Kodi mungapangire bwanji cellulose ether?

Cellulose ether ndi mtundu wa cellulose yotengedwa kuchokera ku etherification kusinthidwa kwa cellulose. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwake, emulsification, kuyimitsidwa, kupanga filimu, colloid yoteteza, kusunga chinyezi, ndi zomatira. Zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chuma cha dziko mu kafukufuku wa sayansi ndi mafakitale monga chakudya, mankhwala, mapepala, zokutira, zomangira, kubwezeretsa mafuta, nsalu ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. Mu pepala ili, kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku wa etherification kusinthidwa kwa cellulose kumawunikiridwa.

Ma celluloseetherndi organic polima wochuluka kwambiri m'chilengedwe. Ndi zongowonjezwdwa, zobiriwira ndi biocompatible. Ndi zofunika zofunika zopangira mankhwala engineering. Malinga ndi zolowa m'malo osiyanasiyana pa molekyulu yomwe imapezeka kuchokera ku etherification reaction, imatha kugawidwa m'ma ethers amodzi ndikusakanikirana. cellulose ether.Ndife pano iwunikanso momwe kafukufukuyu akuyendera pa kaphatikizidwe ka ma etha amodzi, kuphatikiza ma ether alkyl, ma ether a hydroxyalkyl, ma ether a carboxyalkyl, ndi ma ether osakanikirana.

Mawu ofunikira: cellulose ether, etherification, ether imodzi, ether wosakanizidwa, kupita patsogolo kwa kafukufuku

1.Etherification reaction ya cellulose

The etherification zochita za cellulose ether ndichofunikira kwambiri cha cellulose derivatization reaction.Etherification of cellulose ndi mndandanda wa zotumphukira zomwe zimapangidwa ndi zomwe magulu a hydroxyl pa cellulose maselo unyolo ndi alkylating agents pansi pa zinthu zamchere. Pali mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala a cellulose ether, omwe amatha kugawidwa m'ma ethers amodzi ndi ma ether osakanikirana molingana ndi zolowa m'malo osiyanasiyana pa mamolekyu omwe amapezeka ku etherification reaction. Ma ether amodzi amatha kugawidwa mu alkyl ethers, hydroxyalkyl ethers ndi carboxyalkyl ethers, ndipo ma ether osakanikirana amatanthawuza ma ether okhala ndi magulu awiri kapena kupitilira apo olumikizidwa mu kapangidwe ka maselo. Pakati pa zinthu za cellulose ether, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) amaimiridwa, mwa zomwe Zina zagulitsidwa.

2.Kuphatikizika kwa cellulose ether

2.1 Kaphatikizidwe ka ether imodzi

Ma ether amodzi amaphatikiza ma alkyl ethers (monga ethyl cellulose, propyl cellulose, phenyl cellulose, cyanoethyl cellulose, etc.), ma ether a hydroxyalkyl (monga hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, etc. ), carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose cellulose etc.).

2.1.1 Kaphatikizidwe ka alkyl ethers

Berglund et al adalandira chithandizo choyamba cha cellulose ndi njira ya NaOH yowonjezeredwa ndi ethyl chloride, kenako anawonjezera methyl chloride pa kutentha kwa 65.°C ku 90°C ndi kukakamizidwa kwa 3bar mpaka 15bar, ndipo adachita kupanga methyl cellulose ether. Njirayi ikhoza kukhala yothandiza kwambiri Kupeza ma ether osungunuka a methyl cellulose okhala ndi magawo osiyanasiyana olowa m'malo.

