Chii chinonzi titanium dioxide?

Titanium dioxide, mukomboni unowanikwa kwese-kwese unowanikwa muhuwandu hwezvigadzirwa, unosanganisira kuzivikanwa kwakasiyana-siyana. Mukati memaitiro ayo mamorekuru mune nyaya yekusiyana-siyana, kubva kumaindasitiri kubva papendi nemapurasitiki kusvika kuchikafu nezvizoro. Mukuongorora kwakadzama uku, tinoongorora zvakadzika mumabviro, zvivakwa, mashandisirwo, uye kukanganisa kwetitanium dioxide Tio2, ichijekesa kukosha kwayo mune zvese zviri zviviri maindasitiri nemazuva ese.

Origins uye Chemical Composition

Titanium dioxide, inoratidzwa nekemikari formula TiO2, inorganic compound inosanganisira titanium uye maatomu eokisijeni. Inowanikwa mune akati wandei anongoitika mamineral mafomu, anowanzo kuve rutile, anatase, uye brookite. Zvicherwa izvi zvinocherwa kubva mumari inowanikwa munyika dzakaita seAustralia, South Africa, Canada, neChina. Titanium dioxide inogonawo kugadzirwa nenzira yakasiyana-siyana yemakemikari maitiro, kusanganisira sulfate process uye chloride process, iyo inosanganisira kuita titanium ores ne sulfuric acid kana chlorine, zvichiteerana.

Crystal Mamiriro uye Zvivakwa

Padanho reatomu, titanium dioxide inotora chimiro checrystalline, neatomu imwe neimwe yetitanium yakakomberedzwa nemaatomu matanhatu eokisijeni muurongwa hweoctahedral. Iyi crystal lattice inopa yakasarudzika yemuviri uye makemikari zvimiro kune komboni. Titanium dioxide inozivikanwa nekupenya kwayo kunoshamisa uye kupenya, izvo zvinoita kuti ive yakanaka pigment chena kune dzakasiyana siyana dzekushandisa. Indekisi yayo yerefractive, chiyero chekuti chiedza chakawanda sei chakakombama painopfuura nepakati pechinhu, chiri pakati pepamusoro-soro pane chero chinhu chipi zvacho chinozivikanwa, zvichiita kuti chivheneke.

Uyezve, titanium dioxide inoratidza kugadzikana kunoshamisa uye kuramba kudzikira, kunyangwe pasi pemamiriro ekunze akaomarara. Uhu hunhu hunouita kuti huve hwakakodzera kune zvekunze kunyorera senge yekuvaka coatings uye mota inopera, uko kusimba kwakakosha. Pamusoro pezvo, titanium dioxide ine yakanakisa UV-kuvharira zvivakwa, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chakajairika mune zvezuva uye mamwe machira ekudzivirira.

Zvikumbiro muIndasitiri

Iko kushandiswa kwakasiyana-siyana kwetitanium dioxide inowana kutaura kune akasiyana maindasitiri, kwaanoshanda sechinhu chekona muzvigadzirwa zvakawanda. Munzvimbo yependi uye machira, titanium dioxide inoshanda seyekutanga pigment, ichipa kuchena, kupenya, uye kusimba kune ekuvaka pendi, kupedzisa kwemotokari, uye maindasitiri ekupfeka. Kukwanisa kwayo kuparadzira chiedza zvinobudirira kunovimbisa mavara ane simba uye kudzivirirwa kwenguva refu kubva kune mamiriro ekunze uye ngura.

Muindasitiri yemapurasitiki, titanium dioxide inoshanda sechinhu chakakosha chekuwedzera kuti uwane inodiwa ruvara, opacity, uye UV kuramba mumhando dzakasiyana dzepolymer. Nekuparadzira zvimedu zvakatsetseka zvetitanium dioxide mukati mematiriki epurasitiki, vagadziri vanogona kugadzira zvigadzirwa zvemhando yepamusoro kubva pakurongedzerwa uye zvinhu zvevatengi kusvika kune zvemotokari uye zvekuvakisa.

