Rheology ndi Kugwirizana kwa HPMC/HPS Complex

Rheology ndi Kugwirizana kwaMtengo wa HPMC/HPSZovuta

Mawu ofunika: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; hydroxypropyl wowuma; rheological katundu; kuyanjana; kusintha kwa mankhwala.

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) ndi polysaccharide polima yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafilimu odyedwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazakudya ndi zamankhwala. Kanemayu ali ndi kuwonekera bwino, makina amakina komanso zotchinga mafuta. Komabe, HPMC ndi gel osakaniza ndi thermally, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusagwira bwino ntchito pa kutentha kochepa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri; Kuphatikiza apo, mtengo wake wamtengo wapatali umalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu kuphatikiza gawo lazamankhwala. Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) ndi zinthu zodyedwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazakudya ndi zamankhwala. Ili ndi magwero osiyanasiyana komanso mtengo wotsika. Ndizinthu zabwino zochepetsera mtengo wa HPMC. Komanso, ozizira gel osakaniza zimatha HPS akhoza kulinganiza mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi zina rheological katundu wa HPMC. , kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito yake yopangira pa kutentha kochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, filimu yodyera ya HPS ili ndi zotchinga zabwino kwambiri za okosijeni, kotero imatha kusintha kwambiri zotchinga mpweya wa HPMC filimu yodyera.

HPS idawonjezedwa mu HPMC kuti iphatikizidwe, ndipo HPMC/HPS yozizira komanso yotentha yosinthira gawo la gelisi idapangidwa. Lamulo lachikoka la katundu linakambidwa, njira yolumikizirana pakati pa HPS ndi HPMC mu njira yothetsera vutoli, kuyanjana ndi kusintha kwa gawo la kaphatikizidwe kamagulu kunakambidwa, ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa katundu wa rheological ndi mapangidwe a dongosolo lamagulu linakhazikitsidwa. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti dongosolo lamagulu lili ndi ndende yovuta kwambiri (8%), pansi pa ndende yovuta, HPMC ndi HPS zilipo muzitsulo zodziimira pawokha ndi zigawo; pamwamba pa ndende yovuta, gawo la HPS limapangidwa mu njira yothetsera gel osakaniza, Kapangidwe ka microgel, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kuphatikizika kwa unyolo wa ma cell a HPMC, kumawonetsa khalidwe lofanana ndi la polima kusungunuka. The rheological katundu wa pawiri dongosolo ndi pawiri chiŵerengero chikugwirizana ndi logarithmic chiŵerengero ulamuliro, ndi kusonyeza mlingo wina wa kupatuka zabwino ndi zoipa, kusonyeza kuti zigawo ziwirizi ndi bwino kugwilizana. Dongosolo la pawiri ndi gawo lopitilira-omwazikana gawo la "nyanja-chilumba" pamatenthedwe otsika, ndipo kusinthika kwagawo kosalekeza kumachitika pa 4: 6 ndi kuchepa kwa chiŵerengero cha HPMC / HPS.

Monga gawo lofunikira lazakudya, kulongedza chakudya kumatha kuletsa chakudya kuti chisawonongeke komanso kuipitsidwa ndi zinthu zakunja pakuyenda ndi kusungidwa, potero kukulitsa moyo wa alumali ndi nthawi yosungira chakudya. Monga mtundu watsopano wazinthu zopangira zakudya zomwe zili zotetezeka komanso zodyedwa, komanso zimakhala ndi zakudya zinazake, filimu yodyedwa imakhala ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito pakusunga ndi kusunga chakudya, chakudya chofulumira komanso makapisozi amankhwala, ndipo yakhala malo opangira kafukufuku pazakudya zamakono. minda yokhudzana ndi phukusi.

The HPMC/HPS kompositi nembanemba anakonzedwa ndi kuponya njira. Kugwirizana ndi kulekanitsa gawo la dongosolo lophatikizika linafufuzidwanso ndi kusanthula ma electron microscopy, dynamic thermomechanical property analysis and thermogravimetric analysis, ndi makina a nembanemba yamagulu anaphunzira. ndi mpweya permeability ndi zinthu zina nembanemba. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti palibe mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a magawo awiri omwe amapezeka muzithunzi za SEM zamakanema onse ophatikizika, pali gawo limodzi lokha losinthira magalasi muzotsatira za DMA zamakanema ambiri ophatikizika, ndipo nsonga imodzi yokha ya kuwonongeka kwamafuta imapezeka mumayendedwe a DTG. ambiri mwa mafilimu ophatikizika. HPMC ili ndi kuyanjana kwina ndi HPS. Kuphatikizika kwa HPS ku HPMC kumathandizira kwambiri zotchingira mpweya wa nembanemba yophatikizika. Kapangidwe ka nembanemba yophatikizika kumasiyana kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kuphatikizika ndi chinyezi chachilengedwe, ndikuwonetsa malo ophatikizika, omwe angapereke chiwongolero cha kukhathamiritsa kwazinthu pazofunikira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito.

The microscopic morphology, kugawa gawo, kusintha kwa gawo ndi ma microstructures ena a HPMC / HPS pawiri system adaphunziridwa ndi kusanthula kosavuta kwa ayodini opaka ma microscope, ndipo mawonekedwe owonekera ndi makina a makina apawiri adaphunziridwa ndi ultraviolet spectrophotometer ndi makina oyesa katundu. Ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe a microscopic morphological and macroscopic comprehensive performance of the HPMC/HPS compound system unakhazikitsidwa. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti pali ma mesophases ambiri mu dongosolo lamagulu, lomwe limakhala ndi mgwirizano wabwino. Pali gawo kusintha mfundo pawiri dongosolo, ndipo gawoli kusintha mfundo ali ena pawiri chiŵerengero ndi njira ndende kudalira. Malo otsika kwambiri a kuwonekera kwa makina apawiri amagwirizana ndi gawo losinthira gawo la HPMC kuchokera ku gawo lopitilira mpaka gawo lobalalika komanso malo ochepera a tensile modulus. The Young's modulus ndi elongation panthawi yopuma idachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa njira yothetsera vutoli, yomwe inali ndi chiyanjano ndi kusintha kwa HPMC kuchoka ku gawo lopitirira kupita ku gawo lobalalika.

Rheometer idagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza momwe kusintha kwamankhwala kwa HPS kumakhudzira mawonekedwe a rheological ndi katundu wa gel wa HPMC / HPS ozizira komanso otentha osinthika-gawo la gel osakaniza. Mphamvu ndi kusintha kwa gawo kunaphunziridwa, ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa microstructure ndi rheological ndi katundu wa gel unakhazikitsidwa. Zotsatira za kafukufuku zimasonyeza kuti hydroxypropylation ya HPS ikhoza kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa dongosolo la pawiri pa kutentha kochepa, kumapangitsa kuti madzi asamawonongeke, komanso kuchepetsa zochitika za kumeta ubweya wa ubweya; ndi hydroxypropylation wa HPS akhoza kupapatiza liniya mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri dongosolo. M'dera lotanuka, kutentha kwa gawo la HPMC / HPS kumachepetsedwa, ndipo khalidwe lolimba la dongosolo la pawiri pa kutentha kochepa komanso kutentha kwa madzi pa kutentha kwakukulu kumakhala bwino. HPMC ndi HPS kupanga mosalekeza magawo pa kutentha otsika ndi mkulu, motero, ndipo monga omwazika magawo kudziwa rheological katundu ndi gel osakaniza katundu dongosolo gulu pa kutentha ndi otsika. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa mapindikidwe a viscosity ya dongosolo lophatikizika ndi nsonga ya tan delta pa curve factor curve imawoneka pa 45 ° C, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zopitilirabe zomwe zimawonedwa mu ma micrograph okhala ndi ayodini pa 45 ° C.

Zotsatira za kusintha kwa mankhwala a HPS pamapangidwe a crystalline ndi mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a filimu yophatikizika anaphunziridwa ndi teknoloji ya synchrotron yaing'ono-angle X-ray, ndi makina, katundu wotchinga mpweya ndi kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa filimuyi. anaphunzira mwadongosolo chikoka cha kusintha kwa mankhwala dongosolo pawiri zigawo zikuluzikulu pa microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa pawiri kachitidwe. Zotsatira za cheza synchrotron anasonyeza kuti hydroxypropylation wa HPS ndi kusintha kwa ngakhale zigawo ziwiri akanakhoza kwambiri ziletsa recrystallization wa wowuma mu nembanemba ndi kulimbikitsa mapangidwe lotayirira kudziona ofanana dongosolo mu gulu nembanemba. The macroscopic katundu monga mechanical properties, kukhazikika kwa kutentha ndi mpweya permeability wa HPMC/HPS kompositi nembanemba zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mkati crystalline kapangidwe ndi amorphous dera dongosolo. Kuphatikizika kwa zotsatira ziwirizo.

Mutu Woyamba

Monga gawo lofunikira lazakudya, zida zoyikamo chakudya zimatha kuteteza chakudya ku kuwonongeka kwakuthupi, mankhwala ndi zachilengedwe komanso kuipitsidwa pakuyenda ndi kusungidwa, kukhalabe ndi chakudya chokha, kuwongolera kudya, ndikuwonetsetsa chakudya. Kusungirako ndi kusunga kwa nthawi yayitali, ndikupereka mawonekedwe a chakudya kuti akope kudya ndikupeza mtengo woposa mtengo wazinthu [1-4]. Monga mtundu watsopano wazinthu zopangira zakudya zomwe zili zotetezeka komanso zodyedwa, komanso zimakhala ndi zakudya zinazake, filimu yodyedwa imakhala ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito pakusunga ndi kusunga chakudya, chakudya chofulumira komanso makapisozi amankhwala, ndipo yakhala malo opangira kafukufuku pazakudya zamakono. minda yokhudzana ndi phukusi.

Makanema odyedwa ndi makanema okhala ndi ma netiweki a porous, omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka pokonza ma polima achilengedwe. Ma polima ambiri achilengedwe omwe amapezeka m'chilengedwe amakhala ndi zinthu za gel, ndipo njira zawo zamadzimadzi zimatha kupanga ma hydrogel pansi pazifukwa zina, monga ma polysaccharides achilengedwe, mapuloteni, lipids, ndi zina zambiri. Ma polysaccharides achilengedwe monga wowuma ndi mapadi, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo apadera a molekyulu a helix yayitali komanso mawonekedwe okhazikika amankhwala, amatha kukhala oyenera kwa nthawi yayitali komanso malo osungiramo zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndipo adaphunziridwa kwambiri ngati zida zopangira filimu. Mafilimu odyedwa opangidwa kuchokera ku polysaccharide imodzi nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi malire pakuchita. Choncho, pofuna kuthetsa malire a mafilimu amodzi a polysaccharide edible, kupeza katundu wapadera kapena kupanga ntchito zatsopano, kuchepetsa mitengo yamtengo wapatali, ndikuwonjezera ntchito zawo, nthawi zambiri mitundu iwiri ya polysaccharides imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kapena ma polysaccharides achilengedwe omwe ali pamwambawa amaphatikizidwa kuti akwaniritse zotsatira zake. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa ma cell a ma polima pakati pa ma polima osiyanasiyana, pali conformational entropy, ndipo ma polima ambiri amagwirizana pang'ono kapena osagwirizana. Gawo la morphology ndi kuyanjana kwa polima zovuta zimatsimikizira zomwe zili ndi zinthu zophatikizika. The deformation ndi otaya mbiri pa processing ali ndi zotsatira kwambiri pa dongosolo. Choncho, macroscopic katundu monga rheological katundu wa polima zovuta dongosolo amaphunzira. Kugwirizana pakati pa mapangidwe a microscopic morphological monga gawo la morphology ndi kuyanjana ndikofunikira pakuwongolera magwiridwe antchito, kusanthula ndi kusinthidwa kwa zida zophatikizika, ukadaulo wokonza, kutsogolera kapangidwe ka fomula ndikukonza makina, ndikuwunika momwe amapangira. Kagwiridwe ka ntchito ka zinthu ndi kakulidwe ndi kagwiritsidwe ka zinthu zatsopano za polima ndizofunika kwambiri.

M'mutu uno, momwe kafukufukuyu akuyendera komanso momwe kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazinthu zamakanema zodyedwa zikuwunikiridwa mwatsatanetsatane; momwe kafukufuku wa ma hydrogel achilengedwe; cholinga ndi njira yophatikizira polima ndi kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa polysaccharide kuphatikiza; njira yofufuzira ya rheological yophatikizira dongosolo; Makhalidwe a rheological ndi kapangidwe kachitsanzo ka gel oziziritsa komanso otentha amawunikidwa ndikukambidwa, komanso kufunikira kwa kafukufuku, cholinga chofufuza komanso kafukufuku wazomwe zili pamapepala.

1.1 Filimu yodyera

Filimu yodyera imatanthawuza kuwonjezera kwa plasticizers ndi othandizira olumikizana nawo pogwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zodyedwa (monga ma polysaccharides, lipids, mapuloteni), kudzera pakuphatikizana, kutenthetsa, kupaka, kuyanika, etc. Filimuyo yokhala ndi porous network kapangidwe ka mankhwala . Ikhoza kupereka ntchito zosiyanasiyana monga chotchinga katundu selectable kwa mpweya, chinyezi, nkhani ndi kunja zoipa zinthu, kuti kuwongolera khalidwe zomverera ndi kapangidwe mkati chakudya, ndi kutalikitsa nthawi yosungirako kapena alumali moyo wa mankhwala chakudya .

1.1.1 Mbiri Yachitukuko ya Mafilimu Odyera

Kukula kwa filimu yodyedwa kungayambike m'zaka za zana la 12 ndi 13. Panthawiyo, anthu a ku China ankagwiritsa ntchito njira yosavuta yopaka phula kuti adye zipatso za citrus ndi mandimu, zomwe zimachepetsa kutayika kwa madzi mu zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, kotero kuti zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zinakhalabe ndi kuwala kwawo koyambirira, motero zimatalikitsa moyo wa alumali wa zipatso ndi masamba. masamba, koma mopitirira muyeso kulepheretsa kupuma kwa aerobic kwa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zipatso zisawonongeke. M'zaka za zana la 15, anthu aku Asia anali atayamba kale kupanga filimu yodyedwa kuchokera ku mkaka wa soya, ndikuigwiritsa ntchito kuteteza chakudya ndikuwonjezera mawonekedwe a chakudya [20]. M'zaka za m'ma 1500, anthu a ku Britain ankagwiritsa ntchito mafuta kuti aphimbe pamalo a chakudya kuti achepetse kutaya kwa chinyezi. M'zaka za m'ma 1800, sucrose idagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba ngati zokutira zodyedwa pa mtedza, ma almond ndi ma hazelnuts kuti ateteze oxidation ndi rancidity pakusungidwa. M'zaka za m'ma 1830, mafilimu a parafini osungunuka amalonda ankawonekera pa zipatso monga maapulo ndi mapeyala. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1800, mafilimu a gelatin amapopera pamwamba pa nyama ndi zakudya zina kuti asunge chakudya. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, sera ya carnauba, ndi zina zotero, idapangidwa kukhala ma emulsion amafuta am'madzi kuti azipaka ndi kusunga zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, kafukufuku wa mafilimu odyedwa ogwiritsidwa ntchito pa nyama anayamba kukula, ndipo chitsanzo chochuluka komanso chopambana ndi mankhwala a enema opangidwa kuchokera m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono a nyama kukhala matumba.

Kuyambira m'ma 1950, tinganene kuti lingaliro la kanema wodyedwa langoperekedwa kwenikweni. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ofufuza ambiri akhala ndi chidwi kwambiri ndi mafilimu odyedwa. Mu 1991, Nisperes anapaka carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) kuti aphike ndi kusunga nthochi ndi zipatso zina, kupuma kwa zipatso kunachepetsedwa, ndipo kutaya kwa chlorophyll kunachedwa. Park et al. mu 1994 inanena za zotchinga zotchinga filimu ya zein ku O2 ndi CO2, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti madzi atayike, kufota ndi kusinthika kwa tomato. Mu 1995, Lourdin adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya alkaline kuti athetse wowuma, ndikuwonjezera glycerin kuti avale sitiroberi kuti akhale mwatsopano, zomwe zimachepetsa kutayika kwamadzi kwa sitiroberi ndikuchedwa kuwonongeka. Baberjee bwino edible filimu katundu mu 1996 ndi yaying'ono-liquefaction ndi akupanga mankhwala a filimu kupanga madzi, kotero tinthu kukula kwa filimu kupanga madzi anali kwambiri yafupika ndi homogeneous bata la emulsion anali bwino . Mu 1998, Padegett et al. anawonjezera lysozyme kapena nisin ku soya mapuloteni edible filimu ndi ntchito kukulunga chakudya, ndipo anapeza kuti kukula kwa lactic acid mabakiteriya mu chakudya anali bwino oletsedwa [30]. Mu 1999, Yin Qinghong et al. anagwiritsa ntchito sera ya njuchi kuti apange filimu yophimba filimu kuti asungidwe ndi kusunga maapulo ndi zipatso zina, zomwe zingalepheretse kupuma, kuteteza kuchepa ndi kuwonda, ndi kuletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.

Kwa zaka zambiri, mikombero yophikira chimanga yoyika ayisikilimu, mapepala ampunga opaka maswiti, ndi zikopa za tofu za mbale za nyama ndizotengera zomwe zimadyedwa. Koma malonda a mafilimu odyedwa anali kulibe mu 1967, ndipo ngakhale kusunga zipatso zokutidwa ndi sera kunalibe ntchito yocheperako pamalonda. Mpaka 1986, makampani angapo anayamba kupereka zinthu zodyedwa zamafilimu, ndipo pofika 1996, chiwerengero cha makampani opanga mafilimu chinali chitakula kufika pa 600. Pakali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito filimu yodyedwa posunga zosungiramo zakudya kwakhala kukuchulukirachulukira. ndalama zapachaka zopitirira madola 100 miliyoni aku US .

1.1.2 Makhalidwe ndi mitundu yamakanema odyedwa

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wofunikira, filimu yodyera ili ndi ubwino wotsatirawu: filimu yodyera imatha kulepheretsa kuchepa ndi kuwonongeka kwa zakudya zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha kusamuka kwa zakudya zosiyanasiyana; zigawo zina zamakanema zodyedwa zokha zimakhala ndi zakudya zapadera komanso ntchito yaumoyo; filimu yodyedwa ili ndi katundu wotchinga CO2, O2 ndi mpweya wina; filimu edible angagwiritsidwe ntchito mayikirowevu, kuphika, chakudya chokazinga ndi mankhwala filimu ndi ❖ kuyanika; edible filimu angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati antioxidants ndi preservatives ndi zonyamulira zina, potero kukulitsa alumali moyo wa chakudya; edible filimu angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chonyamulira colorants ndi zakudya zolimbitsa thupi, etc., kupititsa patsogolo chakudya ndi kusintha katundu kumva chakudya; filimu yodyedwa ndi yotetezeka komanso yodyedwa, ndipo imatha kudyedwa pamodzi ndi chakudya; Makanema onyamula odyeka amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kulongedza zakudya zazing'ono kapena magawo ang'onoang'ono azakudya, ndikupanga zophatikizira zamitundu ingapo ndi zida zamapaketi azikhalidwe, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zotchinga zonse ziziyenda bwino.

Chifukwa chomwe edible ma CD mafilimu ali pamwamba zinchito katundu makamaka zochokera mapangidwe ena azithunzi-thunzi maukonde dongosolo mkati mwawo, motero kusonyeza mphamvu zina ndi zotchinga katundu . Zomwe zimagwira ntchito za filimu yopangira ma CD zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zomwe zili ndi zigawo zake, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ma polima amkati, kufananiza ndi kachulukidwe kakapangidwe ka maukonde kumakhudzidwanso ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira filimu. Pali kusiyana koonekeratu pamachitidwe [15, 35]. Mafilimu odyeka amakhalanso ndi zinthu zina monga kusungunuka, mtundu, kuwonekera, ndi zina zotero. Zida zopangira filimu zoyenerera zikhoza kusankhidwa molingana ndi malo osiyanasiyana ogwiritsira ntchito komanso kusiyana kwa zinthu zomwe ziyenera kuikidwa.

Malingana ndi njira yopangira filimu yodyera, ikhoza kugawidwa m'mafilimu ndi zokutira: (1) Mafilimu odziimira okha omwe amakonzekera nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mafilimu . (2) Nsanjika yopyapyala yomwe imapangidwa pamwamba pa chakudya pogwiritsa ntchito kupaka, kuviika, ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa imatchedwa kupaka . Mafilimu amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazakudya zokhala ndi zosakaniza zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimafunika kupakidwa payekhapayekha (monga mapaketi a zokometsera ndi mapaketi amafuta muzakudya zosavuta), zakudya zokhala ndi chophatikizira chomwechi koma ziyenera kupakidwa padera (monga mapaketi ang'onoang'ono a khofi, ufa wa mkaka), etc.), ndi mankhwala kapena mankhwala. Kapisozi zakuthupi; ❖ kuyanika amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofuna kuteteza zakudya zatsopano monga zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, nyama, kupaka mankhwala osokoneza bongo komanso kusonkhanitsa ma microcapsules omasuka.

Malinga ndi zinthu zomwe zimapanga filimu yopangira filimu yodyera, imatha kugawidwa kukhala: filimu yodyera ya polysaccharide, filimu yodyera yamapuloteni, filimu yodyera ya lipid, filimu yodyera ya microbial ndi filimu yodyera.

1.1.3 Kugwiritsa ntchito filimu yodyedwa

Monga mtundu watsopano wa zinthu zopangira chakudya zomwe zimakhala zotetezeka komanso zodyedwa, komanso zimakhala ndi zakudya zina, filimu yodyera imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makampani ogulitsa zakudya, malo ogulitsa mankhwala, kusunga ndi kusunga zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, kukonza ndi kusunga. za nyama ndi zinthu za m’madzi, kupanga chakudya chofulumira, ndi kupanga mafuta. Imakhala ndi chiyembekezo chogwiritsa ntchito posunga zakudya monga maswiti okazinga.

1.1.3.1 Kugwiritsa ntchito popaka chakudya

Njira yothetsera filimuyi imaphimbidwa pa chakudya chomwe chiyenera kuikidwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kupaka, kuviika, ndi zina zotero, kuteteza kulowa kwa chinyezi, mpweya ndi zinthu zonunkhira, zomwe zingathe kuchepetsa kutayika kwa ma CD ndi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha zigawo zonyamula. ; kuchepetsa kwambiri wosanjikiza wakunja wa chakudya Kuvuta kwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za ma CD apulasitiki kumathandizira kukonzanso ndi kukonza, ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe; umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ma CD osiyana a zigawo zina za zakudya zamagulu ambiri kuti achepetse kusamuka kwapakati pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana, potero kuchepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe. Chepetsani kuwonongeka kwa chakudya kapena kuchepa kwa chakudya. Kanema wodyedwa amakonzedwa mwachindunji kukhala mapepala oyikapo kapena matumba onyamula chakudya, zomwe sizimangokwaniritsa chitetezo, ukhondo komanso kusavuta, komanso zimachepetsa kupsinjika kwa kuipitsidwa koyera pa chilengedwe.

Pogwiritsa ntchito chimanga, soya ndi tirigu monga zopangira zazikulu, mafilimu onga mapepala amatha kukonzedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito poyikapo soseji ndi zakudya zina. Akagwiritsidwa ntchito, ngakhale atatayidwa m'malo achilengedwe, amatha kuwonongeka ndipo amatha kusinthidwa kukhala feteleza wadothi kuti nthaka ikhale yabwino. . Pogwiritsa ntchito wowuma, chitosan ndi nyemba za nyemba monga zida zazikulu, mapepala ophikira odyedwa amatha kukonzedwa kuti azinyamula zakudya zofulumira monga Zakudyazi zofulumira komanso zokazinga za ku France, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta, zotetezeka komanso zotchuka kwambiri; Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira zokometsera, soups olimba Kuyika zakudya zosavuta monga zopangira, zomwe zimatha kuphikidwa mwachindunji mumphika zikagwiritsidwa ntchito, zimatha kuteteza kuipitsidwa kwa chakudya, kuonjezera zakudya zopatsa thanzi, komanso kumathandizira kuyeretsa . Mapeyala owuma, mbatata, ndi mpunga wosweka amafufutidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala ma polysaccharides, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga zida zomangira zamkati zomwe zimakhala zopanda utoto komanso zowonekera, zokhala ndi zotchinga zabwino za okosijeni komanso zida zamakina, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka ufa wa mkaka. , mafuta a saladi ndi zinthu zina [19]. Pazakudya zankhondo, zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito, zotengera zachikhalidwe za pulasitiki zimatayidwa m'malo okhala ndikukhala cholembera cha adani, zomwe zimakhala zosavuta kuwulula komwe kuli. Muzakudya zapadera zamitundu yambiri monga pitsa, makeke, ketchup, ayisikilimu, yoghurt, makeke ndi zokometsera, zopangira pulasitiki sizingawonjezedwe mwachindunji kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo filimu yonyamula yodyera ikuwonetsa zabwino zake zapadera, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwamagulu a Fractional. kusuntha kwa zinthu zokometsera kumapangitsa kuti zinthu zikhale bwino komanso kukongola [21]. Kanema wazonyamula zodyedwa atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza chakudya cha microwave cha batter system. Zakudya za nyama, masamba, tchizi ndi zipatso zimayikidwa kale popopera mbewu mankhwalawa, kumiza kapena kutsuka, ndi zina zotere, zowumitsidwa ndikusungidwa, ndipo zimangofunika kuziyika mu microwave kuti zimwe.

Ngakhale kuti pali mapepala ndi matumba ochepa omwe amagulitsidwa, ma patent ambiri adalembetsedwa pakupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zingathe edible . Akuluakulu oyang'anira zakudya ku France avomereza chikwama chonyamula chamakampani chotchedwa "SOLUPAN", chomwe chili ndi hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, starch ndi sodium sorbate, ndipo chikupezeka pamalonda.

1.1.3.2 Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mankhwala

Gelatin, zotumphukira za cellulose, wowuma ndi chingamu chodyera zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzekera zipolopolo zofewa komanso zolimba za kapisozi zamankhwala ndi zinthu zathanzi, zomwe zimatha kuwonetsetsa kuti mankhwala ndi zinthu zathanzi zimakhala zotetezeka komanso zodyedwa; Mankhwala ena amakhala ndi kukoma kowawa, komwe kumakhala kovuta kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi odwala. Mafilimu ovomerezeka, odyedwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zokutira zokometsera za mankhwalawa; ma polima ena a enteric polima samasungunuka m'mimba (pH 1.2) chilengedwe, koma amasungunuka m'matumbo (pH 6.8) ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito popaka matumbo a Sustained-release drug; Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati chonyamulira cha mankhwala chandamale.

Blanco-Fernandez et al. anakonza filimu yopangidwa ndi chitosan acetylated monoglyceride ndikuigwiritsa ntchito potulutsa antioxidant ntchito ya vitamini E, ndipo zotsatira zake zinali zodabwitsa. Zida zonyamula za nthawi yayitali za antioxidant. Zhang et al. kusakaniza wowuma ndi gelatin, kuwonjezera polyethylene glycol plasticizer, ndi ntchito chikhalidwe. Makapisozi olimba a dzenje adakonzedwa ndi kuviika kwa filimu yophatikizika, ndipo kuwonekera, makina amakina, katundu wa hydrophilic ndi mawonekedwe a gawo la filimu yophatikizika adaphunzira. zinthu zabwino kapisozi [52]. Lal et al. Anapanga kafirin kukhala chophikira chodyera chopaka mkati mwa makapisozi a paracetamol, ndipo adaphunzira zamakina, matenthedwe, katundu wotchinga ndi kutulutsa mankhwala kwa filimu yodyera. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti ❖ kuyanika manyuchi Osiyanasiyana makapisozi olimba gliadin filimu sanali wosweka m'mimba, koma anatulutsa mankhwala m'matumbo pa pH 6.8. Paik ndi al. anakonza HPMC phthalate particles wokutidwa ndi indomethacin, ndi kupopera edible filimu kupanga madzi a HPMC pamwamba pa tinthu ting'onoting'ono mankhwala, ndipo anaphunzira mankhwala entrapment mlingo, pafupifupi tinthu kukula kwa tinthu particles mankhwala, edible filimu zotsatira anasonyeza kuti HPMCN TACHIMATA. Indomethacin pakamwa mankhwala amatha kukwaniritsa cholinga chobisa kukoma kowawa kwa mankhwalawa ndikutsata kuperekera mankhwala. Oladzadabbasabadi et al. blended kusinthidwa sago wowuma ndi carrageenan kukonzekera edible gulu filimu m'malo mwa makapisozi gelatin chikhalidwe, ndipo anaphunzira kuyanika kwake kinetics, thermomechanical properties, physicochemical properties ndi zotchinga katundu, Zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti gulu edible filimu ali ndi katundu wofanana gelatin ndipo akhoza. kugwiritsidwa ntchito popanga makapisozi amankhwala.

1.1.3.3 Kugwiritsa ntchito posunga zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba

Mu zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba mutatha kutola, zochita za biochemical ndi kupuma zikupitirirabe mwamphamvu, zomwe zidzafulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo n'zosavuta kuchititsa kuti chinyezi mu zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba chiwonongeke, zomwe zimabweretsa khalidwe la mkati, zimakhala ndi kumverera katundu wa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. kuchepa. Choncho, kusunga kwakhala nkhani yofunika kwambiri pa kusunga ndi kunyamula zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba; njira zotetezera zachikale zilibe mphamvu zoteteza komanso zokwera mtengo. Kuteteza kutetezedwa kwa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yosungira kutentha m'chipinda. Madzi opangidwa ndi filimu amakutidwa pamwamba pa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, zomwe zimatha kuteteza tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchepetsa kupuma, kutaya madzi ndi kutayika kwa michere ya zipatso ndi masamba, kuchepetsa kukalamba kwa thupi la zipatso ndi masamba, ndi kusunga zipatso ndi masamba minyewa Yoyamba yonenepa komanso yosalala. Maonekedwe onyezimira, kuti akwaniritse cholinga chokhala mwatsopano ndikutalikitsa nthawi yosungira. Anthu aku America amagwiritsa ntchito acetyl monoglyceride ndi tchizi wotengedwa m'mafuta a masamba monga zida zazikulu zopangira filimu yodyera, ndikuigwiritsa ntchito podula zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba kuti zikhale zatsopano, kupewa kutaya madzi m'thupi, browning ndi kuwukiridwa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kotero kuti zitha kusungidwa kwanthawi yayitali. nthawi yayitali. Dziko latsopano . Dziko la Japan limagwiritsa ntchito zinyalala za silika ngati zopangira popanga filimu yosunga mbatata, yomwe imatha kusungidwa mwatsopano mofanana ndi kusungirako kuzizira. Anthu aku America amagwiritsa ntchito mafuta a masamba ndi zipatso ngati zida zazikulu zopangira ❖ kuyanika, ndikusunga zipatso zodulidwazo mwatsopano, ndipo adapeza kuti zotetezazo ndizabwino.

Marquez ndi al. adagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni a whey ndi pectin ngati zida zopangira, ndikuwonjezera glutaminase kuti agwirizane kuti akonze filimu yodyera yophatikiza, yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuvala maapulo odulidwa mwatsopano, tomato ndi kaloti, zomwe zimatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kuwonda. , amalepheretsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamwamba pa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, ndikutalikitsa moyo wa alumali pamaziko a kusunga kukoma ndi kukoma kwa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Shi Lei et al. mphesa zokutidwa ndi filimu yodyera ya chitosan, yomwe ingachepetse kuwonda ndi kuola kwa mphesa, kusunga mtundu ndi kuwala kwa mphesa, ndikuchedwetsa kuwonongeka kwa zolimba zosungunuka. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitosan, sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose ndi polyacrylate monga zopangira, Liu et al. okonzeka edible mafilimu ndi multilayer ❖ kuyanika kwa mwatsopano kusunga zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, ndipo anaphunzira morphology awo, madzi solubility, etc. Sun Qingshen et al. anaphunzira gulu filimu ya soya mapuloteni kudzipatula, amene ntchito kuteteza strawberries, amene kwambiri kuchepetsa kutuluka kwa strawberries, ziletsa awo kupuma, ndi kuchepetsa mlingo wa zowola zipatso . Ferreira et al. Anagwiritsa ntchito ufa wotsalira wa zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndi ufa wa mbatata pokonzekera filimu yodyera, kuphunzira kusungunuka kwamadzi ndi makina a filimu yophatikizika, ndikugwiritsa ntchito njira yokutira kuti asunge hawthorn. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti alumali moyo wa hawthorn unali wautali. 50%, kuchuluka kwa kuwonda kunatsika ndi 30-57%, ndipo organic acid ndi chinyezi sizinasinthe kwambiri. Fu Xiaowei et al. anaphunzira kusungidwa kwa tsabola watsopano ndi chitosan edible film, ndipo zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti zingathe kuchepetsa kwambiri kupuma kwa tsabola watsopano panthawi yosungiramo ndikuchedwetsa kukalamba kwa tsabola . Navarro-Tarazaga et al. anagwiritsa ntchito phula losinthidwa la HPMC filimu yodyera kuti asunge plums. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti phula likhoza kupititsa patsogolo mpweya ndi chinyezi chotchinga katundu ndi makina opanga mafilimu a HPMC. Kulemera kwa ma plums kunachepetsedwa kwambiri, kufewetsa ndi kutuluka kwa magazi kwa chipatso panthawi yosungirako kunasinthidwa, ndipo nthawi yosungiramo ma plums inali yaitali . Tang Liying et al. adagwiritsa ntchito njira ya alkali ya shellac posintha wowuma, adakonza filimu yodyera, ndikuwerenga filimu yake; nthawi yomweyo, kugwiritsa ntchito madzi ake opangira filimu kuti aphimbe mango kuti akhale atsopano amatha kuchepetsa kupuma Zingathe kulepheretsa zochitika za browning panthawi yosungiramo, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa thupi ndikutalikitsa nthawi yosungirako .

1.1.3.4 Kugwiritsa ntchito pokonza ndi kusunga nyama

Zakudya za nyama zokhala ndi michere yambiri komanso ntchito zamadzi ochulukirapo zimalowetsedwa mosavuta ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tikamakonza, kunyamula, kusungirako ndikugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa mdima wamtundu ndi okosijeni wamafuta ndi kuwonongeka kwina. Pofuna kutalikitsa nthawi yosungirako ndi alumali moyo wa mankhwala nyama, m`pofunika kuyesa ziletsa ntchito michere mu mankhwala nyama ndi kuwukiridwa kwa tizilombo padziko, ndi kupewa kuwonongeka kwa mtundu ndi fungo chifukwa cha makutidwe ndi okosijeni mafuta. Pakalipano, kusunga mafilimu odyedwa ndi imodzi mwa njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri posungira nyama kunyumba ndi kunja. Poyerekeza ndi njira yachikhalidwe, zikuwoneka kuti kuwukira kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kuchuluka kwamafuta oxidative ndi kutayika kwa madzi kwasinthidwa kwambiri muzakudya zanyama zomwe zimayikidwa mufilimu yodyedwa, ndipo mtundu wazinthu za nyama wakula kwambiri. Nthawi ya alumali ikuwonjezedwa.

Kafukufuku wokhudza filimu yodyedwa yazanyama idayamba chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, ndipo njira yabwino kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito inali filimu yodyera ya collagen, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ndi kukonza soseji. Emiroglu ndi al. anawonjezera mafuta a sesame ku soya mapuloteni edible filimu kupanga antibacterial filimu, ndipo anaphunzira ake antibacterial zotsatira pa mazira mazira. Zotsatira zake zinawonetsa kuti filimu ya antibacterial imatha kuletsa kwambiri kubereka ndi kukula kwa Staphylococcus aureus. Wook et al. adakonza filimu yodyera ya proanthocyanidin ndikuigwiritsa ntchito kuvala nkhumba yafiriji kuti ikhale yatsopano. Mtundu, pH, mtengo wa TVB-N, thiobarbituric acid ndi chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a nkhumba za nkhumba pambuyo pa kusungidwa kwa masiku a 14 anaphunzira. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti filimu yodyera ya proanthocyanidins imatha kuchepetsa mapangidwe a thiobarbituric acid, kupewa kuwonongeka kwamafuta acid, kuchepetsa kuukira ndi kuberekana kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pamwamba pazakudya za nyama, kumapangitsa kuti nyama ikhale yabwino, ndikutalikitsa nthawi yosungira, alumali moyo . Jiang Shaotong et al. Anawonjezera tiyi polyphenols ndi allicin ku wowuma-sodium alginate gulu nembanemba njira, ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito kusunga kutsitsimuka kwa ozizira nkhumba, amene akhoza kusungidwa pa 0-4 °C kwa masiku oposa 19. Cartagena et al. lipoti la antibacterial zotsatira za collagen edible filimu yowonjezeredwa ndi nisin antimicrobial agent pakusunga magawo a nkhumba, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti filimu yodyera ya kolajeni imatha kuchepetsa kusuntha kwachinyontho cha magawo a nkhumba afiriji, kuchedwetsa kutulutsa kwa nyama, ndikuwonjezera 2 Filimu ya kolajeni yokhala ndi% nisin inali ndi zoteteza bwino kwambiri. Wang Rui et al. adaphunzira kusintha kwa sodium alginate, chitosan ndi carboxymethyl fiber poyerekezera pH, kusakhazikika kwa nayitrogeni, redness ndi kuchuluka kwamagulu ang'ombe mkati mwa masiku 16 osungidwa. Mitundu itatu ya mafilimu odyedwa a vitamini sodium amagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga kutsitsimuka kwa ng'ombe yozizira. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti filimu yodyedwa ya sodium alginate inali ndi mphamvu yoteteza mwatsopano. Caprioli et al. Anakulunga bere la Turkey lophika ndi filimu yodyera ya sodium casinate ndikuyiyika mufiriji pa 4 °C. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti sodium caseinate edible film akhoza kuchepetsa Turkey nyama mu firiji. wa rancidity .

1.1.3.5 Kugwiritsa ntchito posungira zinthu zam'madzi

Kutsika kwabwino kwa zinthu zam'madzi kumawonekera makamaka pakuchepetsa chinyezi chaulere, kuwonongeka kwa kukoma komanso kuwonongeka kwa kapangidwe kazinthu zam'madzi. Kuwola kwa zinthu zam'madzi, makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kusinthika kwamadzi komanso kumwa kowuma komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kuukira kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndizinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe zimakhudza moyo wa alumali wazinthu zam'madzi. Kusungirako madzi oundana ndi njira yodziwika bwino yosungiramo zinthu zam'madzi, koma padzakhalanso kuwonongeka kwamtundu wina panthawiyi, komwe kumakhala koopsa kwambiri kwa nsomba zam'madzi.

Kusungirako mafilimu odyedwa a zinthu zam'madzi kunayamba chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 ndipo tsopano kwagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Kanema wodyedwa amatha kusunga bwino zinthu zam'madzi zowundana, kuchepetsa kutaya kwa madzi, komanso kuphatikizidwa ndi ma antioxidants kuti apewe okosijeni wamafuta, potero kukwaniritsa cholinga chokulitsa moyo wa alumali ndi moyo wa alumali. Meenatchisundaram et al. Anakonza filimu yodyera yopangidwa ndi wowuma pogwiritsa ntchito wowuma ngati matrix ndikuwonjezera zokometsera monga clove ndi sinamoni, ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito posunga shrimp yoyera. The zotsatira anasonyeza kuti edible wowuma filimu akhoza bwino ziletsa kukula kwa tizilombo, m'mbuyo mafuta makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kutalikitsa alumali moyo wa firiji woyera shirimpu pa 10 °C ndi 4 °C anali yaitali 14 ndi 12 masiku, motero . Cheng Yuanyuan ndi ena adaphunzira zosungirako madzi a pullulan ndikuchita nsomba zam'madzi. Kuteteza kungathe kulepheretsa kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, kuchepetsa makutidwe ndi okosijeni a nsomba zomanga thupi ndi mafuta, ndi kuteteza kwambiri. Yunus et al. nsomba ya utawaleza yokutidwa ndi filimu yodyera ya gelatin pomwe mafuta ofunikira a tsamba la bay anawonjezedwa, ndikuphunzira momwe amasungira mufiriji pa 4 ° C. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti filimu yodyera ya gelatin inali yothandiza kusunga mtundu wa trout kwa masiku 22. kwa nthawi yayitali . Wang Siwei et al. adagwiritsa ntchito sodium alginate, chitosan ndi CMC ngati zida zazikulu, adawonjezera asidi wa stearic pokonzekera madzi afilimu odyedwa, ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito kuti aphimbe Penaeus vannamei kuti atsitsimuke. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti filimu yophatikizika ya CMC ndi chitosan Madziwo amakhala ndi chitetezo chabwino ndipo amatha kuwonjezera moyo wa alumali pafupifupi masiku awiri. Yang Shengping ndi ena amagwiritsa ntchito chitosan-tiyi polyphenol edible filimu firiji ndi kuteteza hairtail mwatsopano, amene angalepheretse kuberekana kwa mabakiteriya pamwamba hairtail, kuchedwetsa mapangidwe osakhazikika hydrochloric acid, ndi kukulitsa alumali moyo wa hairtail kuti. pafupifupi masiku 12 .

1.1.3.6 Kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zokazinga

Chakudya chokazinga kwambiri ndi chakudya chodziwika bwino chokonzekera kudya chomwe chimakhala ndi zotsatira zambiri. Amakulungidwa ndi polysaccharide ndi filimu yodyera yamapuloteni, yomwe ingalepheretse kusintha kwa mtundu wa chakudya panthawi yokazinga ndikuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta. kulowa kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi [80]. Kupaka chakudya chokazinga ndi chingamu cha gellan kungachepetse kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi 35% -63%, monga pokazinga sashimi, kumatha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi 63%; mukakazinga tchipisi ta mbatata, zitha kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi 35% -63%. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta ndi 60%, etc. [81].

Singhong et al. adapanga mafilimu odyedwa a polysaccharides monga sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose ndi pectin, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka tinthu tating'ono ta nthochi yokazinga, ndipo adaphunzira kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe amafuta pambuyo pokazinga. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti pectin ndi carboxyl Zingwe za nthochi zokazinga zomwe zidakutidwa ndi methylcellulose zidawonetsa kumveka bwino, komwe filimu yodyera ya pectin idathandiza kwambiri kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwamafuta [82]. Holownia et al. HPMC ndi mafilimu a MC pamwamba pa nkhuku zokazinga kuti aphunzire kusintha kwa mafuta, mafuta aulere a asidi ndi mtengo wamtundu wa mafuta okazinga. Kupaka kale kumatha kuchepetsa kuyamwa kwamafuta ndikusintha moyo wamafuta [83]. Sheng Meixiang et al. anapanga mafilimu edible a CMC, chitosan ndi soya mapuloteni kudzipatula, tchipisi TACHIMATA mbatata, ndi yokazinga iwo pa kutentha kwambiri kuphunzira mayamwidwe mafuta, okhutira madzi, mtundu, acrylamide zili ndi kumva khalidwe la tchipisi mbatata. , zotsatira zake zasonyeza kuti soya protein isolate edible film imakhudza kwambiri kuchepetsa kadyedwe ka mafuta a tchipisi ta mbatata yokazinga, ndipo filimu yodyera ya chitosan imakhala ndi zotsatira zabwino zochepetsera zinthu za acrylamide [84]. Salvador et al. anaphimba pamwamba pa mphete za squid zokazinga ndi wowuma wa tirigu, wowuma wa chimanga wosinthidwa, dextrin ndi gluteni, zomwe zingapangitse kukongola kwa mphete za nyamayi ndikuchepetsa kuyamwa kwamafuta [85].

1.1.3.7 Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zowotcha

Kanema wodyedwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati ❖ kuyanika kosalala kuti asinthe mawonekedwe a zinthu zophikidwa; angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati chotchinga chinyezi, mpweya, mafuta, etc. kukonza alumali moyo wa zinthu zowotcha, mwachitsanzo, chitosan edible filimu ntchito pamwamba ❖ kuyanika mkate Angagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati zomatira kwa zokhwasula-khwasula akakhwalala ndi zokhwasula-khwasula, mwachitsanzo, mtedza wokazinga nthawi zambiri umakutidwa ndi zomatira kuti uphike mchere ndi zokometsera [87].

