Thickener, nke a makwaara dị ka onye nnọchi anya gelling, ka a na-akpọkwa mado ma ọ bụ gluu nri mgbe ejiri ya na nri. Isi ọrụ ya bụ ịbawanye viscosity nke sistemu ihe, dobe usoro ihe ahụ n'ụdị nkwusioru edo na kwụsiri ike ma ọ bụ steeti emulsified, ma ọ bụ mepụta gel. Thickers nwere ike ịbawanye viscosity nke ngwaahịa ngwa ngwa mgbe ejiri ya. Ọtụtụ n'ime usoro ihe eji eme ihe bụ iji ihe ndọtị ihe owuwu macromolecular iji nweta ebumnobi ibu ma ọ bụ imepụta micelles na mmiri iji mepụta usoro netwọkụ nwere akụkụ atọ ka ọ gbatịa. Ọ nwere njirimara nke obere usoro onunu ogwu, ngwa ngwa ịka nká na nkwụsi ike dị mma, a na-ejikwa ya na nri, mkpuchi, adhesives, cosmetics, detergents, printing and dyeing, oil exploration, roba, ọgwụ na ubi ndị ọzọ. Nke mbụ thickener bụ mmiri rọba eke soluble, ma ngwa ya nwere oke n'ihi na ọ dị elu ọnụ ahịa n'ihi nnukwu usoro onunu ogwu na obere mmepụta. A na-akpọkwa thickener nke ọgbọ nke abụọ emulsification thickener, karịsịa mgbe mpụta nke emulsification thickener mmanụ-mmiri, a na-eji ya n'ọtụtụ ebe na ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Otú ọ dị, emulsifying thickeners kwesịrị iji nnukwu kerosene, nke ọ bụghị nanị na-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi, kamakwa na-ebute ihe ize ndụ nchekwa na mmepụta na ngwa. Dabere na nsogbu ndị a, ihe ndị na-emepụta sịntetik apụtala, karịsịa nkwadebe na ntinye nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta site na copolymerization nke monomers na-edozi mmiri dị ka acrylic acid na ọnụ ọgụgụ kwesịrị ekwesị nke monomers na-ejikọta ọnụ ka emepụtara ngwa ngwa.
Ụdị thickeners na ndim usoro
E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke thickeners, nke nwere ike kewaa n'ime inorganic na organic polymers, na organic polymers nwere ike ikewa n'ime eke polymers na sịntetik polymers.
Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta polymer bụ polysaccharides, nke nwere ogologo akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji na ọtụtụ ụdị, gụnyere cellulose ether, gum arabic, carob gum, guar gum, xanthan gum, chitosan, alginic acid sodium na starch na ngwaahịa denatured, wdg. . , na ejirila ya mee ihe n'ịgba mmanụ, ihe owuwu, mkpuchi, nri, ọgwụ na kemịkalụ kwa ụbọchị. Nke a na ụdị thickener bụ tumadi mere eke polymer cellulose site chemical edinam. Zhu Ganghui kwenyere na sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) na hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) bụ ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na cellulose ether ngwaahịa. Ha bụ hydroxyl na etherification otu nke anhydroglucose unit na cellulose yinye. (Chloroacetic acid ma ọ bụ ethylene oxide) mmeghachi omume. A na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ cellulosic sie ike site na hydration na mgbasawanye nke agbụ ogologo. Usoro a na-eme nke ọma bụ nke a: isi ihe nke cellulose molecules na-ejikọta ya na ụmụ irighiri mmiri gbara ya gburugburu site na njikọ hydrogen, nke na-eme ka ụda mmiri nke polymer n'onwe ya dịkwuo elu, si otú ahụ na-abawanye ụda nke polymer n'onwe ya. viscosity sistem. Ngwọta mmiri ya bụ mmiri na-abụghị Newtonian, na viscosity ya na-agbanwe na ọnụ ọgụgụ shear na enweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na oge. Viscosity nke ngwọta na-abawanye ngwa ngwa na mmụba nke ịta ahụhụ, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ihe mgbakwunye rheological.
