Te whakahiato me nga ahuatanga o te superplasticizer cellulose etera wairewa

I tua atu, i rite te miro cellulose ki te taumata Ling-atu o te polymerization me te tauhohe ki te konutai waihā, 1,4 monobutylsulfonolate (1,4, butanesultone). sulfobutylated cellulose ether (SBC) me te wairewa pai i whiwhi. I akohia nga paanga o te pāmahana tauhohenga, te wa tauhohenga me te ōwehenga rauemi mata ki runga i te butyl sulfonate cellulose ether. I whiwhi nga tikanga tauhohenga tino pai, a ko te hanganga o te hua i tohuhia e te FTIR. Na roto i te ako i te paanga o te SBC ki nga ahuatanga o te whakapiri ciment me te moata, ka kitea he rite te hua o te hua whakaheke wai ki te raupapa naphthalene wai whakaheke wai, a, ko te pupuri wai he pai ake i te raupapa naphthalene.kaihoko whakaheke wai. Ko te SBC he rereke nga ahuatanga o te kirikiri me nga ihirangi whanariki he rereke te ahua o nga taonga whakaroa mo te whakapiri ciment. No reira, ko te whakaaro ka noho a SBC hei kaihoko whakaheke wai whakaroa, hei whakaroa i te kaihoko whakaheke wai, tae noa ki te kaihoko whakaheke wai. Ko ona ahuatanga ka tino whakatauhia e tona hanganga ngota.

kupu matua:cellulose; tohu taurite o te polymerization; Butyl sulfonate cellulose ether; He kaihoko whakaheke wai

Ko te whakawhanaketanga me te whakamahinga o te raima mahi teitei e tino hono ana ki te rangahau me te whakawhanaketanga o te raima whakaheke wai-whakaiti. Na te ahua o te kaihoko whakaheke wai ka taea e te raima te whakarite i te kaha o te mahi, te pai o te mauroa me te kaha teitei. I tenei wa, ko te nuinga o nga momo momo whakaheke wai tino whai hua e whakamahia whanuitia ana: naphthalene raupapa wai whakaheke wai (SNF), sulfonated amine resin raupapa wai whakaheke wai (SMF), amino sulfonate raupapa wai whakaiti kaihoko (ASP), whakarerekē lignosulfonate raupapa wai whakaheke wai (ML), me te waikawa polycarboxylic raupapa wai whakaheke wai (PC), he kaha ake ki te rangahau o naianei. Ko te superplasticizer waikawa polycarboxylic he painga o te ngaronga o te wa iti, te iti o te inenga me te rere o te raima. Heoi, na te utu nui, he uaua ki te rongonui i Haina. Na reira, ko te naphthalene superplasticizer tonu te tono matua i Haina. Ko te nuinga o nga matū whakaheke wai e whakamahi ana i te formaldehyde me etahi atu matū karekau he iti te taumaha o te ngota ngota, ka kino pea te taiao i roto i te mahi whakahiato me te whakamahi.

Ko te whakawhanaketanga o nga whakauru raima i te kainga me nga whenua o waho ka pa ki te kore o nga rawa matū, te piki o te utu me etahi atu raru. Me pehea te whakamahi iti me te nui o nga rawa whakahiato maori hei rawa maata ki te whakawhanake i nga whakauru raima mahi teitei ka noho hei kaupapa nui mo te rangahau whakauru raima. Ko te māngaro me te cellulose ngā tino māngai o tēnei momo rauemi. Na te whanuitanga o nga rauemi mata, ka taea te whakahou, te ngawari ki te tauhohe me etahi reagents, ka whakamahia nuitia o raatau hua ki nga waahi rereke. I tenei wa, kua ahu whakamua te rangahau mo te maaka whanariki hei whakaheke wai. I roto i nga tau tata nei, ko nga rangahau mo te wai-wairewa cellulose pärönaki i te wai-whakaiti āpiha kua hoki aro o te iwi. Liu Weizhe et al. whakamahia muka miro huruhuru hei rauemi mata ki te synthesize cellulose pūkawa ngāwha ki rerekē taimaha rāpoi whanaunga me te tohu o te whakakapinga. A, no te tona tohu o te whakakapinga i roto i tetahi awhe, ka taea e ia te whakapai ake i te fluidity o slurry sima me te kaha o te tinana whakatōpū sima. E ai ki te patene ko etahi o nga pärönaki polysaccharide na roto i te tauhohenga matū ki te whakauru i nga roopu hydrophilic kaha, ka taea te whiwhi i runga i te ciment me te marara pai o te wai-wairewa polysaccharide derivatives, penei i te konutai carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl sulfonate cellulose me etahi atu. Heoi, Knaus et al. i kitea ko te CMHEC te ahua kaore e pai mo te whakamahi hei kaihoko whakaheke wai raima. Anake ka whakaurua te rōpū waikawa sulfonic ki CMC me CMHEC rāpoi ngota, me tona taimaha rāpoi whanaunga ko 1.0 ×105 ~ 1.5 ×105 g/mol, kia whai i te mahi o te raima wai whakaiti kaihoko. He rereke nga whakaaro e pa ana ki te mea e tika ana etahi o nga wai-wai-wairewa-wairewa-a-te-wai-a-te-wai-a-te-wai-a-waa-a-waa he maha nga momo o te wai-wairewa cellulose pärönaki, no reira he mea tika ki te whakahaere rangahau hohonu me te nahanaha mo te whakahiato me te tono o nga pärönaki cellulose hou.

