1. Noocyada dhumucyada iyo habka dhumucdooda
(1) Dhumuc aan organic ahayn:
Dhumucyada aan organic ahayn ee hababka biyaha ku salaysan ayaa inta badan ah dhoobo. Sida: bentonite. Kaolin iyo dhulka diatomaceous (qaybta ugu muhiimsan waa SiO2, oo leh qaab dhismeed dalool ah) ayaa mararka qaarkood loo isticmaalaa dhumucyada kaaliyaha ee nidaamyada dhumucdooda sababtoo ah sifooyinkooda joojinta. Bentonite aad baa loo isticmaalaa sababtoo ah bararkeeda sare ee biyaha. Bentonite (Bentonite), oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan bentonite, bentonite, iwm., macdanta ugu weyn ee bentonite waa montmorillonite oo ka kooban qadar yar oo alkali ah iyo alkaline dhulka birta hydrous aluminosilicate macdanta, oo ka tirsan kooxda aluminosilicate, qaacidada kiimikada guud waa: ,Ca)(Al,Mg)6(Si4O10)3(OH)6•nH2O. Waxqabadka balaarinta ee bentonite waxaa lagu muujiyaa awoodda ballaarinta, taas oo ah, mugga bentonite ka dib bararka ku jira xalalka hydrochloric acid ee milan waxaa loo yaqaannaa awoodda ballaarinta, oo lagu muujiyay ml / garaam. Ka dib dhumucda bentonite waxay nuugtaa biyaha oo barara, mugga wuxuu gaari karaa dhowr jeer ama toban jeer ka hor inta uusan nuugin biyaha, markaa waxay leedahay ganaax wanaagsan, sababtoo ah waa budo leh xajmi yar, way ka duwan tahay budada kale ee dahaarka. nidaamka. Jidhku wuxuu leeyahay miscency wanaagsan. Intaa waxaa dheer, marka la soo saaro joojinta, waxay u kaxeyn kartaa budada kale si ay u soo saarto saameyn gaar ah oo ka-hortagga-stratification, sidaas darteed aad bay waxtar u leedahay si loo hagaajiyo xasilloonida kaydinta nidaamka.
Laakiin bentonites badan oo sodium-ku-saleysan ayaa laga beddelaa bentonite-ku-saleysan calcium iyada oo loo marayo beddelidda sodium. Isla mar ahaantaana sodiumization, tiro badan oo ah ion togan sida ion calcium iyo ion sodium ayaa la soo saari doonaa. Haddii content ee cations kuwan nidaamka waa mid aad u sarreeya, xaddi badan oo dhexdhexaadinta lacag la soo saari doonaa on eedeymaha xun ee dusha emulsion ah, si xad gaar ah, Waxay keeni kartaa waxyeelo sida barar iyo flocculation ah. emulsion-ka. Dhanka kale, ion-yada calcium waxay sidoo kale yeelan doonaan saameyn liddi ku ah soodhiyamka cusbada (ama polyphosphate dispersant), taasoo keenaysa kala-baxayaashan inay ku soo daadaan nidaamka dahaarka, ugu dambeyntii waxay horseedaan luminta kala-baxa, samaynta daahan oo dhumuc weyn, dhumuc ama xitaa ka dhumuc weyn. Roobab daran iyo qulquli ayaa dhacay. Intaa waxaa dheer, saameynta dhumucda ee bentonite inta badan waxay ku tiirsan tahay budada si ay u nuugaan biyaha oo ay u ballaariyaan si ay u soo saaraan ganaax, sidaas darteed waxay u keeni doontaa saameyn xooggan oo thixotropic nidaamka dahaarka, taas oo ah mid aad u xun oo loogu talagalay dahaarka u baahan saameyn wanaagsan. Sidaa darteed, dhumucyada inorganic-ka ah ee bentonite ayaa si naadir ah loogu isticmaalaa rinjiga cinjirka, iyo qadar yar oo kaliya ayaa loo isticmaalaa sidii dhumucyada rinjiyada cinjirka ah ee heerkoodu hooseeyo ama rinjiga cinjirka la cadaydo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sanadihii ugu dambeeyay, xogta qaar ayaa muujisay Hemmings' BENTONE®LT. Hectorite-ka la sifeeyay oo si dabiici ah loo hagaajiyay ayaa leh saameyn ka hortag ah oo wasakhaysan iyo atomization marka lagu dabaqo hababka buufinta aan hawada lahayn ee cinjirka ah.