Uyezve, titanium dioxide inoshandiswa zvikuru muindasitiri yemapepa nokudhinda, uko inowedzera kupenya, kusajeka, uye kudhindwa kwezvigadzirwa zvemapepa. Kubatanidzwa kwayo mukudhinda ingi kunovimbisa kupenya, mifananidzo yakajeka uye zvinyorwa, zvichibatsira mukukwezva kwekuona kwemagazini, mapepanhau, kurongedza, uye zvekusimudzira.

Zvishandiso mune Zvemazuva ese Zvigadzirwa

Kupfuura zvigadziriso zvemaindasitiri, titanium dioxide inopinda mumucheka wehupenyu hwezuva nezuva, ichionekwa muhuwandu hwezvigadzirwa zvevatengi uye zvinhu zvekuchengeta munhu. Muzvizora, titanium dioxide inoshanda sechinhu chinogoneka munheyo, hupfu, lipsticks, uye sunscreens, uko inopa kufukidzwa, kugadzirisa kweruvara, uye kuchengetedzwa kweUV pasina kuvhara pores kana kukonzera kushatirwa kweganda. Chimiro chayo chine inert uye yakakura-spectrum UV-kuvharira kugona kunoita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha chezuva, ichipa dziviriro inoshanda kubva kune inokuvadza UVA uye UVB mwaranzi.

Uyezve, titanium dioxide inoita basa rakakosha muindasitiri yechikafu nechinwiwa seyakachena mumiriri uye opacifier. Inowanzoshandiswa muzvigadzirwa zvekudya zvakadai semaswiti, confectionery, zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, uye sosi kuti uwedzere kuwirirana kwemavara, magadzirirwo, uye opacity. Mumishonga yemishonga, titanium dioxide inoshanda sechifukidziro chemapiritsi nemakapisi, kufambisa kumedza uye kuvhara zvinonaka zvisingafadzi kana kunhuwa.

Mafungiro Ezvakatipoteredza uye Utano

Nepo titanium dioxide ichizivikanwa nekuda kwemakumi ezviuru mabhenefiti, kunetseka kwakabuda maererano nekukanganisa kwayo kwezvakatipoteredza uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika pahutano. Mune iyo nanoparticulate fomu, titanium dioxide inoratidza yakasarudzika zvivakwa zvakasiyana neayo eayo akawanda akaenzana. Nanoscale titanium dioxide particles ine yakawedzera pamusoro penzvimbo uye reactivity, izvo zvinogona kuwedzera kudyidzana kwavo kwebhayoloji uye kwezvakatipoteredza.

Zvidzidzo zvakamutsa mibvunzo nezve mhedzisiro yehutano inogona kukonzeresa titanium dioxide nanoparticles, kunyanya munzvimbo dzebasa senge nzvimbo dzekugadzira nenzvimbo dzekuvaka. Kunyangwe titanium dioxide ichirondedzerwa seInowanzozivikanwa seYakachengeteka (GRAS) nemasangano anodzora kuti ashandiswe muchikafu uye zvizorwa, tsvakiridzo inoenderera mberi inotsvaka kujekesa chero zvingangoitika zvenguva refu zvehutano zvine chekuita nekufumurwa kusingaperi.

Pamusoro pezvo, mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza etitanium dioxide nanoparticles, kunyanya munzvimbo dzemumvura, inyaya yekubvunzurudzwa kwesainzi. Kunetsekana kwakasimudzwa maererano neangangove bioaccumulation uye muchetura we nanoparticles muzvisikwa zvemumvura, pamwe nemabatiro azvo pane ecosystem dynamics uye mhando yemvura.

