Focus on Cellulose ethers

Uhlalutyo kunye novavanyo lwe-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

1, ukuchongwa kwendlela ye-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

(1) Thatha i-1.0g yesampuli, amanzi ashushu (80 ~ 90℃) 100mL, ugxobhoze ngokuqhubekayo, kwaye upholise kulwelo lwe-viscous kwibhafu yomkhenkce; Faka i-2mL yolwelo kwi-tube yokuvavanya, udibanise ngokukhawuleza i-1mL isisombululo se-sulfuric acid ye-0.035% ye-anthrone ecaleni kodonga lwetyhubhu, kwaye ushiye i-5min. Iringi eluhlaza ibonakala kujongano phakathi kwezinto ezingamanzi ezimbini.

(2) Thatha isixa esifanelekileyo sesilayimu esikhankanywe ngasentla esisetyenziswe ekuchongeni (ⅰ) kwaye uyigalele kwipleyiti yeglasi. Emva kokuba amanzi aphuke, ifilimu ye-ductile yenziwa.

2, uhlalutyo lwe-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose yokulungiswa kwesisombululo esisemgangathweni

(1) Isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-sodium thiosulfate (0.1mol/L, ukunyaniseka: inyanga enye)

Ukulungiselela: Bilisa malunga ne-1500mL amanzi adibeneyo kwaye upholise de ulungele ukusetyenziswa. Ukulinganisa i-25g ye-sodium thiosulfate (ubunzima bayo bemolekyuli yi-248.17, kwaye uzame ukuchaneka malunga ne-24.817g xa ulinganisa) okanye i-16g ye-sodium anhydrous thiosulfate, yinyibilikise kwi-200mL yamanzi okupholisa angentla, yihlambulule kwi-1L, kwaye uyibeke kwindawo emdaka. ibhotile, yibeke ebumnyameni, kwaye uyihluze ukuze isetyenziswe emva kweeveki ezimbini.

Ukulinganisa: Ubunzima be-0.15g yereferensi ye-potassium dichromate ibhakwe kubunzima obuqhubekayo, obuchanekileyo ukuya kwi-0.0002g. Yongeza i-2g ye-potassium iodide kunye ne-20mL sulfuric acid (1 + 9), xubha kakuhle, ubeke kwindawo emnyama ye-10min, yongeza amanzi angama-150mL kunye ne-3ml ye-0.5% isisombululo sesalathisi sesitashi, i-titrate nge-0.1mol / L isisombululo se-sodium thiosulfate, isisombululo sijika kwi-blue ukuya kuluhlaza oqaqambileyo ekupheleni. I-chromate ye-potassium ayizange yongezwe kuvavanyo olungenanto. Inkqubo yokulinganisa iphindwe 2 ~ 3 amaxesha kwaye ixabiso eliphakathi lithathiwe.

Uxinzelelo lwe-molar C (mol / L) yesisombululo esisezantsi se-sodium thiosulfate ibalwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Apho, uM bubunzima be potassium dichromate; I-V1 ngumthamo we-sodium thiosulfate esetyenzisiweyo, i-mL; I-V2 ngumthamo we-sodium thiosulfate esetyenzisiweyo kwilingo elingenanto, mL; I-49.03 ubunzima be-potassium dichromate elingana ne-1mol ye-sodium thiosulfate, g.

Emva kokulinganisa, yongeza i-Na2CO3 encinci ukukhusela ukubola kwe-microbial.

(2) Isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-NaOH (0.1mol/L, ukunyaniseka: inyanga enye)

Ukulungiselela: Ngokumalunga ne-4.0g ye-NaOH ecocekileyo yokuhlalutya yayilinganiswe kwi-beaker, kwaye i-100mL yamanzi adibeneyo yongezwa ukuze ichithe, ize idluliselwe kwi-flask ye-volumetric ye-1L, kwaye amanzi adibeneyo afakwe kwisikali, kwaye abekwe iintsuku ze-7-10 kude kube. ulungelelwaniso.