(2) Cellulose ether:
Eter cellulose waa polymer sare oo dabiici ah oo uu sameeyay uumiga β-glucose. Isticmaalka sifooyinka kooxda hydroxyl ee giraanta glucosyl, cellulose waxay la kulmi kartaa falcelino kala duwan si ay u soo saarto taxane taxane ah. Waxaa ka mid ah, falcelinta esterification iyo etherification ayaa la helaa. Ester-ka cellulose ama cellulose ether derivatives ayaa ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan ee laga soo saaro cellulose. Alaabooyinka sida caadiga ah loo isticmaalo waa karboxymethyl cellulose,hydroxyethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose iyo wixii la mid ah. Sababtoo ah karboxymethyl cellulose waxa ku jira ions sodium oo si fudud ugu milmay biyaha, waxa ay leedahay caabbinta biyaha oo liidata, tirada beddelka ee silsiladeeda ugu weyna waa yar tahay, sidaas darteed si fudud ayay u jajabisaa daxalka bakteeriyada, yaraynta viscosity ee xalka aqueous iyo samaynta. ur, iwm. Ifafaale, oo naadir loo isticmaalo rinjiga cinjirka ah, oo guud ahaan loo isticmaalo rinjiga hooseeya ee alkolada polyvinyl iyo rinjiga. Heerka kala dirida biyaha ee methylcellulose guud ahaan wax yar ayuu ka hooseeyaa kan hydroxyethylcellulose. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jiri kara qadar yar oo ah arrin aan milmi karin inta lagu jiro habka kala dirida, taas oo saameyn doonta muuqaalka iyo dareenka filimka daahan, sidaas darteed marar dhif ah ayaa loo isticmaalaa rinjiga cinjirka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xiisadda dusha sare ee xalalka aqueous methyl ayaa waxyar ka hooseeya kan xalalka kale ee cellulose aqueous, sidaas darteed waa dhumuc weyn oo cellulose ah oo loo isticmaalo putty. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose sidoo kale waa dhumuc cellulose ah oo si ballaaran looga isticmaalo berrinka suufka, waxaana hadda inta badan loo isticmaalaa sibidhka ku salaysan ama lime-calcium-ku salaysan (ama xirayaasha kale ee aan dabiiciga ahayn). Hydroxyethyl cellulose waxaa si weyn loogu isticmaalaa nidaamyada rinjiga cinjirka sababtoo ah milanka biyaha ee wanaagsan iyo xajinta biyaha. Marka la barbardhigo celluloses kale, waxay leedahay saameyn yar oo ku saabsan waxqabadka filimka daahan. Faa'iidooyinka hydroxyethyl cellulose waxaa ka mid ah waxtarka bamgareynta sare, iswaafajinta wanaagsan, xasilloonida kaydinta wanaagsan, iyo xasilloonida pH wanaagsan ee viscosity. Khasaarooyinku waa dareere siman oo liita iyo iska caabin liidata. Si loo hagaajiyo cilladahaas, wax ka beddelka hydrophobic ayaa soo muuqday. Hydroxyethylcellulose (HMHEC) ku xiran galmada sida NatrosolPlus330, 331
(3) Polycarboxylates:
Polycarboxylate-kan, miisaanka unugyadu waa dhumuc, iyo miisaanka unugyadu waa kala firdhisan yahay. Waxay inta badan ku dhajiyaan molecules biyaha ee silsiladda ugu weyn ee nidaamka, taas oo kordhisa viscosity ee wajiga kala firidhsan; Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay sidoo kale laga yaabaa in lagu dhejiyo dusha sare ee qaybaha cinjirka si ay u sameeyaan lakabka dahaadhka, taas oo kordhisa xajmiga qaybta lakabka, oo adkeynaya lakabka fuuqbaxa ee cinjirka, oo kordhiya viscosity ee wajiga gudaha ee cinjirka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nooca dhumucdiisu waxay leedahay waxtarka dhumuc yar oo hooseeya, sidaas darteed si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo tirtiraa codsiyada daahan. Hadda dhumucda noocan oo kale ah waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa dhumucda koollada midabka, sababtoo ah miisaankeeda kelli waa mid aad u weyn, sidaas darteed waxay waxtar u leedahay kala firdhinta iyo xasilloonida kaydinta koollada midabka.
