Thickener, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano wakiilka gelling, ayaa sidoo kale loo yaqaannaa koollada ama xabagta cuntada marka loo isticmaalo cuntada. Shaqadeeda ugu weyn waa in ay kordhiso viscosity ee nidaamka maaddooyinka, ku hayso nidaamka walxaha xaalad labbis oo deggan ama xaalad emulsified, ama samee jel. Dhumucdiisuna waxay si dhakhso ah u kordhin karaan viscosity ee alaabta marka la isticmaalo. Inta badan habka ficilka dhumucyada waa in la isticmaalo fidinta qaabdhismeedka silsiladda makromolecular si loo gaaro ujeeddooyin dhumuc ama in la sameeyo jeexjeexyo iyo biyo si loo sameeyo qaab-dhismeedka shabakad saddex-cabbir ah si ay u dhumucdo. Waxay leedahay astaamaha qiyaasta qiyaasta yar, gabowga degdega ah iyo xasilloonida wanaagsan, waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaalaa cuntada, dahaarka, koollada, waxyaalaha la isku qurxiyo, saabuunta, daabacaadda iyo rinjiyeynta, sahaminta saliidda, caag, dawooyinka iyo qaybaha kale. Dhumucdiisu hore waxay ahayd caag dabiici ah oo biyo-milmi kara, laakiin codsigeedu wuu xaddidnaa sababtoo ah qiimihiisii sarreeyay sababtoo ah qiyaasta weyn iyo wax soo saarkiisa oo hooseeya. Dhumucda jiilka labaad waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan dhumucda emulsification, gaar ahaan ka dib markii ay soo baxday dhumucdi biyaha saliidda, waxaa si weyn loo isticmaalo beeraha warshadaha qaarkood. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhumucyada emulsifying waxay u baahan yihiin inay isticmaalaan xaddi badan oo kerosene ah, taas oo aan wasakhayn oo keliya deegaanka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay keenaysaa khataro badbaado xagga wax soo saarka iyo codsiga. Iyada oo ku saleysan dhibaatooyinkaas, dhumucyada synthetic ayaa soo baxay, gaar ahaan diyaarinta iyo codsiga dhumucyada synthetic ee ay sameeyeen isku-dhafka monomers-biyoodka sida acrylic acid iyo qadar habboon oo monomers-isku-xiran ayaa si degdeg ah loo sameeyay.
Noocyada dhumucyada iyo habka dhumucdooda
Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo dhumucdiisuna tahay, kuwaas oo loo qaybin karo polymers inorganic iyo organic, iyo polymers organic waxaa loo qaybin karaa polymers dabiiciga ah iyo polymers synthetic.
Inta badan dhumucda polymer-ka dabiiciga ah waa polysaccharides, kuwaas oo leh taariikh dheer oo la isticmaalo iyo noocyo badan, oo ay ku jiraan cellulose ether, cirridka carabiga, xanjo carob, xanjo guar, xanthan xanjo, chitosan, alginic acid Sodium iyo istaarijka iyo alaabteeda la jeexjeexay, iwm. . , waxaana si weyn loogu isticmaali jiray qodista saliidda, dhismaha, dahaarka, cuntada, dawooyinka iyo kiimikooyinka maalinlaha ah. Dhumucyada noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan laga sameeyaa cellulose polymer-ka dabiiciga ah iyada oo loo marayo fal kiimiko ah. Zhu Ganghui wuxuu aaminsan yahay in sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) iyo hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) ay yihiin alaabta ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo alaabta ether cellulose. Waxay yihiin hydroxyl iyo kooxaha etherification ee unugga anhydroglucose ee silsiladda cellulose. (Chloroacetic acid ama ethylene oxide) falcelinta. Dhumucyada cellulosic waxaa ku dhumuc weyn u leh fuuq-baxa iyo ballaarinta silsiladaha dhaadheer. Habka dhumucdiisu waa sida soo socota: silsiladda ugu weyn ee molecules cellulose waxay ku xiran tahay molecules biyaha ku wareegsan iyada oo loo marayo bonds hydrogen, taas oo kordhisa mugga dareeraha polymer laftiisa, taas oo kordhinaysa mugga polymer laftiisa. viscosity nidaamka. Xalkeeda aqueous waa dareere aan Newtonian ahayn, viscosity-kiisuna wuxuu isku beddelaa heerka dhogorta mana lahan wax shaqo ah waqti. Viscosity ee xalku si degdeg ah ayuu u kordhiyaa korodhka feejignaanta, waana mid ka mid ah dhumucyada aadka loo isticmaalo iyo daroogooyinka rheological.