I roto i tenei pepa, i whakamahia te miro cellulose rite te rauemi timata ki te whakarite taurite polymerization tohu cellulose, a ka na roto i te konutai waihā waihā alkaliization, tīpako i te pāmahana tauhohenga tika, wa tauhohenga me te 1,4 monobutyl sulfonolactone tauhohenga, te whakataki o te rōpū waikawa sulfonic i runga i te cellulose rāpoi ngota, te wai-wairewa butyl sulfonic acid cellulose ether (SBC) tātari hanganga me te whakamatautau tono. I korerohia te kaha ki te whakamahi hei kaihoko whakaheke wai.

1. Whakamatau

1.1 Maata me nga taputapu

Miro absorbent; konutai waihā (parakore tātari); Waikawa pūmāota (36% ~ 37% wairewa wai, parakore tātari); Ko te waipiro Isopropyl (he parakore te tātari); 1,4 monobutyl sulfonolactone (koeke ahumahi, e whakaratohia ana e Siping Fine Chemical Plant); 32.5R noa Portland ciment (Dalian Onoda Cement Factory); Naphthalene raupapa superplasticizer (SNF, Dalian Sicca).

Spectrum One-B Fourier Transform tūāwhiorangi pōkākā, i hangaia e Perkin Elmer.

IRIS Advantage Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (IcP-AEs), i hangaia e Thermo Jarrell Ash Co.

I whakamahia te kaitirotiro pea a ZETAPLUS (Brookhaven Instruments, USA) ki te ine i te kaha o te slurry ciment i konatunatua ki te SBC.

1.2 Tikanga whakarite mo te SBC

I te tuatahi, i whakaritea te cellulose tohu polymerization taurite i runga i nga tikanga i whakaahuatia i roto i nga tuhinga. I paunatia he nui o te miro cellulose ka whakauruhia ki roto i te ipu e toru-ara. I raro i te whakamarumaru o te hauota, ka taapirihia te waikawa waikawa waikawa me te kukū o te 6%, a ka kaha te whakaohooho i te ranunga. Katahi ka whakatārewatia ki te waipiro isopropyl i roto i te ipu e toru-waha, kawakawahia mo tetahi wa ki te 30% konutai waikawa wairewa wai, ka paunatia he nui o te 1,4 monobutyl sulfonolactone, ka maka ki roto ki te ipu toru-waha, ka oho i te i taua wa ano, ka mau tonu te pāmahana o te kaukau wai mahana tonu. I muri i te tauhohenga mo etahi wa, ka whakamataohia te hua ki te pāmahana rūma, ka whakahekehia ki te waipiro isopropyl, ka pupuhihia, ka tātarihia, ka riro mai te hua kino. I muri i te horoinga me te wairewa wai methanol mo nga wa maha, ka pupuhihia, ka tātarihia, ka maroke te hua ki te 60 ℃ hei whakamahi.

