Natural cellulose ndi polymer yovuta yomwe ndi gawo lofunikira pamakoma a cell cell. Polysaccharide iyi imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popereka mphamvu, kulimba komanso kuthandizira kubzala ma cell, zomwe zimathandizira kukhazikika kwamafuta ambewu.
Ma cellulose achilengedwe ndi polysaccharide, chakudya chopangidwa ndi maunyolo aatali a glucose olumikizidwa pamodzi ndi ma β-1,4-glycosidic bond. Ndi imodzi mwazinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zimapezeka kwambiri padziko lapansi ndipo zimapezeka makamaka m'makoma a zomera. Kapangidwe kapadera ka mamolekyu a cellulose kumapangitsa kuti minofu ya zomera ikhale yamphamvu komanso yolimba kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yofunika kwambiri pakupanga ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zomera.
Kapangidwe ka cellulose wachilengedwe
Chigawo choyambirira cha cellulose ndi mzere wozungulira wa mamolekyu a β-D-glucose, momwe gawo lililonse la shuga limalumikizidwa ndi gawo lotsatira la shuga ndi chomangira cha β-1,4-glycosidic. Ma β-bond amapatsa cellulose mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso opanda nthambi. Mosiyana ndi wowuma (polysaccharide ina yopangidwa ndi shuga), mapadi sangathe kugayidwa ndi zamoyo zambiri chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ma beta-links, omwe ma enzymes monga amylase sangathe kusweka.
Mayunitsi a shuga obwerezabwereza mu maunyolo a cellulose amapanga maunyolo owongoka omwe amalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi ma intermolecular hydrogen bond. Zomangirazi zimathandizira kupanga ma microfibrils, omwe amaphatikizanso kupanga zida zazikulu zotchedwa cellulose fibers. Kukonzekera kwa ulusi umenewu kumapereka mphamvu ndi kusasunthika kubzala makoma a maselo.
Gwero la ulusi wachilengedwe
mbewu:
Wood: Wood ndi wolemera mu cellulose ndipo ndi gwero lalikulu la ntchito zamafakitale.
Thonje: Ulusi wa thonje ndi pafupifupi cellulose weniweni, zomwe zimapangitsa thonje kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zachilengedwe za polima iyi.
Hemp: Mofanana ndi thonje, hemp fiber imapangidwa ndi cellulose.
Algae:
Mitundu ina ya algae imakhala ndi cellulose m'makoma a cellulose, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zamoyo za photosynthetic izi zikhale zolimba.
mabakiteriya:
Mabakiteriya ena amapanga cellulose, kupanga gawo loteteza lotchedwa biofilm. Bakiteriya cellulose iyi imakhala ndi zinthu zapadera zomwe zimapangitsa kuti ikhale yamtengo wapatali pamagwiritsidwe osiyanasiyana.
Biosynthesis ya cellulose
Cellulose biosynthesis imapezeka makamaka mu plasma ya maselo a zomera. Njirayi imaphatikizapo enzyme complex cellulose synthase, yomwe imathandizira kuti ma polymerization a mayunitsi a shuga akhale unyolo wa cellulose. Maunyolowa amatuluka mu plasma membrane ndikupanga ma microfibrils mu khoma la cell.
Makhalidwe a cellulose achilengedwe
Kusasungunuka:
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake owala kwambiri, mapadi sasungunuke m'madzi komanso ma organic solvents.
Hydrophilicity:
Ngakhale kuti sichisungunuka, cellulose imakhala ndi hydrophilic properties, yomwe imalola kuti itenge ndi kusunga madzi.
Biodegradability:
Cellulose ndi biodegradable ndipo chifukwa chake ndi wokonda zachilengedwe. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono monga mabakiteriya ndi bowa tili ndi ma enzymes omwe amaphwanya mapadilo kukhala zinthu zosavuta.
Mphamvu zamakina:
Kapangidwe kapadera ka mamolekyu a cellulose amapatsa ulusi wa cellulose mphamvu zamakina, kuwapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana.
Ntchito za cellulose zachilengedwe
nsalu:
Thonje amapangidwa makamaka ndi cellulose ndipo ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamakampani opanga nsalu.
Pepala ndi zamkati:
Zamkati zamatabwa zimakhala ndi cellulose ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapepala ndi makatoni.
Ntchito za Biomedical:
Ma cellulose a bakiteriya amapeza ntchito muzovala zamabala, uinjiniya wa minofu, komanso kutumiza mankhwala chifukwa cha biocompatibility yake komanso mawonekedwe ake apadera.
makampani azakudya:
Zochokera ku cellulose, monga carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani azakudya ngati zolimbitsa thupi komanso zolimbitsa thupi.
Mafuta a Biofuel:
Celulosic biomass itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya chopangira mafuta amafuta, zomwe zimathandizira kuti pakhale mphamvu zokhazikika.
Mavuto ndi ziyembekezo zamtsogolo
Ngakhale kusinthasintha kwake, pali zovuta pakukulitsa kugwiritsa ntchito ma cellulose. Njira zochotsera bwino, kusinthika kwa biodegradability komanso kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito a cellulose ndi magawo omwe akupitilira kafukufukuyu. Kuphatikiza apo, kupita patsogolo kwa biotechnology kumatha kupangitsa uinjiniya wa zomera zokhala ndi zida zosinthidwa zama cellulose kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito m'mafakitale enaake.
Ma cellulose achilengedwe ndi ma polima omwe amafanana ndi makoma a cellulose ndipo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga mawonekedwe achilengedwe a zomera. Kapangidwe kake kapadera kamachokera ku dongosolo la mayunitsi a shuga olumikizidwa ndi ma β-1,4-glycosidic bond, zomwe zimapatsa mbewu mphamvu komanso kulimba. Ma cellulose amachokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuchokera ku nkhuni kupita ku thonje kupita ku cellulose ya bakiteriya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito mosiyanasiyana m'magawo osiyanasiyana a mafakitale.
Pamene ukadaulo ndi biotechnology zikupitilira kupita patsogolo, kufufuza kuthekera kwa cellulose kukukulirakulira. Kuchokera pakugwiritsa ntchito kwachikhalidwe muzovala ndi mapepala kupita kuzinthu zatsopano zamaukadaulo a biomedical ndi mphamvu zokhazikika, cellulose yachilengedwe imakhalabe chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Kumvetsetsa kapangidwe kake, katundu wake ndi komwe adachokera ndikofunikira kuti titsegule kuthekera konse kwa polima yodabwitsayi kuti tithane ndi zovuta ndi zosowa za dziko lomwe likusintha mwachangu.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-26-2023