Cirridka xayndaabku waa copolymer-dabiici ah oo laga soo saaro dhirta leguminous, kaas oo leh sifooyinka cationic surfactant iyo polymer resin. Muuqaalkeedu waa budo huruud ah oo khafiif ah, aan ur lahayn ama wax yar udgoon. Waxay ka kooban tahay 80% polysaccharide D2 mannose iyo D2 galactose oo leh 2∀1 ka kooban polymer molecular sare. Xalka aqueous 1% wuxuu leeyahay viscosity of 4000 ~ 5000mPas. Xanthan xanjo, oo sidoo kale loo yaqaano xanthan xanjo, waa polymer polysaccharide anionic oo ay soo saartay halsano istaarij ah. Waxay ku milmi kartaa biyo qabow ama biyo kulul, laakiin aan lagu milmin guud ahaan dareerayaasha organic. Dabeecada xanthan xanjo waa in ay ilaalin karto viscosity lebbiska heerkulka 0 ~ 100, walina waxay leedahay mawqif sare oo xoog leh oo hooseeya, waxayna leedahay xasillooni heerkuleed oo wanaagsan. ), wali waxay leedahay milanka iyo xasilloonida aad u fiican, waxayna la jaan qaadi kartaa cusbada xoogga badan ee xalka, waxayna soo saari kartaa saameyn is-dhexgal ah oo la taaban karo marka la isticmaalo dhumucyada acid polyacrylic. Chitin waa badeeco dabiici ah, glukosamine polymer, iyo dhumucyo cationic ah.
Sodium alginate (C6H7O8Na)n waxa uu inta badan ka kooban yahay cusbada sodium ee alginic acid, kaas oo ka kooban al mannuronic acid (M unit) iyo bD guluronic acid (G unit) oo ay ku xidhan yihiin 1,4 glycosidic bonds oo ka kooban qaybo kala duwan oo GGGMMM ah copolymers Sodium alginate waa dhumucyada ugu badan ee loo isticmaalo daabacaadda dheeha falcelinta. Dharka daabacan waxay leeyihiin qaabab dhalaalaya, khadad cad, wax-soo-saar midab sare leh, midabo isku mid ah, qulqulid wanaagsan iyo caag. Waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalay daabacaadda suufka, dhogorta, xariirta, naylon iyo dhar kale.
dhumucda polymer synthetic
1. Kiimikada iskutallaabta isku xidha dhumucda polymer synthetic
Dhumucyada synthetic waa kuwa ugu iibinta badan uguna ballaadhan ee badeecadaha suuqa yaal. Inta badan dhumucyadani waa polymers-ku-xidhan microchemical, oo aan lagu milmi karin biyaha, oo kaliya waxay nuugi karaan biyaha si ay u bararaan si ay u dhumucdaan. Dhumucsanaanta aashitada polyacrylic waa dhumuc sintetik ah oo si weyn loo isticmaalo, iyo hababka wax u soo saarkeeda waxaa ka mid ah polymerization emulsion, polymerization emulsion romerization iyo polymerization roobab. Dhumucda noocaan ah ayaa si degdeg ah loo sameeyay sababtoo ah saameyntiisa dhumucda degdega ah, kharash yar iyo qiyaas yar. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dhumucda noocaan ah waxaa polymerized by saddex monomers ama in ka badan, monomer-ka ugu weynna guud ahaan waa monomer biyo-milmi leh, sida acrylic acid, maleic acid ama maleic anhydride, methacrylic acid, acrylamide iyo 2 acrylamide. 2-methyl propane sulfonate, iwm.; monomer labaad guud ahaan waa acrylate ama styrene; monomer-ka saddexaad waa monomer leh saameyn isku-xiran, sida N, N methylenebisacrylamide, butylene diacrylate ester ama dipropylene phthalate, iwm.