1.3 inenga mahi SBC

I rewa te hua SBC i roto i te 0.1 mol/L NaNO3 wairewa wai, a ko te pokey o ia waahi waimeha o te tauira i inehia e te Ustner viscometer ki te tatau i tona ahuatanga pokey. Ko te ihirangi whanariki o te hua i whakatauhia e te taputapu ICP - AES. I tangohia nga tauira SBC ma te acetone, ka whakamarokehia, ka tata ki te 5 mg nga tauira ka kuia ka pehia tahitia me te KBr hei whakarite tauira. I whakahaerehia te whakamatautau hiranga infrared i runga i nga tauira SBC me te cellulose. I whakaritea te whakatārewatanga ciment ki te ōwehenga wai-ciment o 400 me te ihirangi kaihoko whakaiti wai o te 1% o te papatipu sima. I whakamatauria tona kaha i roto i te 3 min.

Ka inehia te rere o te wai slurry ciment me te reiti whakaheke wai moata sima i runga i te GB/T 8077-2000 “Te tikanga whakamatautau mo te riterite o te whakauru raima”, mw/me= 0.35. Ko te whakamatautau i te wa waahi o te whakapiri ciment ka mahia i runga i te GB / T 1346-2001 "Te Tikanga Whakamatau mo te Whakamahi Wai, Te Waa Whakaritea me te Whakaaetanga o te Whakaaetanga Paerewa Cement". Ko te kaha o te kaha o te moata ciment i runga i te GB / T 17671-1999 "Te tikanga whakamatautau kaha moata ciment (te tikanga IS0)" te tikanga whakatau.

2. Nga hua me te matapaki

2.1 IR tātaritanga o SBC

Ko te hiranga infrared o te cellulose mata me te hua SBC. Na te mea he tino ngoikore te tihi absorption o S — C me S — H, e kore e pai mo te tautuhi, i te mea he kaha te s=o peak absorption. No reira, ka taea te whakatau i te noho o te roopu waikawa sulfonic i roto i te hanganga ngota ma te whakatau i te noho o te tihi S=O. E ai ki te tuāwhiorangi pōkākā o raw rauemi cellulose me te hua SBC, i roto i te hihinga cellulose, i reira ko te tihi absorption kaha tata te tau ngaru 3350 cm-1, whakarōpūtia nei rite te hydroxyl totoro wiri tihi i roto i te cellulose. Ko te tihi tino kaha ake i te taha ngaru 2 900 cm-1 ko te methylene (CH2 1) totoro te tihi wiri. Ko te raupapa o nga roopu kei roto ko te 1060, 1170, 1120 me te 1010 cm-1 e whakaata ana i nga tihi toronga wiri o te roopu hydroxyl me nga tihi wiri piko o te here ether (C — o — C). Ko te tau ngaru huri noa i te 1650 cm-1 e whakaata ana i te tihi o te whakauru here hauwai i hangaia e te roopu hauwai me te wai kore. Ko te roopu 1440~1340 cm-1 e whakaatu ana i te hanganga tioata o te cellulose. I roto i te IR spectra o SBC, kua ngoikore te kaha o te roopu 1440~1340 cm-1. Ko te kaha o te tihi absorption tata ki te 1650 cm-1 i piki ake, e tohu ana i kaha ake te kaha ki te hanga i nga here hauwai. I puta mai nga tihi o te whakauru kaha ki te 1180,628 cm-1, kaore i kitea i roto i te hihinga infrared o te cellulose. Ko te mea o mua ko te peak absorption āhuatanga o te here s=o, ko te mea whakamutunga ko te peak absorption āhuatanga o te here s=o. E ai ki te tātaritanga i runga ake nei, kei te noho te roopu waikawa sulfonic i runga i te mekameka ngota o te cellulose i muri i te tauhohenga etherification.