Ethylcellulose ndi woyera thermoplastic granule kapena ufa. Zinthu zonse zili ndi 44% ~ 49% ethoxy. Zosungunuka m'madzi ambiri osungunulira, osasungunuka m'madzi. zamkati kapena thonje linters ndi 40% ~ 50% sodium hydroxide amadzimadzi njira, ndi mapadi alkalized anali ethoxylated ndi ethyl kolorayidi kubala ethyl mapadi. anapangidwa bwino ethyl mapadi (EC) ndi ethoxy zili 43.98% ndi sitepe imodzi njira pochita mapadi ndi owonjezera ethyl kolorayidi ndi sodium hydroxide, ntchito toluene monga diluent. Toluene idagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera pakuyesa. Pa etherification anachita, izo sizingakhoze kulimbikitsa mayamwidwe a ethyl kolorayidi kuti alkali mapadi, komanso kupasuka kwambiri m'malo ethyl mapadi. Pa zomwe zimachitikira, gawo losakhudzidwa likhoza kuwululidwa mosalekeza, kupanga wothandizira etherification N'zosavuta kuwukira, kotero kuti ethylation reaction imasintha kuchokera kumagulu osiyanasiyana kupita ku homogeneous, ndi kugawa kwazinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mankhwala zimakhala zofanana.

adagwiritsa ntchito ethyl bromide ngati etherification agent ndi tetrahydrofuran monga diluent kuti apange ethyl cellulose (EC), ndipo adawonetsa kapangidwe kake ndi infuraredi spectroscopy, nyukiliya maginito resonance ndi gel permeation chromatography. Amawerengeredwa kuti digiri ya m'malo apanga ethyl mapadi ndi za 2.5, maselo misa kugawa ndi yopapatiza, ndipo ali solubility wabwino mu zosungunulira organic.

cyanoethyl mapadi (CEC) kudzera homogeneous ndi heterogeneous njira ntchito mapadi ndi madigiri osiyana polymerization monga zopangira, ndipo anakonza wandiweyani CEC nembanemba zipangizo ndi njira kuponyera ndi otentha kukanikiza. Porous CEC nembanemba anakonzedwa ndi zosungunulira-induced gawo kulekana (NIPS) luso, ndi barium titanate / cyanoethyl mapadi (BT/CEC) nanocomposite nembanemba zipangizo zinakonzedwa ndi NIPS luso, ndi mapangidwe awo ndi katundu anaphunzira.

ntchito kudzikonda anayamba mapadi zosungunulira (alkali/urea njira) monga anachita sing'anga kuti homogeneously synthesize cyanoethyl mapadi (CEC) ndi acrylonitrile monga etherification wothandizira, ndipo anachita kafukufuku pa kapangidwe, katundu ndi ntchito za mankhwala. phunzirani mozama. Ndipo powongolera zochitika zosiyanasiyana, ma CEC angapo okhala ndi DS kuyambira 0.26 mpaka 1.81 atha kupezeka.

2.1.2 Kaphatikizidwe ka hydroxyalkyl ethers

Fan Junlin et al anakonza hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) mu 500 L riyakitala pogwiritsa ntchito thonje woyengedwa ngati zopangira ndi 87.7% isopropanol-madzi monga zosungunulira ndi sitepe alkalization, tsatane-tsatane neutralization ndi sitepe ndi sitepe etherification. . Zotsatira zinasonyeza kuti hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) yokonzeka inali ndi molar m'malo mwa MS wa 2.2-2.9, kufika pamtunda womwewo monga malonda a Dows 250 HEC mankhwala ndi molar m'malo mwa 2.2-2.4. Kugwiritsa ntchito HEC popanga utoto wa latex kumatha kupititsa patsogolo mawonekedwe a filimu ndikuwongolera utoto wa latex.

Liu Dan ndi ena anakambirana za kukonzekera quaternary ammonium mchere cationic hydroxyethyl mapadi ndi theka-youma njira ya hydroxyethyl mapadi (HEC) ndi 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium kolorayidi (GTA) pansi pa zochita za alkali catalysis. ether mikhalidwe. Zotsatira za kuwonjezera cationic hydroxyethyl cellulose ether papepala zidafufuzidwa. The experimental zotsatira zimasonyeza kuti: mu bleached hardwood zamkati, pamene m'malo digiri ya cationic hydroxyethyl mapadi efa ndi 0,26, okwana posungira mlingo ukuwonjezeka ndi 9%, ndi madzi kusefera mlingo ukuwonjezeka ndi 14%; mu bleached hardwood zamkati, pamene kuchuluka kwa cationic hydroxyethyl mapadi efa ndi 0,08% ya zamkati CHIKWANGWANI, ali kwambiri kulimbikitsa zotsatira pa pepala; kukula kwa mlingo wa m'malo wa cationic mapadi efa, kuchulukira kwa cationic mlandu kachulukidwe, ndi bwino kulimbikitsa zotsatira.