(4) Dhumuc weyn oo Alkali-barari karo:
Waxaa jira laba nooc oo waaweyn ee dhumucyada alkali-barari kara: dhumucyada caadiga ah ee alkali-barari kara iyo dhumucyada alkali-barari kara. Farqiga ugu weyn ee u dhexeeya waa farqiga u dhexeeya monomers-ka la xidhiidha ee ku jira silsiladda molecular ee ugu weyn. Dhumucyada associative alkali-barari kara waxaa copolymerized la monomers associative in adsorb karaa midba midka kale in qaab-dhismeedka silsilad ugu weyn, si ka dib markii ionization in xal aqueous, adsorption intra-molecular ama inter-molecular dhici kartaa, taasoo keentay viscosity ee nidaamka si degdeg ah u kaco.
a. Dhumuc weyn oo alkali-barari kara:
Nooca ugu muhiimsan ee wakiilka alaabta ee dhumucdiisuna waxay tahay ASE-60. ASE-60 inta badan waxay qaadataa koobiyeerka methacrylic acid iyo ethyl acrylate. Inta lagu jiro habka isku-duubnida, methacrylic acid waxay xisaabisaa qiyaastii 1/3 ee maadada adag, sababtoo ah joogitaanka kooxaha karboksylku waxay ka dhigaysaa silsiladda molecular inay leedahay heerar gaar ah oo hydrophilicity ah, waxayna dhexdhexaadisaa habka samaynta milixda. Sababtoo ah diidmada eedeymaha, silsiladaha molecular waa la ballaariyay, taas oo kordhisa viscosity ee nidaamka waxayna soo saartaa saameyn dhumuc ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mararka qaarkood miisaanka kelli waa mid aad u weyn sababtoo ah ficilka wakiilka iskutallaabta ah. Inta lagu jiro habka balaadhinta silsiladda molecular, silsiladda molecular si fiican uma kala firdhiso muddo gaaban. Inta lagu jiro habka kaydinta muddada-dheer, silsiladda molecular si tartiib tartiib ah ayaa loo fidiyaa, taas oo keenaysa dhumucda ka dib ee viscosity. Intaa waxaa dheer, sababtoo ah waxaa jira dhowr monomers hydrophobic ee silsiladda molecular ee noocan ah dhumucdiisuna, ma fududa in la abuuro kakanaanta hydrophobic u dhexeeya molecules, inta badan si ay u sameeyaan adsorption intramolecular labada dhinac, sidaa darteed dhumucda noocan oo kale ah ayaa leh waxtarka dhumuc yar, sidaas darteed waa naadir loo isticmaalo kaligiis. Inta badan waxaa lagu daraa dhumucyada kale.
b. Ururka (concord) nooca alkali dhumucda bararka:
Dhumucda noocan oo kale ah hadda waxay leedahay noocyo badan sababtoo ah xulashada monomers associative iyo naqshadeynta qaabdhismeedka kelli. Qaab dhismeedka silsiladeeda ugu weyn sidoo kale wuxuu inta badan ka kooban yahay methacrylic acid iyo ethyl acrylate, iyo monomers associative waa sida anteenooyinka qaab dhismeedka, laakiin kaliya qadar yar oo qaybin ah. Waa monomer-yaashan associative sida tentacle octopus kuwaas oo ka ciyaara doorka ugu muhiimsan ee dhumucda dhumucda. Kooxda carboxyl ee qaabdhismeedku waa mid dhexdhexaad ah oo milix samaysa, silsiladda molecular sidoo kale waxay la mid tahay dhumucyada caadiga ah ee alkali-barari kara. Isla dib u celin isku mid ah ayaa dhacda, si ay silsiladda molecular u furto. monomer-ka associative ee ku jira waxa kale oo uu ku fidaa silsiladda molecular, laakiin qaabdhismeedkiisu waxa uu ka kooban yahay silsiladaha hydrophilic iyo hydrophobic, markaa qaab dhismeedka micellar weyn oo la mid ah surfactants ayaa laga soo saari doonaa molecule ama inta u dhaxaysa molecules. Miceles-yadaan waxaa soo saara isugeynta wadajirka ah ee monomers ururka, qaar ka mid ah monomers ururrada ayaa midba midka kale isku dhejiyaa iyada oo loo marayo saameynta isku dhafka ah ee qaybaha emulsion (ama qaybo kale). Ka dib marka la soo saaro jeexjeexyada, waxay hagaajiyaan qaybaha emulsion-ka, qaybaha molecule biyaha ama qaybaha kale ee nidaamka ku jira xaalad aan caadi ahayn oo la mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa xidhitaanka, si dhaqdhaqaaqa molecules (ama qaybaha) la daciifiyo iyo viscosity of nidaamka oo kordha. Sidaa darteed, hufnaanta dhumucda noocaan ah, gaar ahaan rinjiga cinjirka leh ee ka kooban emulsion sare, ayaa aad uga sarreeya tan dhumucyada caadiga ah ee alkali-barari, sidaas darteed waxaa si ballaaran loo isticmaalaa rinjiga cinjirka. Wakiilka badeecada ugu weyn Nooca waa TT-935.
