingama-60 000 zokusetyenziswa kwasekhaya, Koku, ngaphezu kwe-550 yezigidi zeetoni zisetyenziswa kushishino kwaye malunga neepesenti ezingama-70 zisetyenziswa njengezongezo zokwakha.
Ngenxa yokusetyenziswa okuhlukeneyo kweemveliso, iimfuno zesalathiso somlotha nazo zinokwahluka, ukwenzela ukuba imveliso ilungelelaniswe ngokweemfuno zeemodeli ezahlukeneyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa, ehambelana nefuthe lokonga amandla, ukunciphisa ukusetyenziswa kunye nokunciphisa ukukhutshwa.
1 i-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ash kunye neefom zayo ezikhoyo
I-Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) ibizwa ngokuba ngumlotha ngemigangatho yomgangatho weshishini kunye ne-sulphate okanye intsalela eshushu yi-pharmacopoeia, enokuqondwa ngokulula njengokungcola kwetyuwa ye-inorganic kwimveliso. Eyona nkqubo yokuvelisa ngealkali eyomeleleyo (i-sodium hydroxide) ngokusabela kuhlengahlengiso lokugqibela lwe-pH ukuya kwityuwa engathathi hlangothi kunye nezinto ezikrwada ngokwemvelaphi yesambuku setyuwa engaphiliyo.
Indlela yokumisela uthuthu olupheleleyo; Emva kokuba iisampulu ezithile zifakwe kwikhabhoni kwaye zitshiswe kwiziko lobushushu obuphezulu, izinto eziphilayo zixutywe kwaye zibole, zibaleka ngendlela yecarbon dioxide, initrogen oxides kunye namanzi, ngelixa izinto ezingaphiliyo zihlala zikwimo yesulfate, iphosphate, carbonate, chloride kunye nezinye iityuwa inorganic kunye oxides zentsimbi. Ezi ntsalela ziluthuthu. Isixa somlotha opheleleyo kwisampulu singabalwa ngokulinganisa intsalela.
Ngokutsho kwenkqubo usebenzisa iiasidi ezahlukeneyo kwaye uya kuvelisa iityuwa ezahlukeneyo: ikakhulu sodium chloride (eveliswa ukusabela ion chloride kwi chloromethane kunye sodium hydroxide) kunye nezinye iiasidi neutralization unokuvelisa acetate sodium, sulfide sodium okanye oxalate sodium.
2. Iimfuno zothuthu lwe-industrial grade hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
IHydroxypropyl methyl cellulose isetyenziswa ikakhulu njengokutyeba, ukumiliselwa, ukwenza ifilimu, icolloid ekhuselayo, ukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukuncamathela, i-anti-enzyme kunye ne-inert ye-metabolic kunye nezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo, isetyenziswa kakhulu kwiinkalo ezininzi zoshishino, ezinokwahlulwa ngokurhabaxa kwezi zilandelayo. imiba:
(1) Ukwakhiwa: indima ephambili kukugcina amanzi, ukuqina, i-viscosity, i-lubrication, i-flow aid yokuphucula i-samente kunye ne-gypsum machinability, ukupompa. Iingubo zokwakha, iingubo ze-latex zisetyenziswa ikakhulu njenge-colloid ekhuselayo, ifilimu yokwenza ifilimu, i-agent yokuqina kunye ne-pigment suspension aid.
(2) I-Polyvinyl chloride: isetyenziswa kakhulu njenge-dispersant kwi-polymerization reaction ye-suspension polymerization system.