Zhanhong amagwiritsa ntchito njira yamadzimadzi yopangira hydroxyethyl cellulose yokhala ndi kukhuthala kwamtengo wa 5.×104 mPa·s kapena kupitilira apo ndi mtengo wa phulusa wochepera 0.3% kudzera munjira ziwiri za alkalization ndi etherification. Njira ziwiri za alkalization zinagwiritsidwa ntchito. Njira yoyamba ndiyo kugwiritsa ntchito acetone ngati diluent. Ma cellulose zopangira zimakhazikitsidwa mwachindunji mumtundu wina wa sodium hydroxide amadzimadzi. Pambuyo pakuchitapo kwa basification kukuchitika, wothandizira etherification amawonjezedwa kuti achite zomwe etherification. Njira yachiwiri ndi yakuti mapadi zopangira ndi alkalized mu amadzimadzi njira ya sodium hydroxide ndi urea, ndi mapadi alkali anakonza njira imeneyi ayenera kufinyidwa kuchotsa owonjezera lye pamaso anachita etherification. Zotsatira zoyesera zikuwonetsa kuti zinthu monga kuchuluka kwa diluent osankhidwa, kuchuluka kwa ethylene oxide kuwonjezeredwa, nthawi ya alkalization, kutentha ndi nthawi yoyamba kuchitapo kanthu, komanso kutentha ndi nthawi yakuchita kwachiwiri zonse zimakhudza kwambiri magwiridwe antchito. za mankhwala.

Xu Qin et al. anachita etherification anachita za alkali mapadi ndi propylene okusayidi, ndi synthesized hydroxypropyl mapadi (HPC) ndi digiri otsika m'malo ndi mpweya-olimba gawo njira. Zotsatira za gawo lalikulu la propylene oxide, kufinya chiŵerengero ndi kutentha kwa etherification pa digiri ya etherification ya HPC ndi kugwiritsa ntchito bwino kwa propylene oxide kunaphunziridwa. Zotsatira zasonyeza kuti momwe akadakwanitsira kaphatikizidwe zinthu HPC anali propylene okusayidi misa kachigawo 20% (misa chiŵerengero kwa mapadi), alkali mapadi extrusion chiŵerengero 3.0, ndi kutentha etherification 60.°C. Mayeso a kamangidwe ka HPC ndi nyukiliya maginito resonance amasonyeza kuti mlingo wa etherification wa HPC ndi 0,23, mphamvu magwiritsidwe mlingo wa propylene okusayidi ndi 41.51%, ndi mapadi unyolo maselo bwinobwino kugwirizana ndi magulu hydroxypropyl.

Kong Xingjie et al. anakonza hydroxypropyl mapadi ndi ayoni madzi monga zosungunulira kuzindikira homogeneous anachita mapadi kuti azindikire lamulo la zimene ndondomeko ndi mankhwala. Pa kuyesera, kupanga imidazole mankwala ayoni madzi 1, 3-diethylimidazole diethyl mankwala ntchito kupasuka microcrystalline mapadi, ndi mapadi hydroxypropyl analandira kudzera alkalization, etherification, acidification, ndi kutsuka.

2.1.3 Kaphatikizidwe ka carboxyalkyl ethers

Carboxymethyl cellulose kwambiri ndi carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). Njira yamadzimadzi ya carboxymethyl cellulose imakhala ndi ntchito za thickening, kupanga filimu, kugwirizana, kusunga madzi, kuteteza colloid, emulsification ndi kuyimitsidwa, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochapa. Mankhwala, chakudya, mankhwala otsukira mano, nsalu, kusindikiza ndi utoto, mapepala, mafuta, migodi, mankhwala, ziwiya zadothi, zipangizo zamagetsi, mphira, utoto, mankhwala, zodzoladzola, zikopa, mapulasitiki ndi kubowola mafuta, etc.