Habka dhumucdiisuna waxay leedahay laba nooc: dhumucda dhexdhexaadinta iyo dhumucda hydrogen. Dhexdhexaadinta iyo dhumucdiisu waa in la baabi'iyo dhumucda acidic polyacrylic acid leh alkali si ay ionize molecules oo ay dhaliso eedeymo taban oo ay la socdaan silsiladda ugu weyn ee polymer, ku tiirsan ee diidmada u dhexeeya eedeymaha isku jinsiga ah si kor loogu qaado fidinta silsiladda kelli Fur si loo sameeyo shabakad. qaab dhismeedka si loo gaaro saameyn dhumuc leh. Dhumucnimada hydrogen-ka ayaa ah in molecules acid polyacrylic ay ku daraan biyaha si ay u sameeyaan unugyo fuuq-baxa, ka dibna ay ku daraan ku-deeqayaasha hydroxyl sida surfactants-ka aan-ionic ee leh 5 ama ka badan kooxaha ethoxy. Iyada oo la adeegsanayo isku-jinsi elektaroonig ah dib-u-celinta ion karboksilate, silsiladda molecular ayaa la sameeyay. Kordhinta helical waxay noqotaa ul-u eg, si silsiladaha molecular ee la duuduubay lagu furo nidaamka aqueous si ay u sameeyaan qaab-dhismeedka shabakad si loo gaaro saameyn dhumuc leh. Qiimaha pH ee kala duwan ee polymerization, wakiilka dhexdhexaadinta iyo miisaanka kelli waxay saameyn weyn ku leeyihiin saameynta dhumucda nidaamka dhumucda. Intaa waxaa dheer, electrolytes inorganic si weyn u saameyn karaan hufnaan dhumucdiisuna of noocan oo kale ah dhumucdiisuna, monovalent ions yareyn karaa oo kaliya hufnaanta dhumucdiisuna ee nidaamka, divalent ama trivalent ion ma dhuuban karaa oo kaliya nidaamka, laakiin sidoo kale waxay soo saaraan roob aan la milmin. Sidaa darteed, caabbinta elektrolytka ee dhumucda polycarboxylate waa mid aad u liidata, taas oo ka dhigaysa mid aan suurtagal ahayn in lagu dabaqo goobaha sida ka faa'iidaysiga saliidda.
Warshadaha meelaha sida aadka ah looga isticmaalo dhumucyada, sida dunta, sahaminta batroolka iyo waxyaalaha la isku qurxiyo, shuruudaha wax qabad ee dhumucyada sida caabbinta elektrolytka iyo hufnaanta dhumucda ayaa aad u sareysa. Dhumucda ay diyaarisay polymerization xalku waxay badanaa leedahay miisaan unugyo ah oo hooseeya, taas oo ka dhigaysa hufnaanta dhumucda mid hoose oo aan buuxin karin shuruudaha hababka warshadaha qaarkood. Dhumucyada molecular-ka sareeya waxaa lagu heli karaa polymerization emulsion, polymerization emulsion-ka iyo hababka kale ee polymerization. Sababtoo ah iska caabbinta liidata elektrolytka ee cusbada sodium ee kooxda carboxyl, ku darista monomers non-ionic ama cationic iyo monomers leh iska caabin elektrolyt ah oo xooggan (sida monomers oo ay ku jiraan kooxaha sulfonic acid) qaybta polymer waxay si weyn u wanaajin kartaa viscosity ee dhumucda. Iska caabbinta korantada ayaa ka dhigaysa inay buuxiso shuruudaha goobaha warshadaha sida soo kabashada saliidda jaamacadda. Tan iyo markii polymerization emulsion-ka ee ka soo horjeeda uu bilaabmay 1962, polymerization of polyacrylic acid iyo polyacrylamide oo miisaankoodu sareeyo ayaa waxaa u badnaa polymerization emulsion. Waxa la hindisay habka emulsion copolymerization of nitrogen-ka kooban iyo polyoxyethylene ama ay beddelka copolymerization la polyoxypropylene polymerized surfactant, wakiilka cross-linking iyo acrylic acid monomer si ay u diyaariyaan emulsion polyacrylic acid sida dhumuc weyn, oo gaadhay saamayn dhumuc wanaagsan, oo uu leeyahay