(3) iikhemikhali zemihla ngemihla: zisetyenziswa kakhulu njengezinto ezikhuselayo, zinokuphucula i-emulsification yemveliso, i-anti-enzyme, i-dispersion, i-adhesion, umsebenzi ongaphezulu, ukubunjwa kwefilimu, ukuthambisa, ukukhupha amagwebu, ukubumba, i-agent yokukhulula, i-softener, i-lubricant kunye nezinye iipropati;
(4) Ishishini lamachiza: kwishishini lamachiza lisetyenziselwa ukuveliswa kwemveliso, esetyenziselwa ukulungiswa okuqinileyo kwe-ejenti yokugqoka, i-capsule engenanto, i-binder, esetyenziselwa ukukhulula ngokukhawuleza i-skeleton ye-pharmaceutical, ifilimu yokwenza i-agent, i-pore-forming agent, esetyenziswa njengolwelo, i-semi-solid ukulungiselela ukutyeba, i-emulsification, ukumiswa, ukusetyenziswa kwe-matrix;
5
(6) ukwenza iphepha: ukusasazwa, ukufaka imibala, i-agent yokomeleza;
(7) Ushicilelo lwelaphu kunye nokudaya: ipulp yelaphu, umbala, isandisi sombala:
(8) Imveliso yezolimo: kwezolimo, ingasetyenziselwa ukunyanga imbewu yezityalo, ukuphucula izinga lokuntshula, ukukhusela ukufuma kunye nokuthintela ukubola, ukugcina iziqhamo zintsha, i-arhente yokukhululwa ngokukhawuleza kwezichumisi zeekhemikhali kunye nezibulala-zinambuzane, njl.
Ngokwengxelo yala mava esicelo sexesha elide kunye nesishwankathelo semigangatho yolawulo lwangaphakathi lwamashishini athile angaphandle nasekhaya, kuphela iimveliso ezithile zepolyvinyl chloride polymerization kunye neekhemikhali zemihla ngemihla ziyafuneka ukulawula ityuwa engaphantsi kwe-0.010, kunye ne-pharmacopoeia. yamazwe ahlukeneyo ifuna ukulawula ityuwa engaphantsi kwe-0.015. Kwaye okunye ukusetyenziswa kokulawulwa kwetyuwa kunokuba banzi, ngokukodwa iimveliso zokwakha ngaphezu kokuveliswa kwe-putty, ityuwa yepeyinti ineemfuno ezithile, abanye banokulawula ityuwa <0.05 ngokusisiseko inokuhlangabezana nokusetyenziswa.
Inkqubo ye-3 ye-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose kunye nendlela yokususa ityuwa
Ezona ndlela zokuvelisa i-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe zezi zilandelayo:
(1) Indlela yesigaba solwelo (indlela ye-slurry) : umgubo ocolekileyo weselulosi oza kutyunyuzwa usasazwe malunga namaxesha ali-10 e-organic solvent kwi-reactor ethe nkqo okanye ethe tyaba ene-agitation enamandla, kwaye emva koko i-lye yobungakanani kunye ne-etherifying agent yongezwa ukusabela. Emva kokuphendula, imveliso yahlanjwa, yomiswa, yachithwa kwaye yahluthwa ngamanzi ashushu.
(2) Indlela yesigaba segesi (indlela yegesi eqinileyo) : Ukusabela komgubo wecellulose malunga nokutyunyuzwa kugqitywe kwindawo eyomileyo ngokongeza ngokuthe ngqo i-lye yobungakanani kunye ne-etherifying agent kunye nenani elincinci leemveliso eziphuma kwindawo yokubila ephantsi. kwireactor ethe tyaba enesiphithiphithi esinamandla. Akukho zinyibilikisi ezongezelelweyo eziphilayo ezifunekayo ukusabela. Emva kokuphendula, imveliso yahlanjwa, yomiswa, yachithwa kwaye yahluthwa ngamanzi ashushu.
3 Yongeza i-lye yobungakanani kunye ne-etherifying agent ekuphenduleni, emva kokusabela nge-acetone precipitation reaction good cellulose ether, Ithi ihlanjwe ngamanzi ashushu, yomiswe, icunyuzwe kwaye ihluzwe ukufumana imveliso egqityiweyo. (Ayikaveli kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso).