Regulatory Framework uye Safety Standards

Kugadzirisa mamiriro ari kusimukira e nanotechnology uye kuve nechokwadi chekushandiswa kwakachengeteka kwetitanium dioxide uye mamwe nanomaterials, masangano anodzora pasi rese aita nhungamiro nekuchengetedza zviyero. Mitemo iyi inosanganisira zvinhu zvakasiyana siyana, zvinosanganisira kunyorwa kwechigadzirwa, kuongororwa kwenjodzi, kutariswa kwemabasa, uye kuongorora kwezvakatipoteredza.

MuEuropean Union, titanium dioxide nanoparticles inoshandiswa muzvizoro inofanira kunyorwa sezvizvi uye kutevedzera zvinodiwa zvekuchengetedza zvakatsanangurwa muCosmetics Regulation. Saizvozvo, iyo United States Chikafu neDrug Administration (FDA) inodzora kushandiswa kwetitanium dioxide muzvigadzirwa zvekudya uye zvekuzora, ichisimbisa kuve nechokwadi chekuchengetedza uye pachena kune vatengi.

Pamusoro pezvo, masangano anodzora akadai seEnvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) muUnited States neEuropean Chemicals Agency (ECHA) muEU anoongorora njodzi dzezvakatipoteredza dzinounzwa netitanium dioxide nemamwe mananomaterials. Kuburikidza nekuyedzwa kwakasimba uye mapuroteni ekuongorora njodzi, masangano aya anoyedza kuchengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda uku achikurudzira hunyanzvi uye budiriro yetekinoroji.

Ramangwana Maonero uye Zvitsva

Sezvo manzwisisiro esainzi emananomaterials arikuenderera mberi nekushanduka, kuyedza kuenderera mberi kutsvaga kuvhura mukana wakazara wetitanium dioxide uchigadzirisa zvinonetsa zvine chekuita nekuchengetedzeka uye kusimba. Novel nzira dzakadai sekugadzirisa kwepasi, hybridization nezvimwe zvinhu, uye inodzorwa synthesis matekiniki inopa inovimbisa nzira dzekusimudzira kushanda uye kuita kwakasiyana-siyana kwetitanium dioxide-yakavakirwa zvinhu.

Zvakare, kufambira mberi mune nanotechnology kunobata mukana wekuchinja mashandisirwo aripo uye kukonzeresa kuvandudzwa kwechinotevera-chigadzirwa zvigadzirwa zvine zvakagadzirirwa zvivakwa uye kushanda. Kubva pamachira e-eco-hushamwari uye matekinoroji ehutano epamusoro kusvika kumhinduro dzesimba uye nzira dzekugadzirisa kusvibiswa, titanium dioxide yakamira yakagadzirira kuita basa rakakosha mukuumba ramangwana remaindasitiri akasiyana uye kuedza kwekusimudzira kwepasirese.

Mhedziso

Mukupedzisa, titanium dioxide inobuda sechinhu chinowanikwa kwose kwose uye chinodikanwa chinopinda munharaunda yese yehupenyu hwazvino. Kubva kwayakatangira sechicherwa chinongoitika kune zviuru zvekushandisa muindasitiri, kutengeserana, uye zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ese, titanium dioxide inomiririra nhaka yekusiyana-siyana, hunyanzvi, uye shanduko.

Kunyange zvimiro zvayo zvisingaenzaniswi zvakakurudzira kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji uye kupfumisa zvigadzirwa zvisingaverengeki, kuedza kunoenderera kunodiwa kuve nechokwadi chekushandisa zvine chekuita uye kwakasimba kwetitanium dioxide pamberi pekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze uye hutano. Kuburikidza nekutsvagisa kwakabatana, kutarisisa kwekutonga, uye hunyanzvi hwekuvandudza tekinoroji, vanobatana vanogona kufamba munzvimbo yakaoma yenanomaterials uye kushandisa iyo yakazara mukana wetitanium dioxide uku vachichengetedza hutano hwevanhu uye nharaunda kuzvizvarwa zvinotevera.