anti-electrolyte wanaagsan. waxqabad. Arianna Benetti iyo al. waxa loo adeegsaday habka polymerization emulsion-ka rogan si uu isu koobiyo aashitada acrylic, monomers ka kooban kooxaha sulfonic acid iyo monomers cationic si ay u hindisaan dhumucyada alaabta la isku qurxiyo. Sababo la xiriira hordhaca ah ee kooxaha sulfonic acid iyo quaternary ammonium cusbada leh awood xoog leh anti-electrolyt galay qaab-dhismeedka dhumucdiisuna, polymer diyaarsan wuxuu leeyahay dhumuc weyn iyo sifooyinka anti-electrolyte. Martial Pabon iyo al. loo isticmaalo polymerization emulsion rogan si ay u copolymerize sodium acrylate, acrylamide iyo isoctylphenol polyoxyethylene methacrylate macromonomers si loogu diyaariyo urur hydrophobic biyo-milmay dhumucdiisuna. Charles A. iwm. waxay u isticmaaleen acrylic acid iyo acrylamide comonomers si ay u helaan dhumuc weyn oo miisaan unug leh iyadoo loo adeegsanayo polymerization emulsion oo rogan. Zhao Junzi iyo kuwa kale waxay isticmaaleen polymerization xal iyo polymerization emulsion rogan si ay u soo saaraan ururinta hydrophobic dhumucyada polyacrylate, oo la barbar dhigo habka polymerization iyo waxqabadka alaabta. Natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan in, marka la barbar dhigo polymerization xalka iyo emulsion polymerization of acrylic acid iyo stearyl acrylate, ururka hydrophobic monomer ka samaysan acrylic acid iyo aalkolada dufan leh ether polyoxyethylene si wax ku ool ah loo hagaajin karo by polymerization emulsion rogan iyo acrylic acid copolymerization. Iska caabbinta korantada ee dhumucyada. Wuxuu Ping ka hadlay arrimo dhowr ah oo la xiriira diyaarinta dhumucda acid polyacrylic by polymerization emulsion rogan. Warqadan, amphoteric copolymer waxaa loo adeegsaday xasiliye ahaan iyo methylenebisacrylamide waxa loo adeegsaday wakiilka isgoysyada si loo bilaabo ammonium acrylate loogu talagalay polymerization emulsion-ka rogan si loogu diyaariyo dhumuc waxqabad sare leh ee daabacaadda midabka. Saamaynta ay leeyihiin xasiliyayaal kala duwan, hindise-yaasha, komonmerers iyo wakiilada wareejinta silsiladda ee polymerization ayaa la darsay. Waxaa la tilmaamayaa in copolymer-ka lauryl methacrylate iyo acrylic acid loo isticmaali karo xasiliye ahaan, iyo labada dib-u-kicinta, benzoyldimethylaniline peroxide iyo sodium tert-butyl hydroperoxide metabisulfite, labaduba waxay bilaabi karaan polymerization waxayna heli karaan viscosity gaar ah. saxarka cad. Waxaana la rumeysan yahay in caabbinta milixda ee ammonium acrylate la koobiyeeyay oo leh wax ka yar 15% acrylamide.
2. Ururka Hydrophobic ee dhumucda polymer synthetic
Inkasta oo dhumucyada aashitada polyacrylic acid-ku-xiran ee kiimikaad ah si weyn loo isticmaalay, inkasta oo lagu daro monomers ay ku jiraan kooxaha sulfonic acid ee ka kooban dhumucda dhumucda waxay hagaajin kartaa waxqabadkeeda anti-electrolyte, weli waxaa jira dhumucyo badan oo noocan ah. Cilladaha, sida thixotropy liidata ee nidaamka dhumucdiisuna, iwm. Habka la wanaajiyey waa in la soo bandhigo qadar yar oo ka mid ah kooxaha hydrophobic galay ay silsiladda ugu weyn hydrophobic si ay u synthesize hydrophobic associative dhumucyada. Dhumucyada isku dhafka ah ee Hydrophobic waa dhumucyo dhowaan la sameeyay sannadihii