2.2 Te awe o nga tikanga tauhohenga ki te mahinga SBC

Ka kitea mai i te hononga i waenga i nga tikanga tauhohenga me nga ahuatanga o te SBC ko te pāmahana, te wa tauhohenga me te ōwehenga rauemi ka pa ki nga ahuatanga o nga hua kua whakahiatotia. Ko te memehatanga o nga hua SBC ka whakatauhia e te roa o te wa e hiahiatia ana mo te hua 1g kia memeha katoa i roto i te 100mL wai whakakorehia i te pāmahana rūma; I roto i te whakamatautau tere whakaheke wai o te kumete, ko te ihirangi SBC he 1.0% o te papatipu ciment. I tua atu, i te mea ko te cellulose te nuinga o te waeine anhydroglucose (AGU), ka kiia te nui o te cellulose hei AGU ka tatauhia te tauwehenga tauhohenga. Ka whakatauritea ki te SBCl ~ SBC5, he iti ake te viscosity intrinsic a SBC6 me te ihirangi whanariki teitei ake, a ko te reiti whakaheke wai o te kumete he 11.2%. Ka taea e te ahua o te pokey o SBC te whakaata i tona papatipu ngota ngota. Ko te tino pokey ahua nui e tohu ana he nui te papatipu ngota ngota whanaunga. Heoi, i tenei wa, ka tino piki ake te pokey o te wairewa wai me te rite tonu o te kukū, a ka iti te neke haere noa o nga macromolecules, e kore e pai ki te whakauru ki runga i te mata o nga matūriki ciment, na reira ka pa ki te takaro o te wai. te whakaiti i te mahi marara o SBC. He tiketike te ihirangi whanariki o te SBC, e tohu ana he tiketike te tohu whakakapinga butyl sulfonate, he nui ake te utu o te mekameka ngota ngota SBC, he kaha te paanga o te mata matūriki ciment, no reira he kaha ano te marara o nga matūriki ciment.

I roto i te etherification o te cellulose, i roto i te tikanga ki te whakapai ake i te tohu etherification me te kounga hua, te tikanga o te maha alkalization etherification te tikanga whakamahia. Ko te SBC7 me te SBC8 nga hua ka riro mai i te whakaetere o te alkaliization mo te 1 me te 2 nga wa. Ma te mohio, he iti te ahua o te pokey me te nui o te whanariki, he pai te whakarewatanga o te wai whakamutunga, ko te reiti whakaheke wai o te kumete ciment ka eke ki te 14.8% me te 16.5%. Na reira, i roto i nga whakamatautau e whai ake nei, ka whakamahia a SBC6, SBC7 me SBC8 hei taonga rangahau hei matapaki i o raatau paanga ki te whakapiri sima me te moata.

2.3 Te awenga o te SBC ki runga i nga taonga ciment

2.3.1 Te awe o te SBC ki te rere o te whakapiri ciment

Te awenga o te awe o te wai whakaheke i te ihirangi maatete ki te rere o te whakapiri sima. Ko te SNF he raupapa naphthalene superplasticizer. Ka kitea mai i te awe o te awe o te ihirangi o te kaihoko whakaheke wai i runga i te rerenga o te whakapiri sima, ka iti iho te ihirangi o te SBC8 i te 1.0%, ka piki haere te wai o te whakapiri ciment me te piki o te ihirangi, me te paanga. he rite ki te SNF. Ka nui ake te ihirangi ki te 1.0%, ka heke haere te tipu o te rerenga o te slurry, ka uru te pihi ki te waahi papa. Ka taea te whakaaro ko te ihirangi kukū o SBC8 he 1.0%. He rite ano te ahua o te SBC6 me te SBC7 ki te SBC8, engari he tino teitei ake o ratou ihirangi waiwai i te SBC8, a, ko te tohu whakapai ake o te rerenga slurry ma, kaore i rite ki te SBC8. Heoi, ko te ihirangi kukū o te SNF e tata ana ki te 0.7% ~ 0.8%. Ka piki haere tonu te ihirangi o te SNF, ka piki haere ano te rere o te slurry, engari e ai ki te mowhiti whakaheke toto, ka taea te whakatau ko te pikinga i tenei wa ko tetahi waahanga na te wehenga o te wai toto na te slurry ciment. Hei whakatau, ahakoa he teitei ake te ihirangi kukū o te SBC i tera o te SNF, karekau tonu e kitea te ahua o te toto i te wa e nui atu ana te ihirangi o te SBC i tana ihirangi kukū. Na reira, ka taea te whakatau i mua ko te SBC te painga o te whakaheke i te wai me te pupuri ano i etahi wai, he rereke i te SNF. Me ako ano tenei mahi.