Mu 1918, German E. Jansen anatulukira njira yopangira carboxymethyl cellulose. Mu 1940, fakitale ya Kalle ya German IG Farbeninaustrie Company inazindikira kupanga mafakitale. Mu 1947, Wyandotle Chemical Company ya ku United States idakwanitsa kupanga njira yopitilirabe. dziko langa lidayamba kuyika ku mafakitale a CMC ku Shanghai Celluloid Factory mu 1958. Carboxymethyl cellulose ndi cellulose ether yopangidwa kuchokera ku thonje loyengedwa pansi pa zochita za sodium hydroxide ndi chloroacetic acid. Njira zake zopangira mafakitale zitha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: njira yopangira madzi ndi njira yosungunulira molingana ndi ma etherification media osiyanasiyana. Njira yogwiritsira ntchito madzi monga njira yochitiramo imatchedwa njira yamadzi yamadzi, ndipo njira yomwe ili ndi zosungunulira za organic mu sing'angayo imatchedwa njira yosungunulira.

Ndikukula kwa kafukufuku komanso kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, zatsopano zomwe zachitika zagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga carboxymethyl cellulose, ndipo makina atsopano osungunulira amakhudza kwambiri momwe amachitira kapena mtundu wazinthu. Olaru et al. anapeza kuti carboxymethylation reaction ya cellulose pogwiritsa ntchito ethanol-acetone mix system ndi yabwino kuposa ya ethanol kapena acetone yokha. Nicholson et al. Mudongosolo, CMC yokhala ndi digiri yochepa yolowa m'malo idakonzedwa. Philipp et al adakonzekera CMC yolowa m'malo N-methylmorpholine-N oxide ndi N, N dimethylacetamide/lithium kloride zosungunulira machitidwe motero. Cai et al. adapanga njira yokonzekera CMC mu dongosolo la zosungunulira la NaOH/urea. Ramos ndi al. adagwiritsa ntchito DMSO/tetrabutylammonium fluoride ionic liquid system ngati chosungunulira ku carboxymethylate zopangira za cellulose zoyengedwa kuchokera ku thonje ndi sisal, ndipo adapeza chinthu cha CMC chokhala ndi digirii yolowa m'malo mwake mpaka 2.17. Chen Jinghuan et al. ntchito mapadi ndi mkulu zamkati ndende (20%) monga zopangira, sodium hydroxide ndi acrylamide monga reagents kusinthidwa, ikuchitika carboxyethylation kusinthidwa anachita pa nthawi ndi kutentha, ndipo potsiriza anapeza carboxyethyl m'munsi mapadi. Zomwe zili mu carboxyethyl zomwe zasinthidwa zimatha kusinthidwa ndikusintha kuchuluka kwa sodium hydroxide ndi acrylamide.

2.2 Kaphatikizidwe ka ma ether osakanikirana

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether ndi mtundu wa ether wopanda polar cellulose sungunuka m'madzi ozizira otengedwa kuchokera ku cellulose yachilengedwe kudzera mu alkalization ndi etherification kusinthidwa. Iwo ali alkalized ndi sodium hydroxide njira ndipo anawonjezera ena Kuchuluka kwa isopropanol ndi toluene zosungunulira, ndi etherification wothandizila kuti utenga ndi methyl kolorayidi ndi propylene okusayidi.

Dai Mingyun et al. adagwiritsa ntchito hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) ngati msana wa hydrophilic polima, ndikulumikiza hydrophobizing agent butyl glycidyl ether (BGE) pamsana ndi etherification reaction kuti asinthe gulu la hydrophobic butyl. Mlingo wa kulowetsedwa kwa gululo, kuti likhale ndi hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value value, ndi kutentha kwa 2-hydroxy-3-butoxypropyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (HBPEC) yakonzedwa; katundu wothandizira kutentha amakonzedwa Zida zogwiritsira ntchito pa cellulose zimapereka njira yatsopano yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zogwirira ntchito pamagulu a mankhwala omasulidwa ndi biology.