Isiphelo sokusabela kungakhathaliseki ukuba zeziphi iindlela ezichazwe ngasentla zinetyuwa eninzi, ngokwenkqubo eyahlukileyo inokuvelisa: i-sodium chloride kunye ne-acetate yesodium, i-sodium sulfide, i-sodium oxalate, njalo-njalo ityuwa yokuxuba, idinga ngokukhupha ityuwa, Ukusetyenziswa kwetyuwa ekunyibilikeni kwamanzi, ngokubanzi kunye nokuhlamba kwamanzi amaninzi ashushu, ngoku izixhobo eziphambili kunye nendlela yokuhlamba zezi:
(1) isihluzo sevacuum yebhanti; Ikwenza oku ngokurhabula imathiriyeli ekrwada esele igqityiwe ngamanzi ashushu kwaye emva koko ihlambe ityuwa ngokusasaza udaka ngokulinganayo phezu kwebhanti lokuhluza ngokutshiza amanzi ashushu kulo kwaye icoceke ngaphantsi.
(2) I-centrifuge ethe tyaba: yona ekupheleni kokusabela kwezinto ezikrwada zibe ludaka olunamanzi ashushu ukunyibilikisa ityuwa enyibilikisiweyo emanzini ashushu kwaye emva koko ngokwahlukana kwe-centrifugation iya kuba lulwelo-oluqilima ukwahlula ukususa ityuwa.
(3) kunye nesihluzo soxinzelelo, ekupheleni kokusabela kwezinto ezikrwada kwi-slurry ngamanzi ashushu, singene kwisihluzo soxinzelelo, kuqala ngamanzi avuthelweyo ngomphunga kwaye emva koko ngamanzi ashushu atshizwe amaxesha angama-N ngomphunga ovuthelweyo wamanzi ukuya. yahlula kwaye ususe ityuwa.
Ukuhlamba amanzi ashushu ukususa iityuwa zinyibilike, kuba kufuneka ukujoyina amanzi ashushu, ukuhlamba, kokukhona isezantsi isiqulatho uthuthu, kwaye ngokuphambeneyo, ngoko uthuthu yayo enxulumene ngqo kangakanani ubungakanani amanzi ashushu, i-industrial jikelele. imveliso ukuba ulawulo uthuthu phantsi 1% USEBENZISA amanzi ashushu iitoni 10, ukuba ulawulo phantsi 5% kuya kufuneka malunga neetoni ezi-6 zamanzi ashushu.
I-cellulose ether inkunkuma yamanzi inemfuno yeoksijini yemichiza (COD) engaphezu kwe-60 000 mg / L kunye nesiqulatho setyuwa engaphezulu kwe-30 000 mg / L, ngoko kubiza kakhulu ukunyanga amanzi anjalo alahlwayo, kuba kunzima ngokuthe ngqo. I-biochemical ityuwa ephezulu, kwaye ayivumelekanga ukuba idibanise ngokweemfuno zangoku zokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo. Isisombululo esiphezulu kukususa ityuwa nge-distillation. Ke ngoko, itoni enye ngaphezulu yokuhlamba amanzi abilayo kuya kuvelisa itoni enye ngaphezulu ilindle. Ngokobuchwephesha bangoku be-MUR obunamandla aphezulu, ixabiso elipheleleyo letoni nganye yokuhlamba amanzi agxininisiweyo malunga ne-80 yuan, kwaye iindleko eziphambili kukusetyenziswa kwamandla abanzi.
Impembelelo yothuthu olu-4 kumazinga okugcinwa kwamanzi kwi-industrial hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
I-HPMC ikakhulu idlala iindima ezintathu ekugcineni amanzi, ukutyeba kunye nolwakhiwo lula kwizinto zokwakha.
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi: ukunyusa ixesha lokuvula ukugcinwa kwamanzi okubonakalayo, ukuncedisa umsebenzi walo we-hydration ngokupheleleyo.
Ukuqina: I-Cellulose inokujiya ukuze idlale ukunqunyanyiswa, ukuze isisombululo sokugcina iyunifomu phezulu kwaye phantsi indima efanayo, ukuxhathisa ukuhamba nokujinga.