dhawaa. Waxaa jira qaybo ka mid ah hydrophilic iyo kooxaha lipophilic ee qaabka molecular, oo muujinaya waxqabad dusha sare ah. Dhumucyada associative waxay leeyihiin iska caabin milix fiican marka loo eego dhumucyada aan la wadaagin. Tani waa sababta oo ah ururrada kooxaha hydrophobic waxay qayb ahaan ka hortagaan u janjeersiga u janjeera ee ay keento saamaynta gaashaamiyaha ion, ama xannibaadda steric ee ay keento silsiladda dhinaca dheer waxay qayb ahaan daciifisaa saamaynta gaashaamiyaha ion. Saamaynta ururku waxay gacan ka geysataa hagaajinta rheology ee dhumucda, kaas oo door weyn ka ciyaara habka codsiga dhabta ah. Waxa intaa dheer in dhumucda associative hydrophobic leh qaar ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka lagu soo sheegay suugaanta, Tian Dating et al. Waxa kale oo uu sheegay in hexadecyl methacrylate, monomer hydrophobic ah oo ka kooban silsilado dhaadheer, lagu koobiyeeyay aashitada acrylic si loo diyaariyo dhumucyada associative oo ka kooban copolymers binary. Dhumucyada synthetic. Daraasaduhu waxay muujiyeen in xaddi gaar ah oo monomers-isku-xiran iyo hydrophobic monomers silsilad dheer ay si weyn u kordhin karaan viscosity. Saamaynta hexadecyl methacrylate (HM) ee monomer hydrophobic ayaa ka weyn tan lauryl methacrylate (LM). Waxqabadka dhumucyada isku-dhafan ee isku xidhan ee ay ku jiraan monomers silsilad-dheer Iyada oo taas ku saleysan, kooxda cilmi-baaristu waxay sidoo kale soosaareen dhumuc isku-dhafan oo ka kooban acrylic acid/acrylamide/hexadecyl methacrylate terpolymer iyadoo la adeegsanayo polymerization emulsion oo rogan. Natiijooyinku waxay caddeeyeen in labadaba ururka hydrophobic ee cetyl methacrylate iyo saameynta aan-ionic ee propionamide ay hagaajin karto waxqabadka dhumucda dhumucda.
Ururka Hydrophobic polyurethane thickener (HEUR) ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loo horumariyay sannadihii la soo dhaafay. Faa'iidooyinkeedu ma fududa in la nadiifiyo, viscosity deggan iyo waxqabadka dhismaha ee wanaagsan ee codsiyada kala duwan sida qiimaha pH iyo heerkulka. Habka dhumucda ee dhumucyada poliurethane inta badan waxaa sabab u ah qaab-dhismeedka gaarka ah ee saddex-block polymer qaab lipophilic-hydrophilic-lipophilic, si ay silsiladda dhamaadka waa kooxaha lipophilic (sida caadiga ah kooxaha aliphatic hydrocarbon), iyo dhexda waa biyo-milmi hydrophilic. qayb (sida caadiga ah miisaan ka sarreeya polyetylen glycol). Saamaynta cabbirka kooxda dhamaadka hydrophobic ee saamaynta dhumucda HEUR ayaa la bartay. Iyadoo la adeegsanayo habab kala duwan oo tijaabo ah, polyetylen glycol oo miisaankeedu yahay 4000 ayaa lagu daboolay octanol, khamriga dodecyl iyo octadecyl khamriga, marka la barbardhigo koox kasta oo hydrophobic ah. Cabbirka Micelle ee uu sameeyay HEUR ee xalka aqueous. Natiijooyinka waxay muujiyeen in silsiladaha hydrophobic ee gaaban aysan ku filneyn HEUR si ay u sameeyaan miceles hydrophobic iyo saameynta dhumucdeedu ma fiicna. Isla mar ahaantaana, marka la barbardhigo khamriga stearyl iyo lauryl alkohol-ka-soo-baxa polyetylen glycol, cabbirka miceles ee hore aad ayuu uga weyn yahay kan dambe, waxaana lagu soo gabagabeeyay in qaybta silsiladda dheer ee hydrophobic ay leedahay saameyn dhumuc wanaagsan.
