Thickeners bụ usoro ọkpụkpụ na isi ntọala nke usoro ịchọ mma dị iche iche, ma dị oke mkpa maka ọdịdị, njirimara rheological, nkwụsi ike, na mmetụta anụ ahụ nke ngwaahịa. Họrọ ọtụtụ-eji na nnọchiteanya dị iche iche ụdị thickeners, kwadebe ha n'ime aqueous ngwọta na dị iche iche ịta, nwalee anụ ahụ ha na chemical Njirimara dị ka viscosity na pH, na-eji quantitative nkọwa analysis na-elele ha ọdịdị, nghọta, na otutu anụ sensations n'oge na mgbe. jiri. A na-enyocha ule sensọ na ndị na-egosi ya, a na-enyocha akwụkwọ ahụ iji chịkọta ma chịkọta ụdị dị iche iche nke thickeners, nke nwere ike inye ụfọdụ ntụaka maka nhazi usoro ịchọ mma.
1. Nkọwa nke thickener
Enwere ọtụtụ ihe enwere ike iji dị ka thickeners. Site n'echiche nke ịdị arọ molekụla, e nwere ihe ndị na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ dị ala na ihe ndị na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ dị elu; site n'echiche nke otu ọrụ, e nwere electrolytes, alcohols, amides, carboxylic acid na esters, wdg Chere. A na-ekewa ndị siri ike dịka usoro nhazi nke ngwa ngwa ịchọ mma.
1. Low molekụla arọ thickener
1.1.1 Inorganic nnu
Usoro nke na-eji nnu inorganic eme ihe dị ka onye na-agbapụta ihe bụ n'ozuzu usoro ihe ngwọta nke mmiri mmiri. Nnụnụ nke nnu inorganic nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ sodium chloride, nke nwere mmetụta na-agbapụta nke ọma. Surfactants na-etolite micelles na mmiri mmiri ngwọta, na ọnụnọ nke electrolytes na-amụba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpakọrịta nke micelles, na-eduga ná mgbanwe nke spherical micelles n'ime mkpara ekara micelles, na-amụba iguzogide ije, na si otú na-amụba viscosity nke usoro. Otú ọ dị, mgbe electrolyte dị oke, ọ ga-emetụta usoro micellar, belata nkwụsị nke mmegharị ahụ, ma belata viscosity nke usoro ahụ, nke a na-akpọ "nnu nnu". Ya mere, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke electrolyte agbakwunyere bụ n'ozuzu 1% -2% site na uka, ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke thickeners iji mee ka usoro ahụ kwụsie ike.
1.1.2 mmanya na-egbu egbu, acid fatty
Ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya na fatty acids bụ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe. Ụfọdụ isiokwu na-ele ha anya dị ka ndị na-adịghị ahụ anya n'ihi na ha nwere ma otu lipophilic na ìgwè hydrophilic. Ịdị adị nke obere ihe ndị dị otú ahụ organic nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na esemokwu elu, omc na ihe ndị ọzọ nke surfactant, na nha mmetụta na-abawanye na ogologo nke carbon carbon, n'ozuzu na njikọ njikọ. Ụkpụrụ omume ya bụ na mmanya na-egbu egbu na acid fatty nwere ike itinye (jikọọ) micelles surfactant iji kwalite nhazi nke micelles. Mmetụta nke hydrogen bonding n'etiti polar isi) na-eme ka ụmụ irighiri abụọ ahụ hazie nke ọma n'elu, nke na-agbanwe nke ukwuu Njirimara nke micelles surfactant na nweta mmetụta nke ndim.