Ka kitea mai i te anau hononga i waenga i te rerenga o te whakapiri ciment me te 1.0% te wai-whakaiti i roto i te kaihoko me te wa he iti rawa te mate o te whakapiri ciment i konatunatua ki te SBC i roto i te 120min, ina koa ko te SBC6, ko te rere o te wai tuatahi he 200mm noa iho. , a he iti iho i te 20%. Ko te ngaronga o te rerenga slurry i roto i te raupapa o SNF>SBC8>SBC7>SBC6. Kua whakaatuhia e nga rangahau ko te naphthalene superplasticizer te nuinga ka uru ki runga i te mata o nga matūriki ciment na roto i te kaha whakakeke o te rererangi. Na te ahunga whakamua o te whakamakuku, ka whakahekehia te toenga o te wai i roto i te slurry, na te mea ka heke haere nga matūriki whakaheke wai i runga i te mata o nga matūriki ciment. Ka ngoikore te aukati i waenga i nga matūriki, ka puta mai te matūriki ciment i te hauhautanga tinana, e whakaatu ana i te hekenga o te rerenga o te slurry kupenga. Na reira, he nui ake te rere o te slurry ciment i konatunatua ki te naphthalene superplasticizer. Heoi, ko te nuinga o nga matū whakaheke wai raupapa naphthalene e whakamahia ana i roto i nga mahi miihini kua tika te konae hei whakapai ake i tenei koha. No reira, mo te pupuri i te moni, he pai ake te SBC ki te SNF.

2.3.2 Te awenga o te pumanawa me te wa whakatakoto o te whakapiri ciment

Whai muri i te taapiri i te matūriki whakaheke wai ki te ranunga sima, ka uruhia e nga matūriki ciment nga matūriki whakaheke wai, na reira ka taea te whakarereke i nga ahuatanga hiko o nga matūriki ciment mai i te pai ki te kino, a ka tino piki te uara. Ko te uara tino o te pumanawa matūriki o te ciment i konatunatua ki te SNF he teitei ake i tera o te SBC. I te wa ano, ko te wa tautuhi o te whakapiri ciment i konatunatua ki te SBC i whakawhānuihia ki nga nekehanga rereke i whakaritea ki te tauira tuwhera, a ko te wa waahi i roto i te raupapa o SBC6> SBC7> SBC8 mai i te roa ki te poto. Ka taea te kite na te hekenga o te ahua o te SBC viscosity me te pikinga o te whanariki, ka poto haere te wa whakatakoto o te whakapiri ciment. Ko tenei na te mea no SBC te polypolysaccharide derivatives, a he maha atu nga roopu hydroxyl i runga i te mekameka ngota, he rereke nga nekehanga o te paanga whakamuri ki te tauhohenga wai o Portland ciment. Tata ki te wha nga momo o nga tikanga a te kaihoko whakaroa, a ko te tikanga o te SBC he penei: I roto i te reo kawakore o te whakamakuku sima, ko te roopu hydroxyl me te Ca2+ koreutu ka hangai i te matatini, na reira ko te kukū o Ca2 10 i te wahanga wai. ka heke, engari ka uru ano ki runga i te mata o nga matūriki ciment me nga hua whakamakuku i runga i te mata o te 02- ki te hanga i nga here hauwai, me etahi atu roopu hydroxyl me nga ngota ngota wai na roto i te hononga hononga hauwai, na te mata o nga matūriki ciment i hanga he paparanga o kiriata wai whakarewa pūmau. No reira, ka whakakorehia te tukanga whakamakuku o te ciment. Heoi, he tino rereke te maha o nga roopu hydroxyl i roto i te mekameka o te SBC me nga momo whanariki rereke, na reira me rereke to raatau awe ki te tukanga whakamahana ciment.

