Thickeners ndi mapangidwe a mafupa ndi maziko oyambira a zodzoladzola zosiyanasiyana, ndipo ndizofunikira pamawonekedwe, mawonekedwe a rheological, kukhazikika, komanso kumva kwa khungu kwa zinthu. Sankhani zonenepa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri komanso zoyimirira zamitundu yosiyanasiyana, zikonzekeretseni kuti zikhale zamadzimadzi zomwe zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana, yesani mawonekedwe awo akuthupi ndi mankhwala monga viscosity ndi p H, ndipo gwiritsani ntchito kusanthula kofotokozera kuti muwunikire mawonekedwe awo, kuwonekera, komanso kuchuluka kwa khungu ndi khungu. pakugwiritsa ntchito komanso pambuyo pake. Mayesero amphamvu adachitidwa potengera zizindikiro zomveka, ndipo mabukuwo adafufuzidwa kuti afotokoze mwachidule mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya thickeners, yomwe ingapereke chidziwitso chokhudza mapangidwe a zodzoladzola.
1. Kufotokozera za thickener
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati thickeners. Kuchokera pakuwona kulemera kwachibale, pali otsika-maselo thickeners ndi mkulu-maselo thickeners; kuchokera kumagulu ogwira ntchito, pali electrolytes, alcohols, amides, carboxylic acids ndi esters, etc. Dikirani. Thickeners amagawidwa malinga ndi gulu njira zodzikongoletsera zopangira.
1. Low molecular weight thickener
1.1.1 Mchere wa Inorganic
Dongosolo lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito mchere wa inorganic ngati chowonjezera nthawi zambiri ndi njira yamadzi yopangira madzi. Chothira mchere chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi sodium chloride, chomwe chimakhala ndi kukhuthala koonekeratu. Ma surfactants amapanga micelles mu njira yamadzimadzi, ndipo kukhalapo kwa electrolytes kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa mayanjano a micelles, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kusintha kwa ma micelles ozungulira kukhala ma micelles owoneka ngati ndodo, kumawonjezera kukana kusuntha, motero kumawonjezera kukhuthala kwa dongosolo. Komabe, electrolyte ikachuluka, idzakhudza mapangidwe a micellar, kuchepetsa kukana kwa kayendetsedwe kake, ndi kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa dongosolo, zomwe zimatchedwa "salting out". Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa ma electrolyte omwe amawonjezedwa nthawi zambiri ndi 1% -2% mwa misa, ndipo amagwira ntchito limodzi ndi mitundu ina ya thickeners kuti dongosolo likhale lokhazikika.
1.1.2 Zakumwa zoledzeretsa, mafuta acids
Mafuta oledzeretsa ndi mafuta acids ndi zinthu za polar organic. Zolemba zina zimawawona ngati osagwiritsa ntchito ma nonionic chifukwa ali ndi magulu onse a lipophilic ndi magulu a hydrophilic. Kukhalapo kwa kachulukidwe kakang'ono kazinthu zachilengedwe kotereku kumakhudza kwambiri kugwedezeka kwapamtunda, omc ndi zinthu zina za surfactant, ndipo kukula kwake kumawonjezeka ndi kutalika kwa unyolo wa kaboni, nthawi zambiri paubwenzi wozungulira. Mfundo yake ndi yakuti mafuta oledzeretsa ndi mafuta acids amatha kuyika (kujowina) ma surfactant micelles kuti apititse patsogolo mapangidwe a micelles. Zotsatira za kugwirizana kwa haidrojeni pakati pa mitu ya polar) kumapangitsa kuti mamolekyu awiriwa apangidwe kwambiri pamtunda, zomwe zimasintha kwambiri katundu wa surfactant micelles ndikukwaniritsa zotsatira za thickening.
2. Gulu la thickeners
2.1 Nonionic SAA
2.1.1 Mchere wa Inorganic
Sodium kolorayidi, potaziyamu kolorayidi, ammonium kolorayidi, monoethanolamine kloride, diethanolamine kolorayidi, sodium sulfate, sodium mankwala, disodium mankwala ndi pentasodium triphosphate, etc.
2.1.2 Mowa wamafuta ndi mafuta acids
Mowa wa Lauryl, Mowa wa Myristyl, C12-15 Mowa, C12-16 Mowa, Decyl Mowa, Hexyl Mowa, Mowa wa Octyl, Mowa wa Cetyl, Mowa wa Stearyl, Mowa wa Behenyl, Lauric Acid, Lauric Acid, C18-Liceic Acid, C18-Liceic Acid, C18-3 , stearic acid, behenic acid, etc.