(5) polyurethane associative (ama polyeter) dhumucdi iyo simaynta wakiilka:
Guud ahaan, dhumucyadu waxay leeyihiin miisaan unugyo ah oo aad u sarreeya (sida cellulose iyo acrylic acid), iyo silsiladahooda molecular waxay ku fidsan yihiin xal aqueous si loo kordhiyo viscosity ee nidaamka. Miisaanka molecular ee polyurethane (ama polyether) waa mid aad u yar, waxayna inta badan sameysaa urur iyada oo loo marayo isdhexgalka xoogga van der Waals ee qaybta lipophilic ee u dhaxaysa molecules, laakiin xoogga ururku waa daciif, ururkana waxaa laga yaabaa in lagu sameeyo si gaar ah. xoog dibadda ah. Kala-soocidda, taas oo hoos u dhigaysa viscosity, waxay ku habboon tahay sinaanta filimka daahan, sidaas darteed waxay ka ciyaari kartaa doorka wakiilka siman. Marka xoogga dhogorta la tirtiro, waxay si dhakhso ah u bilaabi kartaa ururinta, iyo viscosity ee nidaamka ayaa kor u kaca. Dhacdadani waxay faa'iido u leedahay in la yareeyo viscosity iyo kordhinta sinaanta inta lagu jiro dhismaha; iyo ka dib markii xoogga xiiridu lumo, viscosity ayaa isla markiiba dib loo soo celin doonaa si loo kordhiyo dhumucda filimka daahan. Codsiyada la taaban karo, waxaan aad uga walaacsanahay saameynta dhumucda sida dhumucyada associative ee emulsions polymer. Qaybaha ugu muhiimsan ee polymer-ka ayaa sidoo kale ka qaybqaata isku-xirka nidaamka, sidaas darteed wakiilka noocan oo kale ah ee dhumucdiisuna waxay sidoo kale leedahay dhumuc wanaagsan (ama siman) saameyn marka ay ka hooseyso diiradda muhiimka ah; marka fiirsashada noocan oo kale ah ee dhumuc iyo sinnaanta wakiilka Marka ay ka sarreyso diirada muhiimka ah ee biyaha saafiga ah, waxay samayn kartaa ururo keligood, iyo viscosity si degdeg ah u kaca. Sidaa darteed, marka wakiilka noocan oo kale ah ee dhumucdiisuna ay ka hooseeyaan diirada muhiimka ah, sababtoo ah qaybaha cinjirku waxay ka qaybqaataan urur qaybeed, xajmiga yar ee emulsion-ga, way sii xoogaysanaysaa ururka, iyo viscosity waxay kordhin doontaa korodhka qadarka emulsion. Intaa waxaa dheer, qaar ka mid ah fidiyeyaasha (ama dhumucyada acrylic) waxay ka kooban yihiin qaab-dhismeedyada hydrophobic, iyo kooxahooda hydrophobic waxay la falgalaan kuwa polyurethane, si nidaamku u sameeyo qaab-dhismeedka shabakad ballaaran, kaas oo ku habboon dhumucdiisuna.
2. Saamaynta dhumucyada kala duwan ee caabbinta kala soocida biyaha ee rinjiga cinjirka
Naqshadeynta naqshadeynta rinjiyada biyaha ku salaysan, isticmaalka dhumucdiisu waa xiriir aad u muhiim ah, kaas oo la xidhiidha waxyaabo badan oo rinjiye ah, sida dhismaha, horumarinta midabka, kaydinta iyo muuqaalka. Halkan waxaan diirada saareynaa saameynta isticmaalka dhumucyada ee kaydinta rinjiga cinjirka. Laga soo bilaabo hordhaca kor ku xusan, waxaan ogaan karnaa in bentonite iyo polycarboxylates: dhumucdiisuna waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa qaar ka mid ah dahaarka gaarka ah, kuwaas oo aan halkan looga hadli doonaa. Waxaan inta badan ka hadli doonaa cellulose-ka aadka loo isticmaalo, bararka alkali, iyo dhumucyada polyurethane (ama polyether), kaligood iyo isku darka, waxay saameeyaan caabbinta kala-soocidda biyaha ee rinjiga cinjirka.