Ukulinganisa: Beka i-0.6 ~ 0.8g ye-potassium hydrogen phthalate ecocekileyo eyomisiwe kwi-120 ℃ (ichaneke ukuya kwi-0.0001g) kwi-250mL i-conical flask, yongeza i-75mL amanzi adibeneyo ukuyinyibilikisa, emva koko wongeza i-2 ~ 3 isalathisi se-1% phenolphthalein. isisombululo sesodium hydroxide silungisiwe ngasentla de sibe bomvu kancinci, kwaye isiphelo kukuba umbala awupheli ngaphakathi kwe-30S. Bhala phantsi umthamo wesodium hydroxide. Inkqubo yokulinganisa iphindwe 2 ~ 3 amaxesha kwaye ixabiso eliphakathi lithathiwe. Kwaye wenze umfuniselo ongenanto.

Ukuxinwa kwesisombululo sesodium hydroxide kubalwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

Apho, i-C igxininise yesisombululo se-sodium hydroxide, i-mol / L; M imele ubunzima be potassium hydrogen phthalate, G; I-V1 ngumthamo we-sodium hydroxide esetyenzisiweyo, i-mL; I-V2 imele umthamo we-sodium hydroxide esetyenzisiweyo kwilingo elingenanto, mL; 204.2 ubunzima be-molar ye-potassium hydrogen phthalate, i-g nge-mole.

(3) Nciphisa i-asidi ye-sulfuric (1+9) (Ukusebenza: inyanga eyi-1)

Ngaphantsi kokuvuselela, yongeza ngokucophelela i-100mL i-sulfuric acid egxininisiweyo kwi-900mL yamanzi adibeneyo, ukongeza ngokukhawuleza, ngelixa uvuselela.

(4) Nciphisa i-asidi yesulfuric (1+16.5) (Ukusebenza: iinyanga ezi-2)

Ngaphantsi kokuvuselela, yongeza ngokucophelela i-100mL ye-sulfuric acid egxininisiweyo ukuya kwi-1650mL yamanzi adibeneyo, wongeza ngokukhawuleza. Gxuma njengoko uhamba.

(5) Isalathisi sesitatshi (1%, ukunyaniseka: iintsuku ezingama-30)

Yenza umlinganiselo we-1.0g yesitatshi esinyibilikayo, yongeza i-10mL yamanzi, ugxobhoze kwaye uyitofe kwi-100mL yamanzi abilayo, ubilise kancinane i-2min, uyibeke, kwaye uthathe i-supernatant ukuze isetyenziswe.

(6) Isalathisi sesitatshi

Isalathisi se-0.5% sesitatshi sifunyenwe ngokuthatha i-5mL yesisombululo sesalathisi se-1% esilungisiweyo kwaye sihlanjululwe kwi-10mL ngamanzi.

(7) 30% yesisombululo sechromium trioxide (ukusebenza: inyanga eyi-1)

Yenza i-60g ye-chromium trioxide kwaye uyinyibilikise kwi-140mL yamanzi ngaphandle kwezinto eziphilayo.

(8) Isisombululo se-acetate ye-Potassium (100g/L, ukunyaniseka: iinyanga ezi-2)

I-10g ye-anhydrous potassium acetate grains yachithwa kwisisombululo se-100mL ye-90mL ye-glacial acetic acid kunye ne-10mL i-acetic anhydride.

(9) I-25% isisombululo se-sodium acetate (220g / L, ukuqinisekiswa: iinyanga ze-2)

Chitha i-220g ye-acetate ye-sodium ene-anhydrous emanzini kwaye udibanise kwi-1000mL.

(10) I-Hydrochloric acid (1:1, ukunyaniseka: iinyanga ezi-2)

Hlanganisa i-hydrochloric acid egxininisiweyo ngamanzi kwi-volume ratio ye-1: 1.

(11) Isisombululo se-acetate buffer (pH=3.5, ukusebenza: iinyanga ezi-2)

Dissolve 60mL i-acetic acid ku-500mL yamanzi, uze udibanise i-100mL i-ammonium hydroxide kwaye udibanise kwi-1000mL.

(12) Isisombululo sokulungiselela i-nitrate

I-159.8mg ye-nitrate ye-lead yachithwa kwi-100mL yamanzi equkethe i-1mL ye-nitric acid (ubuninzi be-1.42g / cm3), ihlanjululwe kwi-1000mL yamanzi kwaye ixutywe kakuhle. Ukulungiswa kunye nokugcinwa kwesi sisombululo kuya kwenziwa kwiglasi engenalo i-lead.

