Chii chinonzi Tio2?

TiO2, kazhinji yakapfupikiswa kubvaTitanium dioxide, musanganiswa unosiyana-siyana une huwandu hwakawanda hwekushandisa mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana. Ichi chinhu, chinoumbwa netitanium uye maatomu eokisijeni, chine kukosha nekuda kwezvimiro zvayo zvakasiyana uye kushandiswa kwakasiyana. Mukuongorora kwakazara uku, isu tichaongorora chimiro, zvivakwa, nzira dzekugadzira, mashandisirwo, kufunga kwezvakatipoteredza, uye tarisiro yeramangwana yetitanium dioxide.

Chimiro uye Maumbirwo

Titanium dioxide ine chimiro chakareruka chemakemikari: TiO2. Chimiro chayo chemorekuru chine atomu imwe yetitanium inobatanidzwa nemaatomu maviri eokisijeni, ichigadzira crystalline lattice yakagadzikana. Mushonga uripo mune akati wandei mapolymorphs, ane anowanzo mafomu ari rutile, anatase, uye brookite. Aya mapolymorphs anoratidza akasiyana makristasi zvimiro, zvichitungamira kune mutsauko mune yavo zvivakwa uye mashandisiro.

Rutile ndiyo yakanyanya kugadzikana thermodynamically fomu yetitanium dioxide uye inoratidzwa neiyo yakakwirira refractive index uye opacity. Anatase, kune rumwe rutivi, inogadzika asi ine yakakwirira photocatalytic chiitiko kana ichienzaniswa nerutile. Brookite, kunyange isingawanzowaniki, inogovera zvakafanana nezvose zviri zviviri rutile uye anatase.

Properties

Titanium dioxide inodada nehuwandu hwezvinhu zvinoshamisa zvinoita kuti ive yakakosha mumaindasitiri mazhinji:

1. Kuchena: Titanium dioxide inozivikanwa nekuchena kwayo kwakasiyana, kunobva pakukwirira kwayo kwerefractive index. Iyi pfuma inoita kuti inyatso kuparadzira chiedza chinooneka, zvichiita kuti kuve nemavara machena akajeka.
2. Opacity: Opacity yayo inomuka kubva pakukwanisa kwayo kutora uye kuparadzira chiedza zvinobudirira. Ichi chivakwa chinoita kuti ive sarudzo yakasarudzika yekupa opacity uye yekuvhara mumapende, machira, uye mapurasitiki.
3. UV Absorption: Titanium dioxide inoratidzira yakanakisa UV-kuvharira zvivakwa, zvichiita kuti ive chinhu chakakosha mune sunscreens uye UV-inodzivirira machira. Iyo inonyatso tora inokuvadza UV mwaranzi, ichidzivirira zviri pasi zvinhu kubva mukuora uye UV-induced kukuvara.
4. Kemikari Kugadzikana: TiO2 ikemikari inert uye inoshingirira kumakemikari mazhinji, asidhi, uye alkalis. Uku kugadzikana kunovimbisa hupenyu hwayo hurefu uye kusimba mumashandisirwo akasiyana siyana.
5. Photocatalytic Chiitiko: Mamwe mafomu etitanium dioxide, kunyanya anatase, anoratidza photocatalytic chiitiko kana akaiswa kune ultraviolet (UV) mwenje. Ichi chivakwa chinosungirirwa mukugadzirisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kucheneswa kwemvura, uye kuzvichenesa machira.

Nzira dzekugadzira

Kugadzirwa kwetitanium dioxide kunowanzobatanidza nzira mbiri dzekutanga: sulfate process uye chloride process.

1. Sulfate process: Iyi nzira inosanganisira kushandurwa kwetitanium-ine ores, senge ilmenite kana rutile, kuita titanium dioxide pigment. Iyo ore inotanga kurapwa ne sulfuric acid kuti ibudise titanium sulfate solution, iyo inobva yaitwa hydrolyzed kuita hydrated titanium dioxide precipitate. Mushure mekuverenga, iyo precipitate inoshandurwa kuita pigment yekupedzisira.
2. Chloride Process: Mukuita uku, titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4) inobatwa neokisijeni kana mhute yemvura pakupisa kwakanyanya kuumba titanium dioxide zvidimbu. Iyo pigment inokonzeresa inowanzo kuchena uye ine zvirinani zvemaziso zvichienzaniswa nesarufate process-inotorwa titanium dioxide.