2.1.3 Alkanolamides
Coco Diethanolamide, Coco Monoethanolamide, Coco Monoisopropanolamide, Cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide, Isostearyl Diethanolamide, Linoleic Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamide, Palmamoil Diethanolamide, Palmethanomidi Monoe Noethanolamide, Sesame Diethanolamide, Soya Diethanolamide, Stearyl Diethanolamide, Stearin Monoethanolamide, stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, stearamide, tallow monoethanolamide, nyongolosi ya tirigu diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-50 tallow amide etc.
2.1.4 Ether
Cetyl polyoxyethylene (3) etha, isocetyl polyoxypropylene (10) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated Polyoxypropylene ether) (n=105, 318, 725, 28, 72, 31, 28, 72, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 28, 24). , 407), etc.
2.1.5 Esters
PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol) -3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n=6, 8, 12) Sera, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n= 3, 4, 8, 150) distearate, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate/cocoate, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n=28, 200) Glyceryl Shea Butter, PEG-7 Hydrogenated Castor Mafuta, PEG-40 Jojoba Mafuta, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n=8, 75) Stearate 10 , PEG-150/Decyl/SMDI Copolymer (Polyethylene Glycol-150/Decyl/Methacrylate Copolymer), PEG-150/Stearyl/SMDI Copolymer, PEG- 90. Isostearate, PEG-8PPG-3 Dilaurate, Cetyl8 Palmaita, Cetyl8 Palmi -36 Ethylene Glycol Acid, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, Propylene Glycol Stearate, Behenyl Ester, Cetyl Ester, Glyceryl Tribehenate, Glyceryl Trihydroxystearate, ndi zina zotero.
2.1.6 Amine oxide
Myristyl amine okusayidi, isostearyl aminopropyl amine okusayidi, kokonati mafuta aminopropyl amine okusayidi, tirigu nyongolosi aminopropyl amine okusayidi, soya aminopropyl amine okusayidi, PEG-3 lauryl amine okusayidi, etc.
2.2 Gender SAA
Cetyl Betaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, etc.
2.3 Anionic SAA
Potaziyamu oleate, potaziyamu stearate, etc.
2.4 Ma polima osungunuka ndi madzi
2.4.1 Ma cellulose
Ma cellulose, cellulose chingamu, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, formazan Base cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.
2.4.2 Polyoxyethylene
PEG-n (n=5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), ndi zina zotero.
2.4.3 Polyacrylic acid
Acrylates Acyl Acyl Acryte Groustmer, acghterc mer, Acrylates/Octadecane Ethoxy(20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/Ocaryl Ethoxy(50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate/VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Polyacrylic Acid), Sodium Acrylate/Vinyl isodecanoate crosslinked polima, Carbomer (polyacrylic salt yake) .
2.4.4 Labala lachilengedwe ndi zinthu zake zosinthidwa
Alginic acid ndi mchere wake (ammonium, calcium, potaziyamu), pectin, sodium hyaluronate, guar chingamu, cationic guar chingamu, hydroxypropyl guar chingamu, tragacanth chingamu, carrageenan ndi (calcium, sodium ) mchere, xanthan chingamu, sclerotin chingamu, etc.
2.4.5 Ma polima a Inorganic ndi zinthu zawo zosinthidwa
Magnesium aluminium silicate, silika, sodium magnesium silicate, hydrated silica, montmorillonite, sodium lithiamu magnesium silicate, hectorite, stearyl ammonium montmorillonite, stearyl ammonium hectorite, quaternary ammonium mchere -90 montmorillonite, quaternary ammonium quaternary ammonium, etc. .
2.4.6 Zina
PVM/MA decadiene crosspolymer (crosslinked polima wa polyvinyl methyl ether/methyl acrylate ndi decadiene), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), etc.
2.5 Ma Surfactants
2.5.1 Alkanolamides
Chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi coconut diethanolamide. Ma alkanolamides amagwirizana ndi ma electrolyte pakukhuthala ndipo amapereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri. Alkanolamides
The thickening mechanism ndi kugwirizana ndi anionic surfactant micelles kupanga madzi osakhala a Newtonian. Ma alkanolamides osiyanasiyana amasiyana kwambiri pakugwira ntchito, ndipo zotsatira zake zimakhalanso zosiyana zikagwiritsidwa ntchito payekha kapena kuphatikiza. Nkhani zina zimafotokoza za kukhuthala ndi kuchita thovu kwa ma alkanolamide osiyanasiyana. Posachedwapa, zanenedwa kuti alkanolamides ali ndi chiopsezo chopanga carcinogenic nitrosamines pamene amapangidwa kukhala zodzoladzola. Pakati pa zonyansa za alkanolamides pali amines aulere, omwe angakhale magwero a nitrosamines. Pakadali pano palibe malingaliro ovomerezeka ochokera kumakampani osamalira anthu ngati aletse ma alkanolamides muzodzola.