2.3.3 Te tere whakaheke wai moata me te whakamatautau kaha

I te mea ka taea e te mahinga o te moata te whakaatu i te mahi o te raima ki etahi waahanga, ko te nuinga o tenei pepa e rangahau ana i te mahinga o te moata i konatunatua ki te SBC. Ko te kohi wai o te moata i whakaritea kia rite ki te paerewa o te whakamatautau i te reiti whakaheke wai o te moata, kia tae te roha tauira moata (180±5)mm, me te 40 mm × 40 mlTl × 160 nga tauira mira kua rite ki te whakamatautau i te pupuhi. kaha o ia reanga. Ki te whakatauritea ki nga tauira parakore kaore he kaihoko whakaheke wai, kua pai ake te kaha o nga tauira moata me te kaihoko whakaheke wai i ia tau i roto i nga nekehanga rereke. Ko te kaha o te kaha o nga tauira kua tohua me te 1.0% SNF i piki ake ma te 46%, 35% me te 20% i te 3, 7 me te 28 ra. Ko te awe o SBC6, SBC7 me SBC8 i runga i te kaha compressive o te moata kaore i te rite. Ko te kaha o te moata i konatunatua ki te SBC6 ka piki ake i ia tau, a, ko te kaha o te moata i te 3 d, 7 d me te 28d ka piki ake ma te 15%, 3% me te 2%. Ko te kaha compressive o te kumete i konatunatua ki te SBC8 i tino piki ake, a ko tona kaha i te 3, 7 me te 28 ra i piki ake i te 61%, 45% me te 18%, e tohu ana he kaha te kaha o te SBC8 ki te whakaheke i te wai me te whakapakari i te moata ciment.

2.3.4 Te Awenga o nga ahuatanga hanga rapoi SBC

Whakakotahitia ki te tātaritanga o runga ake i runga i te awe o te SBC ki te whakapiri sima me te kumete, ehara i te mea uaua ki te kitea ko te hanganga ngota o te SBC, penei i te ahua o te pokey (e pa ana ki tona taumaha molecular whanaunga, he nui te viscosity āhuatanga whānui, tona whanaunga. he nui te taumaha o te ngota), te ihirangi whanariki (e pa ana ki te tohu whakakapinga o nga roopu hydrophilic kaha i runga i te mekameka ngota, te nui o te whanariki he nui te whakakapinga, me te rereke) ka whakatau i te mahi tono a SBC. A, no te he iti te ihirangi o te SBC8 ki te pokey tino iti me te ihirangi whanariki tiketike, ka taea e whai kaha marara ki te sima matūriki, a he iti ano te ihirangi waiwai, e pā ana ki 1.0%. He poto te roanga o te wa whakatakoto o te whakapiri ciment. Ko te kaha o te kumete o te kumete he rite tonu te rere o te wai i ia tau. Heoi, ko te SBC6 he nui te pokey intrinsic me te iti o te whanariki he iti ake te rere o te wai ina he iti te ihirangi. Heoi, ka piki ake ana ihirangi ki te 1.5%, ka nui ano te kaha o te marara ki te raima matūriki. Heoi, ka roa ake te wa whakatakoto o te slurry parakore, e whakaatu ana i nga ahuatanga o te whakatakotoranga puhoi. He iti te whakapai ake o te kaha o te kumete i raro i nga reanga rereke. I te nuinga o te waa, he pai ake te SBC i te SNF i roto i te pupuri i te wai moata.

3. Whakamutunga

1. Ko te Cellulose me te tohu polymerization taurite i whakaritea mai i te cellulose, i whakahiatohia ki te 1,4 monobutyl sulfonolactone i muri i te NaOH alkaliization, katahi ka whakaritea te butyl sulfonolactone wai-wairewa. Ko nga tikanga tauhohenga tino pai o te hua e whai ake nei: rarangi (Na0H); Na (AGU); n(BS) -2.5:1.0:1.7, ko te 4.5h te wa tauhohenga, ko te 75 ℃ te pāmahana tauhohenga. Ka taea e te whakamaaramatanga me te whakamaarama te whakaiti i te pokey ahua me te whakanui ake i te ihirangi whanariki o te hua.

2. Ka taea e te SBC te ahua o te pokey me te whanariki te whakapai ake i te rere o te slurry ciment me te whakapai ake i te mate wai. Ka eke te reiti whakaheke wai o te kumete ki te 16.5%, ka tino piki te kaha o te kumete o te tauira moata i ia tau.

3. Ko te whakamahinga o te SBC hei kaihoko whakaheke wai e whakaatu ana i tetahi tohu o te whakaheke. I raro i te ahua o te pokey ahua e tika ana, ka taea te whiwhi i te kaihoko whakaheke wai tino pai ma te whakanui ake i te ihirangi whanariki me te whakaheke i te tohu whakaheke. Ma te korero ki nga paerewa a-motu e tika ana mo nga whakauru raima, ko te whakaaro ka noho a SBC hei kaihoko whakaheke wai me te uara tono whaihua, hei aukati i te wai whakaheke wai, hei aukati i te kaha o te kai whakaheke wai, tae atu ki te kaipatu whakaheke wai.