Christos et al. anapanga mafilimu odyedwa a sodium alginate ndi whey mapuloteni ndi kuwakuta pamwamba pa Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic mkate. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa kupulumuka kwa ma probiotics kudakula kwambiri, koma mitundu iwiri ya mkate idawonetsa njira za Digestive ndi zofanana kwambiri, kotero kuti kupaka filimu yodyera sikusintha mawonekedwe, kukoma ndi mawonekedwe a mkate [88]. Panuwat et al. adawonjezerapo jamu waku India mu methyl cellulose matrix kuti akonze filimu yodyedwa, ndikuigwiritsa ntchito kusunga kutsitsimuka kwa ma cashew wokazinga. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti filimu yodyera yophatikizidwayo imatha kuletsa ma cashew wokazinga panthawi yosungidwa. Ubwino unasokonekera ndipo moyo wa alumali wa ma cashew wowotcha unawonjezedwa mpaka masiku 90 [89]. Schou et al. adapanga filimu yowoneka bwino komanso yosinthika yodyera yokhala ndi sodium caseinate ndi glycerin, ndipo adaphunzira zamakina ake, kuthekera kwamadzi komanso kuyika kwake pamagawo a mkate wophikidwa. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti filimu yodyera ya sodium caseinate wokutidwa mkate wophikidwa. Pambuyo pa mkate, kuuma kwake kumatha kuchepetsedwa mkati mwa 6 h yosungira kutentha kwa chipinda [90]. Du et al. adagwiritsa ntchito filimu yodyera yopangidwa ndi maapulo ndi filimu yodyera yochokera ku phwetekere yowonjezeredwa ndi mafuta ofunikira a chomera kukulunga nkhuku yowotcha, zomwe sizinalepheretse kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tisanawotchere nkhuku, komanso kumapangitsanso kukoma kwa nkhuku ikawotcha [91]. Javanmard et al. anakonza filimu yodyera ya wowuma wa tirigu ndikuigwiritsa ntchito kukulunga maso a pistachio. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti filimu yodyedwa ya wowuma imatha kuletsa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni kwa mtedza, kupangitsa kuti mtedza ukhale wabwino, ndikutalikitsa moyo wawo wa alumali [92]. Majid et al. adagwiritsa ntchito filimu yodyera yamapuloteni a whey kuvala mtedza wokazinga, womwe ukhoza kukulitsa chotchinga cha okosijeni, kuchepetsa kunyada kwa mtedza, kuwongolera kuphulika kwa mtedza wokazinga, ndikutalikitsa nthawi yosungira [93].

1.1.3.8 Kugwiritsa ntchito muzinthu za confectionery

Makampani opanga maswiti ali ndi zofunika kwambiri pakugawa zinthu zomwe zimasokonekera, kotero kuti chokoleti ndi maswiti okhala ndi malo opukutidwa, ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito makanema osungunuka ndi madzi kuti alowe m'malo mwamadzimadzi opaka okhala ndi zinthu zosakhazikika. Filimu yodyera yonyamula imatha kupanga filimu yotetezera yosalala pamwamba pa maswiti kuti muchepetse kusuntha kwa mpweya ndi chinyezi [19]. Kugwiritsa ntchito mafilimu a whey protein edible mu confectionery kumatha kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa zigawo zake zosakhazikika. Chokoleti ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika zakudya zamafuta monga makeke ndi batala la peanut, mafutawo amasamukira ku chokoleti chakunja, kupangitsa chokoleti kukhala chomata ndikupangitsa "chisanu chobwerera", koma zamkati zimauma, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa kukoma kwake. Kuonjezerapo zinthu zopangira filimu zodyedwa zokhala ndi chotchinga mafuta kumatha kuthetsa vutoli [94].

Nelson ndi al. adagwiritsa ntchito filimu yodyera ya methylcellulose kuvala masiwiti okhala ndi lipids angapo ndipo adawonetsa kutsika kwamafuta amafuta, motero amalepheretsa chisanu mu chokoleti [95]. Meyers adagwiritsa ntchito filimu yodyera ya hydrogel-wax bilayer kutafuna chingamu, yomwe imatha kuwongolera kumamatira kwake, kuchepetsa kusungunuka kwamadzi, ndikutalikitsa moyo wa alumali [21]. Madzi okonzedwa ndi Fadini et al. Decollagen-cocoa batala edible filimu yophatikizika idaphunziridwa chifukwa cha makina ake komanso kutsekemera kwamadzi, ndipo idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokutira zopangira chokoleti ndi zotsatira zabwino [96].

1.1.4 Mafilimu Odyera Opangidwa ndi Cellulose

Kanema wodyedwa wopangidwa ndi cellulose ndi mtundu wa filimu yodyedwa yopangidwa kuchokera ku cellulose yochulukira kwambiri komanso zotumphukira zake mwachilengedwe monga zida zazikulu zopangira. Kanema wodyedwa wa cellulose ndi wopanda fungo komanso wopanda kukoma, ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zamakina abwino, zotchinga mafuta, kuwonekera, kusinthasintha komanso zabwino zotchinga mpweya. Komabe, chifukwa cha chikhalidwe cha hydrophilic cha cellulose, kukana kwa filimu yodyera ya cellulose ndi Water performance nthawi zambiri imakhala yosauka [82, 97-99].

Kanema wodyedwa wopangidwa ndi cellulose wopangidwa ndi zinyalala pakupanga kwamakampani azakudya amatha kupeza makanema onyamula omwe ali ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri, ndipo amatha kugwiritsanso ntchito zinyalala kuti awonjezere mtengo wowonjezera wazinthu. Ferreira et al. blended zipatso ndi masamba otsalira ufa ndi mbatata peel ufa kukonzekera mapadi opangidwa edible filimu gulu, ndi kuziyika pa ❖ kuyanika hawthorn kusunga kutsitsimuka, ndi kupeza zotsatira zabwino [62]. Tan Huizi et al. adagwiritsa ntchito ulusi wazakudya womwe umachokera ku nsenga wa nyemba ngati maziko ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwamafuta kuti akonze filimu yodyedwa ya soya fiber, yomwe imakhala ndi zida zabwino zamakina ndi zotchinga [100], zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kulongedza zokometsera za Zakudya Zamsanga. , ndizosavuta komanso zopatsa thanzi kusungunula phukusi lazinthu mwachindunji m'madzi otentha.

Ma cellulose osungunuka m'madzi, monga methyl cellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) ndi hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), amatha kupanga matrix mosalekeza ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mafilimu odyedwa ndi kafukufuku. Xiao Naiyu et al. ntchito MC monga waukulu filimu kupanga gawo lapansi, anawonjezera polyethylene glycol ndi kashiamu kolorayidi ndi zinthu zina wothandiza, anakonza MC edible filimu ndi kuponyera njira, ndi ntchito kuti kuteteza olecranon, amene angathe kutalikitsa pakamwa olecranon. Alumali moyo wa pichesi ndi masiku 4.5 [101]. Esmaeili et al. anakonza MC edible filimu poponya ndi kuika pa zokutira zomera zofunika mafuta microcapsules. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti filimu ya MC ili ndi zotsatira zabwino zotsekereza mafuta ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito popaka chakudya kuti isawonongeke mafuta a asidi [102]. Tian et al. zosinthidwa MC edible mafilimu ndi stearic acid ndi unsaturated mafuta zidulo, amene angathe kusintha madzi kutsekereza katundu wa MC edible mafilimu [103]. Lai Fengying et al. adaphunzira zotsatira za mtundu wa zosungunulira pakupanga filimu ya MC edible film ndi zotchinga katundu ndi makina amakina a filimu yodyera [104].

Ma membrane a CMC ali ndi zotchinga zabwino za O2, CO2 ndi mafuta, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazakudya ndi mankhwala [99]. Bifani et al. anakonza CMC nembanemba ndi kuphunzira mmene masamba akupanga pa madzi chotchinga katundu ndi mpweya chotchinga katundu wa nembanemba. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti kuwonjezera kwa masamba amasamba kumatha kusintha kwambiri chinyezi ndi chotchinga cha okosijeni cha nembanemba, koma osati CO2. Zomwe zimalepheretsa zimagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa chotsitsacho [105]. de Moura et al. anakonza chitosan nanoparticles analimbitsa CMC mafilimu, ndipo anaphunzira matenthedwe bata, mawotchi katundu ndi madzi solubility wa mafilimu gulu. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti ma nanoparticles a chitosan amatha kukonza bwino makina komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta amafilimu a CMC. Kugonana [98]. Ghanbarzadeh et al. anakonza mafilimu odyedwa a CMC ndikuphunzira zotsatira za glycerol ndi oleic acid pa physicochemical properties za mafilimu a CMC. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti zotchinga zamakanemawo zidasintha kwambiri, koma mawonekedwe amakina ndi kuwonekera zidachepa [99]. Cheng et al. anakonza filimu yopangidwa ndi carboxymethyl cellulose-konjac glucomannan, ndipo adaphunzira momwe mafuta a kanjedza amakhudzira mphamvu ya physicochemical ya filimuyi. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ma lipid microspheres ang'onoang'ono amatha kuwonjezera kwambiri filimu yophatikizika. Pamwamba pa hydrophobicity ndi kupindika kwa mamolekyu amadzi amadzimadzi amatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito a nembanemba [106].

HPMC ili ndi zinthu zabwino zopanga mafilimu, ndipo filimu yake imakhala yosinthasintha, yowonekera, yopanda mtundu komanso yopanda fungo, ndipo imakhala ndi mafuta abwino oletsa mafuta, koma makina ake ndi zotchinga madzi ziyenera kukonzedwa bwino. Phunziro la Zuniga et al. adawonetsa kuti mawonekedwe oyambira ndi kukhazikika kwa njira yopangira filimu ya HPMC imatha kukhudza kwambiri mawonekedwe amkati ndi mkati mwa filimuyo, komanso momwe madontho amafuta amalowera panthawi yopanga filimuyo amatha kukhudza kwambiri ma transmittance ndi ntchito zapamtunda. kanema. Kuwonjezera kwa wothandizira kungapangitse kukhazikika kwa njira yopangira mafilimu, yomwe imakhudzanso mawonekedwe a pamwamba ndi maonekedwe a filimuyo, koma makina opangidwa ndi mpweya ndi mpweya sizichepetsedwa [107]. Klangmuang et al. adagwiritsa ntchito dongo losinthidwa ndi phula kuti apititse patsogolo ndikusintha filimu yodyera ya HPMC kuti apititse patsogolo makina komanso zotchinga za filimu ya HPMC. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti pambuyo pakusintha kwa phula ndi dongo, zida zamakina za filimu yodyera ya HPMC zinali zofanana ndi za filimu yodyedwa. Kuchita kwa zigawo za chinyezi kunasinthidwa [108]. Dogan et al. anakonza filimu yodyedwa ya HPMC, ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito cellulose ya microcrystalline kuti apititse patsogolo ndikusintha filimu ya HPMC, ndikuphunzira momwe madzi amapitira komanso makina a filimuyo. Zotsatirazo zinasonyeza kuti zolepheretsa chinyezi za filimu yosinthidwa sizinasinthe kwambiri. , koma mawonekedwe ake amakina asinthidwa kwambiri [109]. Choi et al. anawonjezera tsamba la oregano ndi mafuta a bergamot ofunikira mu matrix a HPMC kuti akonze filimu yodyedwa yophatikizika, ndikuyiyika pakusungirako ma plums atsopano. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti filimu yophatikizika yodyedwa imatha kulepheretsa kupuma kwa plums, kuchepetsa kupanga ethylene, kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwonda, komanso kuwongolera ma plums [110]. Esteghlal et al. anasakaniza HPMC ndi gelatin kuti akonze mafilimu osakaniza ndi kuphunzira mafilimu osakaniza. The physicochemical properties, mechanical properties and compability of HPMC gelatin anasonyeza kuti mphamvu zowonongeka za HPMC gelatin composite films sizinasinthe kwambiri, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza makapisozi amankhwala [111]. Villacres et al. adaphunzira zamakanika, zotchinga mpweya komanso antibacterial katundu wa HPMC-chigwagwa wowuma edible mafilimu gulu. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti makanema ophatikizikawo anali ndi zotchinga zabwino za okosijeni komanso zotsatira za antibacterial [112]. Byun et al. anakonza shellac-HPMC composite nembanemba, ndipo anaphunzira zotsatira za mitundu ya emulsifiers ndi shellac ndende pa nembanemba gulu. Emulsifier inachepetsa kutsekereza madzi kwa nembanemba yophatikizika, koma zida zake zamakina sizinachepe kwambiri; Kuwonjezera kwa shellac kunathandiza kwambiri kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa nembanemba ya HPMC, ndipo zotsatira zake zinawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya shellac [113].

1.1.5 Mafilimu Odyera Ochokera ku Wowuma

Wowuma ndi polima wachilengedwe pokonzekera mafilimu odyedwa. Lili ndi ubwino wambiri, mtengo wotsika, biocompatibility ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndipo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale a zakudya ndi mankhwala [114-117]. Posachedwapa, kafukufuku wamakanema owoneka bwino owuma komanso makanema ophatikizika opangidwa ndi wowuma osunga chakudya atulukapo motsatira [118]. Wowuma wambiri wa amylose ndi wowuma wosinthidwa wa hydroxypropylated ndiye zida zazikulu zopangira mafilimu odyedwa opangidwa ndi wowuma [119]. The retrogradation wa wowuma ndiye chifukwa chachikulu cha luso lake kupanga filimu. Zomwe zili pamwamba pa amylose, zimakhala zolimba kwambiri za intermolecular, zimakhala zosavuta kupanga retrogradation, ndi bwino kupanga mafilimu, komanso mphamvu yomaliza ya filimuyo. chachikulu. Amylose amatha kupanga mafilimu osungunuka m'madzi okhala ndi mpweya wochepa wa okosijeni, ndipo zotchinga za mafilimu apamwamba amylose sizingachepetse pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu, zomwe zingathe kuteteza bwino chakudya chopakidwa [120].

Wowuma edible film, colorless and odorless, ali bwino mandala, madzi solubility ndi mpweya chotchinga katundu, koma zimasonyeza ndi mphamvu hydrophilicity ndi osauka chinyezi chotchinga katundu, choncho makamaka ntchito mu chakudya mpweya ndi mafuta chotchinga ma CD [121-123]. Kuphatikiza apo, ma nembanemba opangidwa ndi wowuma amakonda kukalamba komanso kuyambiranso, ndipo makina awo amakhala osauka [124]. Pofuna kuthana ndi zofooka zomwe zili pamwambazi, wowuma amatha kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zakuthupi, zamankhwala, za enzymatic, zachibadwa komanso zowonjezera kuti apititse patsogolo mafilimu odyetsera owuma [114].

Zhang Zhengmao et al. adagwiritsa ntchito filimu yodyera kwambiri ya wowuma kuti avale sitiroberi ndipo adapeza kuti imatha kuchepetsa kutayika kwa madzi, kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa shuga wosungunuka, ndikutalikitsa nthawi yosungira mastrawberries [125]. Garcia et al. wowuma wosinthidwa wokhala ndi unyolo wosiyanasiyana kuti apeze madzi osinthika opangidwa ndi wowuma, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungirako filimu ya sitiroberi. Mlingo ndi kuwola kunali kwabwinoko kuposa gulu losatsekedwa [126]. Ghanbarzadeh et al. kusinthidwa wowuma ndi citric acid mtanda kulumikiza ndipo analandira mankhwala mtanda zolumikizidwa kusinthidwa wowuma filimu. Kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti pambuyo pa kusinthika kwapakatikati, zotchinga chinyezi komanso makina amakanema owuma adasinthidwa [127]. Gao Qunyu et al. anachita enzymatic hydrolysis mankhwala wowuma ndi kupeza wowuma edible filimu, ndi mawotchi katundu wake monga kumakoka mphamvu, elongation ndi kupindika kukana kuchuluka, ndi chinyezi chotchinga ntchito anakula ndi kuwonjezeka kwa enzyme kanthu nthawi. zabwino kwambiri [128]. Parra et al. anawonjezera cholumikizira cholumikizira ku tapioca wowuma kukonza filimu yodyedwa yokhala ndi makina abwino komanso kutsika kwa mpweya wamadzi wamadzi [129]. Fonseca et al. ntchito sodium hypochlorite kuti oxidize mbatata wowuma ndi kukonza edible filimu wowuma okosijeni. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwake kwa mpweya wamadzi ndi kusungunuka kwamadzi kunachepetsedwa kwambiri, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito pakuyika chakudya chamadzi ambiri [130].

Kuphatikizira wowuma ndi ma polima ena odyedwa ndi opangira mapulasitiki ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yosinthira mafilimu odyedwa opangidwa ndi wowuma. Pakalipano, ma polima ovuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi hydrophilic colloids, monga pectin, cellulose, seaweed polysaccharide, chitosan, carrageenan ndi xanthan chingamu [131].

Maria Rodriguez et al. adagwiritsa ntchito wowuma wa mbatata ndi mapulasitiki kapena ma surfactants ngati zida zazikulu zopangira mafilimu odyedwa opangidwa ndi wowuma, kuwonetsa kuti mapulasitiki amatha kukulitsa kusinthasintha kwa filimuyo komanso opanga ma surfactants amatha kuchepetsa kufalikira kwa filimu [132]. Santana et al. adagwiritsa ntchito ma nanofibers kuti apititse patsogolo ndikusintha mafilimu odyedwa owuma wa chinangwa, ndipo adapeza makanema ophatikizika opangidwa ndi wowuma okhala ndi zida zamakina, zotchinga, komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta [133]. Azevedo et al. Mapuloteni ophatikizana a whey okhala ndi wowuma wa thermoplastic kuti apange filimu yofananira, kuwonetsa kuti mapuloteni a whey ndi wowuma wa thermoplastic ali ndi kulumikizana kolimba, ndipo mapuloteni a whey amatha kupititsa patsogolo kupezeka kwa wowuma. Kutsekereza madzi komanso makina amakanema odyedwa [134]. Edhirej et al. anakonza tapioca wowuma zochokera edible filimu, ndipo anaphunzira mmene plasticizer pa thupi ndi mankhwala dongosolo, mawotchi katundu ndi matenthedwe katundu wa filimuyo. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa plasticizer kumatha kukhudza kwambiri filimu ya tapioca wowuma. Poyerekeza ndi mapulasitiki ena monga urea ndi triethylene glycol, pectin imakhala ndi pulasitiki yabwino kwambiri, ndipo filimu yowuma ya pectin-pulasitiki imakhala ndi zinthu zabwino zotsekereza madzi [135]. Saberi et al. adagwiritsa ntchito pea wowuma, guar chingamu ndi glycerin popanga mafilimu ophatikizidwa. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti wowuma wa nandolo adagwira nawo gawo lalikulu pakukhuthala kwa filimu, kachulukidwe, kulumikizana, kutsekemera kwamadzi komanso kulimba kwamphamvu. Guar chingamu Zingakhudze mphamvu yolimba komanso zotanuka modulus ya nembanemba, ndipo glycerol imatha kusintha kusinthasintha kwa nembanemba [136]. Ji et al. anaphatikizana chitosan ndi chimanga wowuma, ndipo anawonjezera kashiamu carbonate nanoparticles kukonzekera wowuma ofotokoza antibacterial filimu. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti ma intermolecular hydrogen bond adapangidwa pakati pa wowuma ndi chitosan, ndipo mawonekedwe a filimuyo anali ndi antibacterial properties adalimbikitsidwa [137]. Meira ndi al. filimu ya antibacterial yowonjezera komanso yosinthidwa ya chimanga yokhala ndi kaolin nanoparticles, ndipo mawonekedwe ndi matenthedwe a filimu yophatikizika adasinthidwa, ndipo mphamvu ya antibacterial sinakhudzidwe [138]. Ortega-Toro et al. adawonjezera HPMC ku wowuma ndikuwonjezera citric acid kuti akonzekere filimu yodyedwa. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti kuwonjezera kwa HPMC ndi citric acid kumatha kuletsa kukalamba kwa wowuma ndikuchepetsa kutsekemera kwamadzi mufilimu yodyera, koma zotchinga za okosijeni zimatsika [139].

1.2 Polima hydrogel

Ma Hydrogel ndi gulu la ma polima a hydrophilic okhala ndi maukonde atatu-dimensional omwe sasungunuka m'madzi koma amatha kutupa ndi madzi. Macroscopically, hydrogel ali ndi mawonekedwe otsimikizika, sangathe kuyenda, ndipo ndi chinthu cholimba. Ma Microscopically, mamolekyu osungunuka m'madzi amatha kugawidwa m'mawonekedwe ndi makulidwe osiyanasiyana mu hydrogel ndikufalikira pamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kotero hydrogel imawonetsa mawonekedwe a yankho. Mapangidwe amkati a hydrogel ali ndi mphamvu zochepa ndipo amawonongeka mosavuta. Ili pakati pa cholimba ndi madzi. Lili ndi elasticity yofanana ndi yolimba, ndipo ndi yosiyana kwambiri ndi yolimba yeniyeni.

1.2.1 Chidule cha ma polima hydrogel

1.2.1.1 Gulu la ma polima hydrogel

Polymer hydrogel ndi mawonekedwe a maukonde atatu-dimensional opangidwa ndi thupi kapena mankhwala olumikizana pakati pa mamolekyu a polima [143-146]. Imayamwa madzi ambiri m'madzi kuti ifufuze yokha, ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo, imatha kusunga mawonekedwe ake atatu ndikukhala osasungunuka m'madzi. madzi.

Pali njira zambiri zopangira ma hydrogel. Kutengera ndi kusiyana kwa zinthu zolumikizirana, zitha kugawidwa kukhala ma gels akuthupi ndi ma gels amankhwala. Ma gels akuthupi amapangidwa ndi zomangira zofooka za haidrojeni, zomangira za ionic, kuyanjana kwa hydrophobic, mphamvu za van der Waals ndi kulumikizidwa kwakuthupi pakati pa maunyolo a ma polima ndi mphamvu zina zakuthupi, ndipo zitha kusinthidwa kukhala zothetsera m'malo osiyanasiyana akunja. Amatchedwa gel osinthika; gel osakaniza nthawi zambiri amakhala okhazikika amitundu itatu yolumikizira maukonde opangidwa ndi kulumikizana pakati pa zomangira zamankhwala monga ma covalent bond pamaso pa kutentha, kuwala, kuyambitsa, ndi zina zambiri. Kwa condensate yowona [147-149]. Ma gels akuthupi nthawi zambiri safuna kusinthidwa kwa mankhwala ndipo amakhala ndi kawopsedwe kakang'ono, koma mawonekedwe awo amawongoleredwa ndi osauka ndipo ndizovuta kupirira kupsinjika kwakukulu kwakunja; gel osakaniza nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi kukhazikika bwino komanso makina amakina.

Kutengera magwero osiyanasiyana, ma hydrogel amatha kugawidwa kukhala ma polymer hydrogel opangidwa ndi ma polima achilengedwe. Synthetic polima hydrogels ndi hydrogels opangidwa ndi mankhwala polymerization wa ma polima kupanga, makamaka kuphatikizapo asidi polyacrylic, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylamide, polyethylene okusayidi, etc.; ma polima achilengedwe a hydrogel ndi Ma polima hydrogel amapangidwa polumikizana ndi ma polima achilengedwe monga ma polysaccharides ndi mapuloteni m'chilengedwe, kuphatikiza mapadi, alginate, wowuma, agarose, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, ndi kolajeni [6, 7, 150], 151]. Ma hydrogel achilengedwe a polima nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi magwero ambiri, mtengo wotsika komanso kawopsedwe kakang'ono, ndipo ma hydrogel opangidwa ndi polima nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta kukonza ndipo amakhala ndi zokolola zambiri.

Kutengera mayankho osiyanasiyana ku chilengedwe chakunja, ma hydrogel amathanso kugawidwa kukhala ma hydrogel achikhalidwe ndi ma hydrogel anzeru. Ma hydrogel achikhalidwe amakhala osakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwa chilengedwe chakunja; ma hydrogel anzeru amatha kuzindikira kusintha kwakung'ono m'malo akunja ndikupanga kusintha kofananira pamawonekedwe amthupi ndi mankhwala [152-156]. Kwa ma hydrogel osamva kutentha, kuchuluka kwake kumasintha ndi kutentha kwa chilengedwe. Nthawi zambiri, ma polima hydrogel otere amakhala ndi magulu a hydrophilic monga hydroxyl, ether ndi amide kapena hydrophobic magulu monga methyl, ethyl ndi propyl. Kutentha kwa chilengedwe chakunja kungakhudze mgwirizano wa hydrophilic kapena hydrophobic pakati pa mamolekyu a gel osakaniza, kugwirizana kwa hydrogen ndi kugwirizana pakati pa mamolekyu amadzi ndi unyolo wa polima, potero kumakhudza bwino dongosolo la gel osakaniza. Kwa pH-sensitive hydrogels, dongosololi nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi magulu osintha acid-base monga magulu a carboxyl, magulu a sulfonic acid kapena magulu amino. M'malo osinthika a pH, maguluwa amatha kuyamwa kapena kutulutsa ma protoni, kusintha kugwirizanitsa kwa haidrojeni mu gel ndi kusiyana pakati pa zitsulo zamkati ndi zakunja za ion, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti gel asinthe. Kwa magetsi, maginito ndi ma hydrogel osamva kuwala, amakhala ndi magulu ogwira ntchito monga ma polyelectrolytes, metal oxides, ndi magulu a photosensitive, motsatana. Pansi pa zokopa zosiyanasiyana zakunja, kutentha kwa dongosolo kapena digiri ya ionization imasinthidwa, ndiyeno voliyumu ya gel imasinthidwa ndi mfundo yofanana ndi kutentha kapena pH-sensitive hydrogel.

Kutengera ndi machitidwe osiyanasiyana a gel osakaniza, ma hydrogel amatha kugawidwa kukhala ma gels oziziritsa ndi ma gels opangidwa ndi matenthedwe [157]. Cold gel, yomwe imatchedwa kuti gel oziziritsa mwachidule, ndi macromolecule omwe amapezeka mwachisawawa pa kutentha kwakukulu. Panthawi yozizira, chifukwa cha machitidwe a intermolecular hydrogen bonds, zidutswa za helical zimapangidwira pang'onopang'ono, potero zimamaliza ndondomekoyi. Kusintha kwa gel osakaniza [158]; Thermo-induced gel, yotchedwa gel yotentha, ndi macromolecule mu njira yothetsera kutentha kochepa. Panthawi yotenthetsera, mawonekedwe atatu amtundu wa maukonde amapangidwa kudzera mu mgwirizano wa hydrophobic, ndi zina zotero, motero amatsiriza kusintha kwa gelation [159], 160].

Ma Hydrogel amathanso kugawidwa kukhala ma homopolymeric hydrogel, ma copolymerized hydrogel ndi interpenetrating network hydrogel kutengera mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana a netiweki, ma hydrogel ang'onoang'ono ndi ma macroscopic hydrogel kutengera makulidwe osiyanasiyana a gel, ndi zinthu zomwe zimatha kuwonongeka. Amagawidwa mosiyanasiyana kukhala ma hydrogel owonongeka ndi ma hydrogel osawonongeka.

1.2.1.2 Kugwiritsa ntchito ma polymer hydrogel achilengedwe

Natural polima hydrogels ali ndi makhalidwe abwino biocompatibility, mkulu kusinthasintha, zambiri magwero, kukhudzika kwa chilengedwe, kusungidwa kwa madzi ndi otsika kawopsedwe, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu biomedicine, processing chakudya, kuteteza chilengedwe, ulimi ndi kupanga nkhalango ndipo wakhala ambiri. amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani ndi madera ena [142, 161-165].

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma hydrogel achilengedwe a polymer m'magawo okhudzana ndi biomedical. Natural polima hydrogels ndi biocompatibility wabwino, biodegradability, ndipo alibe zotsatirapo poizoni, kotero iwo angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mabala mavalidwe ndi mwachindunji kukhudza minofu ya munthu, amene angathe kuchepetsa kuukira kwa tizilombo mu m`galasi, kuteteza kutaya madzi a m'thupi, ndi kulola mpweya. kudutsa. Amalimbikitsa machiritso a mabala; angagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonzekera magalasi olumikizana, ndi ubwino wa kuvala bwino, mpweya wabwino wa mpweya, ndi chithandizo chothandizira cha matenda a maso [166, 167]. Ma polima achilengedwe ndi ofanana ndi kapangidwe ka minofu yamoyo ndipo amatha kutenga nawo gawo mu kagayidwe kabwinobwino ka thupi la munthu, motero ma hydrogel otere atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zopangira uinjiniya, kukonza minofu ya cartilage, ndi zina zambiri. masikelo opangidwa ndi jekeseni. Ma stents owumbidwa kale amagwiritsira ntchito madzi mawonekedwe apadera amitundu itatu ya gel osakaniza amawapangitsa kuti azigwira ntchito ina yothandizira minofu yachilengedwe pomwe amapereka malo okulirapo komanso okwanira a maselo, komanso amatha kuyambitsa kukula kwa ma cell, kusiyanitsa, ndi kuwonongeka komanso kuyamwa ndi thupi la munthu [168]. Ma stents opangidwa ndi jekeseni amagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa gawo la ma hydrogel kuti apange gels mofulumira atabayidwa mu njira yothetsera vutoli, yomwe ingachepetse ululu wa odwala [169]. Ma hydrogel ena achilengedwe a polima amakhudzidwa ndi chilengedwe, motero amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati zida zotulutsa zoyendetsedwa ndi mankhwala, kotero kuti mankhwala omwe ali mkati mwake amatha kumasulidwa ku ziwalo zofunika za thupi la munthu munthawi yake komanso mochulukira, kuchepetsa poizoni ndi mbali. zotsatira za mankhwala pa thupi la munthu [170].

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma polymer hydrogel achilengedwe m'magawo okhudzana ndi chakudya. Ma polima achilengedwe a hydrogel ndi gawo lofunikira pazakudya zitatu za anthu patsiku, monga maswiti, maswiti, zolowa m'malo mwa nyama, yogati ndi ayisikilimu. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera cha chakudya m'zakudya, zomwe zimatha kusintha mawonekedwe ake ndikuzipatsa kukoma kosalala. Mwachitsanzo, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thickener mu soups ndi sauces, monga emulsifier mu madzi, komanso ngati suspending agent. Mu zakumwa zamkaka, monga gelling wothandizila mu puddings ndi aspics, monga kufotokoza wothandizila ndi thovu stabilizer mu mowa, monga syneresis inhibitor mu tchizi, monga binder mu soseji, monga wowuma retrogradation Inhibitors ntchito mkate ndi batala [171-174] ]. Kuchokera ku Food Additives Handbook, zitha kuwoneka kuti ma hydrogel ambiri achilengedwe amavomerezedwa ngati zowonjezera chakudya pokonza chakudya [175]. Ma polima achilengedwe a polymer hydrogel amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zolimbitsa thupi popanga zinthu zathanzi komanso zakudya zogwira ntchito, monga ulusi wazakudya, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochepetsa thupi komanso zoletsa kudzimbidwa [176, 177]; monga ma prebiotics, amagwiritsidwa ntchito muzamankhwala azaumoyo ndi zinthu zoteteza khansa ya m'matumbo [178]; ma polima achilengedwe a polymer hydrogel amatha kupangidwa kukhala zokutira kapena mafilimu odyeka kapena owonongeka, omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'munda wazinthu zopangira chakudya, monga kusunga zipatso ndi masamba, powapaka pazipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba Pamwamba, zimatha kutalikitsa moyo wa alumali. zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba ndikusunga zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zatsopano ndi zofewa; itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zida zoyikamo zakudya zosavuta monga soseji ndi zokometsera kuti zithandizire kuyeretsa [179, 180].

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma hydrogel achilengedwe a polymer m'magawo ena. Pazinthu zofunikira za tsiku ndi tsiku, zikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku zodzoladzola zokometsera za khungu kapena zodzoladzola, zomwe sizingalepheretse kuti mankhwalawa asawume posungirako, komanso amatsitsimutsa khungu komanso amatsitsimutsa khungu; itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati makongoletsedwe, kunyowetsa komanso kutulutsa pang'onopang'ono mafuta onunkhira muzodzoladzola zokongola; Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zatsiku ndi tsiku monga zopukutira zamapepala ndi matewera [181]. Mu ulimi, angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukana chilala ndi kuteteza mbande ndi kuchepetsa ntchito mphamvu; monga ❖ kuyanika kwa mbewu zambewu, imatha kukulitsa kwambiri kumera kwa mbewu; zikagwiritsidwa ntchito poika mbande, zimatha kuwonjezera kupulumuka kwa mbande; mankhwala ophera tizilombo, kukonza kagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi kuchepetsa kuipitsa [182, 183]. Pankhani ya chilengedwe, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati flocculant ndi adsorbent pochiza zimbudzi zomwe nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ayoni azitsulo zolemera, zosakaniza zonunkhira ndi utoto kuti ziteteze madzi ndi kukonza chilengedwe [184]. M'makampani, amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dehydrating wothandizila, kubowola lubricant, chingwe kuzimata zakuthupi, kusindikiza zinthu ndi ozizira yosungirako wothandizila, etc. [185].

1.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thermogel

Cellulose ndi gulu lachilengedwe la macromolecular lomwe laphunziridwapo kale kwambiri, lili ndi ubale wapamtima ndi anthu, ndipo ndilochuluka kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Imapezeka kwambiri muzomera zapamwamba, algae ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono [186, 187]. Ma cellulose pang'onopang'ono akopa chidwi chofala chifukwa cha gwero lake lalikulu, mtengo wotsika, wongowonjezedwanso, wowonongeka, wotetezeka, wopanda poizoni, komanso wogwirizana bwino [188].

1.2.2.1 Ma cellulose ndi zotuluka zake ether

Cellulose ndi mzere wautali wa polima wopangidwa ndi kugwirizana kwa D-anhydroglucose structural units kupyolera mu β-1,4 glycosidic bond [189-191]. Zosasungunuka. Kupatula gulu limodzi lomaliza kumapeto kwa unyolo wa mamolekyulu, pali magulu atatu a polar hydroxyl mugawo lililonse la glucose, lomwe limatha kupanga ma intramolecular and intermolecular hydrogen bonds pansi pazikhalidwe zina; ndipo mapadi ndi polycyclic kapangidwe, ndi unyolo maselo ndi theka-olimba. Unyolo, crystallinity yapamwamba, komanso yokhazikika mwadongosolo, motero imakhala ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a polymerization, mawonekedwe abwino a ma cell, komanso kukhazikika kwamankhwala [83, 187]. Popeza unyolo wa cellulose uli ndi magulu ambiri a hydroxyl, amatha kusinthidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana monga esterification, oxidation, ndi etherification kuti apeze zotumphukira za cellulose zomwe zimakhala ndi ntchito zabwino kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito [192, 193].

Zochokera ku cellulose ndi amodzi mwazinthu zakale kwambiri zomwe zidafufuzidwa ndikupangidwa m'munda wa chemistry ya polima. Ndizinthu zama mankhwala a polima okhala ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimasinthidwa ndi mankhwala kuchokera ku cellulose ya polima. Pakati pawo, ma cellulose ethers amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri zopangira mankhwala pamafakitale [194].

Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma cellulose ethers, onse omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso abwino kwambiri, ndipo akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'magawo ambiri monga chakudya ndi mankhwala [195]. MC ndi mtundu wosavuta wa cellulose ether wokhala ndi gulu la methyl. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri m'malo, akhoza kusungunuka mu njira yothetsera mchere wamchere, madzi, mowa ndi zosungunulira zosungunulira za hydrocarbon, kuwonetsa zinthu zapadera za gel osakaniza. [196]. CMC ndi anionic cellulose ether yotengedwa kuchokera ku cellulose yachilengedwe ndi alkalization ndi acidification.

Ndiwomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri komanso amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pa cellulose ether, yomwe imasungunuka m'madzi [197]. HPC, hydroxyalkyl cellulose ether yopezedwa ndi alkalizing ndi etherifying cellulose, imakhala ndi thermoplasticity yabwino komanso imawonetsa mawonekedwe a gel otenthetsera, ndipo kutentha kwake kwa gel kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa hydroxypropyl substitution [198]. HPMC, ether yofunika kwambiri yosakanikirana, ilinso ndi matenthedwe a gel otenthetsera, ndipo mawonekedwe ake a gel okhudzana ndi zolowa m'malo ndi ma ratios awo [199].

1.2.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kapangidwe

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), kapangidwe ka maselo akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1-3, ndi mtundu wamba wosakanizika wa cellulose wopanda ionic m'madzi. Etherification reaction ya methyl chloride ndi propylene oxide imachitika kuti ipeze [200,201], ndipo ma chemical reaction equation akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1-4.

Pali hydroxy propoxy (-[OCH2CH(CH3)] n OH), methoxy (-OCH3) ndi magulu a hydroxyl osagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu a HPMC panthawi imodzimodzi, ndipo ntchito yake ndikuwonetseratu zochitika zamagulu osiyanasiyana. [202]. Chiŵerengero chapakati pa zinthu ziwirizi chimatsimikiziridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ma etherifying agents, kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa sodium hydroxide, ndi kuchuluka kwa ma etherifying agents pa unit mass of cellulose [203]. Hydroxy propoxy ndi gulu yogwira, amene akhoza zina alkylated ndi hydroxy alkylated; gulu ili ndi gulu hydrophilic ndi unyolo wautali nthambi, amene amagwira ntchito inayake mu plasticizing mkati unyolo. Methoxy ndi gulu lakumapeto, lomwe limapangitsa kuti malowa asagwiritsidwe ntchito pambuyo pochita; gulu ili ndi gulu la hydrophobic ndipo lili ndi dongosolo lalifupi [204, 205]. Magulu a hydroxyl osakhudzidwa ndi omwe angoyambitsidwa kumene atha kupitiliza kusinthidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe omaliza amankhwala ovuta, ndipo mawonekedwe a HPMC amasiyana mumitundu ina. Kwa HPMC, kulowetsedwa pang'ono kungapangitse kuti thupi lake likhale losiyana kwambiri [206], mwachitsanzo, physicochemical properties ya high methoxy ndi low hydroxypropyl HPMC ili pafupi ndi MC; Kuchita kwa HPMC kuli pafupi ndi kwa HPC.

1.2.2.3 Katundu wa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

(1) Thermogelability ya HPMC

Unyolo wa HPMC uli ndi mawonekedwe apadera a hydration-dehydration chifukwa choyambitsa magulu a hydrophobic-methyl ndi hydrophilic-hydroxypropyl. Pang'onopang'ono kutembenuka kwa gelation kukatenthedwa, ndikubwerera ku njira yothetsera kuzizira. Ndiko kuti, ili ndi katundu wa gel opangidwa ndi thermally, ndipo gelation phenomenon ndi njira yosinthika koma osati yofanana.

Ponena za gelation limagwirira wa HPMC, ambiri amavomereza kuti pa kutentha m'munsi (pansi pa kutentha gelation), HPMC mu njira ndi polar madzi mamolekyu omangidwa pamodzi ndi hydrogen zomangira kupanga A otchedwa "birdcage"-monga supramolecular dongosolo. Pali zolumikizira zosavuta pakati pa unyolo wa mamolekyulu a hydrated HPMC, kupatula apo, pali zolumikizana zina zochepa. Pamene kutentha ukuwonjezeka, HPMC choyamba zimatenga mphamvu kuswa intermolecular hydrogen zomangira pakati mamolekyu madzi ndi mamolekyu HPMC, kuwononga khola-ngati maselo dongosolo, pang'onopang'ono kutaya madzi omangika pa unyolo maselo, ndi poyera hydroxypropyl ndi methoxy magulu. Pamene kutentha kukupitirirabe (kufikira kutentha kwa gel osakaniza), mamolekyu a HPMC pang'onopang'ono amapanga mawonekedwe a maukonde atatu-dimensional kudzera mu hydrophobic association, HPMC gels potsirizira pake amapanga [160, 207, 208].

Kuphatikizika kwa mchere wa inorganic kumakhudza kutentha kwa gel osakaniza a HPMC, ena amachepetsa kutentha kwa gel osakaniza chifukwa cha salting, ndipo ena amawonjezera kutentha kwa gel osakaniza chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa mchere [209]. Ndi kuwonjezera kwa mchere monga NaCl, chodabwitsa cha salting kunja chimachitika ndipo kutentha kwa gel a HPMC kumachepa [210, 211]. Mchere ukawonjezeredwa ku HPMC, mamolekyu amadzi amatha kuphatikizika ndi ayoni amchere, kotero kuti chomangira cha haidrojeni pakati pa mamolekyu amadzi ndi HPMC chiwonongeke, madzi osanjikiza ozungulira mamolekyu a HPMC amadyedwa, ndipo mamolekyu a HPMC amatha kumasulidwa mwachangu hydrophobicity. Association, kutentha kwa gel osakaniza mapangidwe pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa. M'malo mwake, pamene mchere monga NaSCN wawonjezeredwa, zochitika za kusungunuka kwa mchere zimachitika ndipo kutentha kwa gel kwa HPMC kumawonjezeka [212]. Ndondomeko ya kuchepa kwa anions pa kutentha kwa gel ndi: SO42 - > S2O32 - > H2PO4 - > F - > Cl - > Br - > NO3 - > I - > ClO4 - > SCN - , dongosolo la ma cations pa kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha kwa gel ndi: Li+ > Na+ > K+ > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > Ba2+ [213].

Pamene mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono achilengedwe monga ma monohydric alcohols okhala ndi magulu a hydroxyl awonjezeredwa, kutentha kwa gel osakaniza kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndalama zowonjezera, kumasonyeza mtengo wapamwamba ndiyeno kumachepa mpaka kupatukana kwa gawo kukuchitika [214, 215]. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kulemera kwake kwa mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono, omwe amafanana ndi mamolekyu amadzi mu dongosolo la kukula kwake, ndipo amatha kukwaniritsa kusiyana kwa maselo pambuyo pophatikizana.

(2) Kusungunuka kwa HPMC

HPMC ili ndi madzi otentha osasungunuka ndi madzi ozizira sungunuka katundu ofanana ndi MC, koma akhoza kugawidwa mu mtundu ozizira kubalalitsidwa ndi otentha kubalalitsidwa mtundu malinga ndi kusungunuka madzi osiyanasiyana [203]. Cold-omwazika HPMC akhoza mwamsanga kumwazikana m'madzi madzi ozizira, ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe ake kumawonjezeka pakapita nthawi, ndipo moona kusungunuka m'madzi; kutentha-omwazika HPMC, m'malo mwake, amasonyeza agglomeration pamene kuwonjezera madzi pa kutentha otsika, koma ndi zovuta kuwonjezera. M'madzi otentha kwambiri, HPMC imatha kubalalitsidwa mwachangu, ndipo kukhuthala kumawonjezeka kutentha kumachepa, kukhala yankho lenileni la HPMC lamadzimadzi. Kusungunuka kwa HPMC m'madzi kumakhudzana ndi zomwe zili m'magulu a methoxy, omwe sasungunuka m'madzi otentha kuposa 85 °C, 65 °C ndi 60 °C kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi. Nthawi zambiri, HPMC sisungunuka mu zosungunulira organic monga acetone ndi chloroform, koma sungunuka mu ethanol amadzimadzi njira ndi osakaniza organic njira.

(3) Kulekerera kwa mchere kwa HPMC

The sanali ionic chikhalidwe cha HPMC zimapangitsa kuti asathe ionized m'madzi, kotero izo sizidzachita ndi ayoni zitsulo mpweya mpweya. Komabe, kuwonjezera mchere kudzakhudza kutentha komwe gel osakaniza a HPMC amapangidwa. Pamene ndende mchere ukuwonjezeka, gel osakaniza kutentha kwa HPMC amachepetsa; pamene mchere wa mchere uli wocheperapo kusiyana ndi flocculation point, viscosity ya yankho la HPMC ikhoza kuwonjezeka, kotero pogwiritsira ntchito, cholinga cha thickening chikhoza kutheka powonjezera mchere woyenerera [210, 216].

(4) Acid ndi alkali kukana kwa HPMC

Nthawi zambiri, HPMC imakhala ndi kukhazikika kwa acid-base ndipo sikukhudzidwa ndi pH pa pH 2-12. HPMC limasonyeza kukana mlingo winawake wa asidi kuchepetsa, koma chizolowezi kuchepa mamasukidwe akayendedwe kwa anaikira asidi asidi; alkalis alibe mphamvu pang'ono pa izo, koma akhoza kuwonjezeka pang'ono ndiyeno pang'onopang'ono kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa yankho [217, 218].

(5) Chikoka cha HPMC mamasukidwe akayendedwe

HPMC ndi pseudoplastic, yankho lake ndi lokhazikika kutentha kwa firiji, ndipo kukhuthala kwake kumakhudzidwa ndi kulemera kwa maselo, ndende ndi kutentha. Pa ndende yomweyo, apamwamba HPMC maselo kulemera, ndi apamwamba mamasukidwe akayendedwe; kwa mankhwala omwewo a maselo olemera, kumtunda kwa HPMC ndende, ndipamwamba kukhuthala; kukhuthala kwa mankhwala a HPMC kumachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha, ndikufika pa kutentha kwa gel osakaniza, ndi kuwonjezeka kwadzidzidzi kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe chifukwa cha gelation [9, 219, 220].