Meelaha ugu muhiimsan ee codsiga
Daabacaadda iyo Midabaynta Dharka
Saamaynta daabacaadda wanaagsan iyo tayada daabacaadda dharka iyo midabka waxay inta badan ku xiran tahay waxqabadka daabacaadda daabacaadda, iyo ku darida dhumucda ayaa door muhiim ah ka ciyaarta waxqabadkeeda. Ku darida dhumucda waxay ka dhigi kartaa badeecada daabacan inay yeelato midabo sare leh, dulmar daabacaad cad, midab dhalaalaya oo buuxa, iyo hagaajinta qulqulka iyo thxotropy alaabta. Waagii hore, istaarijka dabiiciga ah ama sodium alginate ayaa inta badan loo isticmaali jiray dhumuc si loo daabaco koollada. Sababtoo ah dhibka samaynta koollada laga soo bilaabo istaarijka dabiiciga ah iyo qiimaha sarreeya ee sodium alginate, waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah loogu beddelay daabacaadda akril iyo dhumucyada midabaynta. Anionic polyacrylic acid waxay leedahay saamaynta dhumucdi ugu fiican oo hadda waa dhumucda loogu isticmaalka badan yahay, laakiin dhumucyada noocan oo kale ah ayaa weli leh cillado, sida caabbinta elektrolytka, thixotropy midabka midabka, iyo dhalidda midabka inta lagu jiro daabacaadda. Celcelis ahaan maaha mid ku habboon. Habka la hagaajiyay waa in lagu soo bandhigo qadar yar oo ka mid ah kooxaha hydrophobic silsiladeeda ugu weyn ee hydrophilic si loo soo saaro dhumucyada associative. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dhumucyada daabacaadda ee suuqa gudaha waxaa loo qaybin karaa dhumucyada dabiiciga ah, dhumucyada emulsification iyo dhumucyada synthetic iyadoo loo eegayo alaabta ceeriin ee kala duwan iyo hababka diyaarinta. Inta badan, sababtoo ah maadada adag waxay ka badnaan kartaa 50%, saamaynta dhumucdiisu waa mid aad u wanaagsan.
rinji ku salaysan biyaha
Si habboon loogu daro dhumucyada rinjiga waxay si wax ku ool ah u bedeli kartaa sifooyinka dareeraha ee nidaamka rinjiga oo ka dhigaya thixotropic, sidaas darteed rinjiga ku siinaya xasillooni kaydin wanaagsan iyo karti shaqo. Dhumuc leh oo leh waxqabad aad u fiican ayaa kordhin kara viscosity ee dahaarka inta lagu jiro kaydinta, waxay joojin kartaa kala-soocidda dahaarka, waxayna yaraynaysaa viscosity inta lagu jiro dahaarka xawaaraha sare, waxay kordhisaa viscosity ee filimka daahan ka dib markii daahan, iyo ka hortagga in ay dhacdo hoos u dhac. Dhumucyada rinjiga dhaqameed waxay inta badan isticmaalaan polymers-ka biyaha-milmi kara, sida cellulose hydroxyethyl-molecular-sare. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhumucyada polymeric ayaa sidoo kale loo isticmaali karaa si loo xakameeyo haynta qoyaanka inta lagu jiro habka daahan ee alaabta waraaqaha. Joogitaanka dhumucyada waxay ka dhigi kartaa dusha sare ee warqadda dahaarka ah mid siman oo labbis badan. Gaar ahaan emulsion-ka bararsan (HASE) dhumucdiisuna waxay leedahay waxqabadka anti-splash waxaana loo isticmaali karaa in lagu daro noocyada kale ee dhumucyada si aad u yareyso dusha sare ee warqadda daboolan. Tusaale ahaan, rinjiga cinjirka ah wuxuu inta badan la kulmaa dhibaatada kala-soocidda biyaha inta lagu jiro wax soo saarka, gaadiidka, kaydinta, iyo dhismaha. Inkasta oo kala-soocidda biyaha dib loo dhigi karo iyada oo la kordhinayo viscosity iyo kala firdhisanaanta rinjiga cinjirka, hagaajinta noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan xaddidan, iyo tan ka sii muhiimsan Ama iyada oo loo marayo doorashada dhumucda iyo isku-dhafka si loo xalliyo dhibaatadan.