2.5.2 Ether
Pakupanga ndi mafuta a mowa polyoxyethylene etha sulfate (AES) monga chinthu chachikulu chogwira ntchito, mchere wokhawokha ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kusintha kukhuthala koyenera. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti izi zimachitika chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mowa wopanda sulphate mafuta ethoxylates mu AES, amene amathandiza kwambiri thickening wa surfactant yankho. Kafukufuku wozama adapeza kuti: pafupifupi digiri ya ethoxylation ndi pafupifupi 3EO kapena 10EO kuti agwire ntchito yabwino kwambiri. Komanso, thickening zotsatira za mafuta mowa ethoxylates ali ndi zambiri kuchita ndi kugawa m'lifupi mwa mowa osakhudzidwa ndi homologues zili mankhwala awo. Pamene kugawidwa kwa ma homolog ndikokulirakulira, kukhuthala kwa mankhwalawa kumakhala kocheperako, ndipo kufalikira kwa ma homologues kumachepa, ndiye kuti kufalikira kwamphamvu kumatha kupezeka.
2.5.3 Esters
Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi esters. Posachedwapa, PEG-8PPG-3 diisostearate, PEG-90 diisostearate ndi PEG-8PPG-3 dilaurate zanenedwa kunja. Mtundu woterewu wa thickener ndi wa non-ionic thickener, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu njira yamadzimadzi ya surfactant. Ma thickeners awa samapangidwa ndi hydrolyzed mosavuta ndipo amakhala ndi kukhuthala kokhazikika pa pH ndi kutentha kosiyanasiyana. Pakadali pano omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi PEG-150 distearate. Ma esters omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokhuthala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zolemera zazikulu zamamolekyulu, motero amakhala ndi zinthu zina zamagulu a polima. The thickening limagwirira ndi chifukwa mapangidwe atatu-dimensional hydration network mu amadzimadzi gawo, potero kuphatikiza surfactant micelles. Zosakaniza zoterezi zimakhala ngati emollients ndi moisturizers kuwonjezera pa ntchito monga thickeners mu zodzoladzola.
2.5.4 Amine oxides
Amine oxide ndi mtundu wa polar non-ionic surfactant, womwe umadziwika ndi: mu njira yamadzimadzi, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa pH mtengo wa yankho, umasonyeza zinthu zopanda ma ionic, komanso ukhoza kusonyeza mphamvu za ionic. Pansi pa ndale kapena zamchere, ndiye kuti, pamene pH ili yaikulu kuposa kapena yofanana ndi 7, amine oxide imakhalapo ngati hydrate yopanda ionized mu njira yamadzimadzi, kusonyeza kusakhala ndi ionicity. Mu acidic yankho, zimasonyeza ofooka cationicity. Pamene pH yankho ndi zosakwana 3, ndi cationicity wa okusayidi amine makamaka zoonekeratu, kotero izo zikhoza kugwira ntchito bwino ndi cationic, anionic, nonionic ndi zwitterionic surfactants pazikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana. Kugwirizana kwabwino ndikuwonetsa zotsatira za synergistic. Amine oxide ndi thickener wogwira mtima. Pamene pH ndi 6.4-7.5, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide imatha kupangitsa kukhuthala kwa pawiri kufika 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, pomwe alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxide Amines amatha kupanga kukhuthala kwapawiri mpaka 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, ndi kuwonjezera mchere kwa otsiriza sikungachepetse mamasukidwe akayendedwe.
2.5.5 Ena
Ma betain ndi sopo ochepa amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokhuthala (onani Gulu 1). Kukula kwawo kumafanana ndi mamolekyu ena ang'onoang'ono, ndipo onse amakwaniritsa kukhuthala kwawo polumikizana ndi ma micelles omwe amagwira ntchito pamtunda. Sopo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhuthala mu zodzoladzola za ndodo, ndipo betaine amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makina opangira madzi.
2.6 Madzi osungunuka a polima thickener
Makina okhuthala ndi ma polymeric thickeners ambiri samakhudzidwa ndi yankho la pH kapena kuchuluka kwa electrolyte. Kuphatikiza apo, ma polymer thickeners amafunikira ndalama zochepa kuti akwaniritse kukhuthala kofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, mankhwala amafuna surfactant thickener monga kokonati mafuta diethanolamide ndi misa gawo la 3.0%. Kuti mukwaniritse zomwezo, fiber 0.5% yokha ya polima wamba ndiyokwanira. Mankhwala ambiri osungunuka a polima osungunuka m'madzi samangogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokometsera m'makampani odzola, komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati oyimitsa, omwaza ndi makongoletsedwe.