(6) Zinthu zina za HPMC

HPMC ali kukana amphamvu michere, ndi kukana michere kumawonjezera ndi digiri ya m'malo. Chifukwa chake, mankhwalawa amakhala okhazikika kwambiri pakusungidwa kuposa zinthu zina za shuga [189, 212]. HPMC ili ndi emulsifying katundu. Magulu a Hydrophobic methoxy akhoza kudsorbed pamwamba pa gawo la mafuta mu emulsion kuti apange wosanjikiza wandiweyani, womwe ungakhale ngati wosanjikiza woteteza; Magulu a hydroxyl osungunuka m'madzi amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi madzi kuti apititse patsogolo gawo lopitilira. Viscosity, imalepheretsa kuyanjana kwa gawo lobalalika, imachepetsa kupsinjika kwapamwamba, ndikukhazikitsa emulsion [221]. HPMC akhoza kusakaniza ndi ma polima sungunuka madzi monga gelatin, methylcellulose, dzombe chingamu, carrageenan ndi chingamu arabic kupanga yunifolomu ndi mandala njira, komanso akhoza kusakaniza ndi plasticizers monga glycerin ndi polyethylene glycol. [200, 201, 214].

1.2.2.4 Mavuto omwe alipo pakugwiritsa ntchito hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Choyamba, mtengo wapamwamba umalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito HPMC. Ngakhale HPMC filimu ali bwino poyera, mafuta chotchinga katundu ndi makina katundu. Komabe, mtengo wake wapamwamba (pafupifupi 100,000/tani) umalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu, ngakhale pamapangidwe apamwamba amankhwala monga makapisozi. Chifukwa chomwe HPMC ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri ndi chifukwa chakuti cellulose yamafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera HPMC ndi okwera mtengo. Kuphatikiza apo, magulu awiri olowa m'malo, gulu la hydroxypropyl ndi methoxy group, amalumikizidwa pa HPMC nthawi imodzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kukonzekera kwake kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Zovuta, kotero zinthu za HPMC ndizokwera mtengo.

Chachiwiri, otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi otsika gel osakaniza mphamvu katundu wa HPMC pa kutentha otsika kuchepetsa processability ake ntchito zosiyanasiyana. HPMC ndi matenthedwe gel osakaniza, amene alipo mu yankho boma ndi otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe kutentha otsika, ndipo akhoza kupanga viscous olimba ngati gel osakaniza pa kutentha, kotero processing njira monga ❖ kuyanika, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi kuviika ayenera kuchitidwa pa kutentha kwambiri. . Kupanda kutero, yankholo lidzatsika mosavuta, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale filimu yopanda yunifolomu, yomwe idzakhudza ubwino ndi ntchito ya mankhwala. Kutentha kwakukulu kotereku kumawonjezera zovuta zogwirira ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso mtengo wopangira.

1.2.3 Hydroxypropyl wowuma wozizira gel osakaniza

Wowuma ndi polima wachilengedwe wopangidwa ndi photosynthesis ya zomera m'chilengedwe. Ma polysaccharides ake omwe amapangidwa nthawi zambiri amasungidwa mumbewu ndi ma tubers a zomera mu mawonekedwe a granules pamodzi ndi mapuloteni, ulusi, mafuta, shuga ndi mchere. kapena muzu [222]. Wowuma sikuti ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu la anthu, komanso chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale. Chifukwa cha gwero lake lalikulu, mtengo wotsika, zobiriwira, zachilengedwe komanso zongowonjezwdwa, zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri muzakudya ndi zamankhwala, kuwira, kupanga mapepala, mafakitale a nsalu ndi mafuta [223].

1.2.3.1 Wowuma ndi zotuluka zake

Wowuma ndi polima wachilengedwe yemwe mawonekedwe ake ndi α-D-anhydroglucose unit. Magawo osiyanasiyana amalumikizidwa ndi ma glycosidic bond, ndipo mawonekedwe ake a maselo ndi (C6H10O5) n. Gawo la unyolo wa maselo mu wowuma granules amalumikizidwa ndi α-1,4 glycosidic bond, yomwe ili liniya amylose; gawo lina la unyolo wa maselo limalumikizidwa ndi α-1,6 glycosidic bond pamaziko awa, omwe ndi amylopectin a nthambi [224]. Mu granules wowuma, pali zigawo za crystalline momwe mamolekyu amasanjidwa mwadongosolo komanso zigawo za amorphous momwe mamolekyu amapangidwa mopanda dongosolo. gawo lopanga. Palibe malire omveka bwino pakati pa dera la crystalline ndi dera la amorphous, ndipo mamolekyu a amylopectin amatha kudutsa madera ambiri a crystalline ndi madera amorphous. Kutengera chilengedwe cha kaphatikizidwe ka wowuma, mawonekedwe a polysaccharide mu wowuma amasiyana ndi mitundu ya zomera ndi malo oyambira [225].

Ngakhale wowuma wakhala chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri popanga mafakitale chifukwa cha gwero lake lonse komanso zinthu zomwe zimatha kusinthidwanso, wowuma wamba nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zoyipa monga kusungunuka kwamadzi komanso kupanga mafilimu, kutsika kwa emulsifying ndi kutulutsa ma gelling, komanso kusakhazikika kosakwanira. Kuti awonjezere kuchuluka kwa ntchito yake, wowuma nthawi zambiri amasinthidwa kuti agwirizane ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana [38, 114]. Pali magulu atatu aulere a hydroxyl pagawo lililonse la glucose mu mamolekyu owuma. Magulu a hydroxylwa amakhala otanganidwa kwambiri ndipo amapatsa wowuma wokhala ndi zinthu zofanana ndi ma polyols, zomwe zimapereka mwayi wochita kusinthika kwa wowuma.

Pambuyo posinthidwa, zinthu zina za wowuma wamba zasinthidwa kwambiri, kuthana ndi zofooka za wowuma wamba, kotero wowuma wosinthidwa umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pamakampani omwe alipo [226]. Wowuma wokhala ndi okosijeni ndi amodzi mwa masitayesi osinthidwa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndiukadaulo wokhwima. Poyerekeza ndi wowuma wamba, wowuma wokhala ndi okosijeni ndiosavuta ku gelatin. Ubwino womamatira kwambiri. Wowuma wa Esterified ndi chochokera ku wowuma wopangidwa ndi esterification yamagulu a hydroxyl mu mamolekyu owuma. A otsika digiri ya m'malo akhoza kwambiri kusintha katundu wa mbadwa wowuma. Kuwonekera komanso kupanga mafilimu a phala wowuma mwachiwonekere bwino. Etherified wowuma ndi mmene etherification magulu hydroxyl mu wowuma mamolekyu kupanga polystarch ether, ndi retrogradation wake ndi wofooka. Pansi pa zinthu zamphamvu zamchere zomwe wowuma wa okosijeni ndi wowuma wa esterified sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito, chomangira cha ether chingakhalenso chokhazikika. sachedwa hydrolysis. Acid-zosinthidwa wowuma, ndi wowuma mankhwala ndi asidi kuonjezera okhutira amylose, chifukwa kumatheka retrogradation ndi wowuma phala. Imakhala yowonekera ndipo imapanga gel olimba pozizira [114].

1.2.3.2 Hydroxypropyl wowuma kapangidwe

Wowuma wa Hydroxypropyl (HPS), yemwe kapangidwe kake ka mamolekyu akuwonetsedwa mu Zithunzi 1-4, ndi ether yopanda ionic, yomwe imakonzedwa ndi etherification reaction ya propylene oxide ndi wowuma pansi pamikhalidwe yamchere [223, 227, 228], ndi Chemical reaction equation ikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 1-6.

Pa kaphatikizidwe wa HPS, kuwonjezera anachita ndi wowuma kupanga hydroxypropyl wowuma, propylene okusayidi akhoza anachita ndi kwaiye hydroxypropyl wowuma kupanga polyoxypropyl mbali unyolo. digiri ya m'malo. Degree of substitution (DS) imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwamagulu olowa m'malo a hydroxyl pagulu la glucosyl. Magulu ambiri a glucosyl a wowuma ali ndi magulu a 3 hydroxyl omwe angasinthidwe, kotero kuti DS yochuluka kwambiri ndi 3. Digiri ya molar of substitution (MS) imatanthawuza kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili m'malo mwa mole ya gulu la glucosyl [223, 229]. Mchitidwe wa hydroxypropylation reaction, starch granule morphology, ndi chiŵerengero cha amylose ndi amylopectin mu wowuma wamba zonse zimakhudza kukula kwa MS.

1.2.3.3 Katundu wa hydroxypropyl wowuma

(1) Kuzizira kozizira kwa HPS

Pakuti otentha HPS wowuma phala, makamaka dongosolo ndi okhutira mkulu amylose, pa ndondomeko yozizira, ndi amylose maselo unyolo mu wowuma phala entangle wina ndi mzake kupanga atatu azithunzithunzi maukonde dongosolo, ndi kusonyeza zoonekeratu olimba ngati khalidwe. Imakhala elastomer, imapanga gel osakaniza, ndipo imatha kubwerera ku njira yothetsera ikatenthedwa, ndiko kuti, imakhala ndi zinthu zozizira za gel, ndipo chodabwitsa cha gelchi chimakhala ndi zinthu zosinthika [228].

Gelatinized amylose amapindidwa mosalekeza kuti apange coaxial single helical structure. Kunja kwa mapangidwe amodziwa ndi gulu la hydrophilic, ndipo mkati mwake ndi hydrophobic cavity. Pakutentha kwambiri, HPS imapezeka munjira yamadzimadzi ngati ma coil osasinthika pomwe zigawo zina za helical zimatambasuka. Kutentha kukatsitsidwa, zomangira za haidrojeni pakati pa HPS ndi madzi zimasweka, madzi omangika amatayika, ndipo zomangira za haidrojeni pakati pa maunyolo a molekyulu zimapangidwa mosalekeza, pomaliza kupanga mawonekedwe amtundu wa gel. Gawo lodzaza mu gel osakaniza wowuma ndi zotsalira za wowuma granules kapena zidutswa pambuyo gelatinization, ndi intertwining wa amylopectin kumathandizanso kupanga gel osakaniza [230-232].

(2) Hydrophilicity ya HPS

Kuyambitsidwa kwa magulu a hydrophilic hydroxypropyl kumafooketsa mphamvu ya ma hydrogen zomangira pakati pa mamolekyu owuma, kumalimbikitsa kuyenda kwa mamolekyu a wowuma kapena magawo, ndikuchepetsa kutentha kwa wowuma microcrystals; mawonekedwe a wowuma granules amasinthidwa, ndipo pamwamba pa wowuma granules ndi wovuta Pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka, ming'alu kapena mabowo amawonekera, kotero kuti mamolekyu amadzi amatha kulowa mkati mwa granules wowuma, kupanga wowuma kukhala kosavuta kutupa ndi gelatinize, kotero kutentha kwa gelatinization kwa wowuma kumachepa. Pamene mlingo wolowa m'malo ukuwonjezeka, kutentha kwa gelatinization kwa wowuma wa hydroxypropyl kumachepa, ndipo pamapeto pake kumatha kutupa m'madzi ozizira. Pambuyo pa hydroxypropylation, kuyendayenda, kutsika kwa kutentha, kuwonekera, kusungunuka, ndi kupanga mafilimu a phala la wowuma kunasinthidwa [233-235].

(3) Kukhazikika kwa HPS

HPS ndi ether wopanda ionic wowuma wokhala ndi kukhazikika kwakukulu. Pazochitika zamakina monga hydrolysis, oxidation, ndi cross-linking, chomangira cha ether sichidzasweka ndipo zolowazo sizidzagwa. Choncho, katundu wa HPS sakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi electrolytes ndi pH, kuonetsetsa kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito mumitundu yambiri ya acid-base pH [236-238].

1.2.3.4 Kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka HPS pazakudya ndi mankhwala

HPS ndi yopanda poizoni komanso yopanda kukoma, imagwira ntchito bwino m'mimba komanso kukhuthala kwa hydrolyzate kochepa. Imazindikiridwa ngati wowuma wokhazikika wodyedwa kunyumba ndi kunja. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, United States inavomereza wowuma wa hydroxypropyl kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji pazakudya [223, 229, 238]. HPS ndi wowuma wosinthidwa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'munda wazakudya, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati thickening, suspending agent ndi stabilizer.

Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazakudya zosavuta komanso zozizira monga zakumwa, ayisikilimu, ndi kupanikizana; imatha kusintha pang'ono mkamwa wodyedwa wamtengo wapatali monga gelatin; imatha kupangidwa kukhala mafilimu odyedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zokutira zakudya ndi kuyika [229, 236].

HPS imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazamankhwala ngati zomangira, zomangira mbewu zamankhwala, zophatikizira mapiritsi, zida zopangira makapisozi ofewa ndi olimba, zokutira zamankhwala, anti-condensing agents wa maselo ofiira amagazi ndi zokometsera zam'magazi, ndi zina zambiri. [239] .

1.3 Polima Compounding

Zida za polima zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mbali zonse za moyo ndipo ndizofunikira komanso zofunikira. Kukula kosalekeza kwa sayansi ndi luso laukadaulo kumapangitsa kuti zofuna za anthu zizichulukirachulukira, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta kuti zida za polima za gawo limodzi zikwaniritse zosowa zosiyanasiyana za anthu. Kuphatikiza ma polima awiri kapena kupitilirapo ndiyo njira yotsika mtengo komanso yothandiza kwambiri yopezera zida za polima zotsika mtengo, magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri, kukonza kosavuta komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu, komwe kwakopa chidwi cha ofufuza ambiri ndipo kulipidwa kwambiri [240-242] .

1.3.1 Cholinga ndi njira yophatikizira polima

Cholinga chachikulu cha polima compounding: (l) kukhathamiritsa mabuku katundu wa zipangizo. Ma polima osiyanasiyana amaphatikizidwa, kotero kuti chomalizacho chimakhalabe ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri za macromolecule imodzi, amaphunzira kuchokera ku mphamvu za wina ndi mnzake ndikukwaniritsa zofooka zake, ndikukulitsa zida zonse za polima. (2) Kuchepetsa mtengo wa zinthu. Zida zina za polima zili ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri, koma ndizokwera mtengo. Choncho, amatha kuphatikizidwa ndi ma polima ena otsika mtengo kuti achepetse ndalama popanda kusokoneza ntchito. (3) Sinthani katundu pokonza zinthu. Zida zina zimakhala ndi zinthu zabwino kwambiri koma zimakhala zovuta kuzikonza, ndipo ma polima ena oyenera amatha kuwonjezedwa kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito zawo. (4) Kulimbitsa katundu wina wa zinthuzo. Pofuna kupititsa patsogolo kagwiritsidwe ntchito kazinthu zinazake, polima wina amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti asinthe. (5) Pangani ntchito zatsopano zazinthu.

Njira zophatikizira polima: (l) Kusungunula kophatikizana. Pansi pa kumeta ubweya wa zida zophatikizira, ma polima osiyanasiyana amatenthedwa pamwamba pa kutentha kwa viscous kuti awonjezere, kenako atakhazikika ndi granulated pambuyo pophatikiza. (2) Yankho kukonzanso. Zigawo ziwirizi zimagwedezeka ndikusakanikirana pogwiritsa ntchito chosungunulira wamba, kapena zosungunulira zosiyanasiyana za polima zimagwedezeka mofanana, ndiyeno zosungunulira zimachotsedwa kuti zipeze polima. (3) Emulsion kuphatikiza. Pambuyo poyambitsa ndi kusakaniza ma emulsions osiyanasiyana a polima amtundu womwewo wa emulsifier, coagulant imawonjezeredwa kuti ipangitse polima kuti ipeze polima. (4) Copolymerization ndi kuphatikiza. Kuphatikizira kumezanitsa copolymerization, chipika copolymerization ndi zotakasika copolymerization, kaphatikizidwe ndondomeko limodzi ndi anachita mankhwala. (5) Network yolumikizana [10].

1.3.2 Kuphatikiza ma polysaccharides achilengedwe

Ma polysaccharides achilengedwe ndi gulu lodziwika bwino la zinthu za polima m'chilengedwe, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasinthidwa ndi mankhwala ndikuwonetsa zinthu zabwino kwambiri. Komabe, zida za polysaccharide imodzi nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zoletsa zina, kotero kuti ma polysaccharides osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa kuti akwaniritse cholinga chokwaniritsa maubwino a gawo lililonse ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwa ntchito. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi kuphatikizika kwa ma polysaccharides achilengedwe awonjezeka kwambiri [243]. Kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi dongosolo lachilengedwe la polysaccharide kunyumba ndi kunja makamaka amayang'ana pagulu la curdlan ndi non-curdlan komanso dongosolo lamitundu iwiri ya polysaccharide yopanda curd.

1.3.2.1 Gulu lachilengedwe la polysaccharide hydrogel

Ma polysaccharides achilengedwe amatha kugawidwa kukhala curdlan ndi osakhala curdlan malinga ndi kuthekera kwawo kupanga ma gels. Ma polysaccharides ena amatha kupanga ma gels okha, motero amatchedwa curdlan, monga carrageenan, etc.; ena alibe ma gelling okha, ndipo amatchedwa non-curd polysaccharides, monga xanthan chingamu.

Ma Hydrogel amatha kupezeka posungunula curdlan yachilengedwe mu njira yamadzi. Kutengera thermoreversibility ya gel yotulukayo komanso kudalira kwa kutentha kwa modulus yake, imatha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi osiyanasiyana [244]:

(1) Cryogel, njira ya polysaccharide imatha kupeza gel osakaniza pa kutentha kochepa, monga carrageenan.

(2) Gelisi yopangidwa ndi thermally, njira ya polysaccharide imatha kupeza gel osakaniza pa kutentha kwakukulu, monga glucomannan.

(3) Yankho la polysaccharide silingangopeza gel osakaniza kutentha pang'ono, komanso kupeza gel osakaniza pa kutentha kwakukulu, koma perekani njira yothetsera kutentha kwapakati.

(4) Njira yothetsera vutoli imatha kupeza gel osakaniza pa kutentha kwina pakati. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya curdlan ili ndi zovuta zake (zochepa), pamwamba pake zomwe gel osakaniza angapezeke. Kuchuluka kwa gel osakaniza kumagwirizana ndi kutalika kosalekeza kwa ma polysaccharide molecular chain; mphamvu ya gel osakaniza imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ndende ndi kulemera kwa maselo a yankho, ndipo kawirikawiri, mphamvu ya gel osakaniza imawonjezeka pamene ndende ikuwonjezeka [245].

1.3.2.2 Compound system of curdlan ndi non-curdlan

Kuphatikiza non-curdlan ndi curdlan nthawi zambiri kumapangitsa mphamvu ya gel ya polysaccharides [246]. Kuphatikizika kwa konjac chingamu ndi carrageenan kumawonjezera kukhazikika ndi kukhazikika kwa gel osakaniza kapangidwe ka maukonde a gel, ndipo kumapangitsanso mphamvu zake za gel. Wei Yu et al. ophatikizana carrageenan ndi konjac chingamu, ndipo anakambirana kapangidwe gel osakaniza pambuyo kuphatikizika. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti ataphatikiza carrageenan ndi konjac chingamu, mphamvu ya synergistic idapangidwa, ndipo mawonekedwe a netiweki omwe amayendetsedwa ndi carrageenan adapangidwa, chingamu cha konjac chimamwazikana mmenemo, ndipo netiweki yake ya gel ndi yolimba kuposa ya carrageenan yoyera [247]. Kohyama et al. anaphunzira kaphatikizidwe ka carrageenan / konjac chingamu, ndipo zotsatira zake zimasonyeza kuti ndi kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa kulemera kwa maselo a konjac chingamu, kupasuka kwa gel osakaniza kunapitirizabe kuwonjezeka; chingamu cha konjac chokhala ndi masikelo osiyanasiyana a mamolekyu chinawonetsa mapangidwe ofanana a gel. kutentha. Mu dongosolo lamagulu awa, mapangidwe a gel network amapangidwa ndi carrageenan, ndipo kuyanjana pakati pa mamolekyu awiri a curdlan kumapangitsa kuti pakhale madera ofooka omwe amalumikizana nawo [248]. Nishinari et al. adaphunzira za gellan chingamu / konjac chingamu chophatikizira, ndipo zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti mphamvu ya ma cations monovalent pa gel ophatikizika idawonekera kwambiri. Ikhoza kuonjezera modulus dongosolo ndi gel osakaniza kutentha. Ma divalent cations amatha kulimbikitsa mapangidwe a gels ophatikizika mpaka pamlingo wina, koma kuchuluka kochulukirapo kumayambitsa kulekanitsa kwa gawo ndikuchepetsa modulus ya dongosolo [246]. Breneer et al. anaphunzira kuphatikizika kwa carrageenan, chingamu cha dzombe ndi chingamu cha konjac, ndipo anapeza kuti chingamu cha dzombe, chingamu cha dzombe ndi chingamu cha konjac chingabweretse zotsatira zogwirizana, ndipo chiŵerengero choyenera ndi dzombe chingamu/carrageenan 1:5.5, konjac chingamu/carrageenan 1:7 , ndipo pamene zitatuzo zikuphatikizidwa pamodzi, zotsatira za synergistic ndizofanana ndi carrageenan / konjac chingamu, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti palibe kuphatikiza kwapadera kwa atatuwo. [249].

1.3.2.2 Machitidwe awiri osagwirizana ndi curdlan

Ma polysaccharides awiri achilengedwe omwe alibe katundu wa gel amatha kuwonetsa katundu wa gel kudzera pakuphatikizana, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mankhwala a gel [250]. Kuphatikiza chingamu cha dzombe ndi xanthan chingamu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano womwe umapangitsa kupanga ma gels atsopano [251]. Mankhwala atsopano a gel atha kupezekanso powonjezera xanthan chingamu ku konjac glucomannan pophatikiza [252]. Wei Yanxia et al. anaphunzira rheological zimatha zovuta dzombe chingamu ndi xanthan chingamu. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa chingamu cha dzombe ndi xanthan chingamu kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano. Pamene kuchuluka kwa voliyumu ndi 4: 6, mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri ya synergistic [253]. Fitzsimons et al. kuphatikiza konjac glucomannan ndi xanthan chingamu kutentha firiji ndi pansi kutentha. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti mankhwala onse amawonetsa mawonekedwe a gel, kuwonetsa mphamvu ya synergistic pakati pa awiriwo. Kutentha kophatikizana ndi mawonekedwe a xanthan chingamu sikunakhudze mgwirizano pakati pa awiriwa [254]. Guo Shoujun ndi ena anaphunzira kusakaniza koyambirira kwa ndowe za nkhumba nyemba chingamu ndi xanthan chingamu, ndipo zotsatira zake zimasonyeza kuti nkhumba ya nkhumba ndi xanthan chingamu imakhala ndi mphamvu yogwirizanitsa. Mulingo woyenera kwambiri kuphatikiza chiŵerengero cha ndowe za nkhumba nyemba chingamu ndi xanthan chingamu pawiri zomatira ndi 6/4 (w/w). Ndi nthawi 102 ya njira imodzi ya chingamu cha soya, ndipo gel osakaniza amapangidwa pamene ndende ya chingamu ifika 0,4%. Zomatira pawiri zimakhala ndi kukhuthala kwakukulu, kukhazikika kwabwino komanso mawonekedwe a rheological, ndipo ndi chakudya chabwino kwambiri [255].

1.3.3 Kugwirizana kwa ma polima ophatikizika

Kuyanjanitsa, kuchokera pamalingaliro a thermodynamic, kumatanthauza kukwaniritsa kuyanjana kwa mamolekyulu, komwe kumadziwikanso kuti kusungunuka kwapakati. Malinga ndi nthano yachitsanzo ya Flory-Huggins, kusintha kwa mphamvu kwaulere kwa polima polima panthawi yophatikiza kumagwirizana ndi njira yaulere ya Gibbs:

△���=△���-T△S (1-1)

Mwa iwo, △���ndi mphamvu yaulere yovuta, △���ndi kutentha kovuta, ndi entropy yovuta; ndi kutentha kwenikweni; dongosolo lovuta ndi dongosolo logwirizana pokhapokha mphamvu yaulere ikasintha △���panthawi yovutayi [256].

Lingaliro la miscibility limachokera ku mfundo yakuti machitidwe ochepa kwambiri amatha kukwaniritsa kufanana kwa thermodynamic. Miscibility imatanthawuza kuthekera kwa magawo osiyanasiyana kupanga ma homogeneous complexes, ndipo muyezo womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndikuti ma complexes amawonetsa gawo limodzi losinthira magalasi.

Mosiyana ndi kuyanjana kwa thermodynamic, kuyanjana kwachilengedwe kumatanthawuza kuthekera kwa chigawo chilichonse mu kaphatikizidwe kazinthu kuti tigwirizane, zomwe zikuperekedwa kuchokera kumalingaliro othandiza [257].

Kutengera kuyanjana kwapang'onopang'ono, makina apawiri a polima amatha kugawidwa m'magulu ogwirizana kwathunthu, ogwirizana pang'ono komanso osagwirizana kwathunthu. A mokwanira n'zogwirizana dongosolo zikutanthauza kuti pawiri ndi thermodynamically miscible pa mlingo maselo; dongosolo logwirizana pang'ono limatanthawuza kuti pawiriyo ndi yogwirizana mkati mwa kutentha kwina kapena kusiyanasiyana; dongosolo losagwirizana kotheratu zikutanthauza kuti pawiri ndi Molecular-level miscibility sikutheka pa kutentha kulikonse kapena zikuchokera.

Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwamapangidwe ndi conformational entropy pakati pa ma polima osiyanasiyana, makina ambiri ovuta a polima amakhala ogwirizana kapena osagwirizana [11, 12]. Malingana ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa gawo la dongosolo la pawiri ndi mlingo wa kusakaniza, kuyanjana kwa dongosolo logwirizana pang'ono kudzasiyananso kwambiri [11]. Ma macroscopic a ma polima ophatikizika amalumikizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo amkati ang'onoang'ono komanso mawonekedwe a thupi ndi mankhwala a chigawo chilichonse. 240], kotero ndikofunika kwambiri kuphunzira kapangidwe ka microscopic ndi kugwirizana kwa dongosolo la pawiri.

Kafukufuku ndi Makhalidwe Njira Zogwirizana ndi Binary Compounds:

(1) Kutentha kwa kusintha kwa galasi T���kufananiza njira. Kufananiza ndi T���mkangano ndi T���za zigawo zake, ngati T���limapezeka pawiri, pawiri dongosolo ndi n'zogwirizana dongosolo; ngati pali awiri T���, ndi awiri T���malo a pawiri ali m'magulu awiri Pakatikati mwa mfundo T���zimasonyeza kuti pawiri dongosolo ndi pang'ono n'zogwirizana dongosolo; ngati pali awiri T���, ndipo ali pamalo a zigawo ziwiri za T���, zimasonyeza kuti dongosolo lamagulu ndi dongosolo losagwirizana.

T���Zida zoyesera zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekezera ndi dynamic thermomechanical analyzer (DMA) ndi differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Njirayi imatha kuweruza mwachangu kuyanjana kwapawiri, koma ngati T���mwa zigawo ziwirizo ndizofanana, T���idzawonekeranso pambuyo pophatikizana, kotero njira iyi ili ndi zofooka zina [10].

(2) Njira yowonera morphological. Choyamba, onani mawonekedwe a macroscopic a pawiri. Ngati pawiriyo ali ndi gawo lopatukana lodziwikiratu, zitha kuganiziridwa kuti dongosolo lamagulu ndi dongosolo losagwirizana. Kachiwiri, mawonekedwe a microscopic ndi mawonekedwe a gawo la pawiri amawonedwa ndi maikulosikopu. Zigawo ziwiri zomwe zimagwirizana kwathunthu zidzapanga dziko lofanana. Choncho, pawiri ndi ngakhale wabwino kuona yunifolomu gawo kugawa ndi yaing'ono omwazika gawo tinthu kukula. ndi mawonekedwe a blurry.

Zida zoyesera zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito munjira yowonera zakuthambo ndi ma microscope ndi makina owonera ma electron (SEM). Njira yowonera malo atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yothandizira kuphatikiza ndi njira zina zofotokozera.

(3) Njira yowonekera. Mu kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe kogwirizana pang'ono, zigawo ziwirizi zikhoza kugwirizana mkati mwa kutentha kwina ndi kapangidwe kake, ndipo kupatukana kwa gawo kudzachitika kupitirira izi. M'kati mwa kusintha kwa kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe kuchokera ku homogeneous system kupita ku dongosolo la magawo awiri, kuwala kwake kudzasintha, kotero kuti kugwirizana kwake kungaphunziridwe mwa kuphunzira kuwonekera kwa pawiri.

Njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yothandizira, chifukwa pamene zizindikiro za refractive za ma polima awiri ali ofanana, chigawo chomwe chimapezedwa mwa kuphatikiza ma polima awiri osagwirizana nawonso amawonekera.

(4) Njira ya Rheological. Mwa njira iyi, kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa magawo a viscoelastic a pawiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha kulekanitsidwa kwa gawo, mwachitsanzo, kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa phiri la viscosity-kutentha kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti azindikire kulekana kwa gawo, ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa kuwonekera. kukameta ubweya kupsinjika-kutentha kopindika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha kupatukana kwa gawo. Dongosolo lophatikizira popanda kupatukana kwa gawo pambuyo pakuphatikizana limakhala logwirizana bwino, ndipo omwe ali ndi magawo olekanitsa ndi osagwirizana kapena ogwirizana pang'ono [258].

(5) Njira yokhotakhota ya Han. Mpoto wa Han ndi lg���'(���) lg G ", ngati mkombero wa Han wa kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe kameneka kalibe kudalira kutentha, ndipo phokoso la Han pa kutentha kosiyana limapanga chigawo chachikulu, dongosolo lamagulu limagwirizana; ngati pawiri dongosolo n'zogwirizana The Han pamapindikira ndi kutentha amadalira. Ngati mkombero wa Han umasiyanitsidwa ndi kutentha kosiyana ndipo sungathe kupanga chigawo chachikulu, kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe ndi kosagwirizana kapena pang'ono. Choncho, kugwirizana kwa kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe kumatha kuweruzidwa molingana ndi kulekanitsidwa kwa curve ya Han.

(6) Njira yothetsera kukhuthala. Njirayi imagwiritsa ntchito kusintha kwa kukhuthala kwa yankho kuti iwonetse kuyanjana kwa dongosolo la pawiri. Pansi pazigawo zosiyanasiyana za yankho, kukhuthala kwa pawiri kumapangidwira motsutsana ndi zomwe zili. Ngati ndi liniya ubale, zikutanthauza kuti pawiri dongosolo n'zogwirizana kwathunthu; ngati ndi mgwirizano wosagwirizana, zikutanthauza kuti dongosolo lamagulu limagwirizana pang'ono; ngati ili lopindika lopangidwa ndi S, ndiye kuti zikuwonetsa kuti makina ophatikizika ndi osagwirizana kwathunthu [10].

(7) Chiwonetsero cha infrared. Ma polima awiriwa ataphatikizidwa, ngati kugwirizana kuli bwino, padzakhala kuyanjana monga ma hydrogen bond, ndipo malo amagulu amagulu amtundu wa infuraredi wa gulu lililonse pa unyolo wa polima adzasuntha. The kuchepetsa makhalidwe gulu magulu a zovuta ndi chigawo chilichonse akhoza kuweruza ngakhale dongosolo zovuta.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuyanjana kwa ma complexes kumathanso kuphunziridwa ndi ma analyzer a thermogravimetric, ma X-ray diffraction, ngodya yaying'ono ya X-ray, kufalikira kwa kuwala, kufalikira kwa ma elekitironi a nyutroni, maginito a nyukiliya ndi njira za ultrasonic [10].

1.3.4 Kafukufuku wa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/hydroxypropyl wowuma

1.3.4.1 Kuphatikiza kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi zinthu zina

Zophatikizika za HPMC ndi zinthu zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamakina otulutsa omwe amayendetsedwa ndi mankhwala komanso zida zomangira zamafilimu zodyedwa kapena zowonongeka. Pogwiritsa ntchito kumasulidwa kolamulidwa ndi mankhwala, ma polima nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi HPMC amaphatikizapo ma polima opangidwa monga polyvinyl mowa (PVA), lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) ndi polycaprolactone (PCL), komanso mapuloteni, ma polima achilengedwe monga ma polysaccharides. Abdel-Zaher et al. adaphunzira momwe zimapangidwira, kukhazikika kwamafuta komanso ubale wawo ndi magwiridwe antchito a HPMC/PVA, ndipo zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti pali kusamvana pamaso pa ma polima awiriwa [259]. Zabihi et al. adagwiritsa ntchito HPMC/PLGA complex kukonzekera ma microcapsules kuti azitha kuwongolera komanso kutulutsa insulini, yomwe imatha kutulutsidwa m'mimba ndi m'matumbo [260]. Javed et al. HPMC yophatikizidwa ndi hydrophilic HPMC ndi hydrophobic PCL ndipo idagwiritsa ntchito ma HPMC/PCL ngati zida za microcapsule zowongolera komanso kumasulidwa kosalekeza, zomwe zitha kutulutsidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana a thupi la munthu posintha chiŵerengero chophatikiza [261]. Ding ndi al. adaphunzira za rheological properties monga viscosity, dynamic viscoelasticity, creep recovery, ndi thixotropy wa HPMC / collagen complexes omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kupereka chitsogozo cha maphunziro a mafakitale [262]. Arthanari, Cai ndi Rai et al. [263-265] Ma complexes a HPMC ndi ma polysaccharides monga chitosan, xanthan chingamu, ndi sodium alginate anagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga katemera ndi kumasulidwa kwa mankhwala, ndipo zotsatira zake zinawonetsa kutulutsidwa kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo [263-265].

Popanga zinthu zopangira filimu zodyedwa kapena zowonongeka, ma polima omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi HPMC amakhala ma polima achilengedwe monga lipids, mapuloteni ndi ma polysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes ndi Contreras-Oliva et al. HPMC/lipid complexes anakonza zodyedwa zokhala ndi ma HPMC/lipids, ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito posungira plums, tomato yamatcheri ndi zipatso za citrus, motsatana. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ma HPMC / lipid complex membranes anali ndi antibacterial zotsatira za kusunga mwatsopano [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, ndi Ding et al. adaphunzira zamakina, kukhazikika kwamafuta, mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, ndi kuyanjana pakati pa zigawo zamafilimu ophatikizika opangidwa kuchokera ku HPMC, mapuloteni a silika, mapuloteni a whey, ndi collagen, motsatana [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. adapanga HPMC yokhala ndi gelatin kuti akonzere mafilimu odyedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zopangira ma bio-based [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata and Ortega-Toro et al. anakonza HPMC/chitosan HPMC/xyloglucan, HPMC/ethyl cellulose ndi HPMC/wowuma edible mafilimu gulu, motero, ndipo anaphunzira awo matenthedwe bata, makina katundu katundu, microstructure ndi antibacterial katundu [139, 272-274]. Gulu la HPMC/PLA litha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zopangira zinthu zazakudya, nthawi zambiri ndi extrusion [275].

Popanga zinthu zopangira filimu zodyedwa kapena zowonongeka, ma polima omwe nthawi zambiri amaphatikizidwa ndi HPMC amakhala ma polima achilengedwe monga lipids, mapuloteni ndi ma polysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes ndi Contreras-Oliva et al. HPMC/lipid complexes anakonza zodyedwa zokhala ndi ma HPMC/lipids, ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito posungira plums, tomato yamatcheri ndi zipatso za citrus, motsatana. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti ma HPMC / lipid complex membranes anali ndi antibacterial zotsatira za kusunga mwatsopano [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, ndi Ding et al. adaphunzira zamakina, kukhazikika kwamafuta, mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, ndi kuyanjana pakati pa zigawo zamafilimu ophatikizika opangidwa kuchokera ku HPMC, mapuloteni a silika, mapuloteni a whey, ndi collagen, motsatana [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. adapanga HPMC yokhala ndi gelatin kuti akonzere mafilimu odyedwa kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito pazinthu zopangira ma bio-based [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata and Ortega-Toro et al. anakonza HPMC/chitosan HPMC/xyloglucan, HPMC/ethyl cellulose ndi HPMC/wowuma edible mafilimu gulu, motero, ndipo anaphunzira awo matenthedwe bata, makina katundu katundu, microstructure ndi antibacterial katundu [139, 272-274]. Gulu la HPMC/PLA litha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zopangira zinthu zazakudya, nthawi zambiri ndi extrusion [275].

1.3.4.2 Kuphatikiza wowuma ndi zinthu zina

The kafukufuku pa compounding wa wowuma ndi zinthu zina poyamba lolunjika pa zosiyanasiyana hydrophobic aliphatic poliyesitala zinthu, kuphatikizapo asidi polylactic (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutene succinic asidi (PBSA), etc. 276]. Muller et al. adaphunzira mawonekedwe ndi katundu wa zosakaniza za starch / PLA ndi kuyanjana pakati pa ziwirizi, ndipo zotsatira zake zinasonyeza kuti kugwirizana pakati pa awiriwa kunali kofooka ndipo makina a composites anali osauka [277]. Correa, Komur ndi Diaz-Gomez et al. anaphunzira za makina, rheological properties, gel properties ndi kugwirizana kwa zigawo ziwiri za starch / PCL complexes, zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zinthu zowonongeka, zowonongeka, ndi Tissue Engineering Scaffolding Materials [278-280]. Ohkika et al. anapeza kuti kusakaniza kwa cornstarch ndi PBSA ndikopindulitsa kwambiri. Pamene wowuma ali ndi 5-30%, kuonjezera zomwe zili mu starch granules zimatha kuonjezera modulus ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamphamvu komanso kutalika panthawi yopuma [281,282]. Hydrophobic aliphatic poliyesitala ndi thermodynamically zosemphana ndi hydrophilic wowuma, ndi compatibilizer zosiyanasiyana ndi zina zambiri anawonjezera kusintha gawo mawonekedwe pakati wowuma ndi poliyesitala. Szadkowska, Ferri, ndi Li et al. anaphunzira zotsatira za silanol-based plasticizers, maleic anhydride linseed mafuta, ndi functionalized zotumphukira mafuta masamba pa kapangidwe ndi katundu wa starch/PLA complexes, motero [283-285]. Ortega-Toro, Yu et al. amagwiritsa ntchito citric acid ndi diphenylmethane diisocyanate kuti agwirizane ndi wowuma / PCL pawiri ndi wowuma / PBSA pawiri, motero, kuti apititse patsogolo zinthu zakuthupi ndi kukhazikika [286, 287].

M'zaka zaposachedwa, kafukufuku wochulukira wachitika pakuphatikiza wowuma ndi ma polima achilengedwe monga mapuloteni, ma polysaccharides ndi lipids. Teklehaimanot, Sahin-Nadeen ndi Zhang et al anaphunzira za physicochemical properties za wowuma / zein, wowuma / whey mapuloteni ndi starch / gelatin complexes, motero, ndipo zotsatira zake zonse zinapindula bwino, zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito ku biomaterials chakudya ndi makapisozi [52, 288, 289]. Lozanno-Navarro, Talon ndi Ren et al. adaphunzira kufalikira kwa kuwala, makina, antibacterial properties ndi chitosan ndende ya wowuma / chitosan mafilimu ophatikizika, motero, ndikuwonjezera zowonjezera zachilengedwe, tiyi polyphenols ndi mankhwala ena achilengedwe a antibacterial kuti apititse patsogolo mphamvu ya antibacterial ya filimu yophatikizika. Zotsatira zafukufuku zikuwonetsa kuti filimu yopangidwa ndi wowuma / chitosan ili ndi kuthekera kwakukulu pakuyika chakudya ndi mankhwala [290-292]. Kaushik, Ghanbarzadeh, Arvanitoyannis, and Zhang et al. adaphunzira za wowuma / cellulose nanocrystals, wowuma / carboxymethylcellulose, wowuma / methylcellulose, ndi wowuma / hydroxypropylmethylcellulose mafilimu ophatikizika, motsatana, komanso ntchito zazikuluzikulu muzonyamula zodyedwa / biodegradable ma phukusi [293-295]. Dafe, Jumaidin ndi Lascombes et al. adaphunzira zowuma / chakudya chingamu monga wowuma / pectin, wowuma / agar ndi wowuma / carrageenan, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pankhani yazakudya ndi ma CD [296-298]. The physicochemical properties of tapioca starch/mafuta a chimanga, starch/lipid complexes anaphunziridwa ndi Perez, De et al., makamaka kutsogolera njira yopanga zakudya zowonjezera [299, 300].

1.3.4.3 Kuphatikiza kwa hydroxypropyl methylcellulose ndi wowuma

Pakali pano, palibe maphunziro ambiri pa pawiri dongosolo la HPMC ndi wowuma kunyumba ndi kunja, ndipo ambiri a iwo akuwonjezera pang'ono HPMC mu wowuma masanjidwewo kusintha ukalamba chodabwitsa wowuma. Jimenez et al. ntchito HPMC kuchepetsa ukalamba wowuma mbadwa kusintha permeability wa nembanemba wowuma. Zotsatira zinawonetsa kuti kuwonjezera kwa HPMC kunachepetsa kukalamba kwa wowuma ndikuwonjezera kusinthasintha kwa nembanemba yophatikizika. Mpweya wa okosijeni wa nembanemba yophatikizika unawonjezeka kwambiri, koma ntchito yopanda madzi sinatero. Zasintha bwanji [301]. Villacres, Basch et al. anaphatikiza HPMC ndi tapioca wowuma kuti akonze HPMC/wowuma kompositi filimu zipangizo, ndipo anaphunzira plasticizing zotsatira za glycerin pa gulu filimu ndi zotsatira za potaziyamu sorbate ndi nisin pa antibacterial katundu wa gulu filimu. Zotsatira Zikuwonetsa kuti pakuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPMC, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu zolimba za filimu yophatikizika zimachulukitsidwa, kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma kumachepa, ndipo mphamvu ya nthunzi yamadzi imakhala yochepa; potaziyamu sorbate ndi nisin amatha kusintha filimu yophatikizika. Mphamvu ya antibacterial ya ma antibacterial agents awiri imakhala bwino ikagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi [112, 302]. Ortega-Toro et al. adaphunzira za HPMC / wowuma woponderezedwa ndi nembanemba wophatikizika, ndikuphunzira momwe citric acid imakhudzira mawonekedwe a nembanemba. Zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti HPMC idamwazika mugawo lopitilira, ndipo citric acid ndi HPMC zidakhudza ukalamba wa wowuma. pamlingo wina wolepheretsa [139]. Ayorinde et al. adagwiritsa ntchito filimu yophatikizika ya HPMC/wowuma popaka amlodipine oral, ndipo zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti nthawi yapasuka komanso kutulutsa kwa filimuyo inali yabwino kwambiri [303].

Zhao Ming et al. adaphunzira momwe wowuma amasungira madzi pamakanema a HPMC, ndipo zotsatira zake zidawonetsa kuti wowuma ndi HPMC zidakhala ndi zotsatirapo zofananira, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti chiwonjezeko chonse chakusunga madzi [304]. Zhang et al. adaphunzira za filimu yapawiri ya HPMC/HPS ndi rheological properties of the solution. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti makina a HPMC/HPS ali ndi mawonekedwe ena, magwiridwe antchito a nembanemba ndiabwino, komanso mawonekedwe amtundu wa HPS kupita ku HPMC Ali ndi zotsatira zabwino zofananira [305, 306]. Pali maphunziro ochepa pa HPMC / wowuma pawiri system yokhala ndi HPMC yayikulu, ndipo ambiri aiwo ali mu kafukufuku wosaya, ndipo kafukufuku wazongopeka pagululi akusowa, makamaka gel osakaniza a HPMC / HPS ozizira kutentha kusinthidwa. - gel osakaniza gawo. Maphunziro amakanika akadali opanda kanthu.

1.4 Rheology yama polymer complexes

Pokonza zida za polima, kuyenda ndi kusinthika kudzachitika mosapeweka, ndipo rheology ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira zamayendedwe ndi kusinthika kwazinthu [307]. Flow ndi katundu wa zinthu zamadzimadzi, pamene mapindikidwe ndi katundu wa zinthu zolimba (crystalline). Kuyerekeza kwamadzimadzi komanso kusinthika kolimba kuli motere:

M'mafakitale ogwiritsira ntchito zida za polima, kukhuthala kwawo ndi kukhuthala kwawo kumatsimikizira momwe amagwirira ntchito. Pokonza ndi kuumba, ndi kusintha kwa shear rate, kukhuthala kwa zinthu za polima kungakhale ndi kukula kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro angapo a ukulu. Kusintha [308]. Rheological katundu monga mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi kukameta ubweya kupatulira mwachindunji kulamulira kupopera, perfusion, kubalalitsidwa ndi kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa pokonza zipangizo polima, ndipo ndi zofunika kwambiri katundu wa polima zipangizo.

1.4.1 Viscoelasticity ya ma polima

Pansi pa mphamvu yakunja, madzi a polima sangangoyenda, komanso amawonetsa mapindikidwe, akuwonetsa mtundu wa "viscoelasticity" ntchito, ndipo akamanena zake ndikukhala limodzi kwa "gawo lolimba-lamadzimadzi" [309]. Komabe, viscoelasticity iyi siili yozungulira pamapindika ang'onoang'ono, koma mawonekedwe osagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe pomwe zinthu zimawonetsa kupunduka kwakukulu komanso kupsinjika kwanthawi yayitali [310].