(13) Isisombululo esisemgangathweni esikhokelela (ukusebenza: iinyanga ezi-2)

Umlinganiselo ochanekileyo we-10mL yesisombululo sokulungiswa kwenitrate yelothe yaxutywa ngamanzi ukuya kwi-100mL.

(14) 2% isisombululo se-hydroxylamine hydrochloride (ixesha lokuqinisekisa: inyanga eyi-1)

Dissolve 2g ye-hydroxylamine hydrochloride kwi-98mL yamanzi.

(15) Ammonia (5mol/L, ukusebenza: iinyanga ezi-2)

I-175.25g ye-ammonia yachithwa emanzini kwaye yaxutywa kwi-1000mL.

(16) Ulwelo oluxutyiweyo (ixesha lokuqinisekisa: iinyanga ezi-2)

Xuba i-100mL glycerol, isisombululo se-75mLNaOH (1mol / L), kunye ne-25mL yamanzi.

(17) isisombululo se-Thioacetamide (4%, ukuqinisekiswa: iinyanga ze-2)

I-4g ye-thioacetamide yachithwa kwi-96g yamanzi.

(18) I-Phenanthroline (0.1%, ukuqinisekiswa: inyanga eyi-1)

Dissolve 0.1g o-phenanthroline kumanzi ayi-100mL.

(19) Iasidi stannous chloride (ukusebenza: 1 inyanga)

Dissolve 20g stannous chloride in 50mL concentrated hydrochloric acid.

(20) Isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-potassium hydrogen phthalate (pH 4.0, ukunyaniseka: iinyanga ezi-2)

I-10.12g ye-potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHC8H4O4) yalinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye yomiswa kwi- (115±5) ℃ nge-2 ~ 3h. Nciphisa kwi-1000mL ngamanzi.

(21) Isisombululo somgangatho we-phosphate buffer (pH 6.8, ukunyaniseka: iinyanga ezi-2)

I-3.533g ye-anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate kunye ne-3.387g ye-potassium dihydrogen phosphate yomiswe kwi-(115±5) ℃ nge-2~3h ziye zalinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo kwaye zaxutywa ukuya kwi-1000mL ngamanzi.

I-3, ukuzimisela komxholo weqela le-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

(1) Ukumiselwa komxholo we-methoxy

Ukuzimisela komxholo we-methoxy kusekelwe ekubolisweni kwe-hydroiodate acid ngokufudumeza ngovavanyo oluqulethe i-methoxy ukuvelisa iodide ye-methane eguqukayo (indawo yokubilisa i-42.5 ° C). Imethane iodide igalelwe ngenitrogen kwisisombululo seautoreaction. Emva kokuhlamba ukususa izinto eziphazamisayo (i-HI, i-I2 kunye ne-H2S), umphunga we-iodine we-methane ufunxwa yi-potassium acetate acetic acid isisombululo esine-Br2 ukwenza i-IBr kwaye emva koko i-oxidized kwi-iodic acid. Emva kwe-distillation, izinto ezikummkeli zidluliselwa kwiibhotile ze-iodine kwaye zihlanjululwe ngamanzi. Emva kokongeza i-asidi ye-formic ukususa i-Br2 engaphezulu, i-KI kunye ne-H2SO4 yongezwa. Umxholo we-methoxy ungabalwa ngokubhala i-12 ngesisombululo se-Na2S2O3. I-reaction equation ingabonakaliswa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo.

Isixhobo sokulinganisa umxholo we-methoxy siboniswe kuMfanekiso 7-6.