Cationic guar chịngọm bụ copolymer sitere n'okike ewepụtara na ahịhịa ahịhịa, nke nwere njirimara nke cationic surfactant na polymer resin. Ọdịdị ya bụ ntụ ntụ edo edo dị ọkụ, enweghị isi ma ọ bụ isi ísì. Ọ mejupụtara 80% polysaccharide D2 mannose na D2 galactose nwere 2∀1 nnukwu ihe mejupụtara polymer. Ya 1% aqueous ngwọta nwere a viscosity nke 4000 ~ 5000mPas. Xanthan chịngọm, nke a makwaara dị ka xanthan gum, bụ polymer polysaccharide anionic nke emepụtara site na gbaa ụka starch. Ọ bụ soluble na mmiri oyi ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ na mmiri, ma insoluble n'ozuzu organic solvents. Ihe e ji mara xanthan chịngọm bụ na ọ nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe viscosity otu na okpomọkụ nke 0 ~ 100, ma ọ ka nwere nnukwu viscosity na ntinye uche dị ala, ma nwee nkwụsi ike dị mma. ), ọ ka nwere ezigbo solubility na nkwụsi ike, ma nwee ike dakọtara na nnu nnu dị elu na ngwọta, ma nwee ike ịmepụta mmetụta synergistic dị ịrịba ama mgbe ejiri polyacrylic acid thickeners. Chitin bụ ngwaahịa sitere n'okike, polymer glucosamine, yana thickener cationic.
Sodium alginate (C6H7O8Na) n bụ nke mejupụtara nnu sodium nke alginic acid, nke mejupụtara aL mannuronic acid (M unit) na bD guluronic acid (G unit) jikọtara ya na 1,4 glycosidic bonds na nke nwere iberibe GGGMMM dị iche iche. copolymers. Sodium alginate bụ thickener a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ibipụta agba agba agba. Akpụkpọ anụ ndị a na-ebipụta nwere ụkpụrụ na-egbuke egbuke, ahịrị doro anya, mkpụrụ nke agba dị elu, mkpụrụ agba edo edo, ezigbo permeability na plasticity. A na-eji ya eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na mbipụta nke owu, ajị anụ, silk, nylon na akwa ndị ọzọ.
sịntetik polymer thickener
1. Chemical cross-njikọ sịntetik polymer thickener
Sịntetik thickeners bụ ugbu a kasị ere na widest nso nke ngwaahịa na ahịa. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a bụ microchemical polymers cross-linked, nke a na-apụghị ịsacha na mmiri, ma nwee ike ịmịnye mmiri naanị ka ọ zaa ka ọ too. Polyacrylic acid thickener bụ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe, yana ụzọ njikọ ya gụnyere emulsion polymerization, inverse emulsion polymerization and precipitation polymerization. E mepụtara ụdị thickener ngwa ngwa n'ihi mmetụta ọ na-eme ngwa ngwa, ọnụ ala na obere usoro onunu ogwu. Ugbu a, ụdị thickener a na-polymerized site na atọ ma ọ bụ karịa monomer, na isi monomer bụ n'ozuzu a mmiri-soluble monomer, dị ka acrylic acid, maleic acid ma ọ bụ maleic anhydride, methacrylic acid, acrylamide na 2 acrylamide. 2-methyl propane sulfonate, wdg; monomer nke abụọ bụ n'ozuzu acrylate ma ọ bụ styrene; monomer nke atọ bụ monomer nwere mmetụta na-ejikọta ya, dị ka N, N methylenebisacrylamide, butylene diacrylate ester ma ọ bụ dipropylene phthalate, wdg.