Mankhwala achilengedwe a polysaccharide amadzimadzi amatchedwanso hydrosol. Mu njira yochepetsera, ma ma macromolecules a polysaccharide amakhala ngati ma coils olekanitsidwa wina ndi mnzake. Pamene ndende ikukwera kufika pamtengo wina, ma macromolecular coils amadutsana ndi kuphana. Mtengowo umatchedwa ndende yovuta [311]. Pansi pa ndende yovuta, kukhuthala kwa yankho kumakhala kochepa, ndipo sikukhudzidwa ndi kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, kusonyeza khalidwe la Newtonian fluid; pamene ndende yovuta ifika, ma macromolecules omwe poyamba amayenda pawokha amayamba kusokonezana, ndipo kukhuthala kwa yankho kumawonjezeka kwambiri. kuwonjezeka [312]; pamene ndende ikadutsa ndende yovuta kwambiri, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya kumawonedwa ndipo yankho limasonyeza khalidwe losakhala la Newtonian fluid [245].

Ma hydrosol ena amatha kupanga ma gels pansi pazifukwa zina, ndipo mawonekedwe ake a viscoelastic nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi modulus G', losse modulus G” komanso kudalira kwawo pafupipafupi. Modulus yosungiramo imagwirizana ndi kusungunuka kwa dongosolo, pamene The imfa modulus imagwirizana ndi kukhuthala kwa dongosolo [311]. M'mayankho ochepetsetsa, palibe kulowererana pakati pa mamolekyu, kotero pamafuriji osiyanasiyana, G' ndi yaying'ono kwambiri kuposa G″, ndipo amawonetsa kudalira kwambiri pafupipafupi. Popeza G′ ndi G″ amafanana ndi pafupipafupi ω ndi quadratic yake, motsatana, ma frequency ndi apamwamba, G′> G″. Mlingo ukakhala wokwera kwambiri kuposa wofunikira kwambiri, G' ndi G ″ amadalirabe pafupipafupi. Mafupipafupi akakhala otsika, G' <G″, ndipo mafupipafupi amawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, awiriwo adzawoloka, ndikubwerera ku G'> m'dera lapamwamba la G".

Mfundo yofunika kwambiri yomwe hydrosol yachilengedwe ya polysaccharide imasandulika kukhala gel imatchedwa gel point. Pali matanthauzo ambiri a gel point, ndipo omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi tanthauzo la dynamic viscoelasticity mu rheology. Pamene modulus yosungirako G′ ya dongosolo ili yofanana ndi modulus yotayika G″, ndi malo a gel, ndi G′ > G″ Mapangidwe a Gelisi [312, 313].

Mamolekyu ena achilengedwe a polysaccharide amapanga mayanjano ofooka, ndipo mawonekedwe awo a gel amawonongeka mosavuta, ndipo G' ndi yayikulu pang'ono kuposa G”, kuwonetsa kudalira kwapang'onopang'ono; pamene mamolekyu ena achilengedwe a polysaccharide amatha kupanga zigawo zokhazikika zolumikizirana, zomwe Mapangidwe a gel ndi amphamvu, G' ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa G″, ndipo alibe kudalira pafupipafupi [311].

1.4.2 Makhalidwe achilengedwe a ma polymer complexes

Kwa kachitidwe kogwirizana kwathunthu ndi polima, pawiriyi ndi kachitidwe kofanana, ndipo kukhuthala kwake nthawi zambiri kumakhala kuchuluka kwa zinthu za polima imodzi, ndipo kukhuthala kwake kumatha kufotokozedwa ndi malamulo osavuta amphamvu [314]. Kuchita zatsimikizira kuti homogeneous dongosolo si abwino kwa kusintha kwa makina katundu. M'malo mwake, machitidwe ena ovuta okhala ndi magawo olekanitsidwa ndi gawo amakhala ndi ntchito yabwino kwambiri [315].

Kugwirizana kwa kaphatikizidwe kagawo kakang'ono kamene kamagwirizanako kudzakhudzidwa ndi zinthu monga chiŵerengero chamagulu a dongosolo, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, kutentha ndi mawonekedwe a chigawo, kusonyeza kugwirizanitsa kapena kupatukana kwa gawo, ndipo kusintha kuchokera ku kugwirizana kupita ku kupatukana kwa gawo sikungapeweke. kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu mu viscoelasticity ya dongosolo [316, 317]. M'zaka zaposachedwa, pakhala pali maphunziro ambiri okhudza ma viscoelastic machitidwe ogwirizana pang'ono a polima. Kafukufukuyu akuwonetsa kuti machitidwe a rheological a kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe muzone yolumikizana akuwonetsa mawonekedwe a homogeneous system. Mu gawo kulekana zone, rheological khalidwe ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi homogeneous zone ndi zovuta kwambiri.

Kumvetsetsa rheological katundu wa compating dongosolo pansi ndende zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizira ma ratios, kukameta ubweya mitengo, kutentha, etc. n'kofunika kwambiri pa kusankha kolondola processing teknoloji, zomveka kamangidwe ka mafomula, kulamulira kwambiri khalidwe la mankhwala, ndi kuchepetsa koyenera kwa kupanga. kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. [309]. Mwachitsanzo, pazida zotengera kutentha, kukhuthala kwa zinthuzo kungasinthidwe mwa kusintha kutentha. Ndi kupititsa patsogolo ntchito processing; kumvetsa zone kukameta ubweya wa zinthu, kusankha yoyenera kukameta ubweya mlingo kulamulira processing ntchito za zinthu, ndi kusintha dzuwa kupanga.

1.4.3 Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza rheological katundu wa pawiri

1.4.3.1 Mapangidwe

Zomwe zimapangidwira ndi mankhwala ndi mawonekedwe a mkati mwa dongosolo lamagulu ndikuwonetseratu kwathunthu kwa zopereka zophatikizidwa za katundu wa chigawo chilichonse ndi kugwirizana pakati pa zigawozo. Choncho, thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa chigawo chilichonse palokha ali ndi udindo waukulu pagulu dongosolo. Mlingo wa kuyanjana pakati pa ma polima osiyanasiyana amasiyana mosiyanasiyana, ena ndi ogwirizana kwambiri, ndipo ena ndi osagwirizana kwathunthu.

1.4.3.2 Chiŵerengero cha dongosolo lamagulu

The viscoelasticity ndi makina katundu wa polima pawiri dongosolo adzasintha kwambiri ndi kusintha pawiri chiŵerengero. Izi ndichifukwa chakuti chiŵerengero chamagulu chimatsimikizira zopereka za chigawo chilichonse ku dongosolo lamagulu, komanso zimakhudza gawo lililonse. kuyanjana ndi kugawa gawo. Xie Yajie et al. anaphunzira chitosan/hydroxypropyl cellulose ndipo anapeza kuti mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiriwo anakula kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa hydroxypropyl cellulose okhutira [318]. Zhang Yayuan et al. anaphunzira zovuta za xanthan chingamu ndi chimanga wowuma ndipo anapeza kuti pamene chiŵerengero cha xanthan chingamu chinali 10%, kugwirizana kokwanira, kupanikizika kwa zokolola ndi ndondomeko yamadzimadzi ya dongosolo lovuta kwambiri linakula kwambiri. Mwachiwonekere [319].

1.4.3.3 Kumeta ubweya

Zamadzimadzi zambiri za polima ndi zamadzimadzi za pseudoplastic, zomwe sizigwirizana ndi lamulo la Newton lakuyenda. Chinthu chachikulu ndi chakuti kukhuthala kwake sikumasintha pansi pa kukameta ubweya wochepa, ndipo kukhuthala kumachepa kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa shear rate [308, 320]. Mapiritsi amadzimadzi a polima amatha kugawidwa m'magawo atatu: Dera lotsika la Newtonian, dera lometa ubweya wa ubweya ndi dera lokhazikika la shear. Pamene kumeta ubweya wa ubweya kumafika pa ziro, kupanikizika ndi kupsyinjika kumakhala kofanana, ndipo kayendedwe ka madzi kamakhala kofanana ndi kamadzimadzi a Newtonian. Panthawiyi, kukhuthala kumakonda mtengo wina, womwe umatchedwa zero-shear viscosity η0. η0 imawonetsa nthawi yopumula kwambiri ya zinthuzo ndipo ndi gawo lofunikira la zida za polima, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kulemera kwa molekyulu ya polima ndi mphamvu yotsegulira ya viscous flow. M'dera lakumeta ubweya wa ubweya, kukhuthala kumachepa pang'onopang'ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, ndipo zochitika za "kumeta ubweya wa ubweya" zimachitika. Izi zone ndi mmene otaya woyendera nthambi pokonza zipangizo polima. M'chigawo chokhazikika cha kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, pamene chiwerengero cha kumeta ubweya chikupitirira kuwonjezeka, kukhuthala kumakonda kusinthasintha, kutsekemera kopanda malire η∞, koma derali nthawi zambiri limakhala lovuta kufika.

1.4.3.4 Kutentha

Kutentha kumakhudza mwachindunji mphamvu ya kusuntha kwachisawawa kwa mamolekyu, komwe kungakhudze kwambiri kuyanjana kwapakati pa ma molekyulu monga kufalikira, kuyang'ana kwa unyolo wa mamolekyulu, ndi kupindika. Kawirikawiri, pakuyenda kwa zipangizo za polima, kuyenda kwa unyolo wa maselo kumachitika m'magawo; pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka, voliyumu yaulere imawonjezeka, ndipo kukana kwa magawo kumachepa, kotero kutsekemera kumachepa. Komabe, kwa ma polima ena, kutentha kumawonjezeka, kuyanjana kwa hydrophobic kumachitika pakati pa maunyolo, kotero kukhuthala kumawonjezeka m'malo mwake.

Ma polima osiyanasiyana ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana okhudzidwa ndi kutentha, ndipo polima wapamwamba yemweyo ali ndi zotsatira zosiyana pakuchita kwa makina ake mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kutentha.

1.5 Kufunika kwa kafukufuku, cholinga cha kafukufuku ndi zomwe zili mu kafukufuku wa mutuwu

1.5.1 Kufunika kwa kafukufuku

Ngakhale HPMC ndi zinthu zotetezeka komanso zodyedwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazakudya ndi zamankhwala, zimakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino opanga mafilimu, obalalitsa, akukhuthala, komanso okhazikika. Kanema wa HPMC alinso ndi kuwonekera bwino, zotchingira mafuta, komanso makina amakina. Komabe, mtengo wake wapamwamba (pafupifupi 100,000/tani) umalepheretsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwakukulu, ngakhale pamapangidwe apamwamba amankhwala monga makapisozi. Komanso, HPMC ndi gel osakaniza thermally anachititsa, amene alipo mu njira yothetsera ndi otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe kutentha otsika, ndipo akhoza kupanga viscous olimba ngati gel osakaniza pa kutentha kwambiri, kotero processing njira monga ❖ kuyanika, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi kuviika ayenera kunja pa kutentha kwakukulu, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu zambiri zopangira mphamvu komanso mtengo wopangira. Katundu monga m'munsi mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi gel osakaniza mphamvu ya HPMC pa kutentha otsika kuchepetsa processability wa HPMC ntchito zambiri.

Mosiyana ndi izi, HPS ndi yotsika mtengo (pafupifupi 20,000/tani) yodyedwa yomwe imagwiritsidwanso ntchito kwambiri pazakudya ndi zamankhwala. Chifukwa chomwe HPMC ndi yokwera mtengo kwambiri ndikuti cellulose yaiwisi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera HPMC ndiyokwera mtengo kuposa wowuma wamafuta omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzekera HPS. Kuphatikiza apo, HPMC imalumikizidwa ndi zolowa ziwiri, hydroxypropyl ndi methoxy. Chotsatira chake, ndondomeko yokonzekera ndi yovuta kwambiri, kotero mtengo wa HPMC ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa wa HPS. Ntchitoyi ikuyembekeza kusintha ma HPMC ena okwera mtengo ndi HPS yamtengo wapatali, ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wamtengo wapatali pamaziko osunga ntchito zofanana.

Kuphatikiza apo, HPS ndi gel oziziritsa, omwe amapezeka mumtundu wa gel wa viscoelastic pa kutentha kochepa ndipo amapanga yankho loyenda pa kutentha kwakukulu. Choncho, kuwonjezera HPS kuti HPMC akhoza kuchepetsa gel osakaniza kutentha kwa HPMC ndi kuonjezera mamasukidwe akayendedwe ake pa kutentha otsika. ndi mphamvu ya gel osakaniza, kuwongolera processability pa kutentha otsika. Kuphatikiza apo, filimu yodyedwa ya HPS ili ndi zotchinga zabwino za okosijeni, kotero kuwonjezera HPS mu HPMC kumatha kukonza zotchinga mpweya wa filimu yodyedwa.

Mwachidule, kuphatikiza kwa HPMC ndi HPS: Choyamba, kuli ndi tanthauzo lofunikira. HPMC ndi gel osakaniza otentha, ndipo HPS ndi ozizira gel osakaniza. Pophatikiza ziwirizi, pali malingaliro osinthika pakati pa ma gels otentha ndi ozizira. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa HPMC/HPS kuzizira komanso kutentha kwa gel osakaniza ndi kachitidwe kake ka kafukufuku kungapereke njira yatsopano yofufuzira za mtundu uwu wa gel oziziritsa komanso wotentha wosinthika-gawo, wokhazikitsa chitsogozo chamalingaliro. Kachiwiri, imatha kuchepetsa ndalama zopangira ndikuwongolera phindu lazinthu. Kupyolera mu kuphatikiza kwa HPS ndi HPMC, mtengo wopangira ukhoza kuchepetsedwa potengera zinthu zopangira komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zopangira mphamvu, ndipo phindu lazogulitsa limatha kusintha kwambiri. Chachitatu, imatha kusintha magwiridwe antchito ndikukulitsa ntchito. Kuwonjezera kwa HPS kumatha kuonjezera ndende ndi gel osakaniza mphamvu ya HPMC pa kutentha otsika, ndi kusintha ntchito yake processing pa kutentha otsika. Komanso, ntchito mankhwala akhoza bwino. Powonjezera HPS kuti ikonzekere filimu yodyedwa ya HPMC/HPS, zotchinga mpweya wa filimu yodyedwa zitha kuwongoleredwa.

The ngakhale wa polima pawiri dongosolo akhoza mwachindunji kudziwa microscopic morphology ndi katundu mabuku pawiri, makamaka mawotchi katundu. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuphunzira momwe HPMC/HPS imagwirira ntchito. Onse HPMC ndi HPS ndi hydrophilic polysaccharides ndi ofanana structural unit-shuga ndi kusinthidwa ndi chimodzimodzi ntchito gulu hydroxypropyl, amene kwambiri bwino kugwirizana kwa HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo. Komabe, HPMC ndi gel wozizira ndipo HPS ndi gel yotentha, ndipo khalidwe la gel losiyana la awiriwa limatsogolera ku zochitika zopatukana za gawo la HPMC / HPS. Mwachidule, gawo la morphology ndi kusintha kwa gawo la HPMC / HPS kuzizira kotentha kwa gel osakaniza ndizovuta kwambiri, kotero kuti kuyanjana ndi kulekanitsa gawo la dongosololi kudzakhala kosangalatsa kwambiri.

Mapangidwe a morphological ndi machitidwe a rheological a polymer complex system amagwirizana. Kumbali imodzi, khalidwe la rheological panthawi yokonza lidzakhudza kwambiri dongosolo la morphological la dongosolo; kumbali ina, khalidwe la rheological la dongosolo likhoza kuwonetsera molondola kusintha kwa morphological dongosolo la dongosolo. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti muphunzire za rheological properties za HPMC/HPS pawiri system yotsogolera kupanga, kukonza ndi kuwongolera khalidwe.

The macroscopic katundu monga morphological dongosolo, kugwilizana ndi rheology ya HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha gel osakaniza pawiri dongosolo ndi zamphamvu, ndipo amakhudzidwa ndi mndandanda wa zinthu monga ndende yothetsera, compliting chiŵerengero, kukameta ubweya ndi kutentha. Ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe a microscopic morphological and macroscopic properties of the composite system akhoza kulamulidwa ndi kulamulira kapangidwe ka morphological ndi kugwirizanitsa kwa dongosolo lamagulu.

1.5.2 Cholinga cha kafukufuku

The HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha reversed-gawo gel osakaniza dongosolo pawiri anamangidwa, rheological katundu anaphunziridwa, ndi zotsatira za thupi ndi mankhwala dongosolo la zigawo zikuluzikulu, compating chiŵerengero ndi processing zinthu pa rheological katundu dongosolo anafufuza. Filimu yodyera ya HPMC / HPS inakonzedwa, ndipo ma macroscopic katundu monga makina opangira makina, mpweya wa mpweya ndi kuwala kwa filimuyo anaphunziridwa, ndipo zinthu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi malamulo zinafufuzidwa. Phunzirani mwadongosolo kusintha kwa gawo, kuyanjana ndi kupatukana kwa gawo la HPMC / HPS yozizira komanso yotentha yosinthika-gawo la gel complex system, fufuzani zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi njira zake, ndikukhazikitsa ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe a microscopic morphological ndi macroscopic katundu. Mapangidwe a morphological ndi kuyanjana kwa dongosolo lophatikizika amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira zinthu zamagulu.

1.5.3 Zomwe zili mu kafukufuku

Kuti tikwaniritse cholinga chofuna kufufuza, pepalali lichita kafukufuku wotsatirawu:

(1) Pangani HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha n'zosiyana-gawo gel osakaniza dongosolo pawiri, ndi ntchito rheometer kuphunzira rheological katundu wa pawiri yankho, makamaka zotsatira za ndende, kuchuluka chiŵerengero ndi kukameta ubweya mlingo pa mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi otaya index wa ndondomeko yamagulu. Chikoka ndi lamulo la rheological katundu monga thixotropy ndi thixotropy anafufuzidwa, ndi mapangidwe limagwirira ozizira ndi otentha gulu gel osakaniza anali poyambirira kufufuza.

(2) HPMC/HPS edible film composite inakonzedwa, ndipo kusanthula maikulosikopu ya ma elekitironi kunagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza momwe zinthu zilili za chigawo chilichonse ndi chiŵerengero cha kapangidwe ka morphology ya microscopic ya filimu yophatikizika; makina oyesa katundu adagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zachibadwa za chigawo chilichonse, kapangidwe ka filimu yophatikizika Chikoka cha chiŵerengero ndi chinyezi cha chilengedwe pazitsulo zamakina a filimu yophatikizika; kugwiritsa ntchito mpweya wotulutsa mpweya woyezera ndi UV-Vis spectrophotometer kuti aphunzire zotsatira za zinthu zomwe zimachokera ku zigawozo ndi chiŵerengero cha pawiri pa mpweya ndi mpweya wotulutsa mpweya wa filimu yophatikizika Kugwirizana ndi kulekanitsa gawo la HPMC / HPS ozizira- Makina ophatikizika otentha a gel ophatikizika adawerengedwa ndikusanthula ma electron microscopy, kusanthula kwa thermogravimetric ndi kusanthula kwamphamvu kwa thermomechanical.

(3) Ubale pakati pa microscopic morphology ndi makina a HPMC / HPS ozizira-hot inverse gel composite system adakhazikitsidwa. The edible gulu filimu HPMC / HPS anakonzedwa, ndi chikoka cha pawiri ndende ndi pawiri chiŵerengero pa gawo kugawa ndi gawo kusintha chitsanzo anaphunzira ndi kuwala maikulosikopu ndi ayodini utoto njira; Chikoka ulamuliro wa pawiri ndende ndi pawiri chiŵerengero pa makina katundu ndi kuwala kufala katundu wa zitsanzo unakhazikitsidwa. Ubale pakati pa microstructure ndi makina a HPMC/HPS ozizira-hot inverse gel composite system adafufuzidwa.

(4) Zotsatira za digiri ya HPS m'malo mwa rheological properties ndi gel katundu wa HPMC/HPS ozizira-hot reversed-phase gel composite system. Zotsatira za digiri ya HPS m'malo, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya ndi kutentha kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi zinthu zina za rheological za dongosolo la pawiri, komanso malo osinthira gel osakaniza, kudalira pafupipafupi kwa modulus ndi katundu wina wa gel ndi malamulo awo adaphunziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito rheometer. Kugawidwa kwa gawo lodalira kutentha ndi kusintha kwa magawo a zitsanzo kunaphunziridwa ndi madontho a ayodini, ndipo njira ya gelation ya HPMC / HPS yozizira-yotentha yosinthika-phase gel complex system inafotokozedwa.

(5) Zotsatira za kusinthidwa kwa mankhwala a HPS pamagulu akuluakulu komanso kugwirizana kwa HPMC/HPS yotentha yotentha yosinthika-gawo la gel composite system. Mafilimu ophatikizika a HPMC / HPS adakonzedwa, ndipo zotsatira za digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo mwa kristalo ndi mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a filimuyi adaphunziridwa ndi ukadaulo wa synchrotron radiation yaing'ono-angle X-ray. Lamulo lachikoka la digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree pa makina opangidwa ndi nembanemba yamagulu adaphunziridwa ndi makina oyesa katundu; chikoka lamulo la HPS m'malo digiri pa mpweya permeability wa kompositi nembanemba anaphunziridwa ndi mpweya permeability tester; HPS hydroxypropyl Chikoka cha digiri yolowa m'malo mwamagulu pakukhazikika kwamafuta amafilimu amagulu a HPMC/HPS.

Mutu 2 Kafukufuku wa Rheological wa HPMC/HPS pawiri system

Makanema achilengedwe opangidwa ndi polima amatha kukonzedwa ndi njira yosavuta yonyowa [321]. Choyamba, polima ndi kusungunuka kapena omwazikana mu madzi gawo kukonzekera edible filimu kupanga madzi kapena filimu kupanga kuyimitsidwa, ndiyeno anaikira ndi kuchotsa zosungunulira. Apa, opareshoni nthawi zambiri amachitidwa ndi kuyanika pa kutentha pang'ono. Njirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafilimu odyetsedwa opakidwa kale, kapena kuyika chinthucho mwachindunji ndi njira yopangira filimu poviika, kupaka kapena kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mapangidwe opangira filimu yodyedwa amafunikira kuti apeze chidziwitso cholondola chamadzimadzi opangira filimu, chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera kwazinthu zamakanema onyamula ndi zokutira [322].

HPMC ndi zomatira matenthedwe, zomwe zimapanga gel osakaniza pa kutentha kwambiri ndipo ali mu njira yothetsera kutentha otsika. Kutentha kwa gel osakaniza kumapangitsa kukhuthala kwake pa kutentha kochepa kwambiri, zomwe sizikugwirizana ndi njira zopangira monga kuviika, kupukuta ndi kuviika. ntchito, kuchititsa osauka processability pa otsika kutentha. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, HPS ndi gel wozizira, mawonekedwe a gel owoneka bwino pa kutentha kochepa, ndi kutentha kwakukulu. A otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe njira boma. Choncho, mwa kuphatikiza awiriwa, rheological katundu HPMC monga mamasukidwe akayendedwe pa kutentha otsika akhoza kukhala bwino kumlingo wakutiwakuti.

Mutuwu ukufotokoza zotsatira za njira ndende, kuwirikiza chiŵerengero ndi kutentha pa rheological katundu monga ziro-kumeta ubweya kukhuthala, otaya index ndi thixotropy wa HPMC/HPS ozizira otentha inverse gel osakaniza pawiri dongosolo. Lamulo lowonjezera limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira kukambirana za kugwirizana kwa dongosolo lamagulu.

2.2 Njira yoyesera

2.2.1 Kukonzekera kwa HPMC/HPS pawiri yankho

Choyamba yezani HPMC ndi HPS ufa wouma, ndikusakaniza molingana ndi 15% (w / w) ndende ndi zosiyana za 10: 0, 7: 3, 5: 5, 3: 7, 0:10; kenaka yikani 70 ° C Mu madzi a C, yambitsani mofulumira kwa 30 min pa 120 rpm / min kuti mubalalitse HPMC; ndiye kutenthetsa njira pamwamba 95 °C, kusonkhezera mofulumira kwa 1 H pa liwiro lomwelo kwathunthu gelatinize HPS; gelatinization imatsirizidwa Pambuyo pake, kutentha kwa yankho kunachepetsedwa mofulumira kufika ku 70 ° C, ndipo HPMC inasungunuka kwathunthu mwa kuyambitsa pang'onopang'ono 80 rpm / min kwa 40 min. (Zonse w/w m'nkhaniyi ndi: youma maziko mass of sample/total solution mass).

2.2.2 Rheological katundu wa HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo

2.2.2.1 Mfundo ya kusanthula kwa rheological

Rheometer yozungulira imakhala ndi zingwe zolumikizira mmwamba ndi pansi, ndipo kuyenda kosavuta kwa kukameta ubweya kumatha kuzindikirika kudzera pakuyenda kwapakati pakati pa zingwe. Rheometer ikhoza kuyesedwa mumayendedwe a sitepe, kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe ka kayendedwe kake: mumayendedwe a sitepe, rheometer ingagwiritse ntchito kupanikizika kwakanthawi pa chitsanzo, chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuyesa kuyankha kwachidule komanso nthawi yokhazikika ya chitsanzo. Kuwunika ndi kuyankha kwa viscoelastic monga kupumula kupsinjika, kukwawa ndikuchira; mu otaya mumalowedwe, ndi rheometer angagwiritse liniya kupsyinjika kwa chitsanzo, amene makamaka ntchito kuyesa kudalira mamasukidwe akayendedwe a chitsanzo pa kukameta ubweya mlingo ndi kudalira mamasukidwe akayendedwe kutentha ndi thixotropy; mu oscillation mode, rheometer akhoza kupanga sinusoidal alternating oscillating nkhawa, amene makamaka ntchito kutsimikiza liniya viscoelastic dera, matenthedwe bata kuwunika ndi gelation kutentha kwa chitsanzo.

2.2.2.2 Njira yoyesera njira yoyendera

Kuyika mbale yofananira yokhala ndi mainchesi 40 mm idagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo kutalika kwa mbale kunakhazikitsidwa kukhala 0.5 mm.

1. Viscosity imasintha ndi nthawi. Kutentha kwa mayeso kunali 25 ° C, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya kunali 800 s-1, ndipo nthawi yoyesera inali 2500 s.

2. Makanema amasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kumeta ubweya. Kutentha kwa mayeso 25 °C, kumeta ubweya wa pre-800 s-1, nthawi yometa ubweya isanakwane 1000 s; mtengo wa shear 10²-10³s.

Kumeta ubweya wa ubweya ( τ ) ndi shear rate (γ) amatsatira lamulo lamphamvu la Ostwald-de Waele:

̇τ=K.γ n (2-1)

kumene τ ndi kukameta ubweya wa ubweya, Pa;

γ ndi mlingo wometa ubweya, s-1;

n ndi index ya ndalama;

K ndiye kukhuthala kokwanira, Pa·sn.

Mgwirizano wa viscosity (ŋ) yapolymer solution ndi shear rate (γ) imatha kuyikidwa ndi carren modulus:

Mwa iwo,ŋ0kukameta ubweya wa ubweya, Pa s;

ŋ∞ndi kumeta ubweya wopandamalire, Pa s;

λ ndi nthawi yopumula, s;

n ndiye kumeta ubweya wa ubweya;

3. Njira yoyesera ya thixotropy ya magawo atatu. Kutentha kwa mayeso ndi 25 °C, a. Gawo loyima, kumeta ubweya ndi 1 s-1, ndipo nthawi yoyesera ndi 50 s; b. Kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya ndi 1000 s-1, ndipo nthawi yoyesera ndi 20 s; c. Njira yobwezeretsa dongosolo, kumeta ubweya ndi 1 s-1, ndipo nthawi yoyesera ndi 250 s.

M'kati mwa dongosolo kuchira, kuchira mlingo wa dongosolo pambuyo osiyana kuchira nthawi amasonyezedwa ndi kuchira kukhuthala kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe:

DSR=ŋt ⁄ŋ╳100%

Mwa iwo,ŋt ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe pa structural kuchira nthawi ts, Pa s;

hŋndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe kumapeto kwa gawo loyamba, Pa s.

2.3 Zotsatira ndi Zokambirana

2.3.1 Zotsatira za nthawi yometa ubweya pazinthu za rheological za dongosolo lamagulu

Pakumeta ubweya wokhazikika, kukhuthala kowonekera kumatha kuwonetsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana ndikumeta ubweya wa nthawi. Chithunzi 2-1 chikuwonetsa kupindika kwa viscosity motsutsana ndi nthawi mu dongosolo la HPMC/HPS. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku chithunzi kuti ndi kuwonjezereka kwa nthawi yometa, mawonekedwe owoneka bwino amachepetsa mosalekeza. Pamene kumeta ubweya nthawi kufika pafupifupi 500 s, mamasukidwe akayendedwe amafika boma khola, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri dongosolo pansi kumeta ubweya kwambiri ali ndi mtengo winawake. Kudalira kwa nthawi, ndiko kuti, thixotropy kumawonetsedwa mkati mwa nthawi inayake.

Choncho, pophunzira kusiyanasiyana lamulo la mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri dongosolo ndi kukameta ubweya mlingo, pamaso kwenikweni zokhazikika-boma kukameta ubweya mayeso, nthawi inayake ya mkulu-liwiro chisanadze kumeta ubweya chofunika kuthetsa chikoka cha thixotropy pa pawiri dongosolo. . Choncho, lamulo la kusinthika kwa viscosity ndi kumeta ubweya wa ubweya ngati chinthu chimodzi chimapezeka. Pakuyesa uku, kukhuthala kwa zitsanzo zonse kunafika pamtunda wokhazikika pamaso pa 1000 s pamtunda waukulu wa 800 1 / s ndi nthawi, zomwe sizinakonzedwe pano. Choncho, m'tsogolo experimental kamangidwe, chisanadze akumeta ubweya kwa 1000 s pa mkulu kukameta ubweya mlingo wa 800 1/s anatengera kuthetsa zotsatira za thixotropy onse zitsanzo.

2.3.2 Zotsatira za ndende pa rheological katundu wa pawiri dongosolo

Nthawi zambiri, kukhuthala kwa mayankho a polima kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa mayankho. Chithunzi 2-2 chikuwonetsa zotsatira za ndende pa kudalira kwa kumeta ubweya wa ma viscosity a mapangidwe a HPMC/HPS. Kuchokera pachithunzichi, titha kuwona kuti pamlingo womwewo wa kukameta ubweya, kukhuthala kwa kaphatikizidwe kaphatikizidwe kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono ndikuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya yankho. Kukhuthala kwa HPMC/HPS mayankho amagulu osiyanasiyana kumachepa pang'onopang'ono ndi kuchuluka kwa kukameta ubweya, kuwonetsa zowoneka bwino za kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mayankho omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana anali amadzimadzi a pseudoplastic. Komabe, kudalira kwa kumeta ubweya wa ubweya wa viscosity kunawonetsa njira yosiyana ndi kusintha kwa ndende ya yankho. Pamene njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yochepa, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya wa njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yaying'ono; ndi kuwonjezeka kwa njira yothetsera vutoli, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya wa njira yothetsera vutoli ndi yowonekera kwambiri.

2.3.2.1 Zotsatira za ndende pa zero shear viscosity ya pawiri system

Mapiritsi a viscosity-shear rate curves of the compound system at different concentrations adayikidwa ndi chitsanzo cha Carren, ndipo zero-shear viscosity ya yankho la pawiri anali extrapolated (0.9960 <R₂<0.9997). Zotsatira za ndende pa mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri yankho zitha kuphunziridwa mopitilira muyeso powerenga ubale wa zero shear viscosity ndi kukhazikika. Kuchokera pa Chithunzi 2-3, zikuwoneka kuti ubale pakati pa kumeta ubweya wa zero-zero-kumeta ubweya ndi kusakanikirana kwa yankho la pawiri kumatsatira lamulo la mphamvu:

pomwe k ndi m ndi zokhazikika.

M'magawo awiri a logarithmic, kutengera kukula kwa malo otsetsereka m, zitha kuwoneka kuti kudalira ndende kumapereka njira ziwiri zosiyana. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha Dio-Edwards, pamlingo wochepa, otsetsereka ndi apamwamba (m = 11.9, R2 = 0.9942), omwe ndi a dilute solution; pamene ali pamwamba kwambiri, otsetsereka ndi otsika (m = 2.8, R2 = 0.9822), omwe ndi a sub-Concentrated solution. Choncho, chigawo chovuta kwambiri C * cha dongosolo lamagulu chikhoza kutsimikiziridwa kukhala 8% kupyolera mumagulu awiriwa. Malinga ndi ubale wamba pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma polima mu yankho, mtundu wa mamolekyulu a HPMC/HPS panjira yotsika kutentha umaperekedwa, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2-3.

HPS ndi gel oziziritsa, ndi gel osakaniza kutentha pang'ono, ndipo ndi njira yothetsera kutentha kwambiri. Pa kutentha kwa mayeso (25 ° C), HPS ndi dziko la gel, monga momwe zimasonyezedwera m'dera la blue network mu chithunzi; m'malo mwake, HPMC ndi gel osakaniza, Pa kutentha kwa mayesero, ali mu njira yothetsera vutoli, monga momwe ma molekyulu a mzere wofiira akuwonetsera.

Mu njira yochepetsera ya C <C*, maunyolo a HPMC a molekyulu amakhalapo ngati maunyolo odziyimira pawokha, ndipo voliyumu yosaphatikizidwa imapangitsa maunyolo kukhala osiyana; Komanso, gawo la gel osakaniza la HPS limalumikizana ndi mamolekyu ochepa a HPMC kuti apange mawonekedwe athunthu Mawonekedwe ndi HPMC odziyimira pawokha unyolo wa ma molekyulu amakhalapo mosiyana, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2-2a.

Ndi ndende yowonjezereka, mtunda pakati pa maunyolo odziyimira pawokha ndi zigawo za gawo pang'onopang'ono unachepa. Pamene ndende yovuta kwambiri ya C * ikufika, mamolekyu a HPMC omwe amalumikizana ndi gawo la gel la HPS amawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, ndipo maunyolo odziimira a HPMC amayamba kugwirizana wina ndi mzake, kupanga gawo la HPS monga malo a gel, ndipo maunyolo a HPMC amalumikizana. ndi kugwirizana wina ndi mzake. Mkhalidwe wa microgel ukuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 2-2b.

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwina kwa ndende, C> C *, mtunda pakati pa magawo a gel osakaniza a HPS umachepetsedwanso, ndipo unyolo wa polima wa HPMC ndi gawo la gawo la HPS zimakhala zovuta kwambiri ndipo kuyanjana kumakhala kwakukulu, kotero yankho limasonyeza khalidwe. zofanana ndi za polima zimasungunuka, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 2-2c.

2.3.2.2 Zotsatira za ndende pamayendedwe amadzimadzi a pawiri system

Lamulo lamphamvu la Ostwald-de Waele (onani chilinganizo (2-1)) limagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti ligwirizane ndi kumeta ubweya wa ubweya ndi mipiringidzo ya shear (osasonyezedwa m'mawu) a kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe kosiyana, ndi flow index n ndi viscosity coefficient. K ikhoza kupezeka. , zotsatira zoyenera zili monga zasonyezedwera mu Table 2-1.

Table 2-1 Flow behaviour index (n) ndi fluid consistency index (K) ya HPS / HPMC yankho ndi ndende zosiyanasiyana pa 25 °C

Kuthamanga kwa Newtonian fluid ndi n = 1, kutuluka kwa pseudoplastic fluid ndi n <1, ndipo kutali n kumapatuka kuchokera ku 1, mphamvu ya pseudoplasticity ya madzimadzi, ndipo kutuluka kwa madzi osungunuka ndi n> 1. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku Table 2-1 kuti ma n mayankho a pawiri omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana onse ndi ochepera 1, kusonyeza kuti mayankho onse ndi madzi a pseudoplastic. Pazigawo zotsika, mtengo wa n wa yankho lokonzedwanso uli pafupi ndi 0, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti njira yochepetsera yowonongeka ili pafupi ndi madzi a Newtonian, chifukwa muzitsulo zochepetsera zowonongeka, maunyolo a polima amakhalapo popanda wina ndi mzake. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya yankho, mtengo wa n wa pulogalamu yapawiri unachepa pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa ndende kumapangitsa khalidwe la pseudoplastic la yankho la pawiri. Kuyanjana monga kutsekeredwa kunachitika pakati ndi gawo la HPS, ndipo machitidwe ake oyenda anali pafupi ndi a polima amasungunuka.

Pafupipafupi, ma viscosity coefficient K a kaphatikizidwe kagawo kakang'ono (C <8%, K <1 Pa·sn), ndipo pakuwonjezeka kwa ndende, mtengo wa K wa kaphatikizidwe umawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, kusonyeza kuti kukhuthala kwa kaphatikizidwe kagawo kakang'ono, komwe kumagwirizana ndi kudalira kwa ziro kumeta ubweya wa nkhosa.

2.3.3 Chikoka cha kuphatikiza chiŵerengero pa rheological katundu wa kaphatikizidwe dongosolo

Chithunzi cha 2-4 Viscosity vs. shear rate ya HPMC/HPS solution yokhala ndi ma blend ratio pa 25 °C

Table 2-2 Flow behaviour index (n) ndi fluid consistency index (K) ya HPS/HPMC solution yokhala ndi ma blend ratio osiyanasiyana pa 25 °

Zithunzi 2-4 zikuwonetsa zotsatira za kuphatikizika kwa chiŵerengero cha kumeta ubweya wa ubweya kudalira HPMC/HPS kuphatikizira kukhuthala kwa njira. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pazithunzi kuti kukhuthala kwapawiri kachitidwe kokhala ndi otsika a HPS (HPS <20%) sikusintha kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa kukameta ubweya, makamaka chifukwa mu dongosolo lapawiri lomwe lili ndi otsika a HPS , HPMC mu njira yothetsera vutoli. pa kutentha kochepa ndi gawo lopitirira; kukhuthala kwa kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zokhala ndi HPS zambiri kumachepa pang'onopang'ono ndikuwonjezeka kwa kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, kuwonetsa zowoneka bwino za kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti yankho la pawiri ndi pseudoplastic fluid. Pa mlingo womwewo wa kukameta ubweya, kukhuthala kwa njira yothetsera vutoli kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPS, zomwe makamaka chifukwa HPS ili mu mawonekedwe a gel owoneka bwino pa kutentha kochepa.

Pogwiritsa ntchito lamulo la mphamvu ya Ostwald-de Waele (onani chilinganizo (2-1)) kuti chigwirizane ndi mipiringidzo ya shear stress-shear rate (osati yasonyezedwa m'mawu) ya machitidwe apawiri omwe ali ndi ma ratios osiyanasiyana, kutuluka kwa exponent n ndi viscosity coefficient. K, zotsatira zoyenera zikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 2-2. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera patebulo kuti 0.9869 <R2 <0.9999, zotsatira zoyenera ndizabwinoko. Mlozera wothamanga n wa dongosolo lamagulu amachepetsa pang'onopang'ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPS, pamene ma viscosity coefficient K amasonyeza kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPS, kusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera kwa HPS kumapangitsa kuti yankho likhale losavuta komanso lovuta kuyenda. . Izi zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira za kafukufuku wa Zhang, koma chifukwa cha chiŵerengero chophatikizana chofanana, n phindu la yankho lophatikizana ndilopamwamba kuposa zotsatira za Zhang [305], zomwe makamaka chifukwa chakuti kumeta ubweya kusanachitike kunachitika mu kuyeseraku kuthetsa zotsatira za thixotropy. imachotsedwa; zotsatira za Zhang ndi zotsatira za kuphatikizika kwa thixotropy ndi shear rate; kulekana kwa njira ziwirizi kudzakambidwa mwatsatanetsatane mu Mutu 5.

2.3.3.1 Chikoka cha kuphatikiza chiŵerengero pa zero kukameta ubweya kukhuthala kwa kaphatikizidwe dongosolo

Ubale pakati pa rheological katundu wa homogeneous polima pawiri dongosolo ndi rheological katundu wa zigawo zikuluzikulu mu dongosolo zimagwirizana ndi logarithmic mwachidule lamulo. Pazinthu ziwiri zophatikizana, mgwirizano pakati pa kaphatikizidwe kagawo ndi gawo lililonse ukhoza kuwonetsedwa ndi zotsatirazi:

Pakati pawo, F ndi rheological katundu chizindikiro cha dongosolo zovuta;

F1, F2 ndi magawo a rheological a chigawo 1 ndi gawo 2, motsatana;

∅1 ndi ∅2 ndi zigawo zazikulu za chigawo 1 ndi chigawo 2, motsatira, ndi ∅1 ∅2.

Chifukwa chake, zero-shear viscosity ya kaphatikizidwe kaphatikizidwe pambuyo pophatikizana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikizika amatha kuwerengedwa molingana ndi mfundo ya logarithmic summation kuti muwerenge mtengo womwe udanenedweratu. Miyezo yoyesera yamayankho a pawiri okhala ndi ma ratios osiyanasiyana a pawiri idakambidwabe ndi carren yoyenererana ndi ma viscosity-shear rate curve. Mtengo wonenedweratu wa zero shear viscosity wa HPMC / HPS kaphatikizidwe kaphatikizidwe kaphatikizidwe kosiyana kofananira ndi mtengo woyesera, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 2-5.

Gawo la mzere wa madontho pachithunzichi ndi mtengo woloseredwa wa zero shear viscosity wa yankho la pawiri lomwe limapezeka ndi lamulo la logarithmic sum, ndipo graph ya madontho ndi mtengo woyesera wa kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe kophatikizana kosiyanasiyana. Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera ku chithunzi kuti mtengo woyesera wa yankho la pawiri umasonyeza kusokonezeka kwina kwabwino-zoipa-zosiyana ndi lamulo lophatikizana, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti dongosolo la pawiri silingathe kukwaniritsa kugwirizanitsa kwa thermodynamic, ndipo dongosolo la pawiri ndilopitirirabe kubalalitsidwa kwapakati pa kutentha kwapansi Mapangidwe a "nyanja-chilumba" a dongosolo la magawo awiri; ndipo ndi kuchepetsa kosalekeza kwa HPMC / HPS kuphatikizika kwa chiŵerengero, gawo lopitirira la dongosolo lophatikizira linasintha pambuyo pa chiwerengero cha 4: 6. Mutuwu ukufotokoza za kafukufukuyu mwatsatanetsatane.

Zingawonekere bwino kuchokera ku chithunzi kuti pamene HPMC / HPS pawiri chiŵerengero chachikulu, pawiri dongosolo ali kupatuka zoipa, mwina chifukwa mkulu mamasukidwe akayendedwe HPS amagawidwa mu omwazika gawo boma mu m'munsi mamasukidwe akayendedwe HPMC mosalekeza gawo pakati. . Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPS, pali kupatuka kwabwino mu dongosolo lamagulu, kusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa gawo lopitirira kumachitika mu dongosolo lamagulu panthawiyi. HPS yokhala ndi mamasukidwe apamwamba imakhala gawo lopitilira la dongosolo la pawiri, pomwe HPMC imamwazika mu gawo lopitilira la HPS mumtundu wofananira.

2.3.3.2 Chikoka cha kuchuluka kwa chiŵerengero pa khalidwe lamadzimadzi la makina ophatikiza

Zithunzi 2-6 zikuwonetsa ndondomeko yothamanga n ya dongosolo lophatikizidwa monga ntchito ya HPS. Popeza ndondomeko yothamanga n imayikidwa kuchokera ku log-logarithmic coordinate, n apa pali chiŵerengero cha mzere. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPS, ndondomeko yothamanga n ya dongosolo lamagulu imachepa pang'onopang'ono, kusonyeza kuti HPS imachepetsa katundu wa Newtonian wamadzimadzi a yankho la pawiri ndikuwongolera khalidwe lake la pseudoplastic fluid. M'munsi ndi dziko la gel osakaniza ndi kukhuthala kwapamwamba. Zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti mgwirizano pakati pa ndondomeko ya kayendedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe ka machitidwebu ka kapanganibubukhu ngokwe ngokwe ngokwenzekejongwajojojojojombombombombombombo |

2.3.3.3 Chikoka cha kuphatikiza chiŵerengero pa mamasukidwe amphamvu coefficient of compounding system

Chithunzi 2-7 chikuwonetsa kukhuthala kwa viscosity coefficient K ya yankho lophatikizidwa ngati ntchito yazinthu za HPS. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pazithunzi kuti mtengo wa K wa HPMC yoyera ndi wochepa kwambiri, pamene K mtengo wa HPS woyera ndi waukulu kwambiri, womwe umagwirizana ndi katundu wa gel wa HPMC ndi HPS, omwe ali mu yankho ndi gel osakaniza motsatana. kutentha kochepa. Pamene zomwe zili mu gawo lochepa la viscosity liri lalitali, ndiye kuti, pamene zomwe zili mu HPS zimakhala zochepa, chiwerengero cha viscosity coefficient of the compound solution chili pafupi ndi gawo la HPMC; pamene zomwe zili mu chigawo chapamwamba cha viscosity ndipamwamba, mtengo wa K wa njira yothetsera vutoli ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPS kumawonjezeka kwambiri, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti HPS inawonjezera kukhuthala kwa HPMC pa kutentha kochepa. Izi makamaka zimasonyeza chopereka cha mamasukidwe akayendedwe a gawo mosalekeza kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri dongosolo. Muzochitika zosiyanasiyana pamene gawo lochepa la viscosity ndilo gawo lopitirira ndipo gawo lapamwamba la viscosity ndilo gawo losalekeza, chopereka cha kukhuthala kwa gawo losalekeza kwa kukhuthala kwa dongosolo la pawiri ndizosiyana. Pamene otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe HPMC ndi gawo mosalekeza, mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri dongosolo makamaka zimasonyeza chopereka cha mamasukidwe akayendedwe a gawo mosalekeza; ndipo pamene HPS yapamwamba kwambiri ndi gawo lopitirira, HPMC monga gawo lobalalika lidzachepetsa kukhuthala kwapamwamba kwambiri kwa HPS. zotsatira.