Chen Yangming ndi ena ntchito hydroxyethyl mapadi ngati zopangira, ndi isopropanol dongosolo njira, anawonjezera pang'ono Na2B4O7 kuti reactant kwa homogeneous anachita kukonzekera wosanganiza etha hydroxyethyl carboxymethyl mapadi. Zogulitsazo zimakhala nthawi yomweyo m'madzi, ndipo kukhuthala kwake kumakhala kokhazikika.

Wang Peng amagwiritsa ntchito thonje woyengedwa wachilengedwe wa cellulose ngati zopangira zoyambira, ndipo amagwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi yopangira etherification kuti apange carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl cellulose ndi zomwe zimachitikira yunifolomu, kukhuthala kwakukulu, kukana bwino kwa asidi ndi kukana mchere kudzera mu alkalization ndi etherification reaction Compound ether. Pogwiritsa ntchito gawo limodzi la etherification, cellulose yopangidwa ndi carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl imakhala ndi kukana kwa mchere wabwino, kukana kwa asidi komanso kusungunuka. Posintha kuchuluka kwa propylene oxide ndi chloroacetic acid, zinthu zomwe zili ndi carboxymethyl ndi hydroxypropyl zosiyanasiyana zimatha kukonzedwa. Zotsatira zoyeserera zikuwonetsa kuti cellulose ya carboxymethyl hydroxypropyl yopangidwa ndi njira imodzi imakhala ndi kadulidwe kakang'ono kakupanga, kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira zochepa, ndipo mankhwalawa amakana kwambiri mchere wonyezimira komanso wa divalent komanso kukana kwa asidi wabwino. Poyerekeza ndi zinthu zina za cellulose ether, zimakhala ndi mpikisano wamphamvu pazakudya komanso kufufuza mafuta.

Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) ndiye mtundu wosunthika komanso wochita bwino kwambiri pakati pamitundu yonse ya cellulose, ndipo imayimiranso malonda pakati pa ma ether osakanikirana. Mu 1927, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) idapangidwa bwino ndikudzipatula. Mu 1938, Dow Chemical Co. ya ku United States inazindikira kupanga mafakitale a methyl cellulose ndikupanga chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha "Methocel". Kupanga mafakitale akuluakulu a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose kunayamba ku United States mu 1948. Njira yopangira HPMC ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: njira ya gasi ndi njira yamadzimadzi. Pakali pano, mayiko otukuka monga Europe, America ndi Japan kwambiri kutengera ndondomeko gasi gawo, ndi kupanga zoweta HPMC makamaka zochokera ndondomeko madzi gawo.

Zhang Shuangjian ndi ena oyenga thonje ufa monga zopangira, alkaliized ndi sodium hydroxide mu anachita zosungunulira sing'anga toluene ndi isopropanol, etherified ndi etherifying wothandizila propylene okusayidi ndi methyl kolorayidi, anachita ndi kukonzekera mtundu wa nthawi yomweyo hydroxypropyl methyl alcohol base cellulose ether.

3. Maonekedwe

Cellulose ndi chinthu chofunikira chamankhwala komanso mankhwala omwe ali ndi zinthu zambiri, zobiriwira komanso zachilengedwe, komanso zongowonjezwdwa. Zomwe zimachokera ku kusinthidwa kwa cellulose etherification zimakhala ndi ntchito zabwino kwambiri, zogwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana komanso zotsatira zabwino kwambiri zogwiritsira ntchito, ndikukwaniritsa zosowa za chuma cha dziko lonse. Ndipo zosowa za chitukuko cha anthu, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo kopitilira patsogolo komanso kukwaniritsidwa kwa malonda m'tsogolomu, ngati zida zopangira ndi njira zopangira zotumphukira za cellulose zitha kukhala zamakampani, zidzagwiritsidwa ntchito mokwanira ndikuzindikira ntchito zambiri. Mtengo.