Applications

Titanium dioxide inowana kushandiswa kwakakura mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana, nekuda kwemaitiro ayo akasiyana-siyana:

1. Paints and Coatings: Titanium dioxide ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa chena pigment mupendi, machira, uye mapeji ekuvaka nekuda kwekupenya kwayo, kupenya, uye kusimba.
2. Plastics: Inosanganiswa muzvigadzirwa zvepurasitiki zvakasiyana, zvinosanganisira PVC, polyethylene, uye polypropylene, kuwedzera kupenya, kuramba kweUV, uye kuchena.
3. Cosmetics: TiO2 chinhu chakajairika muzvizoro, zvigadzirwa zvekuchengetedza ganda, uye kugadzirwa kwezuva nekuda kweiyo UV-kuvharira zvimiro uye isiri-chepfu hunhu.
4. Chikafu neMishonga: Inoshanda senge chena pigment uye opacifier mune zvigadzirwa zvekudya, mapiritsi emishonga, uye capsules. Chikafu-giredhi titanium dioxide inotenderwa kushandiswa munyika dzakawanda, kunyange hazvo kunetseka kuripo maererano nekuchengetedzwa kwayo uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika pautano.
5. Photocatalysis: Mamwe mafomu etitanium dioxide anoshandiswa mukushandisa photocatalytic, senge mhepo nemvura inonatswa, kuzvichenesa kwenzvimbo, uye kusvibisa zvinosvibisa.
6. Ceramics: Inoshandiswa mukugadzirwa kweceramic glazes, mataira, uye porcelain kuwedzera kupenya uye kuchena.

Mafungiro Ezvakatipoteredza

Nepo titanium dioxide ichipa akawanda mabhenefiti, kugadzirwa kwayo uye kushandiswa kunowedzera kunetseka kwezvakatipoteredza:

1. Kushandiswa Kwesimba: Kugadzirwa kwetitanium dioxide kunowanzoda kupisa kwakanyanya uye zvakakosha zvesimba, zvichikonzera kuburitsa gasi regreenhouse uye kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza.
2. Kugadzira Marara: Zvese zviri zviviri sulfate uye chloride maitiro anogadzira ne-zvigadzirwa uye tsvina hova, iyo inogona kunge iine tsvina uye inoda kuraswa kwakaringana kana kurapwa kudzivirira kusvibiswa kwezvakatipoteredza.
3. Nanoparticles: Nanoscale titanium dioxide zvimedu, zvinowanzo shandiswa muzuva uye zvizorwa maumbirwo, zvinomutsa kushushikana pamusoro pekugona kwavo huturu uye kushingirira kwezvakatipoteredza. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti nanoparticles idzi dzinogona kuisa njodzi kune zvipenyu zvemumvura uye hutano hwevanhu kana zvikaburitswa munzvimbo.
4. Regulatory Oversight: Masangano anodzora pasi rese, akadai seUS Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) neEuropean Chemicals Agency (ECHA), anonyatso tarisisa kugadzirwa, kushandiswa, uye kuchengetedzeka kwetitanium dioxide kudzikisa njodzi dzinogona kuitika uye kuve nechokwadi chekutevedzwa kwemitemo yezvakatipoteredza nehutano. .

Ramangwana

Sezvo nzanga iri kuramba ichiisa pamberi pekuchengetedza uye kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, ramangwana retitanium dioxide rinoenderana nehunyanzvi uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji:

1. Green Manufacturing Matanho: Tsvagiridzo inotarisana nekugadzira nzira dzakasimba uye dzinoita simba rekugadzira titanium dioxide, senge photocatalytic uye electrochemical maitiro.
2. Nanostructured Materials: Kufambira mberi mune nanotechnology inogonesa dhizaini uye synthesis ye nanostructured titanium dioxide zvinhu zvine yakagadziridzwa zvivakwa zvekushandisa mukuchengetedza simba, catalysis, uye biomedical engineering.
3. Biodegradable Alternatives: Kugadziridzwa kwezvisingaparadzike uye eco-hushamwari dzimwe nzira kune yakajairwa titanium dioxide pigments iri kuenderera mberi, ichivavarira kudzikisa kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kugadzirisa zvinonetsa zvakatenderedza nanoparticle toxicity.
4. Circular Economy Initiatives: Kuitwa kwemisimboti yehupfumi hwedenderedzwa, kusanganisira kudzokorodza uye kurashikirwa kwemarara, zvinogona kudzikisira kupera kwezviwanikwa uye kuderedza kutsika kwezvakatipoteredza kwekugadzira nekushandiswa kwetitanium dioxide.
5. Regulatory Compliance uye Chengetedzo: Kuenderera mberi nekutsvagisa pamusoro pezvakatipoteredza uye hutano mhedzisiro yetitanium dioxide nanoparticles, pamwe nekusimba kwekutonga kwekutarisa, kwakakosha kuti ive nechokwadi chekushandiswa kwakachengeteka uye zvine mutoro mumaindasitiri akasiyana siyana.

Mukupedzisa, titanium dioxide inomira semusanganiswa wakawanda une zviuru zvekushandisa uye zvinorehwa. Hunhu hwayo hwakasiyana, hwakasanganiswa nekuenderera mberi nekutsvagisa uye hunyanzvi, hunovimbisa kuumba basa rayo mumaindasitiri akasiyana uchigadzirisa zvinonetsa kwezvakatipoteredza uye nekusimudzira maitiro akasimba enguva yemberi.