2.3.4 Thixotropy

Thixotropy angagwiritsidwe ntchito poyesa kukhazikika kwa zinthu kapena machitidwe angapo, chifukwa thixotropy angapeze zambiri za kapangidwe ka mkati ndi kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka pansi pa kumeta ubweya [323-325]. Thixotropy ikhoza kulumikizidwa ndi zotsatira zanthawi komanso mbiri yakumeta ubweya yomwe imatsogolera kusintha kwa microstructural [324, 326]. Njira yachitatu ya thixotropic idagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira momwe zimakhalira zosiyana siyana zamagulu pa thixotropic katundu wa compounding system. Monga tikuonera pa Zithunzi 2-5, zitsanzo zonse anasonyeza osiyana thixotropy. Pamiyeso yotsika yometa ubweya, kukhuthala kwa njira yothetsera vutoli kunakula kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPS, zomwe zinali zogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa zero-shear viscosity ndi HPS.

The structural recovery degree DSR of the composite samples at different recovery time is counted by formula (2-3), monga momwe tawonetsera mu Table 2-1. Ngati DSR <1, chitsanzocho chili ndi kukana kumeta ubweya wochepa, ndipo chitsanzo ndi thixotropic; mosiyana, ngati DSR> 1, chitsanzocho chili ndi anti-thixotropy. Kuchokera patebulo, titha kuwona kuti mtengo wa DSR wa HPMC yoyera ndi wokwera kwambiri, pafupifupi 1, izi ndichifukwa choti molekyulu ya HPMC ndi unyolo wokhazikika, ndipo nthawi yake yopumula ndi yaifupi, ndipo mawonekedwewo amabwezeretsedwanso mwachangu pansi pa mphamvu yakumeta ubweya wambiri. Mtengo wa DSR wa HPS ndi wotsika kwambiri, womwe umatsimikizira kuti ali ndi mphamvu za thixotropic, makamaka chifukwa HPS ndi unyolo wosinthika komanso nthawi yopumula ndi yayitali. Kapangidwe kameneka sikunayambenso bwino mkati mwa nthawi yoyesera.

Kwa yankho la pawiri, munthawi yomweyi, pomwe HPMC ili ndi 70%, DSR imachepa mwachangu ndikuwonjezeka kwa HPS, chifukwa unyolo wa mamolekyulu a HPS ndi unyolo wosinthika, komanso kuchuluka kwa maunyolo olimba a maselo. mu kaphatikizidwe kachitidwe kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezera kwa HPS. Ngati yafupika, nthawi yopuma ya wonse maselo gawo la pawiri dongosolo ndi yaitali, ndi thixotropy wa pawiri dongosolo sangathe anachira mwamsanga pansi pa zochita za mkulu kukameta ubweya. Pamene zili mu HPMC zosakwana 70%, DSR imawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zomwe zili mu HPS, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa unyolo wa maselo a HPS ndi HPMC mu dongosolo la pawiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha maselo chikhale bwino. magawo mu dongosolo la pawiri ndikufupikitsa nthawi yopumula ya dongosolo la pawiri yafupika, ndipo thixotropy imachepetsedwa.

Kuonjezera apo, mtengo wa DSR wa dongosolo lophatikizana linali lochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi la HPMC loyera, lomwe limasonyeza kuti thixotropy wa HPMC anali bwino kwambiri powonjezera. Makhalidwe a DSR a zitsanzo zambiri m'gulu lamagulu anali aakulu kuposa a HPS oyera, kusonyeza kuti kukhazikika kwa HPS kunakonzedwa bwino.

Zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera patebulo kuti pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana zobwezeretsa, ma DSR amawerengera onse amasonyeza malo otsika kwambiri pamene HPMC ili ndi 70%, ndipo pamene wowuma ali wamkulu kuposa 60%, mtengo wa DSR wa zovutazo ndi wapamwamba kuposa ya HPS yoyera. Makhalidwe a DSR mkati mwa 10 s ya zitsanzo zonse ali pafupi kwambiri ndi mfundo zomaliza za DSR, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti mapangidwe a dongosolo lophatikizana amamaliza ntchito zambiri zowonongeka mkati mwa 10 s. Dziwani kuti gulu zitsanzo ndi mkulu HPS okhutira anasonyeza mchitidwe kuwonjezeka poyamba ndiyeno kuchepa ndi prolongation wa kuchira nthawi, amene anasonyeza kuti gulu zitsanzo anasonyezanso mlingo wina wa thixotropy pansi pa zochita za otsika kukameta ubweya, ndi kapangidwe kawo kosakhazikika.

The Mkhalidwe kusanthula kwa magawo atatu thixotropy n'zogwirizana ndi lipoti thixotropic mphete mayeso zotsatira, koma kachulukidwe kusanthula zotsatira zosagwirizana ndi thixotropic mphete mayeso zotsatira. The thixotropy wa HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo anayesedwa ndi thixotropic mphete njira ndi kuwonjezeka HPS zili [305]. Kuwonongeka koyamba kunachepera kenako kumawonjezeka. Mayeso a mphete ya thixotropic amatha kufotokoza za kukhalapo kwa zochitika za thixotropic, koma sangathe kutsimikizira, chifukwa mphete ya thixotropic ndi zotsatira za nthawi imodzi ya kumeta ubweya ndi kumeta ubweya [325-327].

2.4 Chidule cha mutuwu

M'mutu uno, gel osakaniza a HPMC ndi gel oziziritsa HPS adagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zida zazikulu zopangira gawo la magawo awiri a gel oziziritsa komanso otentha. Mphamvu ya rheological katundu monga mamasukidwe akayendedwe, otaya chitsanzo ndi thixotropy. Malinga ndi ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mayiko osiyanasiyana ndi kuchuluka kwa ma polima mu yankho, mtundu wa mamolekyulu amtundu wa HPMC/HPS pawiri kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono akufunsidwa. Malinga ndi logarithmic summation mfundo ya katundu wa zigawo zosiyanasiyana mu kaphatikizidwe dongosolo, kugwirizana kwa pawiri dongosolo anaphunzira. Zotsatira zazikulu ndi izi:

1. Zitsanzo zophatikizika zokhala ndi milingo yosiyanasiyana zonse zidawonetsa kumeta ubweya wina, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kumeta ubweya kumachulukira ndikuwonjezeka kwa ndende.
2. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende, ndondomeko yothamanga ya dongosolo lamagulu inachepa, ndipo zero-shear viscosity ndi viscosity coefficient inawonjezeka, kusonyeza kuti khalidwe lolimba la dongosolo lamagulu linalimbikitsidwa.
3. Pali chigawo chovuta kwambiri (8%) mu dongosolo la HPMC / HPS, pansi pa zovuta zowonongeka, ma HPMC ma molekyulu a HPMC ndi HPS gel gawo gawo mu njira yothetsera vutoli amasiyanitsidwa wina ndi mzake ndipo amakhalapo paokha; pamene ndende yovuta ifika, mu yankho la pawiri A microgel state imapangidwa ndi gawo la HPS monga malo a gel osakaniza, ndipo maunyolo a HPMC a molekyulu amalumikizana ndi kulumikizidwa wina ndi mzake; pamwamba pa ndende yovuta, maunyolo ochuluka a HPMC macromolecular ndi kuphatikizika kwawo ndi gawo la gawo la HPS ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo kuyanjana kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. kwambiri, kotero yankho limakhala ngati kusungunuka kwa polima.
4. Chiŵerengero chophatikizika chimakhudza kwambiri rheological katundu wa HPMC/HPS pawiri yankho. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPS, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya wa kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe kumawonekera kwambiri, ndondomeko yothamanga imachepa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo zero-shear viscosity ndi viscosity coefficient ikuwonjezeka pang'onopang'ono. kumawonjezeka, kusonyeza kuti khalidwe lolimba ngati lovuta limakhala bwino kwambiri.
5. Zero-shear viscosity ya kaphatikizidwe kagawo kamene kamawonetserako koyipa-kupotoka kokhudzana ndi lamulo la logarithmic summation. Dongosolo lamagulu ndi gawo la magawo awiri omwe ali ndi gawo lopitirira-obalalika gawo la "nyanja-chilumba" pa kutentha kochepa, ndipo, Monga momwe HPMC / HPS yowonjezera chiŵerengero chinachepa pambuyo pa 4: 6, gawo lopitirirabe la dongosolo lophatikizana linasintha.
6. Pali mgwirizano wa mzere pakati pa ndondomeko yothamanga ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizira cha mayankho ophatikizana omwe ali ndi ziwerengero zosiyana, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti dongosolo lophatikizana liri ndi mgwirizano wabwino.
7. Kwa HPMC / HPS pawiri dongosolo, pamene otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe chigawo ndi gawo mosalekeza ndi mkulu-makamaka mamasukidwe chigawo ndi gawo mosalekeza, chopereka cha mosalekeza kukhuthala chigawo kukhuthala kwa kukhuthala kwa dongosolo pawiri ndi osiyana kwambiri. Pamene otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe HPMC ndi gawo mosalekeza, mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri dongosolo makamaka zimasonyeza chopereka cha mosalekeza-gawo mamasukidwe akayendedwe; pamene HPS yapamwamba-makayendedwe ndi gawo lopitirira, HPMC monga gawo lobalalitsa lidzachepetsa kukhuthala kwapamwamba kwa HPS. zotsatira.
8. thixotropy wa magawo atatu anagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zotsatira za kuphatikizika kwa chiŵerengero pa thixotropy wa dongosolo lophatikizana. The thixotropy wa anaphatikizana dongosolo anasonyeza mchitidwe woyamba kucheperachepera ndiyeno kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa HPMC/HPS compounding chiŵerengero.
9. Pamwambapa experimental zotsatira zikusonyeza kuti mwa compounding wa HPMC ndi HPS, ndi rheological katundu wa zigawo ziwiri, monga mamasukidwe akayendedwe, kukameta ubweya kupatulira chodabwitsa ndi thixotropy, akhala bwino kumlingo wakutiwakuti.

Mutu 3 Kukonzekera ndi Katundu wa Makanema Ophatikizidwa a HPMC/HPS

Kuphatikizika kwa polima ndiyo njira yabwino kwambiri yokwaniritsira magwiridwe antchito amitundu yambiri, kupanga zida zatsopano zogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri, kuchepetsa mitengo yazinthu, ndikukulitsa kuchuluka kwa zida zogwiritsira ntchito [240-242, 328]. Kenako, chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mamolekyu ndi ma conformational entropy pakati pa ma polima osiyanasiyana, makina ambiri ophatikizira ma polima ndi osagwirizana kapena ogwirizana pang'ono [11, 12]. Zochita zamakina ndi zida zina zazikulu zamakina a polima zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe a physicochemical a chigawo chilichonse, kuphatikizika kwa gawo lililonse, kuyanjana pakati pazigawo, ndi mawonekedwe amkati ang'onoang'ono ndi zinthu zina [240, 329].

Kuchokera pamawonekedwe a mankhwala, onse a HPMC ndi HPS ndi hydrophilic curdlan, ali ndi gawo lofanana - shuga, ndipo amasinthidwa ndi gulu lomwe limagwira ntchito - gulu la hydroxypropyl, kotero HPMC ndi HPS ziyenera kukhala ndi gawo labwino. Kuthekera. Komabe, HPMC ndi gel osakaniza ndi thermally, yomwe ili mu njira yothetsera vutoli ndi kukhuthala kochepa kwambiri pa kutentha kochepa, ndipo imapanga colloid pa kutentha kwakukulu; HPS ndi gel osakaniza ozizira, omwe ndi gel otsika kutentha ndipo ali mu njira yothetsera kutentha kwakukulu; mikhalidwe ya gel ndi khalidwe ndizosiyana kwambiri. The compounding wa HPMC ndi HPS si kothandiza kuti mapangidwe homogeneous dongosolo ndi ngakhale wabwino. Poganizira za kapangidwe ka mankhwala ndi thermodynamics, ndizofunika kwambiri komanso zothandiza kuphatikizira HPMC ndi HPS kukhazikitsa makina opangira gel ozizirira.

Mutuwu umayang'ana pa kafukufuku wazinthu zachilengedwe za zigawo za HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha gel osakaniza dongosolo, chiŵerengero chophatikizira ndi chinyezi chachibale cha chilengedwe pa microscopic morphology, kugwirizanitsa ndi kulekana kwa gawo, makina, katundu wa kuwala. , ndi matenthedwe dontho katundu wa pawiri dongosolo. Ndipo chikoka cha macroscopic katundu monga mpweya chotchinga katundu.

3.1 Zida ndi Zida

3.1.1 Zida zazikulu zoyesera

3.1.2 Zida zazikulu ndi zida

3.2 Njira yoyesera

3.2.1 Kukonzekera kwa filimu yamagulu amtundu wa HPMC/HPS

15% (w / w) ufa wowuma wa HPMC ndi HPS unasakanizidwa ndi 3% (w / w) Polyethylene glycol plasticizer inaphatikizidwa m'madzi osungunuka kuti apeze madzi opangidwa ndi filimu, ndi filimu yodyedwa ya HPMC / HPS idakonzedwa ndi njira yoponya.

Kukonzekera njira: choyamba kulemera HPMC ndi HPS ufa youma, ndi kusakaniza iwo molingana ndi mareyidwe osiyana; kenaka yonjezerani m'madzi a 70 ° C, ndikugwedezani mofulumira pa 120 rpm / min kwa 30 min kuti mubalalitse HPMC; ndiye kutenthetsa yankho kwa Pamwamba pa 95 °C, yambitsani mwachangu pa liwiro lomwelo kwa 1 h kuti muthe gelatinize HPS; gelatinization itatha, kutentha kwa yankho kumachepetsedwa mofulumira kufika ku 70 ° C, ndipo yankho limagwedezeka pa liwiro la 80 rpm / min kwa mphindi 40. Kusungunula kwathunthu HPMC. Thirani 20 g wosakaniza wopangira filimu mu mbale ya polystyrene petri yokhala ndi mainchesi 15 cm, ikani pansi, ndikuyimitsa pa 37 ° C. Filimu yowuma imachotsedwa pa disc kuti ipeze nembanemba yodyera.

Makanema odyedwa onse anali olingana ndi chinyezi cha 57% kwa masiku opitilira 3 asanayesedwe, ndipo gawo lakanema lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa katundu wamakina lidalumikizidwa ndi chinyezi cha 75% kwa masiku opitilira atatu.

3.2.2 Micromorphology ya filimu yophatikizidwa ya HPMC/HPS

3.2.2.1 Mfundo yowunikira pakusanthula maikulosikopu ya elekitironi

Mfuti ya elekitironi yomwe ili pamwamba pa Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imatha kutulutsa ma elekitironi ambiri. Itatha kuchepetsedwa ndi kuyang'ana, imatha kupanga mtengo wa electron ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu zinazake. Moyendetsedwa ndi mphamvu ya maginito ya koyilo yojambulira, malinga ndi nthawi ndi dongosolo la danga Jambulani pamwamba pa chitsanzo ndi mfundo. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe a malo ang'onoang'ono, kuyanjana pakati pa chitsanzo ndi mtengo wa electron kumapanga ma siginecha achiwiri a electron ndi mphamvu zosiyana, zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ndi chowunikira ndikusinthidwa kukhala zizindikiro zamagetsi, zomwe zimakulitsidwa ndi kanema. ndi kulowetsa ku Gridi ya chubu lachithunzi, mutatha kusintha kuwala kwa chubu lachithunzi, chithunzi chachiwiri cha electron chingapezeke chomwe chingawonetsere morphology ndi makhalidwe a micro-region pamwamba pa chitsanzo. Poyerekeza ndi ma microscopes owoneka bwino, mawonekedwe a SEM ndi okwera kwambiri, pafupifupi 3nm-6nm pamtunda wosanjikiza wachitsanzo, womwe ndi woyenera kwambiri kuwona mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono pamapangidwe azinthu.

3.2.2.2 Njira yoyesera

Kanema wodyedwayo anayikidwa mu desiccator kuti awumitse, ndipo kukula koyenera kwa filimu yodyedwa kunasankhidwa, kuikidwa pa SEM yapadera siteji yachitsanzo ndi zomatira zoyendetsera, ndiyeno zokutidwa ndi golide ndi chopukutira. Pakuyesa, chitsanzocho chinayikidwa mu SEM, ndipo mawonekedwe a microscopic a chitsanzo adawonedwa ndikujambulidwa nthawi 300 ndi kukulitsa nthawi 1000 pansi pa electron mtengo mathamangitsidwe voteji 5 kV.

3.2.3 Kutumiza kowala kwa filimu yamagulu amtundu wa HPMC/HPS

3.2.3.1 Kusanthula mfundo ya UV-Vis spectrophotometry

UV-Vis spectrophotometer imatha kutulutsa kuwala ndi kutalika kwa 200 ~ 800nm ​​ndikuyatsa pa chinthucho. Mafunde enaake a kuwala mu kuwala kwa chochitikacho amatengeka ndi zinthuzo, ndipo kusintha kwa mlingo wa mphamvu ya molecular vibrational ndi kusintha kwa mphamvu yamagetsi kumachitika. Popeza chinthu chilichonse chimakhala ndi mamolekyu, ma atomiki ndi mamolekyu osiyanasiyana, chinthu chilichonse chimakhala ndi mawonekedwe ake enieni, ndipo zomwe zili muzinthuzo zimatha kutsimikizika kapena kutsimikizika molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa pamafunde enaake pa sipekitiramu yamayamwidwe. Chifukwa chake, UV-Vis spectrophotometric kusanthula ndi njira imodzi yothandiza yophunzirira kapangidwe kake, kapangidwe kake ndi kulumikizana kwa zinthu.

Pamene kuwala kwa kuwala kugunda chinthu, mbali ina ya kuwala kwa chochitikacho imatengedwa ndi chinthucho, ndipo mbali ina ya kuwala kwa chochitikacho imafalitsidwa kudzera mu chinthucho; chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ya kuwala kwachiwombankhanga ndi mphamvu ya kuwala ndi transmittance.

Ndondomeko ya mgwirizano pakati pa absorbance ndi transmittance ndi:

Pakati pawo, A ndi kuyamwa;

T ndiye kutumiza, %.

Kutsekemera komaliza kunakonzedwa mofanana ndi kuyamwa × 0.25 mm / makulidwe.

3.2.3.2 Njira yoyesera

Konzani 5% HPMC ndi HPS zothetsera, sakanizani molingana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, tsanulirani 10 g ya njira yopangira filimu mu mbale ya polystyrene petri yokhala ndi masentimita 15, ndikuyimitsa pa 37 ° C kuti mupange filimu. Dulani filimu yodyera mu mzere wamakona a 1mm × 3mm, ikani mu cuvette, ndikupanga filimu yodyera pafupi ndi khoma lamkati la cuvette. WFZ UV-3802 UV-vis spectrophotometer idagwiritsidwa ntchito kusanthula zitsanzo pamtunda wonse wa 200-800 nm, ndipo chitsanzo chilichonse chidayesedwa kasanu.

3.2.4 Mphamvu zamphamvu za thermomechanical za HPMC/HPS mafilimu ophatikizidwa

3.2.4.1 Mfundo ya kusanthula kwamphamvu kwa thermomechanical

Dynamic Thermomechanical Analysis (DMA) ndi chida chomwe chimatha kuyeza ubale pakati pa kulemera ndi kutentha kwachitsanzo pansi pa katundu wina wodabwitsa ndi kutentha kwadongosolo, ndipo zimatha kuyesa makina a chitsanzocho potengera kupsinjika kwanthawi ndi nthawi, kutentha ndi kutentha. mgwirizano wafupipafupi.

Ma polima apamwamba kwambiri amakhala ndi viscoelastic properties, zomwe zimatha kusunga mphamvu zamakina ngati elastomer mbali imodzi, ndikudya mphamvu ngati ntchofu kumbali inayo. Pamene mphamvu yosinthira nthawi ndi nthawi ikugwiritsidwa ntchito, gawo lotanuka limasintha mphamvu kukhala mphamvu yotheka ndikuisunga; pamene gawo la viscous limasintha mphamvu kukhala mphamvu ya kutentha ndikutaya. Zipangizo za polima nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa zigawo ziwiri zotsika kutentha kwa galasi komanso kutentha kwa mphira, ndipo kutentha kwapakati pa mayiko awiriwa ndi kutentha kwa galasi. Kutentha kwa kusintha kwa galasi kumakhudza mwachindunji kapangidwe ndi katundu wa zipangizo, ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kutentha kwa ma polima.

Mwa kusanthula mphamvu ya thermomechanical ya ma polima, ma viscoelasticity a ma polima amatha kuwonedwa, ndipo magawo ofunikira omwe amatsimikizira magwiridwe antchito a ma polima angapezeke, kuti athe kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino ku malo enieni ogwiritsira ntchito. Kuonjezera apo, kusanthula kwamphamvu kwa thermomechanical kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa magalasi, kupatukana kwa gawo, kugwirizanitsa, crystallization ndi kayendedwe ka maselo pamagulu onse a magawo a maselo, ndipo amatha kupeza zambiri zokhudza mapangidwe ndi katundu wa ma polima. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira mamolekyu a ma polima. khalidwe la kayendedwe. Pogwiritsa ntchito kutentha kwa kutentha kwa DMA, zochitika za kusintha kwa gawo monga kusintha kwa galasi kungayesedwe. Poyerekeza ndi DSC, DMA ili ndi kukhudzika kwakukulu ndipo ndiyoyeneranso kuwunikira zinthu zomwe zimatengera kugwiritsa ntchito kwenikweni.

3.2.4.2 Njira yoyesera

Sankhani zitsanzo zoyera, zofananira, zosalala komanso zosawonongeka, ndikuzidula mumizere yamakona a 10mm × 20mm. Zitsanzozi zidayesedwa mumayendedwe okhazikika pogwiritsa ntchito Pydris Diamond dynamic thermomechanical analyzer kuchokera ku PerkinElmer, USA. Kutentha kwa kutentha kunali 25 ~ 150 ° C, kutentha kwa kutentha kunali 2 ° C / min, mafupipafupi anali 1 Hz, ndipo mayeserowo anabwerezedwa kawiri pa chitsanzo chilichonse. Pakuyesa, modulus (E') ndi losse modulus (E”) yachitsanzo zinajambulidwa, ndipo chiŵerengero cha modulus yotayika ndi modulus yosungira, ndiko kuti, tangent angle tan δ, ikhozanso kuwerengedwa.

3.2.5 Kukhazikika kwamafuta amitundu yambiri ya HPMC/HPS

3.2.5.1 Mfundo ya kusanthula kwa thermogravimetric

Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) imatha kuyeza kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa sampuli ndi kutentha kapena nthawi pa kutentha komwe kumapangidwira, ndipo ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pophunzira kutuluka kwa nthunzi, kusungunuka, sublimation, kutaya madzi m'thupi, kuwonongeka ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zinthu panthawi yotentha. . ndi zochitika zina zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala. Mzere wa ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa zinthu ndi kutentha (kapena nthawi) yomwe imapezeka mwachindunji chitsanzocho chikayesedwa amatchedwa thermogravimetric (TGA curve). kuwonda ndi zina zambiri. Derivative Thermogravimetric curve (DTG curve) ikhoza kupezedwa pambuyo potengera njira yoyamba yokhotakhota ya TGA, yomwe ikuwonetsa kusintha kwa kulemera kwachiyerekezo choyesedwa ndi kutentha kapena nthawi, ndipo nsonga yapamwamba ndiyo yomwe imakhala yokhazikika. mlingo.

3.2.5.2 Njira yoyesera

Sankhani filimu yodyera yokhala ndi makulidwe a yunifolomu, iduleni mu bwalo lofanana ndi thermogravimetric analyzer test disk, ndiyeno ikani pansi pa test disk, ndikuyesani mumlengalenga wa nayitrogeni ndi kuthamanga kwa 20 mL / min. . Kutentha kwa kutentha kunali 30-700 ° C, kutentha kwa kutentha kunali 10 ° C / min, ndipo chitsanzo chilichonse chinayesedwa kawiri.

3.2.6.1 Mfundo yoyendetsera kusanthula katundu

3.2.6 Makanema amtundu wa HPMC/HPS amakanema amitundu yambiri

Woyesa katundu wamakina amatha kuyika static tensile load ku spline motsatira utali wotalikirapo pansi pa kutentha kwapadera, chinyezi ndi liwiro mpaka spline itasweka. Pakuyesedwa, katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito pa spline ndi kuchuluka kwake kwa deformation adalembedwa ndi makina oyesa katundu, ndipo phokoso la kupsinjika maganizo panthawi ya kusokonezeka kwa spline kunakokedwa. Kuchokera pamapindikira a kupsinjika, mphamvu yolimba (ζt), elongation at break (εb) ndi elastic modulus (E) zitha kuwerengedwa kuti ziwone momwe filimuyo imagwirira ntchito.

Ubale wa kupsinjika kwazinthu zitha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri: chigawo cha elastic deformation ndi dera la pulasitiki deformation. M'dera la elastic deformation, kupsinjika ndi kupsyinjika kwa zinthuzo kumakhala ndi ubale wozungulira, ndipo kusinthika panthawiyi kumatha kubwezeretsedwanso, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi lamulo la Cook; mu pulasitiki deformation zone, kupsinjika ndi kupsyinjika kwa zinthu sizilinso mzere, ndipo mapindikidwe omwe amapezeka panthawiyi ndi osasinthika, pamapeto pake zinthuzo zimasweka.

Njira yowerengera mphamvu ya tensile:

Kumene: ndi mphamvu yokhazikika, MPa;

p ndiye kuchuluka kwa katundu kapena katundu wosweka, N;

b ndiye m'lifupi mwake, mm;

d ndi makulidwe a chitsanzo, mm.

Njira yowerengera elongation panthawi yopuma:

Kumene: εb ndiko kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma, %;

L ndi mtunda pakati pa mizere yolembera pamene chitsanzo chikuswa, mm;

L0 ndiye kutalika koyezera kwachitsanzo, mm.

Elastic modulus calculation formula:

Pakati pawo: E ndi zotanuka modulus, MPa;

ζ ndi kupsinjika, MPa;

ε ndi vuto.

3.2.6.2 Njira yoyesera

Sankhani zitsanzo zoyera, zofananira, zosalala komanso zosawonongeka, tchulani muyezo wadziko lonse wa GB13022-91, ndikuwadula kukhala ma dumbbell okhala ndi kutalika kwa 120mm, mtunda woyambira pakati pa 86mm, mtunda pakati pa zizindikiro za 40mm, ndi m'lifupi ndi 10 mm. Ma splines adayikidwa pa 75% ndi 57% (mumlengalenga wodzaza ndi sodium chloride ndi sodium bromide solution) chinyezi, ndikufanana kwa masiku opitilira atatu musanayese. Pakuyesa uku, ASTM D638, 5566 makina oyesa katundu wa Instron Corporation yaku United States ndi 2712-003 pneumatic clamp amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa. Kuthamanga kwamphamvu kunali 10 mm / min, ndipo chitsanzocho chinabwerezedwa nthawi 7, ndipo mtengo wapakati unawerengedwa.

3.2.7 Mpweya wa okosijeni wa filimu ya HPMC/HPS yodyedwa

3.2.7.1 Mfundo ya kusanthula kwa oxygen permeability

Pambuyo pa chitsanzo choyesa, choyesa chimagawidwa m'magawo awiri, A ndi B; mpweya woyenga kwambiri wa okosijeni womwe umatuluka mumtsinje wa A, ndipo kutuluka kwa nayitrogeni ndi kuthamanga kwina kumadutsa mu B cavity; panthawi yoyesera, chigoba cha A Mpweya wa okosijeni umadutsa muzitsulo muzitsulo za B, ndipo mpweya wolowetsedwa mumtsinje wa B umatengedwa ndi kutuluka kwa nayitrogeni ndikusiya mpweya wa B kuti ufike ku sensa ya oxygen. Sensa ya okosijeni imayesa kuchuluka kwa okosijeni mukuyenda kwa nayitrogeni ndikutulutsa chizindikiro chamagetsi chofananira, potero kuwerengera mpweya wa oxygen. kutumiza.

3.2.7.2 Njira yoyesera

Sankhani mafilimu odyedwa osawonongeka, aduleni mu zitsanzo zokhala ngati diamondi 10.16 x 10.16 cm, valani m'mphepete mwa ma clamps ndi mafuta otsekemera, ndikumangirira zitsanzozo ku chipika choyesera. Kuyesedwa molingana ndi ASTM D-3985, chitsanzo chilichonse chimakhala ndi malo oyesera a 50 cm2.

3.3 Zotsatira ndi Zokambirana

3.3.1 Kusanthula kwa Microstructure kwa mafilimu ophatikizidwa

Kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo zamadzi opangira filimu ndi kuyanika - kumatsimikizira momwe filimuyo ilili ndipo zimakhudza kwambiri maonekedwe ndi mankhwala a filimuyo [330, 331]. Makhalidwe a gel opangidwa ndi chiŵerengero cha chigawo chilichonse amatha kukhudza morphology ya pawiri, zomwe zimakhudzanso mawonekedwe a pamwamba ndi zomaliza za nembanemba [301, 332]. Choncho, kusanthula kwa microstructural kwa mafilimu kungapereke chidziwitso choyenera pa kukonzanso maselo a chigawo chilichonse, chomwe chingatithandize kumvetsa bwino zotchinga, makina, ndi maonekedwe a mafilimu.

Mawonekedwe a pamwamba a electron maikulosikopu a mafilimu odyedwa a HPS/HPMC okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 3-1. Monga tikuwonera pa Chithunzi 3-1, zitsanzo zina zidawonetsa ming'alu yaying'ono pamtunda, yomwe imatha chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa chinyezi mumiyeso panthawi ya mayeso, kapena kuukira kwa mtengo wa elekitironi mu microscope [122] [Chithunzi patsamba 139]. Pachithunzichi, nembanemba yoyera ya HPS ndi HPMC yoyera. The nembanemba anasonyeza ndi yosalala ting'onozing'ono pamalo, ndi microstructure wa koyera HPS nembanemba anali kwambiri homogeneous ndi yosalala kuposa koyera HPMC nembanemba, amene mwina makamaka chifukwa wowuma macromolecules (amylose mamolekyu ndi amylopectin mamolekyu) pa kuzirala ndondomeko.) mu njira yamadzimadzi. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti amylose-amylopectin-madzi dongosolo mu ndondomeko yozizira

Pakhoza kukhala njira yopikisana pakati pa mapangidwe a gel ndi kupatukana kwa gawo. Ngati mlingo wa kulekanitsa gawo uli wochepa kusiyana ndi mlingo wa mapangidwe a gel osakaniza, kulekanitsa gawo sikudzachitika mu dongosolo, mwinamwake, kulekanitsa gawo kudzachitika mu dongosolo [333, 334]. Komanso, pamene zinthu za amylose zimaposa 25%, gelatinization ya amylose ndi ndondomeko yowonjezereka ya amylose network ikhoza kulepheretsa kwambiri maonekedwe a kupatukana kwa gawo [334]. Zomwe zili mu HPS za amylose zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito papepalali ndi 80%, zokwera kwambiri kuposa 25%, motero zikuwonetsa bwino zomwe zimachitika kuti ma membrane oyera a HPS ndi ofanana komanso osalala kuposa ma membrane oyera a HPMC.

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera kuyerekeza kwa ziwerengero zomwe mawonekedwe a mafilimu onse ophatikizika ndi ovuta, ndipo maphuphu ena osakhazikika amabalalika, kusonyeza kuti pali kusiyana kosiyana pakati pa HPMC ndi HPS. Kuphatikiza apo, nembanemba zophatikizika zomwe zili ndi HPMC zambiri zimawonetsa mawonekedwe ofanana kwambiri kuposa omwe ali ndi HPS yayikulu. HPS-based condensation pa 37 °C kupanga mafilimu kutentha

Kutengera mawonekedwe a gel osakaniza, HPS idawonetsa mawonekedwe a gel owoneka bwino; potengera mawonekedwe a gel otenthetsera a HPMC, HPMC idapereka yankho ngati madzi. Mu nembanemba yophatikizika yokhala ndi HPS yayikulu (7: 3 HPS / HPMC), HPS yowoneka bwino ndi gawo lopitilira, ndipo HPMC ngati madzi imamwazikana mu gawo lopitilira muyeso la HPS monga gawo lobalalika, lomwe silili bwino. kugawidwa kwa yunifolomu kwa gawo lobalalika; Mufilimu yophatikizika yokhala ndi zinthu zambiri za HPMC (3: 7 HPS / HPMC), HPMC yotsika kwambiri imasinthidwa kukhala gawo lopitilira, ndipo HPS ya viscous imamwazikana mu gawo lotsika la HPMC monga gawo lobalalika, lomwe limathandizira mapangidwe homogeneous gawo. ndondomeko yamagulu.

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti ngakhale mafilimu onse ophatikizika amawonetsa zowoneka bwino komanso zosagwirizana, palibe mawonekedwe owoneka bwino omwe amapezeka, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti HPMC ndi HPS zimagwirizana bwino. Makanema ophatikizika a HPMC / wowuma opanda ma plasticizers monga PEG adawonetsa kupatukana kodziwikiratu [301], motero kuwonetsa kuti kusinthidwa kwa hydroxypropyl kwa wowuma ndi PEG plasticizers kumatha kupititsa patsogolo kugwirizana kwa gulu -system.

3.3.2 Kuwunika kwazinthu zamakanema amitundu yambiri

Mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa mafilimu ophatikizika a HPMC/HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana adayesedwa ndi UV-vis spectrophotometer, ndipo mawonekedwe a UV akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 3-2. Kukula kwakukulu kwa mtengo wa transmittance, filimuyo imakhala yofanana komanso yowonekera; Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, mtengo wochepetsera kuwala kocheperako, filimuyo imakhala yosagwirizana komanso yosaoneka bwino. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku Chithunzi 3-2 (a) kuti mafilimu onse ophatikizika amawonetsa zochitika zofanana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mawonekedwe a scanning wavelength mumtundu wathunthu wa scanning wavelength, ndipo kuwala kwa kuwala kumawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutalika kwa mawonekedwe. Pa 350nm, ma curve amakhala okwera.

Sankhani ma transmittance pamtunda wa 500nm poyerekeza, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 3-2 (b), kutumizirana kwa filimu yoyera ya HPS ndikotsika kuposa filimu yoyera ya HPMC, ndipo ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPMC, kutumizira kumachepa poyamba, ndiyeno kuchuluka pambuyo pofika pamtengo wocheperako. Zomwe HPMC zidakwera mpaka 70%, kuwala kwa filimu yophatikizika kunali kwakukulu kuposa kwa HPS yoyera. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti makina osakanikirana amawonetsa kufalikira kwabwinoko, ndipo mtengo wake woyezedwa ndi UV nthawi zambiri umakhala wapamwamba; Zipangizo zopanda inhomogeneous nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosawoneka bwino komanso zimakhala ndi ma transmittance otsika a UV. Miyezo yapakanema yamakanema ophatikizika (7: 3, 5: 5) inali yotsika poyerekeza ndi makanema oyera a HPS ndi HPMC, kuwonetsa kuti panali gawo lina la kulekanitsa gawo pakati pa zigawo ziwiri za HPS ndi HPMC.

Mkuyu 3-2 UV spectra pa zonse wavelengths (a), ndi pa 500 nm (b), kwa HPS/HPMC kusakaniza mafilimu. Bar imayimira ± zopatuka zokhazikika. ac: zilembo zosiyanasiyana ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi chiŵerengero chosakanikirana (p <0.05), chogwiritsidwa ntchito muzolemba zonse

3.3.3 Dynamic thermomechanical kusanthula kwamakanema ophatikizidwa

Chithunzi 3-3 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe amphamvu a thermomechanical amafilimu odyedwa a HPMC/HPS okhala ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pa Chithunzi 3-3 (a) kuti modulus yosungirako (E') imachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPMC. Kuphatikiza apo, modulus yosungiramo zitsanzo zonse idatsika pang'onopang'ono ndikuwonjezera kutentha, kupatula kuti modulus yosungiramo filimu yoyera ya HPS (10: 0) idakula pang'ono kutentha kumawonjezeka kufika 70 ° C. Pa kutentha kwakukulu, kwa filimu yophatikizika yokhala ndi HPMC yayikulu, modulus yosungiramo filimu yophatikizika imakhala ndi mawonekedwe otsika otsika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha; pamene chitsanzo chokhala ndi HPS yapamwamba, modulus yosungirako imachepa pang'ono ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha.

Chithunzi 3-3 Modulus yosungirako (E′) (a) ndi tangent yotayika (tan δ) (b) ya makanema ophatikiza a HPS/HPMC

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pa Chithunzi 3-3 (b) kuti zitsanzo zokhala ndi HPMC zili pamwamba kuposa 30% (5: 5, 3: 7, 0:10) zonse zikuwonetsa nsonga ya kusintha kwa galasi, komanso kuwonjezeka kwa HPMC, galasi kusintha kutentha kusintha kusintha kwa kutentha kwambiri, kusonyeza kuti kusinthasintha kwa HPMC polima unyolo utachepa. Kumbali ina, nembanemba yoyera ya HPS imawonetsa nsonga yayikulu ya envelopu yozungulira 67 ° C, pomwe nembanemba yophatikizika yokhala ndi 70% HPS ilibe kusintha kwagalasi. Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa pali kulumikizana kwina pakati pa HPMC ndi HPS, motero kuletsa kusuntha kwa magawo a maselo a HPMC ndi HPS.

3.3.4 Kusanthula kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa mafilimu ophatikizidwa

Chithunzi 3-4 TGA ma curve (a) ndi ma curve ake (DTG) (b) a HPS/HPMC ophatikiza makanema

Kukhazikika kwamafuta a filimu yophatikizika ya HPMC/HPS kudayesedwa ndi thermogravimetric analyzer. Chithunzi 3-4 chikuwonetsa curve ya thermogravimetric (TGA) ndi curve yake yowonda (DTG) ya filimu yophatikizika. Kuchokera pamapindikira a TGA mu Chithunzi 3-4 (a), zitha kuwoneka kuti zitsanzo za nembanemba zophatikizika ndi ma ratios osiyanasiyana zikuwonetsa magawo awiri owoneka bwino akusintha kwa thermogravimetric ndikuwonjezeka kwa kutentha. Kutentha kwa madzi opangidwa ndi polysaccharide macromolecule kumapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lochepa kwambiri pa 30-180 ° C kusanachitike kuwonongeka kwenikweni kwa kutentha. Pambuyo pake, pali gawo lalikulu la kuwonda pa 300 ~ 450 ° C, apa gawo la kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwa HPMC ndi HPS.

Kuchokera pa ma curve a DTG mu Chithunzi 3-4(b), zitha kuwoneka kuti kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kwa HPS koyera ndi HPMC koyera ndi 338 °C ndi 400 °C, motsatana, ndi kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kwa HPMC koyera ndi apamwamba kuposa a HPS, kusonyeza kuti HPMC Better kutentha bata kuposa HPS. Pamene zinthu za HPMC zinali 30% (7: 3), nsonga imodzi inawonekera pa 347 ° C, yomwe imagwirizana ndi khalidwe lapamwamba la HPS, koma kutentha kunali kwakukulu kuposa nsonga ya kutentha kwa HPS; pamene HPMC zili ndi 70% ( 3: 7 ), chiwerengero chokha cha HPMC chinawonekera pa 400 ° C; pomwe zomwe zili mu HPMC zinali 50%, nsonga ziwiri zakuwonongeka kwamafuta zidawonekera pamapindikira a DTG, 345 ° C ndi 396 ° C, motsatana. Nsonga zake zimagwirizana ndi nsonga za HPS ndi HPMC, motsatana, koma nsonga yakuwonongeka kwamafuta yofananira ndi HPS ndiyocheperako, ndipo nsonga zonse ziwiri zimakhala ndi kusintha kwina. Zitha kuwoneka kuti ma nembanemba ambiri ophatikizika amangowonetsa nsonga imodzi yofananira ndi gawo linalake, ndipo amatha kufananizidwa ndi nembanemba yoyera, yomwe ikuwonetsa kuti pali kusiyana kwina pakati pa zigawo za HPMC ndi HPS. digiri ya kuyanjana. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kwa nembanemba yophatikizika kunali kopitilira muyeso wa HPS yoyera, kuwonetsa kuti HPMC ikhoza kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika kwamafuta a nembanemba ya HPS pamlingo wina.

3.3.5 Kusanthula kwamakina a filimu yophatikizika yodyera

Mphamvu zamakanema a makanema apagulu a HPMC/HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana adayezedwa ndi makina osanthula katundu pa 25 °C, chinyezi cha 57% ndi 75%. Chithunzi 3-5 chikuwonetsa zotanuka modulus (a), elongation panthawi yopuma (b) ndi mphamvu zamakokedwe (c) za HPMC/HPS mafilimu ophatikizana ndi ma ratios osiyanasiyana pansi pa chinyezi chosiyana. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti chinyezi chikakhala 57%, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu zolimba za filimu yoyera ya HPS ndizokulu kwambiri, ndipo HPMC yoyera ndiyo yaying'ono kwambiri. Ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe zili mu HPS, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu zamakanema amitundu yambiri zidakwera mosalekeza. Kutalikirapo kwa nembanemba yoyera ya HPMC ndi yayikulu kuposa ya nembanemba ya HPS yoyera, ndipo zonse ndi zazikulu kuposa za nembanemba yophatikizika.

Pamene chinyezi wachibale anali apamwamba (75%) poyerekeza 57% chinyezi wachibale, zotanuka modulus ndi kumakoka mphamvu ya zitsanzo zonse utachepa, pamene elongation pa yopuma anakula kwambiri. Izi zili choncho makamaka chifukwa madzi, monga pulasitiki wamba, amatha kusungunula matrix a HPMC ndi HPS, kuchepetsa mphamvu pakati pa maunyolo a polima, ndikuwongolera kuyenda kwa magawo a polima. Pachinyezi chokwera kwambiri, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu zolimba zamakanema oyera a HPMC zinali zapamwamba kuposa zamakanema oyera a HPS, koma kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma kunali kotsika, zotsatira zake zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zotsatira za chinyezi chochepa. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kusiyanasiyana kwamakina amafilimu ophatikizika okhala ndi chiyerekezo cha chigawo chimodzi pa chinyezi chambiri cha 75% kumasiyana kwambiri ndi chinyezi chochepa poyerekeza ndi vuto la chinyezi cha 57%. Pansi pa chinyezi chambiri, chinyezi cha filimuyo chimawonjezeka, ndipo madzi samangokhala ndi pulasitiki yapolymer matrix, komanso amalimbikitsa kukonzanso kwa wowuma. Poyerekeza ndi HPMC, HPS ili ndi chizolowezi champhamvu chokonzanso, kotero zotsatira za chinyezi chachifupi pa HPS ndizokulirapo kuposa za HPMC.

Chithunzi cha 3-5 Tensile katundu wa mafilimu a HPS/HPMC okhala ndi ma ratios osiyanasiyana a HPS/HPMC olingana pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyana ya kudzichepetsa (RH). *: zilembo zamanambala zosiyanasiyana ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi RH zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzolemba zonse

3.3.6 Kusanthula kwa Kukwanira kwa Oxygen kwa Mafilimu Ophatikizana Odyera

Kanema wophatikizika wodyeka amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira chakudya kuti awonjezere moyo wa alumali wa chakudya, ndipo ntchito yake yotchinga mpweya ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zofunika. Choncho, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa mafilimu odyedwa omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPMC / HPS anayesedwa pa kutentha kwa 23 ° C, ndipo zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3-6. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti kutulutsa kwa okosijeni wa nembanemba yoyera ya HPS ndikotsika kwambiri kuposa nembanemba ya HPMC yoyera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti nembanemba ya HPS ili ndi zotchingira mpweya wabwino kuposa nembanemba ya HPMC. Chifukwa otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi kukhalapo kwa zigawo amorphous, HPMC n'zosavuta kupanga ndi lotayirira otsika-kachulukidwe maukonde dongosolo filimu; poyerekeza ndi HPS, ili ndi chizolowezi chapamwamba chokonzanso, ndipo ndikosavuta kupanga mawonekedwe owundana mufilimuyo. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti mafilimu owuma ali ndi zinthu zabwino zotchinga mpweya poyerekeza ndi ma polima ena [139, 301, 335, 336].