soo saarista saliid
Soo saarista saliidda, si loo helo wax-soo-saar sare, dhaqdhaqaaqa dareeraha qaarkood (sida awoodda hydraulic, iwm.) ayaa loo isticmaalaa in la jebiyo lakabka dareeraha. Dareeraha waxaa loo yaqaan dareere jaban ama dareere jaban. Ujeedada jabku waa in la sameeyo jajabyo leh cabbir gaar ah iyo habdhaqanka samaynta, guusheeduna waxay si dhow ula xiriirtaa waxqabadka dareeraha jajaban ee loo isticmaalo. Dheecaannada dilaaca waxaa ka mid ah dareere jajaban oo biyo ku salaysan, dareere jajab ah oo saliid ku salaysan, dareere jajab ah oo alkohol ah, dareere jajaban oo jajaban, iyo dareere jaban xumbo. Waxaa ka mid ah, dareeraha jajaban ee biyaha ku salaysan ayaa leh faa'iidooyinka qiimaha jaban iyo badbaadada sare, oo hadda ah midka ugu badan ee la isticmaalo. Thickener waa waxa ugu muhiimsan ee lagu daro dareeraha jajaban ee biyaha ku salaysan, horumarkiisuna waxa uu soo maray ku dhawaad nus qarni, laakiin helitaanka dhumucda dareeraha jaban ee leh waxqabad wanaagsan ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa jihada cilmi-baarista ee culimada gudaha iyo dibadda. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ka mid ah dhumucyada dareeraha dareeraha ah ee biyaha ku salaysan ee hadda la isticmaalo, kuwaas oo loo qaybin karo laba qaybood: polysaccharides dabiiciga ah iyo kuwa ka soo baxa iyo polymers synthetic. Iyadoo horumarinta joogtada ah ee tignoolajiyada soo saarista saliidda iyo korodhka dhibaatada macdanta, dadku waxay soo bandhigeen shuruudo cusub oo sarreeya oo loogu talagalay dareeraha dillaaca. Sababtoo ah waxay aad ula qabsanayaan bay'ada samaynta kakan marka loo eego polysaccharides dabiiciga ah, dhumucda polymer synthetic waxay door weyn ka ciyaari doontaa heerkul sare oo si fiican u dillaaca.
Kiimikada maalinlaha ah iyo Cuntada
Waqtigan xaadirka ah, waxaa jira in ka badan 200 oo nooc oo dhumucyo ah oo loo isticmaalo warshadaha kiimikaad ee maalinlaha ah, oo ay ku jiraan milixaha aan organic ahayn, surfactants, polymers-ka biyaha ku milma iyo alkolada dufanka leh / asiidhka dufanka leh. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa saabuunta, waxyaalaha la isku qurxiyo, daawada cadayga iyo alaabta kale. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhumucyada ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loogu isticmaalaa warshadaha cuntada. Inta badan waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu hagaajiyo oo lagu dejiyo sifooyinka jireed ama qaababka cuntada, kordhinta viscosity ee cuntada, siiyaan cuntada dhadhan dhegdheg iyo dhadhan macaan, oo waxay door ka ciyaaraan dhumucyada, xasilinta iyo isku-dhafka. , jel emulsifying, waji-xidhka, dhadhanka iyo macaanaynta. Dhumucyada loo isticmaalo warshadaha cuntada waxaa ka mid ah dhumucyada dabiiciga ah ee laga helo xayawaanka iyo dhirta, iyo sidoo kale dhumucyada synthetic sida CMCNa iyo propylene glycol alginate. Intaa waxaa dheer, dhumucyada ayaa sidoo kale si weyn loogu isticmaalay daawada, waraaqaha, ceramics, samaynta maqaarka, electroplating, iwm.
2.Dhumuc aan organic ahayn
Dhumucyada aan noolaha ahayn waxaa ka mid ah laba qaybood oo miisaankoodu hooseeyo iyo miisaanka unugyadu sareeyo, iyo dhumucyada unugyadu hooseeyo ayaa inta badan ah xalal aqueous ah oo cusbada aan organic iyo surfactants. Cusbada aan noolaha ahayn ee hadda la isticmaalo waxaa ka mid ah chloride sodium, chloride potassium, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate iyo pentasodium triphosphate, kuwaas oo ay ka mid yihiin sodium chloride iyo ammonium chloride ay leeyihiin saameyn dhumuc wanaagsan. Mabda'a aasaasiga ah waa in surfactants ay sameeyaan micelles in xal aqueous, iyo joogitaanka electrolytes kordhiyaa tirada ururrada micelles, taasoo keentay in isbeddelka ee miceles spherical galay miceles usha usha, kordhinta caabbinta dhaqdhaqaaqa, oo sidaas daraaddeed kordhinta viscosity ee nidaamka. . Si kastaba ha noqotee, marka elektrolytku uu xad dhaaf yahay, waxay saameyn doontaa qaab dhismeedka micellar, waxay yaraynaysaa caabbinta dhaqdhaqaaqa, sidaas awgeedna waxay yaraynaysaa viscosity ee nidaamka, taas oo loo yaqaan saamaynta cusbada.