Kwi-7-6 (a), i-A yi-50mL i-flask ejikelezayo-ezantsi edityaniswe ne-catheter. I-bottleneck ixhotyiswe ngokuthe nkqo nge-tube yomoya othe ngqo we-E, malunga ne-25cm ubude kunye ne-9mm ububanzi obungaphakathi. Isiphelo esiphezulu sombhobho sigotywe kwi-glass capillary tube kunye ne-outlet ezantsi kunye ne-2mm kwi-diameter yangaphakathi. Umzobo 7-6 (b) ubonisa isixhobo esiphuculweyo. I-1 yiflask yokusabela, eyi-50mL yeflask engqukuva esezantsi, kwaye umbhobho wenitrogen ungasekhohlo. I-2 ngumbhobho wokuqinisa ngokuthe nkqo; I-3 yi-scrubber, equlethe ulwelo lokuhlamba; 4 yityhubhu yokufunxa. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi kwesixhobo kunye nendlela ye-pharmacopoeia kukuba i-absorbers ezimbini zendlela ye-pharmacopoeia idibaniswe ibe yinto enye, enokunciphisa ukulahlekelwa kwesisombululo sokugqibela sokufunxa. Ukongezelela, i-liquid yokuhlamba kwi-scrubber nayo ihluke kwindlela ye-pharmacopoeia, ngamanzi adibeneyo, kunye nesixhobo esiphuculweyo ngumxube wesisombululo se-cadmium sulfate kunye nesisombululo se-sodium thiosulfate, esinokubhengeza ngokulula ukungcola kwi-gas distilled.

I-instrument pipette: 5mL (5), 10mL (1); Burette: 50mL; Ibhotile yokulinganisa iodine: 250mL; Hlalutya ibhalansi.

I-Reagent phenol (kuba iqinile, ngoko iya kuxutywa ngaphambi kokutya); I-carbon dioxide okanye i-nitrogen; I-Hydroiodate acid (45%); Uhlalutyo olusulungekileyo; Isisombululo se-acetate ye-potassium (100g / L); I-Bromine: ihlambulukile ngokuhlalutya; I-asidi ye-Formic: i-analytically pure; I-25% isisombululo se-sodium acetate (220g / L); KI: ukuhlalutya okuhlalutyayo; Nciphisa i-asidi ye-sulfuric (1+9); Isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-sodium thiosulfate (0.1mol/L); Isalathisi sePhenolphthalein; I-1% isisombululo se-ethanol; Isalathisi sesitashi: 0.5% isitashi emanzini; Nciphisa i-asidi ye-sulfuric (1 + 16.5); 30% isisombululo sechromium trioxide; Amanzi angenayo i-Organic: galela i-10mL yokuhlambulula i-asidi yesulfuric (1+16.5) ukuya kwi-100mL yamanzi, ubushushu ukubilisa, kwaye wongeze i-0.1ml0.02mol /L i-potassium permanganate titer, ubilise i-10min, kufuneka ugcine ipinki; I-0.02mol / L isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide titration: Ngokwendlela ye-appendix yaseShayina ye-Pharmacopoeia, i-0.1mol / L isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide titration silinganiswe kwaye sihlanjululwe ngokuchanekileyo kwi-0.02mol / L ngamanzi abilisiwe kwaye apholile.

Yongeza malunga ne-10mL yesisombululo sokuhlamba kwi-tube yokuhlamba, yongeza i-31mL yesisombululo esisanda kulungiswa kwi-tube yokufunxa, faka isixhobo, ulinganise malunga ne-0.05g (echanekile ukuya kwi-0.0001g) yesampuli eyomileyo eyomisiweyo kwisisindo esiqhubekayo kwi-105 ℃ kwiflask yokusabela, kwaye wongeze i-5mL hydroiodate. Ibhotile yokusabela ixhunywe ngokukhawuleza kwi-condenser yokubuyisela (umlomo wokusila uxutywe nge-hydroiodate), kwaye i-nitrogen iphonswa kwitanki ngesantya se-1 ~ 2 amaqamza ngomzuzwana. Ubushushu bulawulwa ngokucothayo ukuze umphunga wolwelo olubilayo unyuke uye kwisiqingatha somphakamo wecondenser. Ixesha lokuphendula lixhomekeke kubume besampuli, phakathi kwe-45min kunye ne-3h. Susa ityhubhu ye-absorbent kwaye udlulisele ngokucophelela isisombululo se-absorbent kwi-flask ye-iodine ye-500mL equkethe i-10ml ye-25% yesisombululo se-sodium acetate de umthamo ufikelele malunga ne-125mL.