Usoro nke ndi siri ike nke polyacrylic acid thickener nwere ụdị abụọ: neutralization ndim na hydrogen bonding ndim. Neutralization na ndim bụ neutralize na acidic polyacrylic acid thickener na alkali ka ionize ya ụmụ irighiri na n'ịwa ọjọọ ebubo tinyere isi yinye nke polymer, na-adabere na asị n'etiti otu nwoke na nwanyị ebubo na-akwalite molekụla yinye na-agbatị emeghe ka etolite netwọk. Ọdịdị iji nweta ndim mmetụta. Nkwenye nke hydrogen bụ na ụmụ irighiri ihe polyacrylic acid jikọtara ya na mmiri wee mepụta mkpụrụ ndụ hydration, wee jikọta ya na ndị na-enye onyinye hydroxyl dị ka ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants nwere otu ethoxy ise ma ọ bụ karịa. Site na otu mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị electrostatic mkpofu nke ion carboxylate, a na-emepụta yinye molekul. The helical ndọtị na-aghọ mkpanaka-dị ka mkpara, nke mere na curled molekul chains na-atọghe na aqueous usoro na-etolite a netwọk Ọdịdị iji nweta a ndim mmetụta. Uru pH polymerization dị iche iche, onye na-eme ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe na ịdị arọ molekụla nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmetụta mbelata nke sistemu ahụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, electrolytes inorganic nwere ike imetụta arụmọrụ nke ụdị thickener a, ion monovalent nwere ike ibelata arụmọrụ nke usoro ahụ, ion divalent ma ọ bụ trivalent nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị na usoro ahụ dị mkpa, kamakwa na-emepụta mmiri na-adịghị ike. Ya mere, nguzogide electrolyte nke polycarboxylate thickeners dị nnọọ njọ, nke na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume itinye n'ubi dị ka nri mmanụ.
N'ime ụlọ ọrụ ebe a na-ejikarị ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ eme ihe, dị ka textiles, nchọpụta mmanụ na ihe ịchọ mma, ihe ndị chọrọ ịrụ ọrụ nke ndị na-eme ihe dị ka nguzogide electrolyte na ịdị arọ dị oke elu. Ihe siri ike nke a kwadebere site na polymerization ngwọta na-enwekarị ịdị arọ molekụla dịtụ ala, nke na-eme ka ịdị arọ ahụ dịkwuo ala na enweghị ike izute ihe achọrọ nke ụfọdụ usoro mmepụta ihe. Enwere ike nweta thickeners dị elu molekul site na emulsion polymerization, inverse emulsion polymerization na ụzọ polymerization ndị ọzọ. N'ihi na-adịghị mma electrolyte iguzogide nke sodium nnu nke carboxyl otu, na-agbakwụnye na-abụghị ionic ma ọ bụ cationic monomers na monomers na ike electrolyte eguzogide (dị ka monomers nwere sulfonic acid otu) na polymer akụrụngwa nwere ike imeziwanye viscosity nke thickener. Nguzogide eletrik na-eme ka ọ mezuo ihe a chọrọ na mpaghara mmepụta ihe dị ka mgbake mmanụ atọ. Ebe ọ bụ na inverse emulsion polymerization malitere na 1962, polymerization nke inverse emulsion polymerization na-achịkwa polymerization nke polyacrylic acid dị arọ na polyacrylamide. Chepụtara usoro emulsion copolymerization nke nitrogen-nwere na polyoxyethylene ma ọ bụ alternating copolymerization na polyoxypropylene polymerized surfactant, cross-linking gị n'ụlọnga na acrylic acid monomer iji kwadebe polyacrylic acid emulsion dị ka a thickener, na nweta Good ndim mmetụta, na nwere ezi mgbochi electrolyte. arụmọrụ. Arianna Benetti et al. jiri usoro nke inverse emulsion polymerization copolymerize acrylic acid, monomers nwere sulfonic acid otu na cationic monomers chepụta a thickener maka ntecha. N'ihi iwebata otu sulfonic acid na quaternary ammonium salts nwere ikike mgbochi electrolyte siri ike n'ime ihe owuwu nke thickener, polymer a kwadebere nwere ọmarịcha ịgba na mgbochi electrolyte. Martial Pabon et al. eji inverse emulsion polymerization copolymerize sodium acrylate, acrylamide na isooctylphenol polyoxyethylene methacrylate macromonomers iji kwadebe a hydrophobic mkpakọrịta mmiri-soluble thickener. Charles A. wdg ji acrylic acid na acrylamide dị ka comonomers nweta a elu molekụla arọ thickener site inverse emulsion polymerization. Zhao Junzi na ndị ọzọ na-eji ngwọta polymerization na inverse emulsion polymerization synthesize hydrophobic mkpakọrịta polyacrylate thickeners, na tụnyere polymerization usoro na ngwaahịa arụmọrụ. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ngwọta polymerization na inverse emulsion polymerization nke acrylic acid na stearyl acrylate, njikọ hydrophobic monomer synthesized si acrylic acid na ọdụdụ mmanya polyoxyethylene ether nwere ike imeziwanye nke ọma site na inverse emulsion polymerization na acrylic acid copolymerization. Electrolyte eguzogide nke thickeners. Ọ Ping tụlere ọtụtụ okwu metụtara nkwadebe nke polyacrylic acid thickener site na inverse emulsion polymerization. N'ime akwụkwọ a, a na-eji amphoteric copolymer mee ihe dị ka stabilizer na methylenebisacrylamide na-eji dị ka onye na-agafe agafe iji malite ammonium acrylate maka inverse emulsion polymerization iji kwadebe onye na-arụ ọrụ dị elu maka mbipụta pigmenti. A mụrụ mmetụta nke ihe nkwụsi ike dị iche iche, ndị na-ebido, ndị na-ahụ maka ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-enyefe ihe na-emepụta ihe na polymerization. A na-akọwapụta na enwere ike iji copolymer nke lauryl methacrylate na acrylic acid mee ihe dị ka ihe nkwụsịtụ, na abụọ redox initiators, benzoyldimethylaniline peroxide na sodium tert-butyl hydroperoxide metabisulfite, nwere ike ma malite polymerization ma nweta ụfọdụ viscosity. ọcha pulp. A kwenyere na nguzogide nnu nke ammonium acrylate copolymerized na-erughị 15% acrylamide na-abawanye.