Chithunzi cha 3-6 Kuthekera kwa okosijeni kwa mafilimu ophatikiza a HPS/HPMC

Kuphatikizika kwa HPS kumatha kuchepetsa kwambiri kutulutsa kwa okosijeni kwa nembanemba za HPMC, ndipo kutulutsa kwa okosijeni kwa nembanemba zophatikizika kumachepa kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa HPS. Kuphatikizika kwa HPS yopanda mpweya wa okosijeni kumatha kukulitsa kuzunzika kwa njira ya okosijeni mu nembanemba yophatikizika, zomwe zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa okosijeni ndipo pamapeto pake kutsika kwa oxygen. Zotsatira zofananira zanenedwanso zamafuta ena ambadwa [139,301].

3.4 Chidule cha mutuwu

M'mutu uno, kugwiritsa ntchito HPMC ndi HPS monga zipangizo zazikulu, ndikuwonjezera polyethylene glycol monga pulasitiki, mafilimu opangidwa ndi HPMC / HPS omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana adakonzedwa ndi njira yoponyera. Chikoka cha zinthu zachibadwidwe cha zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi kuphatikizika chiŵerengero pa microscopic morphology wa gulu nembanemba anaphunzira sikani ma electron microscopy; zida zamakina za nembanemba yophatikizika zidaphunziridwa ndi woyesa makina-katundu. Chikoka cha chibadwa cha zigawozo ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizika pa zinthu zotchinga mpweya wa okosijeni ndi kufalikira kwa kuwala kwa filimu yophatikizikako kunaphunziridwa ndi choyezera mpweya wa okosijeni ndi UV-vis spectrophotometer. Kusanthula ma electron microscopy, kusanthula kwa thermogravimetric ndi kusanthula kwamphamvu kwamafuta kunagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kusanthula kwamakina ndi njira zina zowunikira zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira kuyanjana ndi kupatukana kwa gawo la dongosolo lamagulu oziziritsa otentha a gel. Zotsatira zazikulu ndi izi:

1. Poyerekeza ndi HPMC yoyera, HPS yoyera ndiyosavuta kupanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino komanso osalala ang'onoang'ono. Izi makamaka chifukwa cha kukonzanso bwino kwa ma cell a wowuma macromolecules (mamolekyu amylose ndi mamolekyu amylopectin) mu njira yoziziritsa yowuma.
2. Zophatikizika zomwe zili ndi HPMC zambiri zimakhala ndi mwayi wopanga ma membrane ofanana. Izi makamaka zochokera gel osakaniza katundu HPMC ndi HPS. Pa kutentha kwa kupanga mafilimu, HPMC ndi HPS zimasonyeza malo ochepetsetsa ochepetsetsa komanso mawonekedwe a gel okwera kwambiri, motsatira. The mkulu-makamaka mamasukidwe obalalika gawo ndi omwazika mu otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe mosalekeza gawo. , n'zosavuta kupanga dongosolo homogeneous.
3. Chinyezi chachibale chimakhudza kwambiri makina amakanema amtundu wa HPMC/HPS, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zake kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwazinthu za HPS. Pachinyezi chocheperako, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu zamakanema amitundu yambiri zidachulukira ndikuwonjezeka kwazomwe zili mu HPS, ndipo kutalika kwa mafilimu ophatikizikawo kunali kotsika kwambiri kuposa komwe kumapangidwa. Ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu yolimba ya filimu yophatikizika idachepa, ndipo kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma kunakula kwambiri, ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa makina a filimu yophatikizika ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizika chinawonetsa kusintha kosiyana kosiyana. chinyezi chachibale. Mawonekedwe a ma membrane am'magulu omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikizika amawonetsa mphambano pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya chinyezi, yomwe imapereka mwayi wokhathamiritsa magwiridwe antchito molingana ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito.
4. Kuphatikizika kwa HPS kunasintha kwambiri zotchinga za okosijeni za nembanemba yophatikizika. Mpweya wa okosijeni wa nembanemba yophatikizika unatsika kwambiri ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu za HPS.
5. Mu HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha gel osakaniza dongosolo, pali kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo ziwirizi. Palibe mawonekedwe odziwikiratu a magawo awiri omwe adapezeka muzithunzi za SEM zamakanema onse ophatikizika, mafilimu ambiri ophatikizika anali ndi gawo limodzi lokha losinthira magalasi pazotsatira za DMA, ndipo nsonga imodzi yokha ya kuwonongeka kwamafuta idawonekera mumayendedwe a DTG ambiri mwazophatikizika. mafilimu. Zikuwonetsa kuti pali kufotokozera kwina pakati pa HPMC ndi HPS.

Zotsatira zoyeserera pamwambapa zikuwonetsa kuti kuphatikiza kwa HPS ndi HPMC sikungochepetsa mtengo wopangira filimu yodyera ya HPMC, komanso kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito ake. The makina katundu, mpweya chotchinga katundu ndi kuwala katundu wa edible composite filimu angapezeke mwa kusintha kaphatikizidwe chiŵerengero cha zigawo ziwiri ndi chinyezi wachibale wa chilengedwe chakunja.

Mutu 4 Ubale Pakati pa Micromorphology ndi Mechanical Properties ya HPMC/HPS Compound System

Poyerekeza ndi kusanganikirana kwapamwamba kwa entropy pa kusanganikirana kwazitsulo zazitsulo, kusakaniza kwa entropy panthawi ya polima kumakhala kochepa kwambiri, ndipo kutentha kwapakati pamagulu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kwabwino, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti polima apangidwe. Kusintha kwamphamvu kwa Gibbs ndikwabwino (���>), Choncho, mapangidwe a polima amayamba kupanga machitidwe olekanitsidwa ndi magawo awiri, ndipo mapangidwe a polima ogwirizana ndi osowa kwambiri [242].

Machitidwe ophatikizika amitundu yosiyanasiyana amatha kupangitsa kuti ma molekyulu asokonezeke mu thermodynamics ndikupanga ma homogeneous compounds, kotero kuti makina ambiri a polima sangasinthe. Komabe, machitidwe ambiri a polima amatha kufika pamtundu wogwirizana pansi pazifukwa zina ndikukhala machitidwe apawiri omwe amagwirizana [257].

Ma macroscopic monga ma mechanical properties of polima composite systems amadalira kwambiri pa kugwirizana ndi morphology ya gawo la zigawo zawo, makamaka kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo zikuluzikulu ndi mapangidwe a magawo opitirira ndi obalalika [301]. Choncho, ndizofunika kwambiri kuti tiphunzire za microscopic morphology ndi macroscopic katundu wa dongosolo lamagulu ndikukhazikitsa mgwirizano pakati pawo, womwe uli wofunika kwambiri kuti uthetsere katundu wa zinthu zophatikizika poyang'anira mawonekedwe a gawo ndi kugwirizana kwa dongosolo lamagulu.

Pophunzira ma morphology ndi gawo lachiwonetsero cha dongosolo lovuta, ndikofunikira kwambiri kusankha njira zoyenera kusiyanitsa zigawo zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, kusiyana pakati pa HPMC ndi HPS n'kovuta kwambiri, chifukwa onse ali ndi kuwonekera bwino ndi zofanana refractive index, kotero n'zovuta kusiyanitsa zigawo ziwiri ndi kuwala maikulosikopu; Komanso, chifukwa onse ndi organic carbon ofotokoza zakuthupi, kotero awiri ofanana mphamvu mayamwidwe, kotero n'zovuta kupanga sikani ma electron maikulosikopu molondola kusiyanitsa awiri a zigawo zikuluzikulu. Fourier amasintha mawonekedwe a infrared spectroscopy amatha kuwonetsa kusintha kwa morphology ndi mawonekedwe a gawo la protein-starch complex system ndi gawo la gulu la polysaccharide pa 1180-953 cm-1 ndi gulu la amide pa 1750-1483 cm-1 [52, 337], koma njira imeneyi ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri imafuna ma synchrotron radiation Fourier asinthe njira za infuraredi kuti apange kusiyana kokwanira kwa makina osakanizidwa a HPMC/HPS. Palinso njira zokwaniritsira kulekanitsa kwa zigawo, monga kufalitsa ma electron microscopy ndi kufalikira kwa X-ray yaing'ono, koma njirazi nthawi zambiri zimakhala zovuta [338]. Pamutuwu, njira yosavuta yowonera ma microscope ya ayodini imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo mfundo yoti gulu lomaliza la kapangidwe ka amylose helical limatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi ayodini kuti apange ma inclusion complexes amagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto wa HPMC/HPS popaka utoto wa ayodini. kuti HPS Zigawozo zinasiyanitsidwa ndi zigawo za HPMC ndi mitundu yawo yosiyana pansi pa microscope yowala. Chifukwa chake, njira yowunikira ma ayodini opangira ma microscope ndi njira yosavuta komanso yothandiza yofufuzira ma morphology ndi mawonekedwe agawo la machitidwe ovuta a wowuma.

M'mutu uno, ma microscopic morphology, kugawa gawo, kusintha kwa gawo ndi zina zazing'ono za HPMC / HPS dongosolo lamagulu adaphunziridwa pogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula kwa ayodini optical microscope; ndi katundu makina ndi katundu macroscopic; ndi kupyolera mu kusanthula kwa mgwirizano wa ma microscopic morphology ndi macroscopic katundu wosiyana wa mayankho ndi ma ratios ophatikizira, mgwirizano pakati pa microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa HPMC / HPS dongosolo lamagulu linakhazikitsidwa, kuti athe kulamulira HPMC / HPS. Perekani maziko a katundu wamagulu azinthu.

4.1 Zida ndi Zida

4.1.1 Zida zazikulu zoyesera

4.2 Njira yoyesera

4.2.1 Kukonzekera kwa HPMC/HPS pawiri yankho

Konzani yankho la HPMC ndi yankho la HPS pa 3%, 5%, 7% ndi 9% ndende, onani 2.2.1 njira yokonzekera. Sakanizani yankho la HPMC ndi yankho la HPS molingana ndi 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 45:55, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 0: 100 Zosiyanasiyana zosiyana zinasakanizidwa pa liwiro la 250 rmp / min pa 21 ° C kwa 30 min, ndipo njira zosakanikirana ndi zosiyana ndi zosiyana zinapezedwa.

4.2.2 Kukonzekera kwa HPMC/HPS nembanemba yamagulu

Onani 3.2.1.

4.2.3 Kukonzekera kwa makapisozi a HPMC/HPS

Onani yankho lomwe lakonzedwa ndi njira ya 2.2.1, gwiritsani ntchito nkhungu yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri poviika, ndikuyimitsa pa 37 °C. Tulutsani makapisozi owuma, dulani owonjezera, ndikuwayika pamodzi kuti apange awiri.

4.2.4 HPMC/HPS gulu la filimu kuwala maikulosikopu

4.2.4.1 Mfundo za Kusanthula kwa Mawonekedwe a Microscopy

Kachilombo ka microscope kamene kamagwiritsa ntchito njira ya kuwala yokulirapo pogwiritsa ntchito lens yopingasa, ndipo imagwiritsa ntchito magalasi awiri otembenuka kuti ikweze mbali yotsegulira ya tinthu ting'onoting'ono tating'onoting'ono tomwe tili pafupi ndi maso, ndikukulitsa kukula kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe sitingathe kuwonedwa ndi maso. mpaka kukula kwa zinthuzo kungazindikirike ndi maso a munthu.

4.2.4.2 Njira yoyesera

Mayankho amtundu wa HPMC/HPS amitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi ma ratios ophatikizika adatengedwa pa 21 ° C, kugwetsedwa pagalasi, kuponyedwa mugawo lopyapyala, ndikuwumitsa kutentha komweko. Mafilimuwo adadetsedwa ndi 1% yankho la ayodini (1 g ya ayodini ndi 10 g ya ayodini ya potaziyamu adayikidwa mu botolo la volumetric 100-mL, ndikusungunula mumowa), adayikidwa pamalo owonera maikulosikopu kuti awonedwe ndikujambula.

4.2.5 Kutumiza kowala kwa filimu yamagulu a HPMC/HPS

4.2.5.1 Kusanthula mfundo ya UV-vis spectrophotometry

Zofanana ndi 3.2.3.1.

4.2.5.1 Njira yoyesera

Onani 3.2.3.2.

4.2.6 Zovuta zamakanema amtundu wa HPMC/HPS mafilimu

4.2.6.1 Mfundo yoyendetsera kusanthula katundu

Zofanana ndi 3.2.3.1.

4.2.6.1 Njira yoyesera

Zitsanzozo zinayesedwa pambuyo pofanana ndi chinyezi cha 73% kwa maola 48. Onani 3.2.3.2 njira yoyesera.

4.3 Zotsatira ndi Zokambirana

4.3.1 Kuyang'anira zinthu zonse poyera

Chithunzi 4-1 chikuwonetsa makanema odyedwa ndi makapisozi okonzedwa ndikuphatikiza HPMC ndi HPS mu chiŵerengero cha 70:30. Monga momwe tikuonera pachithunzichi, zinthuzo zimakhala ndi kuwonekera bwino, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti HPMC ndi HPS zili ndi zizindikiro zofanana zowonetsera, ndipo pawiri yofanana imatha kupezeka pambuyo pophatikiza ziwirizo.

4.3.2 Zithunzi za microscope zowoneka bwino za HPMC/HPS zisanachitike komanso pambuyo poyipa

Chithunzi 4-2 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe amomwe amapangidwira asanadye komanso atapaka utoto wamitundu ya HPMC/HPS yokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikizika omwe amawonedwa pansi pa maikulosikopu. Monga momwe tikuonera pachithunzichi, n'zovuta kusiyanitsa gawo la HPMC ndi gawo la HPS mu chiwerengero chosadziwika; HPMC yopakidwa utoto yoyera ndi HPS yoyera imawonetsa mitundu yawoyawo, zomwe zili chifukwa momwe HPS ndi ayodini zimayendera kudzera pakudetsa kwa ayodini Mtundu wake umakhala wakuda. Chifukwa chake, magawo awiri a HPMC/HPS amasiyanitsidwa momveka bwino, zomwe zimatsimikiziranso kuti HPMC ndi HPS sizosiyana ndipo sizingapange gulu lofanana. Monga tikuwonera pachithunzichi, momwe zomwe zili mu HPS zikuchulukirachulukira, gawo la mdima (gawo la HPS) pachithunzichi likukulirakulirabe momwe amayembekezeredwa, kutsimikizira kuti kukonzanso magawo awiri kumachitika panthawiyi. Pamene zili HPMC ndi apamwamba kuposa 40%, HPMC akupereka boma la gawo mosalekeza, ndi HPS omwazika mu gawo lopitirira la HPMC monga gawo omwazika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pamene zomwe zili mu HPMC ndizochepa kuposa 40%, HPS ikupereka gawo lopitirira, ndipo HPMC imabalalika mu gawo lopitirira la HPS ngati gawo lobalalika. Chifukwa chake, mu 5% HPMC/HPS yankho la pawiri, ndi kuchuluka kwa HPS zomwe zili, zosiyana zidachitika pomwe chiŵerengero cha pawiri chinali HPMC/HPS 40:60. Gawo lopitilira likusintha kuchokera pagawo loyambirira la HPMC kupita ku gawo lamtsogolo la HPS. Poyang'ana mawonekedwe a gawo, zitha kuwoneka kuti gawo la HPMC mu matrix a HPS ndi lozungulira pambuyo pakubalalika, pomwe mawonekedwe obalalika a gawo la HPS mu matrix a HPMC ndi osakhazikika.

Komanso, powerengera chiŵerengero cha dera la mtundu wowala (HPMC) kudera lakuda (HPS) mu HPMC / HPS complex pambuyo popaka utoto (popanda kuganizira za mesophase), anapeza kuti dera la HPMC (mtundu wowala)/HPS (mtundu wakuda) pachithunzichi Chiŵerengerocho chimakhala chachikulu nthawi zonse kuposa chiŵerengero chenicheni cha HPMC/HPS. Mwachitsanzo, mu chithunzi chodetsedwa cha HPMC / HPS pawiri ndi chiwerengero cha 50:50, dera la HPS m'dera la interphase silinawerengedwe, ndipo chiwerengero cha kuwala / mdima ndi 71/29. Chotsatirachi chikutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa ma mesophase ambiri mu HPMC/HPS composite system.

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti machitidwe ophatikizira a polima ogwirizana ndi osowa kwambiri chifukwa panthawi yophatikiza polima, kutentha kwaphatikizidwe kumakhala kosangalatsa ndipo entropy ya kuphatikiza nthawi zambiri imasintha pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mphamvu yaulere pakuphatikiza kusintha kwa mtengo wabwino. Komabe, mu HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo, HPMC ndi HPS akadali akulonjeza kusonyeza mlingo waukulu ngakhale, chifukwa HPMC ndi HPS onse hydrophilic polysaccharides, ndi ofanana structural unit - shuga, ndi kudutsa gulu ntchito yomweyo kusinthidwa ndi hydroxypropyl. Chodabwitsa cha mesophases angapo mu HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo zimasonyezanso kuti HPMC ndi HPS mu pawiri ali ndi mlingo wina wa n'zogwirizana, ndipo chodabwitsa chofanana chimapezeka mu wowuma-polyvinyl mowa blend dongosolo ndi plasticizer anawonjezera. adawonekeranso [339].

4.3.3 Ubale pakati pa mawonekedwe a microscopic ndi mawonekedwe a macroscopic a dongosolo la pawiri

Ubale pakati pa morphology, zochitika zolekanitsa gawo, kuwonekera ndi makina a HPMC / HPS dongosolo lamagulu linaphunziridwa mwatsatanetsatane. Chithunzi 4-3 chikuwonetsa zotsatira za zomwe zili mu HPS pazinthu zazikuluzikulu monga kuwonekera komanso kukhazikika kwa HPMC/HPS system. Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera ku chithunzi kuti kuwonekera kwa HPMC koyera ndikwapamwamba kuposa HPS yoyera, makamaka chifukwa kukonzanso kwa wowuma kumachepetsa kuwonetsetsa kwa HPS, komanso kusinthidwa kwa hydroxypropyl wa wowuma ndi chifukwa chofunikira kwambiri chochepetsera kuwonekera kwa wowuma. HPS [340, 341]. Zitha kupezeka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti kutumiza kwa HPMC/HPS kaphatikizidwe kagawo kamakhala ndi mtengo wocheperako ndi kusiyana kwa zomwe zili mu HPS. Kutumiza kwapawiri dongosolo, mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ya HPS pansi pa 70%, kumawonjezeka ndiit imachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu za HPS; pomwe zomwe zili mu HPS zimaposa 70%, zimawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe zili mu HPS. Chodabwitsa ichi chimatanthauza kuti HPMC / HPS pawiri dongosolo ndi immiscible, chifukwa gawo kupatukana chochitika cha dongosolo kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa kuwala transmittance. M'malo mwake, modulus ya Young ya kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe idawonekeranso pang'onopang'ono ndi magawo osiyanasiyana, ndipo modulus ya Young idapitilira kuchepa ndi kuchuluka kwa zomwe zili mu HPS, ndikufika potsika kwambiri pomwe zomwe zili mu HPS zinali 60%. The modulus anapitiriza kuwonjezeka, ndipo modulus anawonjezeka pang'ono. The Young's modulus ya HPMC/HPS compound system inasonyeza mtengo wocheperako, womwe umasonyezanso kuti dongosolo lamagulu linali losasinthika. Malo otsika kwambiri amtundu wamtundu wa HPMC/HPS amagwirizana ndi gawo losinthika la HPMC gawo lopitilira mpaka gawo lobalalika komanso malo otsika kwambiri a Young's modulus value mu Chithunzi 4-2.

4.3.4 Zotsatira za ndende ya yankho pa microscopic morphology ya dongosolo la pawiri

Chithunzi 4-4 chikuwonetsa zotsatira za ndende ya yankho pa morphology ndi kusintha kwa gawo la dongosolo la HPMC/HPS. Monga momwe tikuonera pachithunzichi, chiwerengero chochepa cha 3% HPMC / HPS pawiri system, mu chiŵerengero cha HPMC / HPS ndi 40: 60, maonekedwe a co-continuous structure akhoza kuwonedwa; pomwe mulingo waukulu wa 7% yankho, mawonekedwe opitilira awa amawonedwa pachithunzicho ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizika cha 50:50. Chotsatirachi chikuwonetsa kuti gawo losinthira gawo la HPMC / HPS pawiri lili ndi kudalira kwina, ndipo HPMC / HPS pawiri chiŵerengero cha kusintha kwa gawo kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende yothetsera vuto, ndipo HPS imakonda kupanga gawo lopitirira. . . Kuphatikiza apo, madera a HPS omwazika mu gawo lopitilira la HPMC adawonetsa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi ma morphologies ndikusintha kwamalingaliro; pomwe HPMC yobalalika magawo omwazika mu gawo lopitilira la HPS idawonetsa mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana ndi ma morphologies pazigawo zosiyanasiyana. ndipo pakuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya yankho, malo obalalika a HPMC adakhala osakhazikika. Chifukwa chachikulu cha chodabwitsa ichi ndi chakuti kukhuthala kwa njira ya HPS ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa njira ya HPMC pa kutentha kwa firiji, ndipo chizolowezi cha gawo la HPMC chopanga dziko lozungulira bwino chimaponderezedwa chifukwa cha zovuta zapamtunda.

4.3.5 Zotsatira za ndende ya yankho pamakina amachitidwe a pawiri

Mogwirizana ndi morphologies wa mkuyu. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachiwonetsero kuti modulus ya Young ndi elongation pakusweka kwa HPMC/HPS composite system imakonda kuchepa ndi kuchuluka kwa mayankho, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi kusinthika kwapang'onopang'ono kwa HPMC kuchokera kugawo lopitilira mpaka gawo lobalalika mu Chithunzi 4. -4. Maonekedwe a microscopic ndi ofanana. Popeza Young's modulus ya HPMC homopolymer ndi yoposa ya HPS, zimanenedweratu kuti Young's modulus ya HPMC/HPS composite system idzakonzedwa pamene HPMC idzakhala gawo lopitirira.

4.4 Chidule cha mutuwu

M'mutu uno, mayankho a pawiri a HPMC / HPS ndi mafilimu ophatikizana omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana komanso magawo ophatikizika adakonzedwa, ndipo mawonekedwe a microscopic morphology ndi kusintha kwa gawo la HPMC / HPS dongosolo lamagulu adawonedwa ndi kusanthula kwa ma microscope kwa madontho a ayodini kusiyanitsa magawo owuma. Kutumiza kwa kuwala ndi makina a filimu yophatikizika ya HPMC / HPS idaphunziridwa ndi UV-vis spectrophotometer ndi makina oyesa katundu, ndipo zotsatira za kusakanikirana kosiyana ndi kuphatikizika kwa ma ratios pa mawonekedwe a kuwala ndi makina a makina ophatikizira anaphunziridwa. Ubale pakati pa microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa HPMC / HPS pawiri dongosolo linakhazikitsidwa mwa kuphatikiza microstructure ya dongosolo composite, monga microstructure, gawo kusintha ndi kupatukana gawo, ndi katundu macroscopic monga katundu kuwala ndi makina katundu. Zotsatira zazikulu ndi izi:

1. Njira yowunikira ma microscope yosiyanitsa magawo owuma ndi kuyatsa kwa ayodini ndiyo njira yosavuta, yolunjika komanso yothandiza kwambiri yophunzirira ma morphology ndi kusintha kwa gawo la machitidwe amagulu a wowuma. Ndi utoto wa ayodini, gawo la wowuma limawoneka lakuda komanso lakuda pansi pa ma microscopy, pomwe HPMC sikhala yodetsedwa motero imawoneka yopepuka mumtundu.
2. The HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo si miscible, ndipo pali gawo kusintha mfundo mu pawiri dongosolo, ndipo gawo kusintha mfundo ali ndi ena pawiri chiŵerengero kudalira ndi yankho ndende kudalira.
3. The HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo ali n'zogwirizana bwino, ndipo ambiri mesophases alipo mu pawiri dongosolo. Mu gawo lapakatikati, gawo lopitilira limabalalika mu gawo lobalalika mu gawo la particles.
4. Gawo lobalalika la HPS mu matrix a HPMC linawonetsa mawonekedwe ozungulira ofanana pazigawo zosiyanasiyana; HPMC inawonetsa morphology yosasinthika mu matrix a HPS, ndipo kusakhazikika kwa morphology kunakula ndikuwonjezeka kwa ndende.
5. Ubale pakati pa microstructure, kusintha kwa gawo, kuwonekera ndi makina a makina a HPMC / HPS composite system anakhazikitsidwa. a. Malo otsika kwambiri owonetsetsa a kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe amagwirizana ndi gawo la kusintha kwa gawo la HPMC kuchokera ku gawo lopitirira mpaka gawo lobalalika ndi gawo lochepa la kuchepa kwa ma tensile modulus. b. The Young's modulus ndi elongation panthawi yopuma imachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya yankho, zomwe zimayenderana ndi kusintha kwa morphological kwa HPMC kuchoka ku gawo lopitirira kupita ku gawo lobalalika mu dongosolo la pawiri.

Mwachidule, mawonekedwe a macroscopic a HPMC/HPS composite system amagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe ake a microscopic morphological, kusintha kwa gawo, kupatukana kwa gawo ndi zochitika zina, ndipo mawonekedwe a ma composites amatha kuwongoleredwa ndikuwongolera kapangidwe kagawo ndi kugwirizana kwa gulu. dongosolo.

Mutu 5 Mphamvu ya HPS Hydroxypropyl Substitution Degree pa Rheological Properties of HPMC/HPS Compound System

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti kusintha kochepa mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala a wowuma kungayambitse kusintha kwakukulu kwa rheological katundu. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwamankhwala kumapereka mwayi wowongolera ndikuwongolera mawonekedwe azinthu zopangidwa ndi wowuma [342]. Komanso, kudziwa momwe zimakhudzira kapangidwe kake ka wowuma pamawonekedwe ake a rheological kumatha kumvetsetsa bwino kapangidwe kazinthu zopangidwa ndi wowuma, ndikupereka maziko a mapangidwe osinthidwa owuma okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a wowuma [235]. Wowuma wa Hydroxypropyl ndi wowuma wosinthidwa wogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazakudya ndi zamankhwala. Nthawi zambiri amakonzedwa ndi etherification ya wowuma wokhala ndi propylene oxide pansi pamikhalidwe yamchere. Hydroxypropyl ndi gulu la hydrophilic. Kulowetsedwa kwa maguluwa mu unyolo wa molekyulu wowuma kumatha kuphwanya kapena kufooketsa ma intramolecular hydrogen bond omwe amasunga mawonekedwe a wowuma granule. Chifukwa chake, ma physicochemical properties a hydroxypropyl starch amagwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa m'malo mwa magulu a hydroxypropyl pama cell ake [233, 235, 343, 344].

Kafukufuku wambiri adafufuza momwe hydroxypropyl substitution degree imakhudzira physicochemical properties ya hydroxypropyl starch. Han et al. adaphunzira zotsatira za hydroxypropyl waxy starch ndi hydroxypropyl cornstarch pamapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe obwezeretsanso makeke ampunga aku Korea. Kafukufukuyu adapeza kuti hydroxypropylation imatha kuchepetsa kutentha kwa gelatinization wa wowuma ndikuwongolera mphamvu yosunga madzi a wowuma. ntchito, ndikuletsa kwambiri kukalamba kwa wowuma mu mikate ya mpunga ya Korea [345]. Kaur ndi al. anaphunzira mmene hydroxypropyl m'malo pa physicochemical katundu wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mbatata wowuma, ndipo anapeza kuti mlingo wa hydroxypropyl m'malo mbatata wowuma zosiyanasiyana zosiyanasiyana, ndi zotsatira zake pa zimatha wowuma ndi lalikulu tinthu kukula kwambiri; hydroxypropylation reaction imayambitsa tizidutswa tambiri ndi ma grooves pamwamba pa wowuma granules; Kulowetsedwa kwa hydroxypropyl kumatha kusintha kwambiri kutupa, kusungunuka kwamadzi ndi kusungunuka kwa wowuma mu dimethyl sulfoxide, ndikuwongolera wowuma kuwonekera kwa phala [346]. Lawal et al. adaphunzira momwe hydroxypropyl m'malo mwake amagwirira ntchito wowuma wa mbatata. Kafukufukuyu adawonetsa kuti pambuyo pa kusinthidwa kwa hydroxypropyl, mphamvu yotupa yaulere komanso kusungunuka kwamadzi kwa wowuma kunasinthidwa; ndi recrystallization ndi retrogradation wa wowuma mbadwa zinaletsedwa; Digestibility imakula bwino [347]. Schmitz ndi al. anakonza hydroxypropyl tapioca wowuma ndipo adapeza kuti ali ndi kutupa kwakukulu komanso kukhuthala, kutsika kwa ukalamba, komanso kukhazikika kwamadzimadzi [344].

Komabe, pali maphunziro ochepa okhudza rheological katundu wa hydroxypropyl wowuma, ndipo zotsatira za hydroxypropyl kusinthidwa pa rheological katundu ndi gelisi katundu wa wowuma-based pawiri kachitidwe sananenepo kawirikawiri mpaka pano. Chun et al. adaphunzira rheology ya otsika ndende (5%) hydroxypropyl mpunga wowuma njira. Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti zotsatira za kusinthidwa kwa hydroxypropyl pa kayendetsedwe kabwino kamene kali ndi mphamvu ya viscoelasticity ya wowuma wowuma inali yokhudzana ndi mlingo wolowa m'malo, ndipo pang'onopang'ono hydroxypropyl Propyl m'malo akhoza kusintha kwambiri rheological katundu wa wowuma njira; The mamasukidwe akayendedwe coefficient wa wowuma njira amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka digiri m'malo, ndi kutentha kudalira ake rheological katundu kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka hydroxypropyl m'malo digiri. Kuchulukaku kumachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa kulowetsa m'malo [342]. Lee et al. anaphunzira zotsatira za hydroxypropyl m'malo pa thupi katundu ndi rheological katundu wa mbatata wowuma, ndipo zotsatira anasonyeza kuti kutupa mphamvu ndi solubility madzi wa wowuma kuchuluka ndi kuchuluka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl m'malo; Mtengo wa enthalpy umachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl m'malo; kukhuthala kwa viscosity, kukhuthala kovutirapo, kupsinjika kwa zokolola, kukhuthala kovutirapo komanso kusintha kwamphamvu kwa wowuma zonse zimachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, index yamadzimadzi ndi kutayika kwazinthu Zimawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa hydroxypropyl m'malo; mphamvu ya gel ya guluu wowuma imachepa, kukhazikika kwa kuzizira kumawonjezeka, ndipo zotsatira za syneresis zimachepa [235].

M'mutu uno, zotsatira za HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree pa rheological properties ndi gel properties za HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha gel osakaniza dongosolo linaphunziridwa. Mkhalidwe wa kusintha ndi wofunikira kwambiri pakumvetsetsa mozama ubale womwe ulipo pakati pa mapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe a rheological. Kuphatikiza apo, makina a gelation a HPMC/HPS reverse-cooling compound system adakambidwa koyambirira, kuti apereke chitsogozo chamalingaliro ena ofananirako-kutentha-kuzizira kwa gel.

5.1 Zida ndi Zida

5.1.1 Zida zazikulu zoyesera

5.1.2 Zida zazikulu ndi zida

5.2 Njira yoyesera

5.2.1 Kukonzekera kwa mayankho apawiri

Mayankho a 15% a HPMC/HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikiza (100/0, 50/50, 0/100) ndi HPS okhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl (G80, A939, A1081) adakonzedwa. Njira zokonzekera za A1081, A939, HPMC ndi mayankho awo apawiri zikuwonetsedwa mu 2.2.1. G80 ndi mayankho ake pawiri ndi HPMC ndi gelatinized ndi kusonkhezera pansi zikhalidwe 1500psi ndi 110 ° C mu autoclave, chifukwa G80 Native wowuma ndi mkulu amylose (80%), ndi gelatinization kutentha kwake ndi apamwamba kuposa 100 °C, amene sangathe anafikiridwa ndi njira yoyambirira yosamba madzi osamba a gelatinization [348].

5.2.2 Rheological properties of HPMC/HPS pawiri solutions with different degrees of HPS hydroxypropyl substitution

5.2.2.1 Mfundo ya kusanthula kwa rheological

Zofanana ndi 2.2.2.1

5.2.2.2 Njira yoyesera ya Flow mode

Chingwe cholumikizira mbale chokhala ndi mainchesi 60 mm chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo malo otalikirana amayikidwa kukhala 1 mm.

1. Pali njira yoyeserera yoyeserera kumeta ubweya wa nkhosa ndi thixotropy wa magawo atatu. Zofanana ndi 2.2.2.2.
2. Njira yoyezetsa yoyenda popanda pre-kumeta ubweya ndi mphete ya thixotropic thixotropy. Kutentha kwa mayeso ndi 25 °C, a. Kumeta pa liwiro lowonjezereka, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya 0-1000 s-1, nthawi yometa 1 min; b. Kumeta nthawi zonse, kumeta ubweya 1000 s-1, kumeta nthawi 1 min; c. Kumeta kwakanthawi kochepa, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya ndi 1000-0s-1, ndipo nthawi yometa ndi 1 min.

5.2.2.3 Njira yoyesera njira ya Oscillation

Chingwe chofananira chokhala ndi mainchesi 60 mm chinagwiritsidwa ntchito, ndipo malo otalikirana amayikidwa kukhala 1 mm.

1. Kusintha kwa deformation. Kutentha kwa mayeso 25 °C, pafupipafupi 1 Hz, mapindikidwe 0.01-100%.
2. Kutentha scan. Mafupipafupi 1 Hz, mapindikidwe 0.1 %, a. Njira yowotchera, kutentha kwa 5-85 °C, kutentha kwa 2 °C / min; b. Njira yozizira, kutentha kwa 85-5 °C, kuzizira kwa 2 °C/mphindi. Chisindikizo chamafuta a silicone chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira sampuli kuti asatayike chinyezi pakuyesa.
3. Kusesa pafupipafupi. Kusintha kwa 0.1%, pafupipafupi 1-100 rad / s. Mayesowa adachitidwa pa 5 ° C ndi 85 ° C, motsatana, ndikuyanjanitsidwa ndi kutentha kwa 5 min musanayesedwe.

Ubale pakati pa modulus G′ ndi losse modulus G″ ya yankho la polima ndi ma frequency aang'ono ω amatsatira lamulo lamphamvu:

pomwe n′ ndi n″ ndi malo otsetsereka a chipika G'-log ω ndi chipika G″-log ω, motsatana;

G0′ ndi G0″ ndi zolumikizira za chipika G′-log ω ndi log G″-log ω, motsatana.

5.2.3 Maikulosikopu ya kuwala

5.2.3.1 Mfundo ya chida

Zofanana ndi 4.2.3.1

5.2.3.2 Njira yoyesera

The 3% 5: 5 HPMC/HPS pawiri yankho linatengedwa pa kutentha kosiyana 25 °C, 45 °C, ndi 85 °C, anagwetsa pa galasi slide wosungidwa kutentha chomwecho, ndi kuponyedwa mu filimu woonda. wosanjikiza njira ndi zouma pa kutentha. Mafilimuwo anali odetsedwa ndi 1% yankho la ayodini, loyikidwa m'munda wa microscope yowunikira kuti awonedwe ndikujambula.

5.3 Zotsatira ndi Zokambirana

5.3.1 Viscosity ndi kusanthula kachitidwe koyenda

5.3.1.1 Njira yoyesera yoyenda popanda kumeta ubweya wamba ndi mphete ya thixotropic thixotropy

Kugwiritsa ntchito otaya mayeso njira popanda chisanadze ameta ubweya ndi thixotropic mphete thixotropic njira, ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe a HPMC/HPS pawiri njira ndi madigiri osiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo HPS anaphunzira. Zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 5-1. Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti kukhuthala kwa zitsanzo zonse kukuwonetsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa kumeta ubweya wa ubweya pansi pa mphamvu yakumeta ubweya, kuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kumeta ubweya wodabwitsa. Mayankho ambiri a polima okwera kwambiri kapena amasungunula amasiyanitsidwa mwamphamvu komanso kusinthidwanso kwa maselo pansi pa kukameta ubweya, motero amawonetsa pseudoplastic fluid fluid [305, 349, 350]. Komabe, kumeta ubweya wometa ubweya wa HPMC/HPS mayankho apawiri a HPS okhala ndi madigirii olowa m'malo a hydroxypropyl ndi osiyana.

Chithunzi cha 5-1 Viscosities vs. shear rate ya HPS / HPMC solution yokhala ndi ma hydropropyl substitution degree of HPS (popanda kumeta chisanadze, zizindikiro zolimba ndi zopanda kanthu zikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka ndi kuchepa kwa njira, motsatana)

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pazithunzi kuti kukhuthala ndi kukameta ubweya wa digiri ya HPS yoyera ndipamwamba kuposa zitsanzo za HPMC / HPS, pamene kumeta ubweya wa ubweya wa yankho la HPMC ndilotsika kwambiri, makamaka chifukwa kukhuthala kwa HPS. pa kutentha otsika kwambiri kuposa wa HPMC. Kuphatikiza apo, pa yankho la HPMC/HPS lokhala ndi chiŵerengero chofanana chapawiri, kukhuthala kumawonjezeka ndi digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Izi zikhoza kukhala chifukwa kuwonjezera kwa magulu a hydroxypropyl mu mamolekyu owuma kumaswa ma intermolecular hydrogen bond ndipo motero kumayambitsa kupasuka kwa granules wowuma. Hydroxypropylation inachepetsa kwambiri kumeta ubweya wa ubweya wa wowuma, ndipo kumeta ubweya wa wowuma ndikodziwika kwambiri. Ndi kuwonjezeka kosalekeza kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, kumeta ubweya wa ubweya wa HPS pang'onopang'ono kunachepa.

Onse zitsanzo ndi thixotropic mphete pa kukameta ubweya maganizo-kumeta ubweya mlingo pamapindikira, kusonyeza kuti onse zitsanzo ali ndi digiri inayake ya thixotropy. Mphamvu ya thixotropic imayimiridwa ndi kukula kwa dera la thixotropic mphete. Chitsanzo cha thixotropic kwambiri ndi [351]. Mlozera wa flow n ndi viscosity coefficient K wa yankho lachitsanzo ukhoza kuwerengedwa ndi lamulo la mphamvu la Ostwald-de Waele (onani equation (2-1)).

Table 5-1 Flow khalidwe index (n) ndi madzimadzi kugwirizana index (K) pa kuchuluka mlingo ndi kuchepa mlingo ndondomeko ndi thixotropy kuzungulira m'dera la HPS/HPMC njira ndi osiyana hydropropyl m'malo digiri ya HPS pa 25 °C

Table 5-1 limasonyeza otaya index n, mamasukidwe akayendedwe coefficient K ndi thixotropic mphete m'dera la HPMC/HPS pawiri njira ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo HPS m'kati kuwonjezeka ameta ndi kuchepa kumeta ubweya. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera patebulo kuti ma flow index n mwa zitsanzo zonse ndi zosakwana 1, kusonyeza kuti zitsanzo zonse ndi madzi a pseudoplastic. Kwa dongosolo la HPMC / HPS lomwe lili ndi digiri yofanana ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, index yothamanga n imawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPMC, kusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera kwa HPMC kumapangitsa kuti yankho la pawiri likhale ndi makhalidwe amphamvu a Newtonian fluid. Komabe, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPMC, chigawo cha viscosity coefficient K chinachepa mosalekeza, kusonyeza kuti kuwonjezeredwa kwa HPMC kunachepetsa kukhuthala kwa njira yothetsera, chifukwa chigawo cha viscosity coefficient K chinali chofanana ndi kukhuthala. Mtengo wa n ndi K wa HPS yoyera yokhala ndi madigiri osiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo okwera akumeta ubweya wonsewo unachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, kusonyeza kuti kusinthidwa kwa hydroxypropylation kungapangitse pseudoplasticity ya wowuma ndi kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa njira za wowuma. M'malo mwake, mtengo wa n ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya m'malo mwa kuchepa kwa siteji ya kumeta ubweya, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti hydroxypropylation imapangitsa khalidwe la Newtonian fluid la yankho pambuyo pa kumeta ubweya wothamanga kwambiri. Mtengo wa n ndi K wa HPMC / HPS dongosolo lamagulu adakhudzidwa ndi HPS hydroxypropylation ndi HPMC, zomwe zinali zotsatira za zochita zawo zophatikizana. Poyerekeza ndi siteji yometa, miyeso ya n ya zitsanzo zonse pakumeta ubweya idakula, pomwe ma K adakhala ochepa, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti kukhuthala kwa njira yothetsera vutoli kunachepetsedwa pambuyo pometa mwachangu, ndipo Makhalidwe a Newtonian fluid a yankho la pawiri adalimbikitsidwa. .

Dera la mphete ya thixotropic linachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPMC, kusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera kwa HPMC kunachepetsa thixotropy wa yankho la pawiri ndikuwongolera kukhazikika kwake. Pakuti HPMC/HPS pawiri njira ndi chimodzimodzi kuwirikiza chiŵerengero, dera thixotropic mphete amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo digiri, kusonyeza kuti hydroxypropylation bwino bata la HPS.

5.3.1.2 Njira yometa ndi njira yodulira kale komanso magawo atatu a thixotropic

Njira yometa ubweya ndi pre-meta ubweya ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira kusintha kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe a HPMC/HPS pawiri yankho ndi madigiri osiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo HPS ndi kukameta ubweya. Zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 5-2. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzi kuti yankho la HPMC likuwonetsa pafupifupi kumeta ubweya wa ubweya, pomwe zitsanzo zina zikuwonetsa kumeta ubweya. Izi zikugwirizana ndi zotsatira zomwe zimapezeka ndi njira yometa popanda kumeta chisanadze. Zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera pachiwonetsero kuti pamitengo yotsika yometa ubweya, zitsanzo zosinthidwa kwambiri za hydroxypropyl zimawonetsa dera lamapiri.

Chithunzi cha 5-2 Viscosities vs. shear rate ya HPS / HPMC yankho ndi hydropropyl substitution degree ya HPS (ndi kumeta chisanadze)

The zero-shear viscosity (h0), flow index (n) ndi viscosity coefficient (K) zopezedwa mwa kuyenerera zikuwonetsedwa mu Table 5-2. Kuchokera patebulo, titha kuwona kuti kwa zitsanzo zoyera za HPS, n mitengo yomwe imapezedwa ndi njira zonse ziwiri imawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa kulowetsedwa m'malo, kusonyeza kuti khalidwe lolimba la yankho la wowuma limachepa pamene chiwerengero cha kulowetsedwa chikuwonjezeka. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zomwe zili mu HPMC, n zikhalidwe zonse zimasonyeza kutsika, kusonyeza kuti HPMC inachepetsa khalidwe lolimba la yankho. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti zotsatira za kusanthula kwaubwino kwa njira ziwirizi ndizofanana.

Poyerekeza deta yomwe imapezeka pa chitsanzo chomwecho pansi pa njira zosiyanasiyana zoyesera, zimapezeka kuti mtengo wa n wopezedwa pambuyo pa kumeta ubweya umakhala wokulirapo nthawi zonse kuposa womwe umapezeka ndi njira popanda kumeta, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti dongosolo lophatikizika lomwe linapezedwa ndi pre. -Njira yometa ndi yolimba-ngati khalidwe ndilotsika kusiyana ndi lomwe limayesedwa ndi njira popanda kumeta chisanadze. Ichi ndi chifukwa chomaliza chopezeka mu mayeso popanda chisanadze kukameta ubweya wa ubweya kwenikweni chifukwa cha ophatikizana kukameta ubweya mlingo ndi kukameta ubweya nthawi, pamene mayeso njira ndi chisanadze kukameta ubweya woyamba kumatha thixotropic zotsatira ndi mkulu kukameta ubweya kwa nthawi inayake ya. nthawi. Choncho, njira imeneyi akhoza molondola kudziwa kukameta ubweya chodabwitsa kupatulira ndi otaya makhalidwe a pawiri dongosolo.

Kuchokera patebulo, titha kuwonanso kuti pamlingo wophatikizika womwewo (5: 5), mtengo wa n wa dongosolo lophatikizira uli pafupi ndi 1, ndipo kumeta ubweya wa n pre-kuwonjezeka ndi digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution Zimasonyeza kuti HPMC ndi gawo lopitirira mu dongosolo la pawiri, ndipo HPMC imakhala ndi zotsatira zamphamvu pa zitsanzo za wowuma ndi digiri yochepa ya hydroxypropyl yolowa m'malo, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira kuti n mtengo ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri m'malo popanda kumeta ubweya m'malo mwake. Makhalidwe a K a machitidwe apawiri omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana olowa m'malo mwa njira ziwirizi ndi zofanana, ndipo palibe zochitika zoonekeratu, pamene zero-shear viscosity imasonyeza kutsika kwapansi, chifukwa zero-shear viscosity ndi yodziimira payekha. mlingo. The intrinsic viscosity imatha kuwonetsa bwino zinthu za chinthucho.