Inkasta oo dhumucdi leh hydroxyethyl cellulose oo keliya ay aad uga daran tahay kala-soocidda biyaha, way fududahay in si siman loo walaaqo. Isticmaalka keli ah ee bararka alkali-ku dhumucdiisu ma laha wax biyo ah oo kala sooci kara iyo roobab laakiin dhumuc halis ah ka dib dhumucdi. Isticmaalka keli ah ee dhumucda poliurethane, inkasta oo kala-soocidda biyaha iyo dhumucda dabadeed Dhumucdiisu maaha mid halis ah, laakiin da'da ay soo saarto way adag tahay wayna adagtahay in la kiciyo. Oo waxay qabataa hydroxyethyl cellulose iyo alkali bararka dhuuban xarunta, ma post-thicken, ma roobab adag, si fudud u walaaq, laakiin sidoo kale waxaa jira xaddi yar oo biyo ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka hydroxyethyl cellulose iyo polyurethane loo isticmaalo si ay u dhumucdiisuna, kala soocidda biyuhu waa tan ugu daran, laakiin ma jiraan roobab adag. Dhumucda Alkali-barari iyo poliurethane ayaa si wada jir ah loo isticmaalaa, inkastoo kala-soocidda biyuhu ay asal ahaan ka maqan yihiin biyo, laakiin ka dib markaad dhumucdo, iyo xuubka hoose waa adag tahay in si siman loo walaaqo. Midda ugu dambeysana waxay isticmaashaa qadar yar oo ah hydroxyethyl cellulose oo leh barar alkali ah iyo dhumucda poliurethane si ay u yeeshaan xaalad isku mid ah iyada oo aan la kala saarin roobab iyo biyo. Waxaa la arki karaa in nidaamka emulsion acrylic saafi ah oo leh hydrophobicity xoog leh, ay aad u daran tahay in lagu adkeeyo wejiga biyaha ee hydroxyethyl cellulose, laakiin si fudud ayaa loo walaaq karaa si siman. Isticmaalka keli ah ee bararka alkali hydrophobic iyo polyurethane (ama xaruntooda) dhumucdiisuna, in kasta oo waxqabadka kala-soocidda biyaha ka-hortagga uu ka fiican yahay, laakiin labaduba way sii dhumunayaan ka dib, iyo haddii uu jiro roobab, waxaa loo yaqaannaa roobab adag, taas oo ay adag tahay in si siman loo kiciyo. Isticmaalka dhumucda cellulose iyo poliurethane, sababtoo ah farqiga ugu fog ee qiimaha hydrophilic iyo lipophilic, waxay keenaysaa kala-soocidda biyaha ugu daran iyo roobabka, laakiin qulqulku waa mid jilicsan oo sahlan in la walaaqo. Qaabka ugu dambeeya wuxuu leeyahay waxqabadka ugu wanaagsan ee ka hortagga biyaha sababtoo ah dheellitirka wanaagsan ee u dhexeeya hydrophilic iyo lipophilic. Dabcan, habka naqshadeynta qaacidada dhabta ah, noocyada emulsions iyo qoynta iyo kala firdhinta wakiilada iyo qiimahooda hydrophilic iyo lipophilic waa in sidoo kale la tixgeliyaa. Kaliya marka ay gaaraan dheelitirnaan wanaagsan ayaa nidaamku ku jiri karaa xaalad heerkulbeeg ah oo dheellitiran oo leh caabbinta Biyaha wanaagsan.
Nidaamka dhumucdiisuna, dhumucda wajiga biyaha waxaa mararka qaarkood la socda kororka viscosity ee wajiga saliidda. Tusaale ahaan, waxaan guud ahaan aaminsanahay in dhumucda cellulose ay dhumucdo wajiga biyaha, laakiin cellulose waxaa loo qaybiyaa wajiga biyaha.
Waqtiga boostada: Dec-29-2022