2. Hydrophobic mkpakọrịta sịntetik polymer thickener
Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji polyacrylic acid thickeners na-ejikọta ya na kemịkal, ọ bụ ezie na mgbakwunye nke monomers nwere sulfonic acid dị iche iche na nchịkọta thickener nwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ mgbochi electrolyte ya, a ka nwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke a. Ọkpụkpụ, dị ka ogbenye thixotropy nke ndim usoro, wdg The mma usoro bụ ịme ka a obere ego nke hydrophobic iche iche n'ime ya hydrophilic isi yinye synthesize hydrophobic associative thickeners. Hydrophobic associative thickeners bụ ọhụrụ mepụtara thickeners na-adịbeghị anya. Enwere akụkụ hydrophilic na otu lipophilic na usoro ihe omimi, na-egosi ụfọdụ ọrụ elu. Associative thickeners nwere mma nnu nguzogide karịa ndị na-abụghị associative thickeners. Nke a bụ n'ihi na njikọ nke otu hydrophobic na-egbochi akụkụ nke curling nke mmetụta ion-shielding kpatara, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi siri ike nke ogologo akụkụ dị ogologo kpatara na-ebelata mmetụta ion-shielding. Mmetụta mkpakọrịta na-enyere aka melite rheology nke thickener, nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ime usoro ngwa ngwa n'ezie. Na mgbakwunye na hydrophobic associative thickeners na ụfọdụ owuwu kọrọ na akwụkwọ, Tian Dating et al. kọkwara na hexadecyl methacrylate, a hydrophobic monomer nwere ogologo agbụ, ka ejiri acrylic acid copolymerized iji kwadebe ndị na-akpakọrịta ihe nke mejupụtara ọnụọgụ abụọ copolymers. Sịntetik thickener. Nnyocha e mere egosiwo na ụfọdụ monomers na-ejikọta ọnụ na hydrophobic ogologo yinye monomers nwere ike ịbawanye viscosity nke ukwuu. Mmetụta nke hexadecyl methacrylate (HM) na hydrophobic monomer dị ukwuu karịa nke lauryl methacrylate (LM). Arụmọrụ nke ndị na-emekọ ihe na-emekọ ihe na-ejikọta ọnụ nwere hydrophobic monomers ogologo yinye dị mma karịa nke ndị na-abụghị ndị na-emekọ ihe ọnụ. Na ndabere nke a, otu nyocha ahụ mekwara ka ihe na-akpakọrịta nke nwere acrylic acid/acrylamide/hexadecyl methacrylate terpolymer site na inverse emulsion polymerization. Nsonaazụ gosipụtara na ma njikọ hydrophobic nke cetyl methacrylate na mmetụta na-abụghị ionic nke propionamide nwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke thickener.