Mkuyu. 5-3 atatu imeneyi thixotropy wa HPS/HPMC analiphatikiza njira ndi osiyana hydropropyl m'malo digiri ya HPS

Njira zitatu za thixotropic zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zotsatira za hydroxypropyl m'malo mwa hydroxypropyl wowuma pa thixotropic katundu wa pawiri dongosolo. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku Chithunzi 5-3 kuti mu gawo lotsika lakumeta ubweya, kukhuthala kwa yankho kumachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPMC, ndipo kumachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri yolowa m'malo, yomwe imagwirizana ndi lamulo la zero shear viscosity.

Mlingo wa kuchira structural pambuyo nthawi yosiyana mu kuchira siteji anasonyeza ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe kuchira mlingo DSR, ndi mawerengedwe njira ikuwonetsedwa 2.3.2. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku Table 5-2 kuti mkati mwa nthawi yochira yomweyi, DSR ya HPS yoyera ndiyotsika kwambiri kuposa ya HPMC yoyera, yomwe makamaka chifukwa molekyu ya HPMC ndi unyolo wokhazikika, ndipo nthawi yake yopuma ndi yochepa, ndipo kapangidwe kakhoza kubwezeretsedwanso munthawi yochepa. achire. Ngakhale HPS ndi unyolo wosinthika, nthawi yake yopumula ndi yayitali, ndipo kukonzanso mawonekedwe kumatenga nthawi yayitali. Ndi kuchuluka kwa digiri yolowa m'malo, DSR ya HPS yoyera imatsika ndikuwonjezeka kwa digirii yolowa m'malo, kusonyeza kuti hydroxypropylation imathandizira kusinthasintha kwa unyolo wamamolekyu owuma ndikupanga nthawi yopumula ya HPS kukhala yayitali. The DSR wa pawiri njira ndi otsika kuposa HPS koyera ndi koyera HPMC zitsanzo, koma ndi kuwonjezeka kwa m'malo digiri HPS hydroxypropyl, ndi DSR wa pawiri chitsanzo ukuwonjezeka, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti thixotropy wa pawiri dongosolo ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo. Zimachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa kusintha kwakukulu, komwe kumagwirizana ndi zotsatira popanda kumeta chisanadze.

Table 5-2 Zero shear viscosity (h0), flow behavior index (n), fluid consistency index (K) panthawi yochulukirachulukira komanso kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe kake (DSR) pakatha nthawi ina yobwezeretsa yankho la HPS/HPMC yokhala ndi ma hydropropyl osiyanasiyana. m'malo digiri ya HPS pa 25 °C

Mwachidule, okhazikika-boma mayeso popanda chisanadze kumeta ubweya ndi thixotropic mphete thixotropy mayeso akhoza qualitatively kusanthula zitsanzo ndi lalikulu ntchito kusiyana, koma kwa mankhwala ndi osiyana HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo madigiri ndi yaing'ono ntchito kusiyana zotsatira zenizeni, chifukwa deta yoyezedwa ndi zotsatira zowonjezereka za chikoka cha kumeta ubweya wa ubweya ndi nthawi yometa ubweya, ndipo sizingasonyeze kwenikweni chikoka cha kusintha kumodzi.

5.3.2 Linear viscoelastic dera

Ndizodziwika bwino kuti ma hydrogels, modulus yosungirako G' imatsimikiziridwa ndi kuuma, mphamvu ndi chiwerengero cha maunyolo ogwira ntchito, ndipo kutaya modulus G' kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kusamuka, kuyenda ndi kukangana kwa mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono ndi magulu ogwira ntchito. . Zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zosagwirizana monga kugwedezeka ndi kuzungulira. Chizindikiro cha kukhalapo kwa mphambano ya modulus yosungiramo G′ ndi kutaya modulus G″ (ie. tan δ = 1). Kusintha kuchokera ku yankho kupita ku gel kumatchedwa gel point. Modulus yosungirako G' ndi loss modulus G ″ nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira momwe ma gelation amakhalira, kuchuluka kwa mapangidwe ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa netiweki ya gel [352]. Atha kuwonetsanso kakulidwe ka mkati ndi kapangidwe ka mamolekyu pakupanga mawonekedwe a network ya gel. [353].

Chithunzi 5-4 chikuwonetsa zovuta zokhotakhota zokhotakhota za HPMC/HPS mayankho apawiri okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl substitution HPS pafupipafupi 1 Hz ndi kupsinjika kwa 0.01% -100%. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti m'munsi mwa deformation (0.01-1%), zitsanzo zonse kupatulapo HPMC ndi G′> G″, kusonyeza gel osakaniza. Kwa HPMC, G' ali mu mawonekedwe onse Mtundu wosinthika nthawi zonse umakhala wocheperako kuposa G", kusonyeza kuti HPMC ili m'malo othetsera. Komanso, mapindikidwe kudalira viscoelasticity wa zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana ndi osiyana. Kwa chitsanzo cha G80, kudalira kwafupipafupi kwa viscoelasticity kumakhala koonekeratu: pamene kusinthika kuli kwakukulu kuposa 0.3%, zikhoza kuwoneka kuti G' imachepa pang'onopang'ono, limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa G ". kuwonjezeka, komanso kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa tani δ; ndikudutsa pamene kuchuluka kwa mapindikidwe ndi 1.7%, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti mawonekedwe a gel osakaniza a G80 awonongeka kwambiri pambuyo pa kuchuluka kwa mapindikidwe kupitirira 1.7%, ndipo ali mu njira yothetsera.

Chithunzi cha 5-4 Storage modulus (G′) ndi loss modulus (G″) vs. strain for HPS/HPMC blend with different hydroypropyl substitution degree of HPS (Zizindikiro zolimba ndi zopanda kanthu zimapereka G′ ndi G″, motsatana)

Chithunzi cha 5-5 tan δ vs. strain ya HPMC/HPS blend solution ndi digiri yosiyana ya hydropropyl substitution ya HPS

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti gawo lozungulira la viscoelastic la HPS yoyera mwachiwonekere ndi locheperako ndi kuchepa kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pamene digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl yolowa m'malo ikuwonjezeka, kusintha kwakukulu kwa tan δ curve kumawonekera mu kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa mapindikidwe. Makamaka, dera lozungulira la viscoelastic la G80 ndilochepa kwambiri pa zitsanzo zonse. Chifukwa chake, chigawo chotsatira cha viscoelastic cha G80 chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa

Zofunikira zodziwira mtengo wa kusintha kwa deformation mumndandanda wotsatira wa mayeso. Kwa makina apawiri a HPMC/HPS okhala ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizira chofanana, dera lozungulira la viscoelastic limacheperanso ndi kuchepa kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution ya HPS, koma kuchepa kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl m'malo mwa chigawo chotsatira cha viscoelastic sizodziwikiratu.

5.3.3 Viscoelastic properties panthawi ya kutentha ndi kuzizira

Mphamvu za viscoelastic za HPMC/HPS zosakaniza za HPS zokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 5-6. Monga tikuwonera pachithunzichi, HPMC ikuwonetsa magawo anayi panthawi yotenthetsera: dera loyambira lamapiri, magawo awiri opangira mapangidwe, komanso dera lomaliza lamapiri. Poyamba, G' <G″, mfundo za G' ndi G" ndizochepa, ndipo zimatsika pang'ono ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, kusonyeza khalidwe lamadzimadzi lamadzimadzi. Kutentha kwa kutentha kwa HPMC kuli ndi magawo awiri osiyana a mapangidwe omangidwa ndi mphambano ya G' ndi G″ (ndiko kuti, malo osinthira gel osakaniza, pafupifupi 49 ° C), zomwe zimagwirizana ndi malipoti am'mbuyomu. Zogwirizana [160, 354]. Pa kutentha kwakukulu, chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa hydrophobic ndi hydrophilic association, HPMC pang'onopang'ono imapanga mawonekedwe osakanikirana [344, 355, 356]. M'dera lamapiri la mchira, mfundo za G' ndi G ″ ndizokwera, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe a HPMC gel network apangidwa mokwanira.

Magawo anayi awa a HPMC amawonekera motsatizana motsatizana pamene kutentha kumachepa. Kuphatikizika kwa G' ndi G ″ kumasunthira kudera lotentha kwambiri pafupifupi 32 ° C panthawi yozizira, zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa cha hysteresis [208] kapena kukomoka kwa unyolo pakutentha kotsika [355]. Mofanana ndi HPMC, zitsanzo zina panthawi yotentha Palinso magawo anayi, ndipo zochitika zosinthika zimachitika panthawi yozizira. Komabe, zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzi kuti G80 ndi A939 zikuwonetsa njira yophweka yopanda mphambano pakati pa G' ndi G ", ndipo piritsi la G80 silikuwoneka nkomwe. Malo a nsanja kumbuyo.

Kwa HPS yoyera, digiri yapamwamba ya hydroxypropyl m'malo imatha kusintha kutentha koyambirira komanso komaliza kwa mapangidwe a gel, makamaka kutentha koyambirira, komwe ndi 61 °C kwa G80, A939, ndi A1081, motsatana. , 62 °C ndi 54 °C. Kuonjezera apo, kwa zitsanzo za HPMC/HPS zokhala ndi chiŵerengero chofanana chophatikizira, pamene mlingo wa kulowetsa ukuwonjezeka, mfundo za G′ ndi G″ zonse zimachepa, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira za maphunziro apitalo [357, 358]. Pamene kuchuluka kwa m'malo kumawonjezeka, mawonekedwe a gel osakaniza amakhala ofewa. Chifukwa chake, hydroxypropylation imaphwanya dongosolo la wowuma wamba ndikuwongolera hydrophilicity yake [343].

Kwa zitsanzo zamagulu a HPMC/HPS, onse a G′ ndi G″ adatsika ndikuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, yomwe inali yogwirizana ndi zotsatira za HPS yoyera. Kuphatikiza apo, ndikuwonjezedwa kwa HPMC, digirii yolowa m'malo idakhudza kwambiri G' Zotsatira zokhala ndi G" sizimamveka bwino.

Ma curve a viscoelastic amitundu yonse ya HPMC / HPS adawonetsa zomwezo, zomwe zimafanana ndi HPS pa kutentha kochepa ndi HPMC kutentha kwambiri. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, pa kutentha kochepa, HPS imayang'anira viscoelastic katundu wa makina ophatikizana, pamene kutentha kwapamwamba HPMC imatsimikizira kuti viscoelastic katundu wa dongosolo lophatikizidwa. Chotsatira ichi makamaka chimachokera ku HPMC. Makamaka, HPS ndi gel oziziritsa, omwe amasintha kuchokera ku gel osakaniza kupita ku njira yothetsera kutentha; M'malo mwake, HPMC ndi gel osakaniza otentha, amene pang'onopang'ono amapanga gel osakaniza ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha maukonde dongosolo. Kwa HPMC / HPS pawiri dongosolo, pa kutentha otsika, gel osakaniza katundu dongosolo pawiri makamaka amathandizidwa ndi gel osakaniza HPS ozizira, ndipo pa kutentha, pa kutentha kutentha, gelation wa HPMC amalamulira dongosolo pawiri.

Chithunzi cha 5-6 Storage modulus (G′), loss modulus (G″) ndi tan δ vs. kutentha kwa HPS/HPMC blend solution ndi ma hydroypropyl substitution degree a HPS

Modulus ya HPMC/HPS composite system, monga zikuyembekezeredwa, ili pakati pa moduli ya HPMC yoyera ndi HPS yoyera. Komanso, dongosolo zovuta zimasonyeza G'> G″ lonse kutentha sikani osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana, zimene zimasonyeza kuti onse HPMC ndi HPS akhoza kupanga intermolecular hydrogen zomangira ndi mamolekyu amadzi, motero, ndipo akhoza kupanga intermolecular hydrogen zomangira wina ndi mzake. Kuonjezera apo, Pazitsulo zowonongeka, machitidwe onse ovuta amakhala ndi tani δ nsonga pafupifupi 45 ° C, kusonyeza kuti kusintha kwa gawo lopitirira kwachitika mu dongosolo lovuta. Kusintha kwa gawoli kudzakambidwa mu 5.3.6 yotsatira. pitilizani zokambiranazo.

5.3.4 Zotsatira za kutentha pa kukhuthala kwa pawiri

Kumvetsetsa momwe kutentha kumakhudzira rheological katundu wa zipangizo n'kofunika chifukwa cha kutentha kwapadera komwe kungachitike panthawi yokonza ndi kusunga [359, 360]. Pakati pa 5 ° C - 85 ° C, zotsatira za kutentha pa kukhuthala kovutirapo kwa HPMC / HPS pawiri mayankho ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo HPS akuwonetsedwa Chithunzi 5-7. Kuchokera pa Chithunzi 5-7 (a), zikhoza kuwoneka kuti zovuta zowonongeka za HPS zoyera zimachepa kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha; kukhuthala kwa HPMC koyera kumachepa pang'ono kuchokera koyambirira mpaka 45 °C ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha. kusintha.

Ma viscosity curve a zitsanzo zonse zophatikizika amawonetsa kufanana ndi kutentha, koyamba kutsika ndi kutentha kowonjezereka kenako ndikuwonjezeka ndi kutentha. Kuonjezera apo, kukhuthala kwa zitsanzo zophatikizana kuli pafupi ndi HPS pa kutentha kochepa komanso pafupi ndi HPMC pa kutentha kwakukulu. Chotsatirachi chikugwirizananso ndi machitidwe achilendo a HPMC ndi HPS. Kupindika kwa viscosity kwa chitsanzo chophatikizidwa kunawonetsa kusintha kofulumira pa 45 ° C, mwina chifukwa cha kusintha kwa gawo mu dongosolo la HPMC / HPS. Komabe, ndizofunika kudziwa kuti kukhuthala kwa G80 / HPMC 5: 5 pawiri pa kutentha kwakukulu ndipamwamba kuposa HPMC yoyera, yomwe makamaka chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwapakati kwa G80 pa kutentha kwakukulu [361]. Pansi pa chiŵerengero chophatikizira chomwecho, kukhuthala kwapawiri kwa dongosolo lophatikizira kumachepa ndikuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Chifukwa chake, kuyambitsa magulu a hydroxypropyl kukhala mamolekyu owuma kungayambitse kusweka kwa ma intramolecular hydrogen bond mu mamolekyu owuma.

Chithunzi cha 5-7 Complex viscosity vs. kutentha kwa HPS/HPMC blend with different hydroypropyl substitution degree of HPS

Zotsatira za kutentha pazovuta zovuta za HPMC / HPS dongosolo lamagulu limagwirizana ndi mgwirizano wa Arrhenius mkati mwa kutentha kwina, ndipo kukhuthala kwamphamvu kumakhala ndi kugwirizana kwakukulu ndi kutentha. Arrhenius equation ili motere:

Pakati pawo, η* ndi makulidwe ovuta, Pa s;

A is a constant, Pa s;

T ndiye kutentha kwenikweni, K;

R ndi gasi wosasintha, 8.3144 J · mol–1 · K–1;

E ndiye mphamvu yotsegulira, J·mol–1.

Zokongoletsedwa molingana ndi chilinganizo (5-3), kupendekera-kutentha kwamapindikira kwa dongosolo la pawiri kumatha kugawidwa m'magawo awiri molingana ndi tani δ pachimake pa 45 °C; dongosolo pawiri pa 5 °C - 45 °C ndi 45 °C - 85 ° Makhalidwe a activation mphamvu E ndi nthawi zonse A zopezedwa ndi koyenera mu osiyanasiyana C zikuwonetsedwa Table 5-3. Miyezo yowerengedwa ya mphamvu yotsegulira E ili pakati pa -174 kJ·mol−1 ndi 124 kJ·mol-1, ndipo mfundo za A zosasintha zili pakati pa 6.24 × 10−11 Pa · s ndi 1.99 × 1028 Pa · s. M'kati mwazoyenera, ma coefficients ogwirizanitsa oyenerera anali apamwamba (R2 = 0.9071 -0.9892) kupatulapo chitsanzo cha G80 / HPMC. Chitsanzo cha G80/HPMC chili ndi choyezera chochepa cholumikizira (R2 = 0.4435) pa kutentha kwa 45 °C - 85 °C, zomwe zitha kukhala chifukwa cha kuuma kwachilengedwe kwa G80 komanso kulemera kwake mwachangu poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka kwa HPS Crystallization [ 362]. Katunduyu wa G80 amapangitsa kuti pakhale mwayi wopanga zinthu zopanda homogeneous zikaphatikizidwa ndi HPMC.

Pa kutentha kwa 5 ° C - 45 ° C, mtengo wa E wa chitsanzo cha HPMC / HPS chophatikizika ndi chotsika pang'ono kuposa cha HPS yoyera, yomwe ingakhale chifukwa cha kugwirizana pakati pa HPS ndi HPMC. Kuchepetsa kutentha kudalira mamasukidwe akayendedwe. Mtengo wa E wa HPMC yoyera ndi wapamwamba kuposa wa zitsanzo zina. The kutsegula mphamvu zonse wowuma munali zitsanzo anali otsika zabwino makhalidwe, kusonyeza kuti pa kutentha m`munsi, kuchepa mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi kutentha anali zochepa kutchulidwa ndi formulations anasonyeza wowuma ngati kapangidwe.

Table 5-3 Arrhenius equation parameters (E: activation energy; A: nthawi zonse; R 2: coefficient coefficient) kuchokera ku Eq.(1) ya HPS/HPMC imasakanikirana ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropylation ya HPS

Komabe, pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa 45 °C - 85 °C, mtengo wa E unasintha bwino pakati pa zitsanzo zamagulu a HPS ndi HPMC/HPS, ndipo mtengo wa E wa ma HPS oyera unali 45.6 kJ·mol−1 - M'kati mwa 124 kJ·mol−1, ma E a ma complexes ali mumtundu wa -3.77 kJ·mol-1– -72.2 kJ·mol-1. Kusintha kumeneku kukuwonetsa mphamvu yamphamvu ya HPMC pa mphamvu yotsegulira ya dongosolo lovuta, monga E value ya HPMC yoyera ndi -174 kJ mol-1. Miyezo ya E ya HPMC yoyera ndi dongosolo lophatikizidwa ndi loipa, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti pa kutentha kwakukulu, kukhuthala kumawonjezeka ndi kutentha kwakukulu, ndipo chigawochi chimasonyeza mawonekedwe a khalidwe la HPMC.

Zotsatira za HPMC ndi HPS pazovuta za viscosity ya HPMC / HPS pawiri kachitidwe pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kutentha kochepa kumagwirizana ndi zomwe zimakambidwa viscoelastic properties.

5.3.5 Mphamvu zamakina katundu

Zithunzi 5-8 zikuwonetsa ma curve pafupipafupi pa 5 °C a HPMC/HPS mayankho apawiri a HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti HPS yoyera imawonetsa machitidwe olimba (G'> G″), pomwe HPMC ndi machitidwe amadzimadzi (G' <G″). Mapangidwe onse a HPMC/HPS adawonetsa machitidwe olimba. Pazitsanzo zambiri, G′ ndi G″ amawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwafupipafupi, kusonyeza kuti khalidwe lolimba la zinthuzo ndi lamphamvu.

Ma HPMC oyera amawonetsa kudalira pafupipafupi komwe kumakhala kovuta kuwona mu zitsanzo za HPS zoyera. Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa, dongosolo la HPMC/HPS lidawonetsa kudalira kwapang'onopang'ono. Pazitsanzo zonse zokhala ndi HPS, n′ nthawi zonse imakhala yotsika kuposa n″, ndipo G″ imawonetsa kudalira kwamphamvu pafupipafupi kuposa G′, kuwonetsa kuti zitsanzozi ndi zotanuka kuposa viscous [352, 359, 363]. Chifukwa chake, magwiridwe antchito a zitsanzo zophatikizidwa makamaka amatsimikiziridwa ndi HPS, zomwe makamaka chifukwa HPMC imapereka njira yotsika yama viscosity pakutentha kotsika.

Table 5-4 n′, n″, G0′ ndi G0″ ya HPS/HPMC yokhala ndi digirii yosinthira ya hydropropyl ya HPS pa 5 °C monga momwe zatsimikizidwira kuchokera ku Eqs. (5-1) ndi (5-2)

Chithunzi cha 5-8 Storage modulus (G′) ndi modulus yotayika (G″) motsutsana ndi ma frequency a HPS/HPMC amaphatikizana ndi digiri ya hydroypropyl substitution ya HPS pa 5 °C

Ma HPMC oyera amawonetsa kudalira pafupipafupi komwe kumakhala kovuta kuwona mu zitsanzo za HPS zoyera. Monga momwe zimayembekezeredwa ku zovuta za HPMC / HPS, dongosolo la ligand limasonyeza kudalira kwafupipafupi. Pazitsanzo zonse zokhala ndi HPS, n′ nthawi zonse imakhala yotsika kuposa n″, ndipo G″ imawonetsa kudalira kwamphamvu pafupipafupi kuposa G′, kuwonetsa kuti zitsanzozi ndi zotanuka kuposa viscous [352, 359, 363]. Chifukwa chake, magwiridwe antchito a zitsanzo zophatikizidwa makamaka amatsimikiziridwa ndi HPS, zomwe makamaka chifukwa HPMC imapereka njira yotsika yama viscosity pakutentha kotsika.

Zithunzi 5-9 zikuwonetsa ma curve akusesa pafupipafupi a HPMC/HPS mayankho apawiri a HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo pa 85 ° C. Monga tikuwonera pachithunzichi, zitsanzo zina zonse za HPS kupatula A1081 zidawonetsa machitidwe olimba ngati. Kwa A1081, mfundo za G' ndi G” zili pafupi kwambiri, ndipo G' ndi yaying'ono pang'ono kuposa G”, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti A1081 imachita ngati madzi.

Izi zitha kukhala chifukwa A1081 ndi gel oziziritsa ndipo amadutsa gel-to-solution transition pa kutentha kwambiri. Kumbali ina, kwa zitsanzo zokhala ndi chiŵerengero chofanana chophatikizika, mfundo za n′, n″, G0′ ndi G0″ (Table 5-5) zonse zinatsika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, kusonyeza kuti hydroxypropylation inachepetsa cholimba- monga khalidwe la wowuma pa kutentha kwakukulu (85 ° C). Makamaka, n′ ndi n″ ya G80 ili pafupi ndi 0, kusonyeza khalidwe lolimba ngati lolimba; mosiyana, n′ ndi n″ mfundo za A1081 zili pafupi ndi 1, kusonyeza khalidwe lamphamvu lamadzimadzi. Miyezo ya n' ndi n”yi ikugwirizana ndi deta ya G' ndi G”. Kuonjezera apo, monga momwe tingawonere kuchokera ku Zithunzi 5-9, mlingo wa hydroxypropyl substitution ukhoza kusintha kwambiri kudalira kwafupipafupi kwa HPS pa kutentha kwakukulu.

Chithunzi cha 5-9 Storage modulus (G′) ndi modulus yotayika (G″) motsutsana ndi ma frequency a HPS/HPMC amaphatikizana ndi ma hydroypropyl substitution degree a HPS pa 85 °C

Zithunzi 5-9 zikuwonetsa kuti HPMC imawonetsa machitidwe olimba (G'> G″) pa 85 ° C, omwe makamaka amabwera chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake a thermogel. Kuphatikiza apo, G' ndi G ″ ya HPMC imasiyana pafupipafupi Kuwonjezeka sikunasinthe kwambiri, kusonyeza kuti ilibe kudalira pafupipafupi.

Kwa makina amtundu wa HPMC/HPS, mfundo za n′ ndi n″ zonse zili pafupi ndi 0, ndipo G0' ndi yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa G0 (Table″ 5-5), kutsimikizira khalidwe lake lolimba. Kumbali inayi, kulowetsedwa kwapamwamba kwa hydroxypropyl kumatha kusintha HPS kuchokera kukhalidwe lolimba kukhala ngati lamadzimadzi, chodabwitsa chomwe sichimachitika munjira zophatikizidwa. Kuphatikiza apo, pamakina ophatikizika omwe adawonjezeredwa ndi HPMC, pakuwonjezeka kwafupipafupi, onse a G' ndi G” adakhalabe okhazikika, ndipo zikhalidwe za n' ndi n” zinali pafupi ndi za HPMC. Zotsatira zonsezi zikusonyeza kuti HPMC imayang'anira viscoelasticity ya dongosolo lophatikizana pa kutentha kwakukulu kwa 85 ° C.

Table 5-5 n′, n″, G0′ ndi G0″ ya HPS/HPMC yokhala ndi hydropropyl m'malo mwa HPS pa 85 °C malinga ndi Eqs. (5-1) ndi (5-2)

5.3.6 Morphology ya HPMC/HPS composite system

Kusintha kwa gawo la HPMC/HPS kaphatikizidwe kazinthu kudaphunziridwa ndi ma microscope opaka ayodini. The HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo ndi pawiri chiŵerengero cha 5:5 anayesedwa pa 25 °C, 45 °C ndi 85 °C. Zithunzi zowoneka bwino za microscope pansipa zikuwonetsedwa pazithunzi 5-10. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzi kuti mutapaka utoto ndi ayodini, gawo la HPS limapakidwa utoto wakuda, ndipo gawo la HPMC likuwonetsa mtundu wopepuka chifukwa sungathe kupakidwa utoto ndi ayodini. Chifukwa chake, magawo awiri a HPMC/HPS amatha kukhala odziwika bwino. Pa kutentha kwakukulu, dera la madera amdima (HPS phase) limawonjezeka ndipo dera la madera owala (HPMC phase) limachepa. Makamaka, pa 25 ° C, HPMC (mtundu wowala) ndi gawo lopitirira mu dongosolo la HPMC / HPS, ndipo gawo laling'ono lozungulira la HPS (mtundu wakuda) limabalalitsidwa mu gawo lopitirira la HPMC. Mosiyana ndi izi, pa 85 ° C, HPMC idakhala gawo laling'ono kwambiri komanso losawoneka bwino lomwe limabalalika mu gawo lopitilira la HPS.

Mkuyu 5-8 Mapangidwe a utoto 1:1 HPMC/HPS amalumikizana pa 25 °C, 45 °C ndi 85 °C

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha, payenera kukhala kusintha kwa gawo la morphology ya gawo lopitirira kuchokera ku HPMC kupita ku HPS mu dongosolo la HPMC / HPS. Mwachidziwitso, ziyenera kuchitika pamene mamasukidwe akayendedwe a HPMC ndi HPS ali ofanana kapena ofanana kwambiri. Monga momwe tingawonere kuchokera ku ma micrographs a 45 ° C mu Zithunzi 5-10, chithunzi cha "chilumba cha nyanja" sichikuwoneka, koma gawo lopitirira likuwoneka. Kuyang'ana kumeneku kumatsimikiziranso mfundo yakuti kusintha kwa gawo la gawo lopitirira mwina kunachitika pa tan δ peak mu dissipation factor-temperature curve yomwe yafotokozedwa mu 5.3.3.

Zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti pa kutentha kochepa (25 ° C), mbali zina za gawo lamdima la HPS lobalalika zimawonetsa mtundu wina wowala, zomwe zingakhale chifukwa gawo la gawo la HPMC liripo mu gawo la HPS mu mawonekedwe a gawo lobalalika. pakati. Mwachidziwitso, pa kutentha kwakukulu (85 ° C), tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono timagawika mu gawo lobalalitsidwa lamtundu wa HPMC, ndipo tinthu tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono ndi gawo lopitilira HPS. Izi zikusonyeza kuti mlingo wina wa mesophase ulipo mu dongosolo la HPMC-HPS, zomwe zimasonyezanso kuti HPMC ili ndi kugwirizana kwina ndi HPS.

5.3.7 Chojambula chojambula cha kusintha kwa gawo la HPMC / HPS dongosolo lamagulu

Kutengera machitidwe akale a rheological of polima mayankho ndi ma gel ophatikizika [216, 232] komanso kufananiza ndi zovuta zomwe zafotokozedwa mu pepalali, chitsanzo cha kusintha kwamapangidwe a HPMC/HPS ndi kutentha chikuperekedwa, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu. 5-11 .

Mkuyu. 5-11 Schematic nyumba za Sol-gel osakaniza kusintha kwa HPMC (a); HPS (b); ndi HPMC/HPS (c)

Makhalidwe a gel a HPMC ndi njira yake yosinthira gel osakaniza aphunziridwa kwambiri [159, 160, 207, 208]. Chimodzi mwazovomerezeka ndi chakuti maunyolo a HPMC alipo mu njira yothetsera mitolo yophatikizana. Maguluwa amalumikizidwa ndikukulunga ma cellulose osalowa m'malo kapena osasungunuka pang'ono, ndipo amalumikizidwa kumadera olowa m'malo mwa hydrophobic aggregation yamagulu a methyl ndi magulu a hydroxyl. Pa kutentha kochepa, mamolekyu amadzi amapanga zinyumba zonga khola kunja kwa magulu a methyl hydrophobic ndi zipolopolo zamadzi kunja kwa magulu a hydrophilic monga magulu a hydroxyl, kulepheretsa HPMC kupanga ma interchain hydrogen zomangira pa kutentha kochepa. Pamene kutentha kumawonjezeka, HPMC imatenga mphamvu ndipo ma khola amadzi ndi zipolopolo zamadzi zimasweka, zomwe ndi kinetics ya kusintha kwa gel osakaniza. Kuphulika kwa khola lamadzi ndi chipolopolo chamadzi kumawonetsa magulu a methyl ndi hydroxypropyl kumalo amadzimadzi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa voliyumu yaulere. Pa kutentha kwakukulu, chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa hydrophobic wa magulu a hydrophobic ndi gulu la hydrophilic la magulu a hydrophilic, mawonekedwe atatu amtundu wa gel opangidwa ndi gel amapangidwa potsiriza, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5-11 (a).

Pambuyo wowuma gelatinization, amylose dissolves wowuma granules kupanga dzenje limodzi helical dongosolo, amene mosalekeza bala ndipo potsiriza amapereka mkhalidwe wa mwachisawawa coils. Kapangidwe ka helix kamodzi kamene kamapanga hydrophobic cavity mkati ndi hydrophilic pamwamba panja. Kapangidwe kakang'ono ka wowuma kameneka kamapangitsa kuti azikhala okhazikika [230-232]. Chifukwa chake, HPS imapezeka ngati ma coils osinthika osasinthika okhala ndi magawo ena otambasulidwa munjira yamadzi pa kutentha kwakukulu. Pamene kutentha kumachepa, zomangira za haidrojeni pakati pa HPS ndi mamolekyu amadzi zimasweka ndipo madzi omangika amatayika. Potsirizira pake, mawonekedwe a maukonde atatu-dimensional amapangidwa chifukwa cha mapangidwe a hydrogen zomangira pakati pa unyolo wa maselo, ndipo gel osakaniza amapangidwa, monga momwe tawonetsera pa Chithunzi 5-11 (b).

Kawirikawiri, pamene zigawo ziwiri zokhala ndi ma viscosities osiyana kwambiri zimaphatikizidwa, gawo lapamwamba la viscosity limakonda kupanga gawo lobalalika ndipo limabalalika mu gawo lopitirira la gawo lochepa la viscosity. Pa kutentha otsika, mamasukidwe akayendedwe a HPMC ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa HPS. Chifukwa chake, HPMC imapanga gawo lopitilira lozungulira gawo la gel osakaniza a HPS. M'mphepete mwa magawo awiriwa, magulu a hydroxyl pamaketani a HPMC amataya gawo lamadzi omangika ndikupanga ma intermolecular hydrogen zomangira ndi unyolo wa mamolekyulu a HPS. Pakuwotcha, unyolo wa mamolekyulu a HPS adasuntha chifukwa chotengera mphamvu zokwanira ndikupanga ma hydrogen zomangira ndi mamolekyu amadzi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mapangidwe a gelsi awonongeke. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mawonekedwe a khola lamadzi ndi zipolopolo zamadzi pazitsulo za HPMC zinawonongeka ndipo pang'onopang'ono zinang'ambika kuti ziwonetsere magulu a hydrophilic ndi magulu a hydrophobic. Pa kutentha kwambiri, HPMC imapanga gel osakaniza dongosolo chifukwa cha intermolecular hydrogen zomangira ndi hydrophobic mayanjano, ndipo motero amakhala mkulu-makamaka mamasukidwe omwazika gawo omwazika mu HPS mosalekeza gawo la coils mwachisawawa, monga momwe chithunzi 5-11 (c). Choncho, HPS ndi HPMC ankalamulira rheological katundu, gel osakaniza katundu ndi morphology gawo la gulu gel osakaniza pa kutentha otsika ndi mkulu, motero.

Kuyamba kwa magulu hydroxypropyl mu wowuma mamolekyu amaswa mkati analamula intramolecular wa hydrogen chomangira chomangira, kotero kuti gelatinized amylose mamolekyu ali ndi kutupa ndi anatambasula boma, amene kumawonjezera ogwira hydration buku la mamolekyu ndi linalake ndipo tikulephera chizolowezi wowuma mamolekyu kulowerera chisawawa. mu njira yamadzi [362]. Chifukwa chake, zochulukirapo komanso za hydrophilic za hydroxypropyl zimapangitsa kuyanjananso kwa unyolo wa amylose molekyulu ndikupanga madera olumikizirana kukhala ovuta [233]. Chifukwa chake, ndi kuchepa kwa kutentha, poyerekeza ndi wowuma wamba, HPS imakonda kupanga maukonde omasuka komanso ofewa.

Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, pali zidutswa za helical zotambasuka mu njira ya HPS, zomwe zingathe kupanga ma intermolecular hydrogen bond ndi HPMC molekyulu ya HPMC pamalire a magawo awiriwa, motero kupanga mawonekedwe ofanana. Komanso, hydroxypropylation amachepetsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe wa wowuma, amene amachepetsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe kusiyana HPMC ndi HPS mu chiphunzitso. Chifukwa chake, gawo losinthira gawo mu dongosolo la HPMC/HPS limasinthira kutentha pang'ono ndikuwonjezeka kwa HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree. Izi zikhoza kutsimikiziridwa ndi kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi kutentha kwa zitsanzo zokonzedwanso mu 5.3.4.

5.4 Chidule Chachidule

M'mutu uno, mayankho a pawiri a HPMC / HPS okhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl olowa m'malo adakonzedwa, ndipo zotsatira za digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo mwa rheological properties ndi gel katundu wa HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha gel osakaniza dongosolo linafufuzidwa ndi rheometer. Kugawidwa kwa gawo la HPMC / HPS kuzizira komanso kutentha kwa gel osakaniza kunaphunziridwa ndi kusanthula kwa ayodini opaka ma microscope. Zotsatira zazikulu ndi izi:

1. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, kukhuthala ndi kumeta ubweya wa HPMC/HPS yankho la pawiri kunatsika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Izi makamaka chifukwa kumayambiriro gulu hydroxypropyl mu wowuma molekyulu kuwononga intramolecular hydrogen chomangira dongosolo ndi bwino hydrophilicity wa wowuma.
2. Pa kutentha kwa chipinda, zero-shear viscosity h0, flow index n, ndi viscosity coefficient K ya HPMC / HPS pawiri zothetsera zimakhudzidwa ndi HPMC ndi hydroxypropylation. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPMC, zero shear viscosity h0 imachepa, index yothamanga n imawonjezeka, ndipo kutsekemera kwa viscosity coefficient K kumachepa; zero shear viscosity h0, flow index n ndi viscosity coefficient K ya HPS yoyera zonse zimawonjezeka ndi hydroxyl Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya propyl substitution, imakhala yaying'ono; koma kwa kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe, zero shear viscosity h0 imachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya kulowetsedwa, pamene otaya index n ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe kukhuthala K kuwonjezereka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya m'malo.
3. Kumeta ubweya njira ndi chisanadze akumeta ubweya ndi magawo atatu thixotropy akhoza molondola kusonyeza mamasukidwe akayendedwe, otaya katundu ndi thixotropy wa pawiri njira.
4. Dera lozungulira la viscoelastic la HPMC/HPS limacheperachepera ndi kuchepa kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution ya HPS.
5. Mu dongosolo lozizira lotentha la gel osakaniza, HPMC ndi HPS zimatha kupanga magawo opitilira kutentha komanso kutentha kwambiri, motsatana. Kusintha kwa gawoli kumatha kukhudza kwambiri kukhuthala kovutirapo, ma viscoelastic properties, kudalira pafupipafupi ndi gel osakaniza a gel osakaniza.
6. Monga magawo omwazikana, HPMC ndi HPS akhoza kudziwa rheological katundu ndi gel osakaniza katundu HPMC/HPS pawiri kachitidwe pa kutentha otsika ndi otsika, motero. Mipiringidzo ya viscoelastic ya zitsanzo zamagulu a HPMC / HPS zinali zogwirizana ndi HPS pa kutentha kochepa ndi HPMC pa kutentha kwakukulu.
7. Kusiyanasiyana kwa kusintha kwa mankhwala a mawonekedwe a wowuma kunakhudzanso kwambiri katundu wa gel. Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti kukhuthala kovutirapo, kusungirako modulus, ndi kutayika modulus zonse zimatsika ndikuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Chifukwa chake, hydroxypropylation ya wowuma wamba imatha kusokoneza kapangidwe kake ndikuwonjezera hydrophilicity ya wowuma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe a gel osavuta.
8. Hydroxypropylation imatha kuchepetsa machitidwe olimba ngati owuma pamatenthedwe otsika komanso mawonekedwe amadzimadzi pakutentha kwambiri. Pa kutentha kochepa, makhalidwe a n′ ndi n″ anakula ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree; pa kutentha kwambiri, n′ ndi n″ makhalidwe anakhala ochepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo digiri.
9. Ubale pakati pa microstructure, rheological properties ndi katundu wa gel wa HPMC / HPS composite system unakhazikitsidwa. Kusinthika kwadzidzidzi kwa mapindikidwe a viscosity ya dongosolo lophatikizika ndi tan δ pachimake pa 45 ° C, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zopitilirabe zomwe zimawonedwa mu micrograph (pa 45 ° C).

Mwachidule, kachitidwe ka HPMC/HPS kozizira kotentha kotentha ka gelisi kamakhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera oyendetsedwa ndi kutentha kwa gawo ndi katundu. Kupyolera mukusintha kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya wowuma ndi mapadi, makina a HPMC/HPS ozizira komanso otentha a gel angagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zida zanzeru zamtengo wapatali.

Mutu 6 Zotsatira za HPS Substitution Degree pa Properties and System Compatibility of HPMC/HPS Composite Membranes

Zitha kuwonedwa kuchokera ku Chaputala 5 kuti kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka mankhwala a zigawo zikuluzikulu mu dongosolo la pawiri kumatsimikizira kusiyana kwa rheological katundu, gel osakaniza ndi zina processing katundu wa pawiri dongosolo. Kuchita konsekonse kumakhudza kwambiri.

Mutuwu ukukamba za chikoka cha mankhwala a zigawo zikuluzikulu za microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa HPMC / HPS composite nembanemba. Kuphatikizidwa ndi chikoka cha Mutu 5 pa rheological properties of the composite system, rheological properties of the HPMC/HPS composite system is established- ubale pakati pa mafilimu.

6.1 Zida ndi Zida

6.1.1 Zida zazikulu zoyesera

6.1.2 Zida zazikulu ndi zida

6.2 Njira yoyesera

6.2.1 Kukonzekera kwa HPMC/HPS composite nembanemba ndi HPS HPS hydroxypropyl substitution madigiri

Chiwerengero chonse cha yankho la pawiri ndi 8% (w/w), HPMC/HPS pawiri chiŵerengero ndi 10:0, 5:5, 0:10, plasticizer ndi 2.4% (w/w) polyethylene glycol, The edible filimu yophatikizika ya HPMC/HPS idakonzedwa ndi njira yoponyera. Pa njira yeniyeni yokonzekera, onani 3.2.1.

6.2.2 Kapangidwe ka Microdomain ka HPMC/HPS kompositi nembanemba yokhala ndi ma HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degrees

6.2.2.1 Mfundo ya kusanthula kwa microstructure ya synchrotron radiation yaying'ono-angle X-ray kubalalika

Small Angel X-ray Scattering (SAXS) imatanthawuza chinthu chobalalika chomwe chimayambitsidwa ndi mtengo wa X-ray wowunikira zitsanzo zomwe zimayesedwa mkati mwa ngodya yaying'ono pafupi ndi mtengo wa X-ray. Kutengera ndi nanoscale ma elekitironi kachulukidwe kusiyana pakati pa kumwazikana ndi sing'anga ozungulira, yaing'ono ngodya X-ray kubalalika amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira zolimba, colloidal, ndi madzi polima zipangizo mu nanoscale osiyanasiyana. Poyerekeza ndi luso lamakono la X-ray diffraction, SAXS imatha kupeza zambiri zamapangidwe pamlingo wokulirapo, womwe ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kusanthula unyolo wama cell a polima, mapangidwe a nthawi yayitali, kapangidwe kagawo ndikugawa magawo a machitidwe ovuta a polima. . Gwero la kuwala kwa Synchrotron X-ray ndi mtundu watsopano wa gwero lowala kwambiri, lomwe lili ndi zabwino zake zoyera kwambiri, polarization yayikulu, kugunda kwapang'onopang'ono, kuwala kwambiri, komanso kugundana kwakukulu, kotero imatha kupeza chidziwitso chazinthu zama nanoscale mwachangu kwambiri. ndi molondola. Kusanthula mawonekedwe a SAXS a chinthu choyezedwa kumatha kupeza bwino kufanana kwa kachulukidwe ka mitambo ya ma elekitironi, kufanana kwa gawo limodzi la mtambo wamtambo wa elekitironi (kupatuka kwabwino kuchokera ku Porod kapena Debye's theorem), komanso kumveka kwa mawonekedwe a magawo awiri (kupatuka koyipa kuchokera ku Porod). kapena theorem ya Debye). ), kufananiza kodzipatula (kaya kuli ndi mawonekedwe a fractal), kufalikira kwamtundu (monodispersity kapena polydispersity kutsimikiziridwa ndi Guinier) ndi zidziwitso zina, ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wa fractal, gyration radius, ndi pafupifupi wosanjikiza wa mayunitsi obwerezabwereza amathanso kupezeka mochulukira. Makulidwe, kukula kwapakati, kagawo kakang'ono ka voliyumu, malo enieni ndi magawo ena.

6.2.2.2 Njira yoyesera

Ku Australia Synchrotron Radiation Center (Clayton, Victoria, Australia), gwero lamphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi la synchrotron radiation (flux 1013 photons/s, wavelength 1.47 Å) idagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa mawonekedwe a micro-domain ndi zidziwitso zina zokhudzana ndi gululo. kanema. Njira yobalalika yamitundu iwiri yoyeserera idasonkhanitsidwa ndi chowunikira cha Pilatus 1M (169 × 172 μm dera, 172 × 172 μm kukula kwa pixel), ndipo chitsanzo choyezedwa chinali mumitundu ya 0.015 <q <0.15 Å−1 ( q ndi vekitala yobalalika) Mphepete mwa njira yamkati yamkati yaing'ono ya X-ray imatengedwa kuchokera kumitundu iwiri yobalalika ndi pulogalamu ya ScatterBrain, ndi vekitala yobalalitsa q ndi ngodya yobalalika 2 imasinthidwa ndi chilinganizo i / , kumene X-ray wavelength. Deta yonse idakonzedweratu isanayambe kusanthula deta.

6.2.3 Kusanthula kwa Thermogravimetric kwa HPMC/HPS kompositi nembanemba yokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl substitution

6.2.3.1 Mfundo ya kusanthula kwa thermogravimetric

Zofanana ndi 3.2.5.1

6.2.3.2 Njira yoyesera

Onani 3.2.5.2

6.2.4 Tensile katundu wa HPMC/HPS mafilimu gulu ndi madigiri osiyana HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo

6.2.4.1 Mfundo yoyendetsera kusanthula katundu

Zofanana ndi 3.2.6.1

6.2.4.2 Njira yoyesera

Onani 3.2.6.2

Pogwiritsa ntchito muyezo wa ISO37, imadulidwa kukhala ma dumbbell oboola pakati, okhala ndi kutalika kwa 35mm, mtunda pakati pa mizere yolembera 12mm, ndi m'lifupi mwake 2mm. Zitsanzo zonse zoyezetsa zidakhala molingana ndi chinyezi cha 75% kupitilira 3d.