Ngaphantsi kokushukuma rhoqo, kancinane yongeza i-asidi ye-formic ngethontsi de umthubi unyamalale. Yongeza i-drop ye-0.1% yesalathisi ebomvu se-methyl, kwaye umbala obomvu awupheli imizuzu emi-5. Emva koko yongeza amaconsi amathathu e-formic acid. Yiyeke ihlale ixeshana, uze wongeze i-1g ye-iodide ye-potassium kunye ne-5mL ye-dilute sulfuric acid (1+9). Isisombululo sasixutywe kunye ne-0.1mol / L isisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-sodium thiosulfate, kunye ne-3 ~ 4 yehla ye-0.5% yesalathisi yesitashi yongezwa kufuphi nokuphela kwendawo, kwaye i-titration iqhubekile kwaze kwaba yilapho umbala ohlaza okwesibhakabhaka uphela.

Kwimeko efanayo, uvavanyo olungenanto lwenziwa.

Ukubalwa komxholo wemethoxide iyonke:

Apho, i-V1 imele umthamo (mL) wesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-sodium thiosulfate esidliwe ziisampuli ze-titration; I-V2 ngumthamo wesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-sodium thiosulfate esisetyenzisiweyo kwilingo elingenanto, mL; C kukugxininiswa kwesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-sodium thiosulfate, i-mol / L; M ubhekisa kubunzima besampulu eyomileyo, g; I-0.00517 yi-0.1mol / L i-sodium thiosulfate nge-1ml elingana ne-0.00517g ye-methoxy.

Umxholo opheleleyo we-methoxy umele i-methoxy iyonke kunye nexabiso le-hydroxyproxy yokubala kwe-methoxy, ngoko i-alkoxy iyonke kufuneka ilungiswe ngumxholo we-hydroxyproxy obangelwayo ukufumana umxholo ochanekileyo we-methoxy. UMXHOLO WE-HYDROXYPROPOXY KUFANELE KUQALA ULUNGISELWE I-PROPENE EVELISWA NGENXA YE-HI NGE-HYDROXYPROPYL NGOKUQHELEKILEYO K=0.93 (INDLELA YOMNTU OMKHULU WEISAMPULU EZIMISELWE YI-Morgan INDLELA). Ngoko ke:

Umxholo we-methoxy ochanekileyo = umxholo we-methoxy - (umxholo we-hydroxypropoxy × 0.93 × 31/75)

Apho amanani 31 kunye ne-75 buninzi be-molar ye-methoxy kunye namaqela e-hydroxypropoxy, ngokulandelanayo.

(2) Ukumiselwa komxholo we-hydroxypropoxy

Iqela le-hydropropoxy kwisampulu liphendula kunye ne-chromium trioxide ukuvelisa i-acetic acid. Emva kokuchithwa kwisisombululo se-autoreaction, umxholo we-chromic acid unqunywe nge-titration kunye nesisombululo se-NaOH. Ngenxa yokuba inani elincinci le-chromic acid liya kukhutshwa kwinkqubo ye-distillation, isisombululo se-NaOH siya kuphinda sisetyenziswe, ngoko umxholo wale chromic acid kufuneka ugqitywe ngakumbi nge-iodimetry kwaye utsalwe ekubaleni. I-reaction equation yile:

Izixhobo kunye nee-reagents Isethi epheleleyo yezixhobo zokumisela amaqela e-hydroxypropoxy; Ibhotile yeVolumetric: 1L, 500mL; Isilinda sokulinganisa: 50mL; I-Pipette: 10mL; Ibhotile yokulinganisa iodine: 250mL. I-burette esisiseko: 10mL; Isisombululo esisemgangathweni se-sodium thiosulfate (0.1mol/L); Nciphisa i-asidi ye-sulfuric (1 + 16.5); Nciphisa i-asidi ye-sulfuric (1+9); Isalathisi sesitatshi (0.5%).

I-7-7 sisixhobo sokumisela umxholo we-hydroxypropoxy.

Kwi-7-7 (a), i-D yi-25mL i-flask ye-distilling ye-double-neck-neck, i-B yi-25mm × 150mm ityhubhu yejeneretha ye-steam, i-C yityhubhu yokudibanisa ukuhamba, i-A yibhafu yokufudumeza ngombane, i-E yikholomu ye-shunt, i-G i-flask ye-conical eneplagi yeglasi, isiphelo sangaphakathi sangaphakathi yi-0.25-1.25mm, ifakwe kwi-flask distilling; F iityhubhu edibanisayo eqhagamshelwe kwi-E. Kwisixhobo esiphuculweyo esiboniswe kwi-FIG. I-7-7 (b), i-1 yi-reactor, eyi-50mL ye-distillation flask; 2 yintloko yokuhluza; I-3 yi-50mL yeglasi yefunnel yokulawula isantya sokuhamba kwamanzi aphilayo; 4 ngumbhobho wenitrogen; I-5 ngumbhobho wokujiya. Umehluko obaluleke kakhulu phakathi kwesixhobo esilungisiweyo kunye nendlela ye-pharmacopoeia kukongeza i-funnel yeglasi ukulawula izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi, ukwenzela ukuba isantya se-distillation sinokulawulwa lula.