Njikọ hydrophobic polyurethane thickener (HEUR) emebekwara nke ukwuu n'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya. Uru ya adịghị mfe hydrolyze, viscosity kwụsiri ike na ịrụ ọrụ ụlọ dị mma n'ọtụtụ ngwa dị ka uru pH na okpomọkụ. The ndim usoro nke polyurethane thickeners bụ tumadi n'ihi ya pụrụ iche atọ-block polymer Ọdịdị n'ụdị lipophilic-hydrophilic-lipophilic, nke mere na yinye nsọtụ bụ lipophilic otu (na-emekarị aliphatic hydrocarbon otu), na n'etiti bụ Water-soluble hydrophilic. akụkụ (na-abụkarị polyethylene glycol dị arọ molekụla dị elu). A mụrụ mmetụta nke njedebe njedebe nke hydrophobic na mmetụta nrịbama nke HEUR. N'iji ụzọ nyocha dị iche iche, polyethylene glycol nwere ihe dị arọ nke 4000 na octanol, mmanya dodecyl na mmanya octadecyl, ma e jiri ya tụnyere otu hydrophobic ọ bụla. Nha Micelle guzobere HEUR na ngwọta mmiri. Nsonaazụ gosiri na obere eriri hydrophobic ezughị maka HEUR iji mepụta micelles hydrophobic na mmetụta na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma adịghị mma. N'otu oge ahụ, tụnyere stearyl mmanya na lauryl mmanya-akwụsị polyethylene glycol, size nke micelles nke mbụ bụ budata ibu karịa nke ikpeazụ, na e kwubiri na ogologo hydrophobic yinye akụkụ nwere mma ndim mmetụta.
Mpaghara ngwa ngwa
Ibi akwụkwọ na ịcha akwa akwa
Mmetụta obibi akwụkwọ dị mma na ịdị mma nke mbipụta textile na pigmenti na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na arụmọrụ nke mpempe akwụkwọ, na mgbakwunye nke thickener na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na arụmọrụ ya. Ịgbakwunye thickener nwere ike ime ka ngwaahịa a na-ebipụta nwere mkpụrụ nke agba dị elu, ihe ngosi mbipụta doro anya, na-egbuke egbuke na agba zuru oke, ma melite permeability na thixotropy nke ngwaahịa ahụ. N'oge gara aga, a na-ejikarị starch eke ma ọ bụ sodium alginate eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ maka ibi akwụkwọ. N'ihi ihe isi ike dị n'ịme tapawa sitere na starch eke na ọnụ ahịa sodium alginate dị elu, a na-eji nke nta nke nta dochie ya site na mbipụta acrylic na akwa akwa. Anionic polyacrylic acid nwere mmetụta kachasị mma nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe ugbu a, mana ụdị thickener ka nwere ntụpọ, dị ka nguzogide electrolyte, thixotropy agba agba, na mkpụrụ agba n'oge obibi. Nkezi adịghị mma. Usoro emeziri nke ọma bụ iwebata obere ìgwè hydrophobic n'ime agbụ mmiri hydrophilic ya iji mepụta ndị na-akpakọrịta. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ekewa ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ahịa n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe, emulsification thickeners na synthetic thickeners dị ka ngwaọrụ dị iche iche na ụzọ nkwadebe. Ọtụtụ, n'ihi na ọdịnaya ya siri ike nwere ike ịdị elu karịa 50%, mmetụta na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma.
agba agba mmiri
Ịgbakwunye thickeners n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị na agba nwere ike gbanwee àgwà mmiri nke usoro agba nke ọma ma mee ka ọ bụrụ thixotropic, si otú a na-enye agba ahụ nkwụsi ike na nchekwa dị mma. Onye na-eme ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma nwere ike ịbawanye viscosity nke mkpuchi n'oge nchekwa, gbochie nkewa nke mkpuchi ahụ, ma belata viscosity n'oge mkpuchi dị elu, mee ka viscosity nke ihe nkiri mkpuchi mgbe mkpuchi gasịrị, ma gbochie ihe omume nke sagging. Ndị na-agba agba agba omenala na-ejikarị polymers soluble mmiri, dị ka hydroxyethyl cellulose dị elu. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a pụkwara iji ihe ndị na-emepụta polymeric mee ihe iji chịkwaa njigide mmiri n'oge usoro mkpuchi nke ngwaahịa akwụkwọ. Ọnụnọ nke ndị na-agba agba nwere ike ime ka elu nke akwụkwọ a na-ekpuchi ya dị nro ma na-edozi ya. Karịsịa emulsion swellable (HASE) thickener nwere mgbochi ịgbasa arụmọrụ na ike ga-eji na Nchikota na ndị ọzọ ụdị thickeners na-ukwuu ibelata elu roughness nke mkpuchi mkpuchi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, agba latex na-enwekarị nsogbu nke nkewa mmiri n'oge mmepụta, njem, nchekwa na ihe owuwu. Ọ bụ ezie na nkewa mmiri nwere ike igbu oge site n'ịbawanye viscosity na dispersibility nke agba latex, mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ na-adịkarị oke, na ihe dị mkpa ma ọ bụ site na nhọrọ nke thickener na ya dakọtara iji dozie nsogbu a.