Ukwakhiwa: Ukuthanjiswa kweCellulose, kunokuba nokwakhiwa okulungileyo. I-HPMC ayithathi nxaxheba kwindlela yokusabela kweekhemikhali, idlala indima encedisayo kuphela. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukugcinwa kwamanzi, ukugcinwa kwamanzi omdaka kuchaphazela i-homogenization yodaka, kwaye emva koko kuchaphazela iipropati zomatshini kunye nokuqina kodaka olunzima. Udaka lwe-masonry kunye nodaka lwe-plaster zizinto ezimbini ezibalulekileyo zezixhobo zodaka, kwaye intsimi ebalulekileyo yokusetyenziswa kwe-masonry mortar kunye ne-plaster mortar yi-masonry structure. Njengoko ibhloko kwisicelo kwinkqubo yeemveliso kwimeko eyomileyo, ukuze kuncitshiswe ibhloko eyomileyo yokufunxa amanzi aqinileyo ngodaka, ulwakhiwo luthatha ibhloko ngaphambi kokumanzisa, ukuvala isiqulatho sokufuma okuthile, gcina ukufuma eludaka. ukuthintela ukufunxa okugqithisileyo, kunokugcina i-hydration eqhelekileyo yangaphakathi ye-gelling impahla efana nodaka lwesamente. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezinjengomahluko wohlobo lwebhloko kunye nenqanaba lendawo yokumanzisa kwangaphambili liya kuchaphazela izinga lokulahleka kwamanzi kunye nokulahleka kwamanzi ngodaka, okuya kuzisa iingozi ezifihlakeleyo kumgangatho opheleleyo wobume bobume. Udaka olunokugcinwa kwamanzi okugqwesileyo lunokuphelisa impembelelo yezixhobo zebhloko kunye nezinto zabantu, kwaye uqinisekise i-homogeneity yodaka.
Isiphumo sogcino lwamanzi ekusebenzeni kokuqina kodaka lubonakaliswa ikakhulu kwisiphumo kwindawo yojongano phakathi kodaka kunye nebhloko. Ngokulahleka kwamanzi okukhawuleza kodaka kunye nokugcinwa kwamanzi okungahambi kakuhle, umxholo wamanzi wodaka kwi-interface inxalenye ngokucacileyo ayanelanga, kwaye i-samente ayinakugcwala ngokupheleleyo, echaphazela uphuhliso oluqhelekileyo lwamandla. Amandla ebhondi yezinto ezisekwe kwisamente iveliswa ikakhulu kukuqiniselwa kweemveliso zesamente. Ukungonelanga kwe-cement hydration kwindawo ye-interface kunciphisa amandla ebhondi ye-interface, kunye ne-hollow bulging and cracking of mortar ukwanda.
Ngoko ke, ukukhetha eyona ntununtunu kwimfuno ugcino lwamanzi isakhiwo K brand ezintathu iibhetshi viscosity ezahlukeneyo, ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuhlamba ukubonakala inani ibhetshi efanayo ezimbini kulindeleke isiqulatho uthuthu, kwaye ngoko ngokwendlela yangoku yovavanyo ukugcinwa kwamanzi eqhelekileyo (indlela iphepha lokucoca. ) kwibhetshi enye inani lothuthu olwahlukeneyo logcino lwamanzi lwamaqela amathathu eisampulu ngokuthe ngqo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
4.1 Indlela yovavanyo yokukhangela izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi (indlela yephepha lokucoca)
4.1.1 Ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo kunye nezixhobo
Umxube we-cement slurry, i-cylinder yokulinganisa, ibhalansi, isitophuwashi, isitya sensimbi engenasici, i-spoon, intsimbi yensimbi engenasici ifa (ububanzi bangaphakathi φ100 mm× ububanzi bangaphandle φ110 mm× ukuphakama kwe-25 mm, iphepha lokucoca ngokukhawuleza, iphepha lokucoca elicothayo, ipleyiti yeglasi.
4.1.2 Iimathiriyeli kunye nee-reagents
I-Portland Cement eqhelekileyo (425 #), ISANDLA EYANGAPHAMBILI (ISANDLATHI ENGAPHANDO UDAKA LUHLAMBWE NGAMANZI), ISAMPULI YOMVELISO (HPMC), AMANZI ACOCEKILEYO OKUVAVANYWA (AMANZI ETEPI, AMANZI EEMINE).