2.6.1 Ma cellulose ether
Cellulose ether ndi thickener yothandiza kwambiri m'madzi opangira madzi ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana a zodzoladzola. Ma cellulose ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, zomwe zimakhala ndi mayunitsi a glucoside mobwerezabwereza, ndipo gawo lililonse la glucoside lili ndi magulu atatu a hydroxyl, omwe amapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Ma cellulose thickeners amakhuthala kudzera mu unyolo wotupa wa hydration, ndipo makina okhuthala a cellulose amawonetsa pseudoplastic rheological morphology. Chigawo chambiri chogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi pafupifupi 1%.
2.6.2 Polyacrylic acid
Patha zaka 40 kuchokera pamene Coodrich anabweretsa Carbomer934 pamsika mu 1953, ndipo tsopano pali zisankho zambiri zamtundu wa thickeners (onani Table 1). Pali njira ziwiri zokulirakulira za polyacrylic acid thickeners, zomwe ndi neutralization thickening ndi hydrogen bond thickening. Neutralization ndi thickening ndi neutralize asidi polyacrylic acid thickener kuti ionize mamolekyu ake ndi kupanga zoipa mlandu pa unyolo waukulu wa polima. Kukaniza pakati pa milandu yogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumalimbikitsa mamolekyu kuwongola ndikutsegula kuti apange maukonde. Kapangidwe amakwaniritsa thickening zotsatira; hydrogen bonding thickening ndikuti polyacrylic acid thickener imayamba kuphatikizidwa ndi madzi kupanga molekyulu ya hydration, kenako imaphatikizidwa ndi wopereka hydroxyl ndi gawo lalikulu la 10% -20% (monga kukhala ndi magulu 5 kapena kupitilira apo) Non-ionic surfactants) ophatikizidwa kuti asungunule mamolekyu opindika mumsewu wamadzi kuti apange maukonde kuti akwaniritse kukhuthala. Makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a pH, ma neutralizers osiyanasiyana komanso kupezeka kwa mchere wosungunuka kumakhudza kwambiri kukhuthala kwa dongosolo la thickening. Pamene pH mtengo uli wosakwana 5, kukhuthala kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa pH mtengo; pamene pH mtengo ndi 5-10, mamasukidwe akayendedwe pafupifupi osasintha; koma pamene mtengo wa pH ukupitilirabe, kukhuthala kumatsikanso. Ma ion a Monovalent amangochepetsa kukhuthala kwa dongosolo, pomwe ma ion a divalent kapena trivalent sangangowonda dongosolo, komanso amatulutsa mpweya wosasunthika pomwe zili zokwanira.
2.6.3 Labala lachilengedwe ndi zinthu zake zosinthidwa
Labala lachilengedwe limaphatikizapo kolajeni ndi ma polysaccharides, koma chingamu chachilengedwe chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chokhuthala chimakhala ndi ma polysaccharides (onani Gulu 1). The thickening limagwirira ndi kupanga atatu-dimensional hydration network dongosolo mwa kuyanjana kwa magulu atatu hydroxyl mu polysaccharide unit ndi mamolekyu amadzi, kuti akwaniritse thickening zotsatira. Mitundu ya rheological ya mayankho awo amadzimadzi nthawi zambiri si a Newtonian, koma mawonekedwe amadzimadzi amadzimadzi a Newtonian. Kukula kwawo nthawi zambiri kumakhudzana ndi mtengo wa pH, kutentha, ndende komanso kupezeka kwa ma solutes ena mudongosolo. Ichi ndi thickener yothandiza kwambiri, ndipo mlingo wamba ndi 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 Ma polima a Inorganic ndi zinthu zawo zosinthidwa
Ma inorganic polima thickeners nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magawo atatu osanjikiza kapena chowonjezera cha lattice. Mitundu iwiri yothandiza kwambiri pazamalonda ndi montmorillonite ndi hectorite. The thickening limagwirira ndi kuti pamene zolengedwa polima omwazika m'madzi, ayoni zitsulo mmenemo amasiyana ndi yopyapyala, monga hydration amapitirira, izo zimafufuma, ndipo potsiriza makhiristo lamellar ndi olekanitsidwa kotheratu, chifukwa mapangidwe anionic lamellar dongosolo lamellar. makhiristo. ndi ayoni zitsulo mu kuyimitsidwa mandala colloidal. Pachifukwa ichi, lamella imakhala ndi vuto lapamwamba, ndipo ngodya zake zimayimbidwa chifukwa cha ndege zowonongeka.
Nthawi yotumiza: Dec-26-2022