mmịpụta mmanụ
Na mmịpụta mmanụ, iji nweta nnukwu mkpụrụ, a na-eji conductivity nke ụfọdụ mmiri mmiri (dị ka ike hydraulic, wdg) na-agbaji oyi akwa mmiri. A na-akpọ mmiri mmiri na-agbaji ma ọ bụ mmiri na-agbaji. Ebumnuche nke mgbawa bụ ịmepụta mgbaji na ụfọdụ nha na conductivity na nhazi, na ihe ịga nke ọma ya nwere njikọ chiri anya na arụmọrụ nke mmiri mmiri na-agbaji. Mmiri ndị na-agbaji agbaji na-agụnye mmiri mmiri na-agbaji agbaji, mmiri na-agbaji mmanụ, mmanya na-agbaji agbaji, mmiri emulsified fracturing, na mmiri ụfụfụ. N'ime ha, mmiri na-agbaji na mmiri nwere uru nke ọnụ ala dị ala na nchekwa dị elu, ma ugbu a bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Thickener bụ isi ihe mgbakwunye na mmiri na-agbaji agbaji, na mmepe ya agafeela ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara narị afọ, mana ịnweta ihe na-agbaji mmiri na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-abụkarị ntụziaka nyocha nke ndị ọkà mmụta n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ. Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị nke mmiri na-agbaji mmiri na-agbaji agbaji polymer thickeners ugbu a, nke nwere ike kewaa ụzọ abụọ: polysaccharides eke na ihe ha na-emepụta na polymers sịntetik. Site na mmepe nke teknụzụ mmịpụta mmanụ na-aga n'ihu na mmụba nke ihe isi ike nke Ngwuputa, ndị mmadụ na-ewepụta ihe ọhụrụ na ihe dị elu chọrọ maka ịgbaji mmiri. N'ihi na ha nwere ike ime mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe a na-emepụta ihe dị mgbagwoju anya karịa polysaccharides eke, ndị na-emepụta polymer synthetic ga-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkụwa nke ọma na okpomọkụ dị elu.
Chemicals na nri kwa ụbọchị
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, enwere ihe karịrị ụdị 200 nke ndị na-agba mmiri na-eji na ụlọ ọrụ kemịkalụ kwa ụbọchị, gụnyere gụnyere nnu inorganic, surfactants, polymers soluble mmiri na alcohol/fatty acids. A na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na ncha, ihe ịchọ mma, ntacha eze na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-ejikwa ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ eme ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nri. Ha na-tumadi-eji melite na kwụsie ike anụ ahụ Njirimara ma ọ bụ ụdị nri, dịkwuo viscosity nri, nye nri a nnyapade na-atọ ụtọ uto, na-ekere òkè na ndim, stabilizing na homogenizing. , gel emulsifying, masking, ekpomeekpo na ụtọ. Ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ a na-eji eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ nri gụnyere ihe ọkụkụ sitere n'okike enwetara site na anụmanụ na osisi, yana thickeners sịntetik dị ka CMCNa na propylene glycol alginate. Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikwa thickeners eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na nkà mmụta ọgwụ, ime akwụkwọ, ceramik, nhazi akpụkpọ anụ, electroplating, wdg.