4.1.3 Iimeko zovavanyo lovavanyo
Ubushushu beLabhoratri: 23±2 ℃; Ukufuma okuhambelanayo: ≥ 50%; Ubushushu bamanzi aselabhoratri buyafana nobushushu begumbi obungama-23 ℃.
4.1.4 Iindlela zovavanyo
Beka ipleyiti yeglasi kwiqonga lokusebenza, beka iphepha lokucoca elilinganisiweyo (ubunzima: M1) kuyo, emva koko ubeke isiqwenga sephepha lokucoca ngokukhawuleza kwiphepha elicothayo lokucoca, kwaye emva koko ubeke intsimbi yentsimbi kwiphepha lokucoca ngokukhawuleza ( umngundo weringi awuyi kudlula kwisetyhula yephepha lokucoca ngokukhawuleza).
Ubunzima obuchanekileyo (425#) isamente 90 g; Isanti esemgangathweni 210 g; Imveliso (isampuli) 0.125g; Galela kwisitya sensimbi engenasici kwaye udibanise kakuhle (umxube owomileyo).
Sebenzisa umxube wesamente (imbiza yokuxuba kunye namagqabi acocekile kwaye omile, acoceke ngokucokisekileyo kwaye omile emva kovavanyo ngalunye, beka ecaleni). Sebenzisa i-cylinder yokulinganisa ukulinganisa i-72 ml yamanzi ahlambulukileyo (23 ℃), uthele kuqala kwimbiza evuselelayo, uze uthele izinto ezilungisiweyo, ungene kwi-30 s; Ngexesha elifanayo, phakamisa ibhodwe kwindawo yokuxuba, qalisa umxube, kwaye uqhube ngesantya esiphantsi (oko kukuthi, ukukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza) kwi-60 s; Yeka i-15 s kwaye uhlambe i-slurry eludongeni kunye ne-blade embizeni; Qhubeka u-whisk ngokukhawuleza kwi-120 s ukuyeka. Galela (umthwalo) lonke udaka oluxubeneyo kwisingundo sentsimbi engenastainless ngokukhawuleza, kunye nexesha ukusuka kumzuzu xa udaka luchukumisa iphepha lokucoca olukhawulezayo (cofa isitophuwotshi). Emva kwemizuzu emi-2, isikhunta sendandatho saguqulwa kwaye iphepha lokucoca elingapheliyo likhutshwe kwaye lilinganiswe (ubunzima: M2). Yenza umfuniselo ongenanto ngokwendlela engentla (ubunzima bephepha lokucoca okungapheliyo phambi nasemva kobunzima yi-M3, M4)
Indlela yokubala imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:
(1)
Apho, i-M1 - ubunzima bephepha lokucoca elingapheliyo phambi kovavanyo lwesampulu; M2 - ubunzima bephepha lokucoca elingapheliyo emva kovavanyo lwesampulu; I-M3 - ubunzima bephepha lokucoca elingapheliyo ngaphambi kovavanyo olungenanto; I-M4 - ubunzima bephepha lokucoca elingapheliyo emva kovavanyo olungenanto.
4.1.5 Izilumkiso
(1) ubushushu bamanzi acocekileyo kufuneka bube ngama-23 ℃, kwaye umlinganiso kufuneka uchaneke;
(2) emva kokuyishukumisa, yisuse imbiza uze uyixube ngokulinganayo ngecephe;
(3) ukungunda kufuneka kufakwe ngokukhawuleza, kwaye udaka luya kunyathelwa ukuba lube mcaba kwaye luqine ngelixa lufakela;
(4) Qinisekisa ixesha umzuzu xa udaka luchukumisa iphepha lokucoca ngokukhawuleza, kwaye musa ukugalela udaka kwiphepha lokucoca langaphandle.