6.2.5 Oxygen permeability wa HPMC/HPS kompositi nembanemba ndi madigiri osiyana HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo

6.2.5.1 Mfundo ya kusanthula kwa oxygen permeability

Zofanana ndi 3.2.7.1

6.2.5.2 Njira yoyesera

Onani 3.2.7.2

6.3 Zotsatira ndi Zokambirana

6.3.1 Kusanthula mawonekedwe a kristalo a makanema apagulu a HPMC/HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl substitution

Chithunzi 6-1 chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a X-ray omwe amabalalitsa mafilimu agulu la HPMC/HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti pamlingo waukulu kwambiri wa q > 0.3 Å (2θ > 40), nsonga zodziwikiratu zimawonekera mu zitsanzo zonse za nembanemba. Kuchokera pamtundu wa X-ray wobalalika wa filimu yoyera (mkuyu 6-1a), HPMC yoyera ili ndi mawonekedwe amphamvu a X-ray obalalika pa 0.569 Å, kusonyeza kuti HPMC ili ndi X-ray yobalalika pachimake pamtunda waukulu. chigawo cha 7.70 (2θ> 50). Mawonekedwe amtundu wa Crystal, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti HPMC ili ndi mawonekedwe a crystalline apa. Zitsanzo zonse ziwiri zoyera za A939 ndi A1081 starch zidawonetsa nsonga yobalalika ya X-ray pa 0.397 Å, kuwonetsa kuti HPS ili ndi mawonekedwe a crystalline pachimake m'chigawo chachikulu cha 5.30, chomwe chimafanana ndi nsonga yamtundu wa B-crystalline wowuma. Zitha kuwoneka bwino pachithunzichi kuti A939 yokhala ndi malo otsika a hydroxypropyl ili ndi nsonga yayikulu kuposa A1081 yokhala ndi m'malo mwapamwamba. Izi ndichifukwa choti kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la hydroxypropyl mu unyolo wama cell wowuma kumaphwanya dongosolo loyambirira la mamolekyu owuma, kumawonjezera zovuta za kukonzanso ndikulumikizana pakati pa unyolo wama cell wowuma, ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa wowuma. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya m'malo mwa gulu la hydroxypropyl, zotsatira zolepheretsa za gulu la hydroxypropyl pa starch recrystallization ndizodziwikiratu.

Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono a X-ray omwe amabalalika a zitsanzo zamagulu (Mkuyu 6-1b) kuti mafilimu amtundu wa HPMC-HPS onse amasonyeza nsonga zoonekeratu pa 0.569 Å ndi 0.397 Å, yofanana ndi 7.70 HPMC crystal crystal nsonga zamakhalidwe, motero. Malo apamwamba kwambiri a crystallization ya HPS ya filimu yamagulu a HPMC/A939 ndi yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ya filimu yamagulu a HPMC/A1081. Kukonzanso kumaponderezedwa, komwe kumagwirizana ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa nsonga ya HPS crystallization nsonga ndi digiri ya hydroxypropyl m'malo mwa mafilimu azinthu zoyera. Malo okwera kwambiri a crystalline omwe amafanana ndi HPMC pa 7.70 pamagulu ophatikizika okhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl substitution sanasinthe kwambiri. Poyerekeza ndi sipekitiramu wa zitsanzo koyera chigawo (mkuyu 5-1a), madera a HPMC crystallization nsonga ndi HPS nsonga crystallization wa zitsanzo gulu anachepa, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti mwa kuphatikiza awiri, onse HPMC ndi HPS zingakhale zothandiza kwa. gulu lina. The recrystallization chodabwitsa wa zinthu kulekana filimu amasewera ena cholepheretsa.

Mkuyu 6-1 SAXS mawonekedwe a HPMC/HPS amaphatikiza makanema okhala ndi ma hydroxypropyl substitution degree a HPS

Pomaliza, kuwonjezeka kwa HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree ndi kuphatikizika kwa zigawo ziwirizi kungalepheretse zochitika za recrystallization za HPMC / HPS composite membrane mpaka pamlingo wina. Kuwonjezeka kwa hydroxypropyl substitution degree ya HPS makamaka kunalepheretsa kukonzanso kwa HPS mu nembanemba yophatikizika, pomwe zigawo ziwirizi zimagwira ntchito yolepheretsa kukonzanso kwa HPS ndi HPMC mu nembanemba yophatikizika.

6.3.2 Kusanthula kofananirako kofananira kwa ma membrane a HPMC/HPS okhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl

Avereji unyolo utali (R) wa mamolekyu a polysaccharide monga mamolekyu owuma ndi ma cellulose ndi mamolekyu amtundu wa 1000-1500 nm, ndipo q ali mumitundu ya 0.01-0.1 Å-1, ndi qR >> 1. Malinga ndi Porod formula, zitsanzo za filimu ya polysaccharide zitha kuwoneka. Ubale pakati pa kufalikira kwa X-ray yaing'ono ndi mbali yobalalika ndi:

Pakati pa izi, I(q) ndine mphamvu yaing'ono ya X-ray yobalalika;

q ndi ngodya yobalalika;

α ndiye malo otsetsereka a Porod.

Mtsinje wa Porod α umagwirizana ndi mawonekedwe a fractal. Ngati α <3, ikuwonetsa kuti mawonekedwe azinthu ndi otayirira, pamwamba pa obalalitsa ndi osalala, ndipo ndi fractal misa, ndi fractal dimension D = α; ngati 3 <α <4, imasonyeza kuti mawonekedwe a zinthu ndi wandiweyani ndipo scatterer ndi pamwamba ndi yovuta, yomwe imakhala yowonongeka, ndi gawo lake la fractal D = 6 - α.

Chithunzi 6-2 chikuwonetsa lnI (q) -lnq ziwembu za HPMC / HPS zophatikizika nembanemba zokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pazithunzi kuti zitsanzo zonse zimapereka mawonekedwe ofananirako amtundu wina, ndipo malo otsetsereka a Porod α ndi ochepera 3, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti filimu yophatikizika ikuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa fractal, ndipo pamwamba pa filimu yophatikizika ndi yofanana. yosalala. Miyezo yayikulu ya HPMC/HPS yokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl substitution ikuwonetsedwa mu Gulu 6-1.

Table 6-1 ikuwonetsa kukula kwa HPMC/HPS kompositi ya HPMC yokhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pagome kuti pazitsanzo za HPS zoyera, mawonekedwe a fractal a A939 m'malo mwa hydroxypropyl otsika ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa A1081 m'malo ndi hydroxypropyl yayikulu, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti pakuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl m'malo, mu nembanemba. Kachulukidwe kamangidwe kofananako kumachepetsedwa kwambiri. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kuyambitsidwa kwa magulu a hydroxypropyl pa unyolo wa molekyulu wowuma kumalepheretsa kwambiri kulumikizana kwa magawo a HPS, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa kachulukidwe kofananako mufilimuyo. Magulu a Hydrophilic hydroxypropyl amatha kupanga ma intermolecular hydrogen zomangira ndi mamolekyu amadzi, kuchepetsa kuyanjana pakati pa magawo a maselo; magulu akuluakulu a hydroxypropyl amachepetsa kuyanjananso ndi kulumikizana pakati pa magawo a molekyulu ya wowuma, kotero ndi kuchuluka kwa hydroxypropyl m'malo, HPS imapanga mawonekedwe otayirira ofananira.

Kwa HPMC/A939 pawiri dongosolo, fractal dimension ya HPS ndi apamwamba kuposa HPMC, chifukwa wowuma recrystallizes, ndipo dongosolo analamula kwambiri amapangidwa pakati pa unyolo maselo, amene amatsogolera kudzipanga wofanana mu nembanemba. . Kuchulukana kwakukulu. The fractal dimension of the pawiri samples ndi otsika kusiyana ndi awiri koyera zigawo zikuluzikulu, chifukwa kudzera kuphatikana, kugwirizana kwa magawo a maselo a zigawo ziwiri amalepheretsedwa wina ndi mzake, chifukwa kachulukidwe a zomangira zofanana zimachepa. Mosiyana ndi izi, mu dongosolo la HPMC/A1081, gawo la fractal la HPS ndilotsika kwambiri kuposa la HPMC. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kuyambitsidwa kwa magulu a hydroxypropyl mu mamolekyu owuma kumalepheretsa kwambiri kukonzanso kwa wowuma. Zomwe zimafanana ndi matabwa zimakhala zotayirira. Pa nthawi yomweyo, fractal dimension ya HPMC/A1081 pawiri chitsanzo ndi apamwamba kuposa HPS koyera, amenenso kwambiri osiyana ndi HPMC/A939 pawiri dongosolo. Mapangidwe ofanana, mamolekyu amtundu wa HPMC amatha kulowa mkati mwa kapangidwe kake kotayirira, potero kuwongolera kachulukidwe ka mawonekedwe ofananirako a HPS, omwe akuwonetsanso kuti HPS yokhala ndi hydroxypropyl m'malo mwake imatha kupanga zovuta zofananira pambuyo pophatikizana. ndi HPMC. zosakaniza. Kuchokera kuzinthu zamtundu wa rheological, zitha kuwoneka kuti hydroxypropylation imatha kuchepetsa kukhuthala kwa wowuma, kotero panthawi yophatikizika, kusiyana kwamphamvu pakati pa zigawo ziwiri mu dongosolo lophatikizira kumachepetsedwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe a homogeneous. palimodzi.

Mkuyu 6-2 lnI(q)-lnq mapatani ndi ma curve oyenera a HPMC/HPS amaphatikiza makanema okhala ndi ma hydroxypropyl substitution degree a HPS

Table 6-1 Fractal mapangidwe magawo a HPS/HPMC amaphatikiza makanema okhala ndi ma hydroxypropyl substitution degree a HPS

Kwa nembanemba wamagulu omwe ali ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizika chofanana, kukula kwa fractal kumachepanso ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya m'malo mwa gulu la hydroxypropyl. Kuyamba kwa hydroxypropyl mu molekyulu ya HPS kungachepetse kulumikizana kwa zigawo za polima mu dongosolo la pawiri, potero kuchepetsa kachulukidwe ka nembanemba kagulu; HPS yokhala ndi m'malo mwa hydroxypropyl imagwirizana bwino ndi HPMC, Yosavuta kupanga yunifolomu komanso wandiweyani. Chifukwa chake, kachulukidwe kakapangidwe kofananako kamene kamakhala mu nembanemba kaphatikizidwe kamachepa ndikuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya HPS yolowa m'malo, yomwe ndi chifukwa cha kukopana kwa digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl komanso kuphatikiza kwa zigawo ziwiri zomwe zili mugulu. dongosolo.

6.3.3 Kusanthula kwa kutentha kwamafuta amitundu yambiri ya HPMC/HPS okhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl

Thermogravimetric analyzer idagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa HPMC/HPS edible composite films with different degrees of hydroxypropyl substitution. Chithunzi 6-3 chikuwonetsa mapindikidwe a thermogravimetric (TGA) ndi curve yake yowonda (DTG) ya mafilimu ophatikizika okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl substitution HPS. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pamapindikira a TGA mu Chithunzi 6-3 (a) kuti zitsanzo za nembanemba zophatikizika ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl. Pali magawo awiri owoneka bwino a kusintha kwa thermogravimetric ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kutentha. Choyamba, pali siteji yaing'ono yowonda pa 30 ~ 180 ° C, yomwe imayamba makamaka chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa madzi opangidwa ndi polysaccharide macromolecule. Pali gawo lalikulu lochepetsa thupi pa 300 ~ 450 ° C, lomwe ndilo gawo lenileni la kuwonongeka kwa kutentha, makamaka chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwa HPMC ndi HPS. Zitha kuwonedwanso kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti ma curve kuwonda a HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl substitution ndi ofanana komanso amasiyana kwambiri ndi a HPMC. Pakati pa mitundu iwiri yokhotakhota kuwonda kwa HPMC koyera ndi zitsanzo za HPS zoyera.

Kuchokera pa ma curve a DTG mu Chithunzi 6-3(b), zitha kuwoneka kuti kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa HPS koyera ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo ndi pafupi kwambiri, ndipo kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kwa A939 ndi A081 ndi zitsanzo za 310 °C. ndi 305 °C, motsatana Kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kwachitsanzo cha HPMC koyera ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa kwa HPS, ndipo kutentha kwake kwakukulu ndi 365 °C; Kanema waphatikizidwe wa HPMC/HPS ali ndi nsonga ziwiri zakuwonongeka kwamafuta pamapindikira a DTG, molingana ndi kuwonongeka kwa kutentha kwa HPS ndi HPMC, motsatana. Mawonekedwe apamwamba, omwe akuwonetsa kuti pali gawo lina la kulekana kwa gawo mu dongosolo lophatikizika lomwe liri ndi chiŵerengero cha 5: 5, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi zotsatira zowonongeka kwa kutentha kwa filimu yophatikizika ndi chiŵerengero cha 5: 5 mu Mutu 3. . Kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kwa HPMC/A939 zitsanzo za filimu zophatikizika zinali 302 °C ndi 363 °C, motsatana; Kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kwa HPMC/A1081 zitsanzo za filimu zophatikizika zinali 306 °C ndi 363 °C, motsatana. Kutentha kwapamwamba kwa zitsanzo za mafilimu ophatikizika kunasinthidwa ku kutentha kochepa kusiyana ndi zigawo zoyera, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa zitsanzo zamagulu kunachepetsedwa. Kwa zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi chiŵerengero chofanana chophatikizira, kutentha kwapamwamba kwa kutentha kunachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, kusonyeza kuti kukhazikika kwa kutentha kwa filimu yophatikizika kunachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution. Izi zili choncho chifukwa kuyambitsidwa kwa magulu a hydroxypropyl kukhala mamolekyu owuma kumachepetsa kuyanjana pakati pa magawo a maselo ndikulepheretsa kukonzanso mwadongosolo mamolekyu. Ndizogwirizana ndi zotsatira kuti kachulukidwe kazinthu zofananirako amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution.

Chithunzi cha 6-3 TGA ma curve (a) ndi ma curve awo (DTG) (b) a HPMC/HPS amaphatikiza makanema okhala ndi ma hydroxypropyl substitution degree a HPS

6.3.4 Kusanthula kwamakina a HPMC/HPS nembanemba zophatikizika ndi ma HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degrees

Chithunzi 6-5 Tensile katundu wa HPMC/HPS mafilimu ndi zosiyanasiyana hydroxypropyl m'malo digiri ya HPS

Mphamvu zamakanema a makanema apagulu a HPMC/HPS okhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl adayesedwa ndi makina osanthula katundu pa 25 °C ndi 75% chinyezi chachibale. Zithunzi 6-5 zikuwonetsa zotanuka modulus (a), elongation panthawi yopuma (b) ndi mphamvu zolimba (c) za mafilimu ophatikizika okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pazithunzi kuti kwa HPMC / A1081 dongosolo lamagulu, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zinthu za HPS, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu zowonongeka za filimu yophatikizika pang'onopang'ono zinachepa, ndipo elongation panthawi yopuma inakula kwambiri, yomwe inali yogwirizana ndi 3.3. 5 chinyezi chapakati komanso chachikulu. Zotsatira za nembanemba zophatikizika zokhala ndi ma ratios osiyanasiyana ophatikizika zinali zogwirizana.

Kwa nembanemba zoyera za HPS, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu zamakokedwe zimachulukira ndikuchepa kwa HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, kutanthauza kuti hydroxypropylation imachepetsa kuuma kwa nembanemba yophatikizika ndikuwongolera kusinthasintha kwake. Izi makamaka chifukwa ndi kuchuluka kwa hydroxypropyl m'malo digiri, ndi hydrophilicity wa HPS ukuwonjezeka, ndi nembanemba kamangidwe kamakhala lotayirira, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zotsatira kuti fractal dimension imachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri m'malo mu ngodya yaing'ono X- ray kubalalitsa mayeso. Komabe, elongation pa yopuma amachepetsa ndi kuchepa kwa m`malo digiri HPS hydroxypropyl gulu, amene makamaka chifukwa kumayambiriro hydroxypropyl gulu mu wowuma molekyulu akhoza ziletsa recrystallization wowuma. Zotsatira zimagwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka ndi kuchepa.

Kwa nembanemba yamagulu a HPMC/HPS yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha pawiri, zotanuka modulus za nembanemba zakuthupi zimawonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, ndipo mphamvu yamakomedwe ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma zonse zimachepa ndi kuchepa kwa digirii yolowa m'malo. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti mawotchi amtundu wa nembanemba wophatikizika amasiyana kwathunthu ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizana ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo. Izi makamaka chifukwa makina opangidwa ndi nembanemba yophatikizika samangokhudzidwa ndi digiri ya HPS yoloweza m'malo mwa nembanemba, komanso kuyanjana pakati pazigawo zamagulu amagulu. Kukhuthala kwa HPS kumachepa ndikuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, ndikwabwino kupanga gulu lofananira pophatikiza.

6.3.5 Oxygen permeability kusanthula kwa HPMC/HPS kompositi nembanemba ndi HPS hydroxypropyl substitution madigiri osiyana

Oxidation yobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni ndiye gawo loyambirira m'njira zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chakudya chiwonongeke, kotero kuti makanema ophatikizika okhala ndi zinthu zina zotchinga mpweya amatha kukonza chakudya ndikutalikitsa moyo wa alumali [108, 364]. Choncho, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa mpweya wa HPMC / HPS wopangidwa ndi nembanemba wokhala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl substitution adayesedwa, ndipo zotsatira zikuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 5-6. Zitha kuwoneka kuchokera pachithunzichi kuti mpweya wa okosijeni wazitsulo zonse zoyera za HPS ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa za HPMC zoyera, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti ma membranes a HPS ali ndi katundu wolepheretsa mpweya wabwino kuposa ma membrane a HPMC, omwe amagwirizana ndi zotsatira zam'mbuyo. Kwa ma membrane oyera a HPS okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl m'malo, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa okosijeni kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa kulowetsedwa m'malo, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti malo omwe mpweya umalowa mu nembanemba umawonjezeka. Izi zimagwirizana ndi kusanthula kwa microstructure kwa ngodya yaing'ono ya X-ray kubalalika kuti kapangidwe ka nembanemba kamakhala komasuka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl m'malo, kotero kuti mpweya wodutsa mu nembanemba umakhala waukulu, ndipo mpweya mu nembanemba. imafalikira Pamene dera likuwonjezeka, mlingo wotumizira mpweya umawonjezekanso pang'onopang'ono.

Chithunzi cha 6-6 Oxygen permeability of HPS/HPMC films with various hydroxypropyl substitution degree of HPS

Kwa nembanemba zophatikizika zokhala ndi madigiri olowa m'malo osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl, kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa okosijeni kumachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution. Izi makamaka chifukwa mu 5: 5 kuphatikizira dongosolo, HPS ilipo mu mawonekedwe a obalalika gawo mu otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe HPMC mosalekeza gawo, ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe a HPS amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka hydroxypropyl m'malo digiri. Zing'onozing'ono kusiyana kwa mamasukidwe akayendedwe, kumapangitsanso kuti mapangidwe apangidwe amtundu umodzi, amavutitsa kwambiri njira yopititsira mpweya mu nembanemba, komanso kuchepa kwa mpweya wa okosijeni.

6.4 Chidule Chachidule

M'mutu uno, mafilimu amtundu wa HPMC / HPS adakonzedwa poponya HPS ndi HPMC ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a hydroxypropyl substitution, ndikuwonjezera polyethylene glycol ngati pulasitiki. Zotsatira za madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl pamapangidwe a kristalo ndi mawonekedwe a microdomain a nembanemba yophatikizika adaphunziridwa ndi ukadaulo wa synchrotron ma radiation ang'onoang'ono a X-ray. Zotsatira za madigiri osiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo mwa kutentha kwa kutentha, mphamvu zamakina ndi mpweya wa okosijeni wamagulu ophatikizika ndi malamulo awo anaphunziridwa ndi thermogravimetric analyzer, mechanical property tester ndi oxygen permeability tester. Zotsatira zazikulu ndi izi:

1. Kwa HPMC / HPS yopangidwa ndi nembanemba yokhala ndi chiŵerengero chofanana chophatikizira, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa hydroxypropyl substitution degree, malo okwera kwambiri a crystallization omwe ali ofanana ndi HPS pa 5.30 amachepetsa, pamene malo a crystallization akugwirizana ndi HPMC pa 7.70 sasintha kwambiri, kusonyeza kuti hydroxypropylation wa wowuma akhoza ziletsa recrystallization wa wowuma mu gulu filimu.
2. Poyerekeza ndi chigawo choyera cha HPMC ndi HPS, malo okwera kwambiri a crystallization a HPS (5.30) ndi HPMC (7.70) a ma nembanemba ophatikizika amachepetsedwa, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti kupyolera mwa kuphatikiza ziwirizi, HPMC ndi HPS zikhoza kukhala zothandiza ma membrane a kompositi. The recrystallization wa chigawo china kumagwira ntchito yolepheretsa.
3. Ma nembanemba onse a HPMC/HPS adawonetsa mawonekedwe amtundu wofanana. Kwa nembanemba zophatikizika ndi chiŵerengero chofanana cha pawiri, kachulukidwe ka nembanemba kachepa kwambiri ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl m'malo; otsika HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo Kachulukidwe ka nembanemba kaphatikizidwe ndi kocheperako kuposa kagawo kakang'ono kawiri, pomwe kachulukidwe ka nembanemba kazinthu zokhala ndi digiri yapamwamba ya HPS hydroxypropyl m'malo mwake ndi yayikulu kuposa ya nembanemba yoyera ya HPS, yomwe ndi makamaka chifukwa kachulukidwe wa zinthu nembanemba gulu zimakhudzidwa nthawi yomweyo. Zotsatira za HPS hydroxypropylation pakuchepetsa kumangiriza gawo la polima komanso kuyanjana pakati pa zigawo ziwiri zapawiri dongosolo.
4. Hydroxypropylation ya HPS imatha kuchepetsa kukhazikika kwamafuta amitundu yambiri ya HPMC/HPS, komanso kutentha kwapamwamba kwamafuta ophatikizika kumasunthira kudera lotsika kutentha ndikuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, chifukwa cha gulu la hydroxypropyl mu mamolekyu owuma. Mawu oyamba amachepetsa kuyanjana pakati pa magawo a maselo ndikulepheretsa kukonzanso mwadongosolo kwa mamolekyu.
5. Zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu yolimba ya nembanemba yoyera ya HPS idatsika ndikuwonjezeka kwa HPS hydroxypropyl substitution degree, pomwe kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma kumawonjezeka. Izi ndichifukwa choti hydroxypropylation imalepheretsa kukonzanso kwa wowuma ndikupanga filimu yophatikizika kukhala yotayirira.
6. Zotanuka modulus ya filimu yophatikizika ya HPMC/HPS idatsika ndikuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, koma kulimba kwamphamvu ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma zidawonjezeka, chifukwa makina amakanema a filimuyo sanakhudzidwe ndi digiri ya HPS hydroxypropyl substitution. Kuphatikiza pa chikoka cha, imakhudzidwanso ndi kugwirizana kwa zigawo ziwiri za dongosolo la pawiri.
7. Mpweya wa okosijeni wa HPS yoyera ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, chifukwa hydroxypropylation imachepetsa kachulukidwe ka dera la HPS amorphous ndikuwonjezera dera la mpweya wa oxygen mu nembanemba; HPMC/HPS kaphatikizidwe ka membrane The oxygen permeability imachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa hydroxypropyl substitution degree, makamaka chifukwa HPS hyperhydroxypropylated HPS imagwirizana bwino ndi HPMC, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezereka kwa tortuosity ya mpweya wodutsa mpweya mu membrane yophatikiza. Kuchepa kwa oxygen permeability.

Zotsatira zoyesera zomwe zili pamwambazi zikuwonetsa kuti zinthu zazikuluzikulu monga makina, kukhazikika kwamafuta ndi mpweya wa mpweya wa HPMC / HPS zophatikizana zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mawonekedwe awo amkati a crystalline ndi mapangidwe a chigawo cha amorphous, omwe samangokhudzidwa ndi HPS hydroxypropyl substitution, koma komanso ndi zovuta. Chikoka cha zigawo ziwiri zogwirizana ndi machitidwe a ligand.

Pomaliza ndi Outlook

1. Mapeto

Mu pepala ili, gel osakaniza HPMC ndi ozizira gel osakaniza HPS amaphatikizidwa, ndipo HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha reverse gel osakaniza dongosolo amapangidwa. The njira ndende, kuonjezera chiŵerengero ndi kumeta ubweya zotsatira pa pawiri dongosolo ali mwadongosolo anaphunzira chikoka cha rheological katundu monga mamasukidwe akayendedwe, otaya index ndi thixotropy, pamodzi ndi makina katundu, zazikulu thermomechanical katundu, mpweya permeability, kuwala kufala katundu ndi matenthedwe bata. mafilimu opangidwa ndi makina opangidwa ndi njira yopangira. Katundu wokwanira, ndi vinyo wa ayodini wopaka utoto wofananira, kusintha kwa gawo ndi kapangidwe ka gawo la kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zidaphunziridwa ndi magalasi owoneka bwino, ndipo ubale pakati pa microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa HPMC/HPS unakhazikitsidwa. Pofuna kuwongolera katundu wamaguluwo poyang'anira mawonekedwe a gawo ndi kugwirizana kwa dongosolo la HPMC / HPS lopangidwa molingana ndi mgwirizano pakati pa macroscopic katundu ndi micromorphological dongosolo la HPMC / HPS composite system. Pophunzira zotsatira za HPS yosinthidwa ndi mankhwala ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana pa rheological properties, gel properties, microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa nembanemba, ubale pakati pa microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha inverse gel dongosolo linafufuzidwanso. Ubale pakati pa awiriwa, ndi chitsanzo chakuthupi chinakhazikitsidwa kuti chimveketse njira ya gelation ndi zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi malamulo a gel ozizira ndi otentha mu dongosolo lamagulu. Maphunziro oyenerera apeza mfundo zotsatirazi.

1. Kusintha kachulukidwe chiŵerengero cha HPMC/HPS pawiri dongosolo akhoza kwambiri kusintha rheological katundu monga mamasukidwe akayendedwe, fluidity ndi thixotropy wa HPMC pa otsika kutentha. Ubale pakati pa ma rheological properties ndi microstructure of the compound system adaphunziranso. Zotsatira zake ndi izi:

(1) Pa kutentha kochepa, kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe ndi gawo losalekeza-lobalalika gawo la "nyanja-chilumba" mawonekedwe, ndipo kusintha kosalekeza kumachitika pa 4: 6 ndi kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha HPMC / HPS. Pamene chiŵerengero chophatikizira chimakhala chachikulu (zochuluka za HPMC), HPMC yokhala ndi kukhuthala kochepa ndi gawo lopitirira, ndipo HPS ndi gawo lobalalika. Kwa HPMC / HPS pawiri dongosolo, pamene otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe chigawo ndi gawo mosalekeza ndi mkulu-makamaka mamasukidwe chigawo ndi gawo mosalekeza, chopereka cha mosalekeza kukhuthala chigawo kukhuthala kwa kukhuthala kwa dongosolo pawiri ndi osiyana kwambiri. Pamene otsika mamasukidwe akayendedwe HPMC ndi gawo mosalekeza, mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri dongosolo makamaka zimasonyeza chopereka cha mosalekeza-gawo mamasukidwe akayendedwe; pamene HPS yapamwamba kwambiri ndi gawo lopitirira, HPMC monga gawo lobalalika lidzachepetsa kukhuthala kwapamwamba kwa HPS. zotsatira. Ndi kuwonjezereka kwazinthu za HPS ndi njira yothetsera vuto mu dongosolo la pawiri, kukhuthala kwa kukhuthala ndi kukameta ubweya wa kachipangizo kameneka kunawonjezeka pang'onopang'ono, kusungunuka kunachepa, ndipo khalidwe lolimba la dongosolo la pawiri linakula. The mamasukidwe akayendedwe ndi thixotropy wa HPMC ndi bwino ndi chiphunzitso ndi HPS.

(2) Kwa 5: 5 yophatikizira dongosolo, HPMC ndi HPS zimatha kupanga magawo osalekeza pakutsika komanso kutentha kwambiri, motsatana. Kusintha kwa gawoli kumatha kukhudza kwambiri kukhuthala kovutirapo, ma viscoelastic properties, kudalira pafupipafupi ndi gel osakaniza a gel osakaniza. Monga magawo omwazikana, HPMC ndi HPS akhoza kudziwa rheological katundu ndi gel osakaniza katundu HPMC/HPS pawiri kachitidwe pa kutentha otsika ndi otsika, motero. Mipiringidzo ya viscoelastic ya zitsanzo zamagulu a HPMC / HPS zinali zogwirizana ndi HPS pa kutentha kochepa ndi HPMC pa kutentha kwakukulu.

(3) Ubale pakati pa microstructure, katundu wa rheological ndi katundu wa gel wa HPMC / HPS composite system unakhazikitsidwa. Kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa mapindikidwe a viscosity ya dongosolo lophatikizika ndi nsonga ya tan delta pa curve factor curve imawonekera pa 45 ° C, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zochitika zopitilirabe zomwe zimawonedwa mu micrograph (pa 45 ° C).

1. Pophunzira za microstructure ndi makina katundu, mphamvu thermomechanical katundu, kuwala transmittance, mpweya permeability ndi matenthedwe bata la gulu nembanemba anakonza mosiyanasiyana machulukidwe ma ratios ndi ndende yankho, pamodzi ndi ayodini utoto kuwala kwa microscopy luso, kafukufuku The gawo morphology, gawo kusintha ndi ngakhale ngakhale. za zovutazo zinafufuzidwa, ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa zovutazo unakhazikitsidwa. Zotsatira zake ndi izi:

(1) Palibe mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a magawo awiri muzithunzi za SEM zamakanema ophatikizika okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikizika. Makanema ambiri ophatikizika amakhala ndi gawo limodzi lokha losinthira magalasi pazotsatira za DMA, ndipo makanema ambiri ophatikizika amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chimodzi chokha cha kutentha kwa DTG. Izi palimodzi zikuwonetsa kuti HPMC ili ndi kulumikizana kwina ndi HPS.

(2) Chinyezi chachibale chimakhudza kwambiri makina amakanema amtundu wa HPMC/HPS, ndipo kuchuluka kwa zotsatira zake kumawonjezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu za HPS. Pachinyezi chocheperako, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu zamakanema amitundu yambiri zidachulukira ndikuwonjezeka kwazomwe zili mu HPS, ndipo kutalika kwa mafilimu ophatikizikawo kunali kotsika kwambiri kuposa komwe kumapangidwa. Ndi kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, zotanuka modulus ndi mphamvu yolimba ya filimu yophatikizika idachepa, ndipo kutalika kwa nthawi yopuma kunakula kwambiri, ndipo mgwirizano pakati pa makina a filimu yophatikizika ndi chiŵerengero chophatikizika chinawonetsa kusintha kosiyana kosiyana. chinyezi chachibale. Mawonekedwe a ma membrane am'magulu omwe ali ndi magawo osiyanasiyana ophatikizika amawonetsa mphambano pansi pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana ya chinyezi, yomwe imapereka mwayi wokhathamiritsa magwiridwe antchito molingana ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana zogwiritsira ntchito.

(3) Ubale pakati pa microstructure, kusintha kwa gawo, kuwonekera ndi makina opangidwa ndi HPMC / HPS dongosolo lophatikizana linakhazikitsidwa. a. Malo otsika kwambiri owonetsetsa a kachitidwe kaphatikizidwe amagwirizana ndi gawo la kusintha kwa gawo la HPMC kuchokera ku gawo lopitirira mpaka gawo lobalalika ndi gawo lochepa la kuchepa kwa ma tensile modulus. b. The Young's modulus ndi elongation panthawi yopuma imachepa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya yankho, zomwe zimayenderana ndi kusintha kwa morphological kwa HPMC kuchoka ku gawo lopitirira kupita ku gawo lobalalika mu dongosolo la pawiri.

(4) Kuphatikizika kwa HPS kumawonjezera kuzunzika kwa njira yopititsira mpweya wa okosijeni mu nembanemba yophatikizika, kumachepetsa kwambiri kutsekemera kwa mpweya wa nembanemba, ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito a oxygen a membrane wa HPMC.

1. Zotsatira za kusintha kwa mankhwala a HPS pamtundu wa rheological wa dongosolo lophatikizika ndi mawonekedwe athunthu a nembanemba yophatikizika monga mawonekedwe a kristalo, mawonekedwe a chigawo cha amorphous, zida zamakina, kuthekera kwa oxygen ndi kukhazikika kwamafuta adaphunziridwa. Zotsatira zake ndi izi:

(1) The hydroxypropylation wa HPS akhoza kuchepetsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe a pawiri dongosolo pa kutentha otsika, kusintha fluidity wa pawiri yankho, ndi kuchepetsa chodabwitsa cha kukameta ubweya kupatulira; hydroxypropylation ya HPS imatha kuchepetsa dera lozungulira la viscoelastic la dongosolo la pawiri, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa gawo la HPMC / HPS pawiri, ndikusintha khalidwe lolimba la dongosolo la pawiri pa kutentha kochepa komanso madzi otentha kutentha kwambiri.

(2) The hydroxypropylation wa HPS ndi kusintha ngakhale kwa zigawo ziwiri akhoza kwambiri ziletsa recrystallization wowuma mu nembanemba, ndi kulimbikitsa mapangidwe looser kudziona ofanana dongosolo mu gulu nembanemba. Kukhazikitsidwa kwamagulu amphamvu a hydroxypropyl pa tcheni cha molekyulu ya starch kumachepetsa kumangiriza ndi kukonzanso mwadongosolo magawo a ma HPS, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe otayirira omwe afanana ndi a HPS. Kwa dongosolo lovuta, kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl m'malo mwake kumapangitsa kuti mamolekyu a HPMC alowe m'dera lotayirira la HPS, lomwe limapangitsa kuti kugwirizana kwa dongosololi likhale losavuta komanso kumapangitsanso kachulukidwe kapangidwe kake ka HPS. Kugwirizana kwa pawiri dongosolo kumawonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka kwa m'malo digiri ya hydroxypropyl gulu, amene n'zogwirizana ndi zotsatira za rheological katundu.

(3) The macroscopic katundu monga makina katundu, matenthedwe bata ndi mpweya permeability wa HPMC / HPS gulu nembanemba zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mkati crystalline kapangidwe ndi amorphous dera dongosolo. Zotsatira zophatikizana za zotsatira ziwiri za kugwirizana kwa zigawo ziwirizi.

1. Pophunzira zotsatira za ndende ya yankho, kutentha ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala a HPS pamtundu wa rheological wa dongosolo la pawiri, njira ya gelation ya HPMC/HPS yozizira-kutentha kosiyana ndi gel osakaniza dongosolo inakambidwa. Zotsatira zake ndi izi:

(1) Pali ndende yovuta (8%) mu dongosolo lamagulu, pansi pa ndende yovuta kwambiri, HPMC ndi HPS zimakhalapo muzitsulo zodziimira zokha za maselo ndi zigawo; pamene ndende yovuta ikufika, gawo la HPS limapangidwa mu yankho ngati condensate. Pakati gel osakaniza dongosolo microgel olumikizidwa ndi intertwining wa HPMC unyolo maselo; pamwamba pa zovuta zowonongeka, kugwirizanitsa kumakhala kovuta kwambiri ndipo kuyanjana kumakhala kolimba, ndipo yankho limasonyeza khalidwe lofanana ndi la polima kusungunuka.

(2) Dongosolo lovutali liri ndi gawo la kusintha kwa gawo lopitirira ndi kusintha kwa kutentha, komwe kumagwirizana ndi khalidwe la gel la HPMC ndi HPS mu dongosolo lovuta. Pa kutentha kochepa, kukhuthala kwa HPMC kumakhala kochepa kwambiri kuposa kwa HPS, kotero HPMC imapanga gawo lopitirira lozungulira gawo la gel osakaniza a HPS. M'mphepete mwa magawo awiriwa, magulu a hydroxyl pa unyolo wa HPMC amataya gawo lamadzi omangira ndikupanga ma intermolecular hydrogen bond ndi tcheni cha mamolekyulu a HPS. Pakuwotcha, unyolo wa mamolekyulu a HPS adasuntha chifukwa chotengera mphamvu zokwanira ndikupanga ma hydrogen zomangira ndi mamolekyu amadzi, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti mapangidwe a gelsi awonongeke. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zomanga zamadzi ndi zipolopolo zamadzi pamaketani a HPMC zinawonongedwa, ndipo pang'onopang'ono zinang'ambika kuti ziwonetsere magulu a hydrophilic ndi magulu a hydrophobic. Pa kutentha, HPMC ndipamene gel osakaniza maukonde dongosolo chifukwa intermolecular hydrogen zomangira ndi mayanjano hydrophobic, ndipo motero amakhala mkulu-makamaka mamasukidwe omwazika gawo omwazika mu HPS mosalekeza koyilo mwachisawawa.

(3) Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa hydroxypropyl substitution degree ya HPS, kugwirizana kwa HPMC / HPS kaphatikizidwe kachitidwe kabwino kamakhala bwino, ndipo kutentha kwa kusintha kwa gawo mu dongosolo lamagulu kumapita kutentha kochepa. Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa digiri ya hydroxypropyl substitution, pali zidutswa za helical zotambasuka mu njira ya HPS, zomwe zingathe kupanga ma intermolecular hydrogen bond ndi HPMC molekyulu ya HPMC pamalire a magawo awiriwa, motero kupanga mawonekedwe ofanana. Hydroxypropylation amachepetsa mamasukidwe akayendedwe wa wowuma, kotero kuti mamasukidwe akayendedwe kusiyana HPMC ndi HPS mu pawiri ndi yopapatiza, amene amathandiza kuti mapangidwe homogeneous pawiri, ndi osachepera mtengo wa mamasukidwe akayendedwe kusiyana pakati pa zigawo ziwiri kusuntha kwa otsika. kutentha dera.

2. Zosintha zatsopano

1. Kupanga ndi kumanga HPMC / HPS ozizira ndi otentha n'zosiyana-gawo gel osakaniza pawiri dongosolo, ndi mwadongosolo kuphunzira wapadera rheological katundu wa dongosolo lino, makamaka ndende ya pawiri yankho, pawiri chiŵerengero, kutentha ndi kusinthidwa mankhwala zigawo zikuluzikulu. Malamulo achikoka amtundu wa rheological, katundu wa gel ndi kuyanjana kwa dongosolo la pawiri adaphunziridwanso, ndipo mawonekedwe a gawo ndi kusintha kwa gawo la kaphatikizidwe kaphatikizidwe adaphunziridwanso kuphatikiza ndikuwona maikulosikopu opaka ayodini, ndi micromorphological. Kapangidwe ka kaphatikizidwe kakapangidwe kanakhazikitsidwa- Rheological properties-gel properties ubale. Kwa nthawi yoyamba, chitsanzo cha Arrhenius chinagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti chigwirizane ndi lamulo la mapangidwe a gel osakaniza ozizira ndi otentha osinthika-gawo lamagulu osiyanasiyana a kutentha.

2. Kugawidwa kwa gawo, kusintha kwa gawo ndi kuyanjana kwa HPMC / HPS yopangidwa ndi makina opangidwa ndi ayodini kunkawoneka ndi teknoloji yowunikira ma microscope ya ayodini, ndipo mawonekedwe owonekera-makina adakhazikitsidwa mwa kuphatikiza mawonekedwe owoneka bwino ndi makina opanga mafilimu opanga mafilimu. Ubale pakati pa microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu monga properties-phase morphology ndi concentration-mechanical properties-phase morphology. Ndi nthawi yoyamba kuona mwachindunji kusintha lamulo la gawo morphology wa dongosolo pawiri ndi compounding chiŵerengero, kutentha ndi ndende, makamaka zikhalidwe za gawo kusintha ndi zotsatira za gawo kusintha pa katundu wa dongosolo pawiri.

3. Mapangidwe a crystalline ndi mawonekedwe a amorphous a ma nembanemba ophatikizika ndi madigiri osiyanasiyana a HPS hydroxypropyl olowa m'malo adaphunziridwa ndi SAXS, ndipo njira ya gelation ndi chikoka cha ma gels ophatikizika adakambidwa pamodzi ndi zotsatira za rheological ndi katundu wa macroscopic monga mpweya wa okosijeni wamagulu ophatikizika. Zinthu ndi malamulo, izo zinapezeka kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti mamasukidwe akayendedwe a dongosolo gulu ndi okhudzana ndi kachulukidwe a dongosolo kudziona ofanana mu gulu nembanemba, ndi mwachindunji amatsimikiza katundu macroscopic monga mpweya permeability ndi makina katundu wa gulu. membrane, ndikukhazikitsa rheological properties-microstructure-membrane ubale pakati pa katundu wakuthupi.

3. Maonekedwe

M'zaka zaposachedwa, kupanga zida zonyamula zakudya zotetezeka komanso zodyedwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma polima achilengedwe ongowonjezwdwa monga zopangira kwakhala malo opangira kafukufuku pazakudya. Papepalali, ma polysaccharide achilengedwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira zazikulu. Mwa kuphatikiza HPMC ndi HPS, mtengo wazinthu zopangira umachepetsedwa, ntchito yopangira HPMC pa kutentha pang'ono imapangidwa bwino, ndipo ntchito yotchinga mpweya ya nembanemba yophatikizika imakhala bwino. Kupyolera mu kusanthula kwa ma rheological, kusanthula kwa ayodini opangira ma microscope ndi mawonekedwe a filimu yophatikizika ndi kusanthula kwathunthu kwa magwiridwe antchito, mawonekedwe a gawo, kusintha kwa gawo, kupatukana kwa gawo ndi kuyanjana kwa kachitidwe kophatikizana ka gel kozizira kotentha kosinthira-gawo. Ubale pakati pa microstructure ndi macroscopic katundu wa kompositi dongosolo unakhazikitsidwa. Malinga ndi mgwirizano pakati pa macroscopic katundu ndi mawonekedwe a micromorphological a HPMC / HPS composite system, mawonekedwe a gawo ndi kuyanjana kwa dongosolo lophatikizika amatha kuwongoleredwa kuti aziwongolera zinthu zophatikizika. Kafukufuku mu pepalali ali ndi zofunikira zowongolera pakupanga kwenikweni; njira yopangira, zomwe zimakhudza zinthu ndi malamulo a gels ozizira ndi otentha ophatikizika amakambidwa, omwe ndi dongosolo lofananira la ma gels ozizira komanso otentha osintha. Kufufuza kwa pepalali kumapereka chitsanzo chazongopeka kuti apereke chitsogozo chamaganizo pa chitukuko ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zapadera zoyendetsedwa ndi kutentha. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wa pepalali zili ndi phindu longoyerekeza. Kufufuza kwa pepalali kumakhudza kuphatikizika kwa chakudya, zinthu, gel ndi kuphatikiza ndi maphunziro ena. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa nthawi ndi njira zofufuzira, kafukufuku wa mutuwu akadali ndi mfundo zambiri zosamalizidwa, zomwe zingathe kuzama ndikuwongolera kuchokera kuzinthu zotsatirazi. kulitsa:

Zongoganizira:

1. Kufufuza zotsatira za magawo osiyanasiyana anthambi, kulemera kwa maselo ndi mitundu ya HPS pa rheological properties, katundu wa nembanemba, morphology ya gawo, ndi kuyanjana kwa dongosolo la pawiri, ndi kufufuza lamulo la chikoka chake pa mapangidwe a gel osakaniza. dongosolo.
2. Fufuzani zotsatira za HPMC hydroxypropyl substitution degree, methoxyl substitution degree, kulemera kwa maselo ndi gwero la rheological properties, katundu wa gel, katundu wa membrane ndi machitidwe a dongosolo la pawiri, ndi kusanthula zotsatira za HPMC kusintha kwa mankhwala pa condensation pawiri. Chikoka lamulo la gel osakaniza makina.
3. Mphamvu ya mchere, pH, plasticizer, cross-linking agent, antibacterial agent ndi machitidwe ena apawiri pazinthu za rheological, katundu wa gel, kapangidwe ka membrane ndi katundu ndi malamulo awo adaphunzira.

Ntchito:

1. Konzani chilinganizo cha ma phukusi opangira paketi zokometsera, mapaketi amasamba ndi sopo olimba, ndikuwerengera momwe zokometsera, masamba ndi sopo zimasungidwa munthawi yosungira, makina amakina azinthu, komanso kusintha kwa magwiridwe antchito akakumana ndi mphamvu zakunja. , ndi Kusungunuka kwamadzi ndi index yaukhondo yazinthuzo. Itha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pazakudya za granulated monga khofi ndi tiyi wamkaka, komanso kulongedza makeke, tchizi, mchere ndi zakudya zina.
2. Konzani kamangidwe ka kagwiritsidwe ka makapisozi a zomera zamankhwala, pitilizani kuphunzira momwe amagwirira ntchito komanso kusankha koyenera kwa othandizira, ndikukonzekeretsa makapisozi opanda kanthu. Zizindikiro zakuthupi ndi zamankhwala monga friability, nthawi yowonongeka, heavy metal content, ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda adayesedwa.
3. Pakuti mwatsopano kusunga ntchito zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, nyama nyama, etc., malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana processing kupopera mbewu, kuviika, ndi kupenta, kusankha chilinganizo choyenera, ndi kuphunzira mlingo wovunda zipatso, kutaya chinyezi, kudya zakudya, kuuma. zamasamba pambuyo pakulongedza panthawi yosungira, gloss ndi kukoma ndi zizindikiro zina; mtundu, pH, mtengo wa TVB-N, thiobarbituric acid ndi chiwerengero cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pambuyo polongedza.