2.Inorganic thickener
Inorganic thickeners na-agụnye abụọ klaasị nke obere molekul arọ na elu molekul arọ, na obere molekụla ibu thickeners bụ tumadi aqueous ngwọta nke inorganic salts na surfactants. Nnu inorganic nke a na-eji ugbu a gụnyere sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate na pentasodium triphosphate, n'ime nke sodium chloride na ammonium chloride na-enwe mmetụta dị nro ka mma. Ụkpụrụ bụ isi bụ na surfactants na-etolite micelles na mmiri mmiri mmiri, na ọnụnọ nke electrolytes na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke micelles mkpakọrịta, na-eme ka mgbanwe nke spherical micelles n'ime mkpanaka ekara micelles, na-amụba ije nguzogide, ma si otú na-amụba viscosity nke usoro. . Otú ọ dị, mgbe electrolyte dị oke, ọ ga-emetụta usoro micellar, belata nkwụsị nke mmegharị ahụ, ma si otú ahụ belata viscosity nke usoro ahụ, nke a na-akpọ mmetụta salting.
Inorganic elu molekụla arọ thickeners na-agụnye bentonite, attapulgite, aluminum silicate, sepiolite, hectorite, wdg N'etiti ha, bentonite nwere kasị azụmahịa uru. Isi ihe mejupụtara ya bụ mineral thixotropic gel nke na-aza site na itinye mmiri. Ihe ịnweta mineral ndị a na-enwekarị ihe owuwu nwere akwa ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu lattice gbasaa. Mgbe a gbasasịrị n'ime mmiri, ions ígwè dị na ya na-agbasa site na kristal lamellar, na-ejupụta na ọganihu nke hydration, ma mesịa kewapụ kpamkpam na kristal lamellar iji mepụta nkwusioru colloidal. mmiri mmiri. N'oge a, elu nke kristal lamellar nwere ụgwọ na-adịghị mma, na akụkụ ya nwere obere ụgwọ dị mma n'ihi ọdịdị nke ọkpụkpụ ọkpụkpụ. Na ngwọta dilute, ebubo ndị na-adịghị mma dị n'elu dị ukwuu karịa ụgwọ ndị dị mma na nkuku, na ihe ndị ahụ na-atụgharị ibe ha n'ebughị ibu. Otú ọ dị, na mmụba nke ntinye electrolyte, ụgwọ dị n'elu nke lamellae na-ebelata, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akụkụ ahụ na-agbanwe site na ike na-asọ oyi n'etiti lamellae na-adọrọ adọrọ n'etiti ebubo na-adịghị mma n'elu nke lamellae na ihe dị mma. ebubo na nsọtụ akuku. Ejikọtara ọnụ n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ iji mepụta ụlọ nke kaadị, na-eme ka ọzịza na-emepụta gel iji nweta mmetụta na-ebuwanye ibu. N'oge a, gel inorganic na-agbaze na mmiri iji mepụta gel thixotropic nke ukwuu. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, bentonite nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen na ngwọta, nke bara uru maka ịmepụta usoro netwọk akụkụ atọ. Usoro nke inorganic gel hydration thickening na kaadị ụlọ e guzobere na-egosi na schematic eserese 1. Intercalation nke polymerized monomers ka montmorillonite na-amụba interlayer spacing, na mgbe ahụ na-site intercalation polymerization n'etiti n'ígwé nwere ike ịmepụta polymer / montmorillonite organic- Inorganic ngwakọ. thickener. Agbụ polymer nwere ike gafere site na mpempe montmorillonite iji mepụta netwọk polymer. Maka oge mbụ, Kazutoshi et al. jiri montmorillonite nke dabere na sodium dị ka onye na-ejikọ ọnụ iji webata sistemu polymer, wee kwadoo montmorillonite cross-njikọ na-ekpo ọkụ hydrogel. Liu Hongyu et al. jiri sodium dabeere montmorillonite dị ka cross-njikọ nnọchite synthesize ọhụrụ ụdị thickener na elu mgbochi-electrolyte arụmọrụ, na-anwale thickening arụmọrụ na mgbochi-NaCl na ndị ọzọ electrolyte arụmọrụ nke composite thickener. Nsonaazụ gosiri na Na-montmorillonite-crosslinked thickener nwere ezigbo ihe mgbochi electrolyte. Ke adianade do, e nwekwara inorganic na ndị ọzọ organic compound thickeners, dị ka sịntetik thickener kwadebere M.Chtourou na ndị ọzọ organic mmepụta nke ammonium salts na Tunisia ụrọ nke montmorillonite, nke nwere ezi ndim mmetụta.
Oge nzipu: Jan-11-2023