4.2 isampuli
Amanani ebhetshi amathathu ane-viscosities eyahlukileyo yophawu olufanayo lwe-K akhethwe njenge: 201302028 viscosity 75 000 mPa · s, 20130233 viscosity 150 000 mPa · s, 20130236 viscosity 200 000 000 inombolo yokuhlamba eyahlukileyo ukuya kwezimbini uthuthu (jonga kwiTheyibhile 3.1). Lawula ngokungqongqo ukufuma kunye ne-pH yebhetshi enye yeesampulu kangangoko, uze wenze uvavanyo lokugcinwa kwamanzi ngokwendlela engentla (indlela yephepha lokucoca).
4.3 Iziphumo zoMfuniselo
Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwe-index yeebhetshi ezintathu zeesampulu ziboniswe kwiThebhile 1, iziphumo zovavanyo lwamazinga okugcinwa kwamanzi kwii-viscosities ezahlukeneyo ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 1, kwaye iziphumo zovavanyo lwamazinga okugcinwa kwamanzi omlotha ohlukeneyo kunye ne-pH ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 2. .
(1) Iziphumo zohlalutyo lwesalathisi zeebhetshi ezintathu zeesampulu ziboniswe kwiThebhile 1
Uluhlu loku-1 lweziphumo zohlalutyo lweebhetshi ezintathu zeesampulu
iprojekthi
Inombolo yebhetshi.
Uthuthu
pH
Viscosity/mPa, s
Amanzi / %
Ukugcinwa kwamanzi
201302028
4.9
4.2
75, 000,
6
76
0.9
4.3
74, 500,
5.9
76
20130233
4.7
4.0
150, 000,
5.5
79
0.8
4.1
140, 000,
5.4
78
20130236
4.8
4.1
200, 000,
5.1
82
0.9
4.0
195, 000,
5.2
81
(2) Iziphumo zokuvavanya ukugcinwa kwamanzi kwiibhetshi ezintathu zeesampuli ezine-viscosities ezahlukeneyo ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 1.
IKHIWANE. 1 Iziphumo zovavanyo lokugcinwa kwamanzi kwiibhetshi ezintathu zeesampuli ezine-viscosities ezahlukeneyo
(3) Iziphumo zokubona izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi kwiibhetshi ezintathu zeesampulu ezinomlotha ohlukeneyo kunye ne-pH ziboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
IKHIWANE. 2 Iziphumo zokufunyanwa kweqondo lokugcinwa kwamanzi kwiibhetshi ezintathu zeesampulu ezinomthamo wothuthu olwahlukileyo kunye ne-pH
Ngokusebenzisa ezi ziphumo zovavanyo zingentla, impembelelo yezinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi ikakhulu livela kwi-viscosity, i-viscosity ephezulu xa ihambelana nesantya esiphezulu sokugcinwa kwamanzi iya kuba yimbi ngokuchaseneyo. Ukuguquguquka kwesiqulatho sothuthu kuluhlu lwe-1% ~ 5% phantse aluchaphazeli izinga lokugcinwa kwamanzi, ngoko aluyi kuchaphazela ukusebenza kwayo kokugcinwa kwamanzi.
5 isiphelo
Ukuze kwenziwe umgangatho usebenze ngakumbi kwinyani kwaye uhambelane nentsingiselo eyandayo yogcino lwamandla kunye nokhuseleko lokusingqongileyo, kucetyiswa ukuba:
Umgangatho woshishino we-industrial hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose uqulunqwe kulawulo lothuthu ngamabakala, njengale: inqanaba 1 lokulawula umlotha <0.010, inqanaba 2 lokulawula uthuthu <0.050. Ngale ndlela, umvelisi unokukhetha ukuvumela umsebenzisi ukuba abe nokukhetha okuninzi. Ngelo xesha, ixabiso linokumiselwa ngokusekelwe kumgaqo womgangatho ophezulu kunye nexabiso eliphezulu lokuthintela ukudideka kweemarike. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba ukugcinwa kwamandla kunye nokukhuselwa kwendalo kwenza ukuba ukuveliswa kweemveliso kube nobubele kwaye kuhambelane nokusingqongileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-09-2022