Dhumucdiisuna waxay sare u kacaysaa inorganic ka mid ah bentonite, attapulgite, aluminium silicate, sepiolite, hectorite, iwm iyaga ka mid ah, bentonite waxa uu leeyahay qiimaha ugu ganacsi. Habka ugu weyn ee dhumucdiisu waxay ka kooban tahay macdanta jel thixotropic oo barara by nuuga biyaha. Macdantani guud ahaan waxay leeyihiin qaab-dhismeed lakabaysan ama qaab-dhismeed fidsan oo fidsan. Marka biyaha lagu kala firdhiyo, iions-yada birta ah ee ku jira waxay ka soo baxaan kirismaska lamellar, waxay bararaan horumarka fuuq-baxa, oo ugu dambeyntii si buuxda uga soocaan crystals lamellar si ay u sameeyaan ganaax kolloid ah. dareere. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, dusha sare ee crystall lamellar wuxuu leeyahay kharash taban, geesaheeduna waxay leeyihiin qadar yar oo lacag ah oo wanaagsan sababtoo ah muuqaalka kore ee jajabka jajabka. Xalka balaastigga ah, eedeymaha taban ee dusha sare waxay ka weyn yihiin kharashyada togan ee geesaha, iyo qaybo ka mid ah midba midka kale ayaa iska celiya iyada oo aan dhumuc lahayn. Si kastaba ha noqotee, korodhka feejignaanta elektrolytka, kharashka dusha sare ee lamellae ayaa hoos u dhacaya, isdhexgalka ka dhexeeya qaybaha ayaa isbeddelaya xoogga nacaybka ee u dhexeeya lamellae ilaa xoogga soo jiidashada ee u dhexeeya eedeymaha taban ee dusha sare ee lamellae iyo kuwa togan. eedaymaha geesaha cidhifyada. Si toos ah ayaa la isula xiray si ay u sameeyaan guri qaab dhismeedka kaararka, taasoo keenta barar si ay u soo saarto jel si loo gaaro saameyn dhumuc leh. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, jelka inorganic wuxuu ku milmaa biyaha si uu u sameeyo jel thixotropic aad u sarreeya. Intaa waxaa dheer, bentonite waxay samayn kartaa curaarta hydrogen ee xalka, taas oo faa'iido u leh samaynta qaab-dhismeedka shabakad saddex-cabbir ah. Habka dhumucdidda fuuq-celinta jel-ka-soo-baxa iyo samaynta guriga kaadhka ayaa lagu muujiyay jaantuska 1. Isku-xidhka monomers-ka polymerized ilaa montmorillonite si loo kordhiyo kala dheeraynta dhex-galka, ka dibna polymerization-ka-dhex-dhexaadinta ee u dhexeeya lakabyada waxay soo saari kartaa polymer / montmorillonite organic- isku-dhafan Inorganic dhumuc weyn leh. Silsilada polymer-ka waxay dhex mari karaan xaashida montmorillonite si ay u sameeyaan shabakad polymer ah. Markii ugu horeysay, Kazutoshi et al. loo adeegsaday montmorillonite sodium-ku-saleysan sidii wakiilka iskutallaabta si loo soo bandhigo nidaam polymer ah, oo diyaariyey montmorillonite-ku-xiran iskutallaabta heerkulka-xasaasi ah. Liu Hongyu iyo al. loo adeegsaday montmorillonite sodium-ku-saleysan sidii wakiilka iskutallaabta si loo soo saaro nooc cusub oo dhumuc leh oo leh waxqabadka sare ee ka-hortagga-electrolyt-ka, oo tijaabiyay waxqabadka dhumucda iyo anti-NaCl iyo waxqabadka kale ee korantada ee dhumucda isku dhafan. Natiijooyinku waxay muujinayaan in dhumucda Na-montmorillonite-iskutallaabtu ay leedahay sifooyin ka-hortagga korantada oo aad u wanaagsan. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa sidoo kale jira dhumucyada xarunta kale ee organic, sida dhumucdiisuna synthetic diyaariyo M.Chtourou iyo kuwa kale oo ka soo jeeda organic ee cusbada ammonium iyo dhoobada Tunisia iska leh montmorillonite, taas oo uu leeyahay saamayn dhumuc weyn.
Waqtiga boostada: Jan-11-2023