Iindlela zovavanyo kwisampulu ye-105 ℃ ukomisa kubunzima obungaguqukiyo bumalunga ne-0.1 g (0.0002 g), ngokuchanekileyo uthe kwibhotile ye-distillation, yongeza i-10 ml ye-30% yesisombululo se-chromium trioxide, iflaski yokuthambisa kwikomityi yeoyile yokuhlambela, inqanaba lolwelo lokuhlambela lwe-oyile. ezihambelanayo chromium trioxide umphezulu engamanzi, izixhobo ezifakiweyo, amanzi okupholisa evulekileyo, nitrogen, yomzi-mveliso wethu ukulawula izinga nitrogen malunga iqamza enye ngomzuzwana. Ngaphakathi kwe-30min, i-oyile yokuhlambela ishushu kwi-155 ℃ kwaye igcinwe kule bushushu de isisombululo esiqokelelweyo sifikelele kwi-50mL. Idistillation yayekwa ukususa ibhafu yeoli.

Geza udonga lwangaphakathi olupholileyo ngamanzi adibeneyo, udibanise amanzi okuhlamba kunye ne-distillate kwibhotile ye-iodine ye-500mL, yongeza i-2 yehla ye-1% ye-phenolphthalide indicator, i-titrate nge-0.02mol / L isisombululo se-sodium hydroxide kwixabiso le-pH ye-6.9 ~ 7.1 , kwaye ubhale inani elipheleleyo le-sodium hydroxide esetyenzisiweyo.

Yongeza i-0.5g ye-sodium bicarbonate kunye ne-10mL ye-dilute sulfuric acid (1+16.5) kwibhotile ye-iodine kwaye uyiyeke ime de kungabikho carbon dioxide iveliswayo. Emva koko yongeza i-iodide ye-potassium ye-1.0g, uyifake ngokuqinileyo, uyigubungele kakuhle kwaye uyishiye ebumnyameni nge-5min. Emva koko yongeza i-1mL ye-0.5% isalathisi sesitashi kwaye i-titrate nge-0.02mol / L ye-sodium thiosulfate ukuya ekupheleni. Bhala phantsi umthamo we-sodium thiosulfate esetyenzisiweyo.

Kolunye uvavanyo olungenanto, amanani evolumu ye-sodium hydroxide kunye ne-sodium thiosulfate titrators ezisetyenzisiweyo zarekhodwa ngokulandelelanayo.

Ukubalwa komxholo wehydroxypropoxy:

Apho, i-K ngumfanekiso wokulungisa i-coefficient yovavanyo olungenanto: i-V1 ngumthamo we-sodium hydroxide titration esetyenziswe yisampuli, mL. I-C1 yingxubusho yesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-sodium hydroxide, i-mol / L; I-V2 ngumthamo we-sodium thiosulfate titration esetyenziswe yisampuli, mL; I-C2 yingxubusho yesisombululo esiqhelekileyo se-sodium thiosulfate, i-mol / L; M yisampuli yobunzima, g; I-Va ngumthamo we-sodium hydroxide titration esetyenzisiweyo kuvavanyo olungenanto, mL; I-Vb ngumthamo we-sodium thiosulfate titration esetyenzisiweyo kuvavanyo olungenanto, mL.

4. Ukuzimisela ukufuma

Ibhalansi yokuhlalutya kwezixhobo (echanekileyo ukuya kwi-0.1mg); Ibhotile yokulinganisa: ububanzi be-60mm, ukuphakama kwe-30mm; Ukomisa i-oveni.

Indlela yovavanyo ilinganisa ngokuchanekileyo isampuli 2~ 4G (


Ixesha lokuposa: Sep-08-2022
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