2. Nhazi nke thickeners
2.1 Ndị na-abụghị ionic surfactants
2.1.1 Inorganic nnu
Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, monoethanolamine chloride, diethanolamine chloride, sodium sulfate, trisodium phosphate, disodium hydrogen phosphate na sodium tripolyphosphate, wdg;
2.1.2 mmanya na-egbu egbu na acid fatty
Mmanya Lauryl, Mmanya Myristyl, C12-15 Mmanya, C12-16 Mmanya, Mmanya Decyl, Mmanya Hexyl, Mmanya Octyl, Alcohol Cetyl, Mmanya Stearyl, Mmanya Behenyl, Lauric Acid, C18-36 Acid, Linoleic acid, Linoleic acid , stearic acid, behenic acid, wdg;
2.1.3 Alkanolamides
Coco Diethanolamide, Coco Monoethanolamide, Coco Monoisopropanolamide, Cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide, Isostearyl Diethanolamide, Linoleic Diethanolamide, Cardamom Diethanolamide, Cardamom Monoilamide Monoilamide, Olamide Monoilamide, Olaroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide anolamide, Sesame Diethanolamide, Soybean Diethanolamide, Stearyl Diethanolamide, Stearin Monoethanolamide, stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, stearamide, tallow monoethanolamide, ọka wit diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-50 tallow amide, wdg .;
2.1.4 Ether
Cetyl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, isocetyl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated Polyoxypropylene ether) (n = 105, 124, 185,33838,385,383,285,385,383,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,3285,385,385,385,323,285. , 407), wdg;
2.1.5 Esters
PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol) -3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n=6, 8, 12) Beeswax, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n= 3, 4, 8, 150) distearate, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate/cocoate, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n=28, 200) Glyceryl Shea Butter, PEG-7 Hydrogenated Castor Mmanụ, PEG-40 Jojoba Mmanụ, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n=8, 75, 100) . -36 Ethylene Glycol Acid, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, propylene glycol stearate, behenyl ester, cetyl ester, glyceryl tribehenate, glyceryl trihydroxystearate, wdg;
2.1.6 Amine oxides
Myristyl amine oxide, isostearyl aminopropyl amine oxide, mmanụ aki oyibo aminopropyl amine oxide, wheat germ aminopropyl amine oxide, soybean aminopropyl amine oxide, PEG-3 lauryl amine oxide, wdg;
2.2 Amphoteric surfactants
Cetyl Betaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, wdg;
2.3 Anionic surfactants
Potassium oleate, potassium stearate, wdg;
2.4 polymers mmiri soluble
2.4.1 Cellulose
Cellulose, chịngọm chịngọm,Carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, formazan Base cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, wdg;
2.4.2 Polyoxyethylene
PEG-n (n=5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), wdg;
2.4.3 Polyacrylic acid
Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Crosspolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Itaconate Copolymer, Acrylates/Cetyl Ethoxy(20) Methyl Acrylates Copolymer, Acrylates/Tetradecyl Ethoxy(25) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylates/Octadecyl Ethoxyl(20) Itaconate Copolymer, Acrylates / Octadecane Ethoxy (20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate / Ocaryl Ethoxy (50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate / VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Polyacrylic Acid), Sodium Acrylate / Vinyl isodecanoate crosslinked polymer, Carbomer (polyacry) na sodium acid, wdg. .;
2.4.4 Eke roba na ngwaahịa emezigharị ya
Alginic acid na ya (ammonium, calcium, potassium) salts, pectin, sodium hyaluronate, guar gum, cationic guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum, tragacanth gum, carrageenan na ya (calcium, sodium) nnu, xanthan gum, sclerotin gum, wdg. ;
2.4.5 polymers inorganic na ngwaahịa ha gbanwere
Sọnium magnesium, silica, sodium magnesium sidicate, mondrated sọlfọ, montmorilonite nnu -18 MonTyNary ammorilte, Quarynery ammonium -18 Hectarite, wdg .;
2.4.6 Ndị ọzọ
PVM/MA decadiene crosslinked polymer (polymer crosslinked nke polyvinyl methyl ether / methyl acrylate na decadiene), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), wdg;
2.5 Surfactants
2.5.1 Alkanolamides
Nke a na-ejikarị bụ aki oyibo diethanolamide. Alkanolamides dakọtara na electrolytes maka ịgbatị ma na-enye nsonaazụ kacha mma. Usoro na-eto eto nke alkanolamides bụ mmekọrịta ya na micelles surfactant anionic iji mepụta mmiri na-abụghị Newtonian. Alkanolamides dị iche iche nwere nnukwu ọdịiche dị na arụmọrụ, yana mmetụta ha dịkwa iche mgbe ejiri naanị ya ma ọ bụ ngwakọta. Ụfọdụ akụkọ na-akọ na njiri na-afụ ụfụ nke alkanolamides dị iche iche. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, a kọwapụtara na alkanolamides nwere ihe ize ndụ nke ịmepụta nitrosamines carcinogenic mgbe a na-eme ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ịchọ mma. N'ime adịghị ọcha nke alkanolamides bụ amines n'efu, nke bụ isi mmalite nke nitrosamines. Ugbu a enweghị echiche gọọmentị sitere na ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta onwe onye gbasara machibido alkanolamides na ihe ịchọ mma.
2.5.2 Ether
N'ime nhazi ya na mmanya polyoxyethylene ether sodium sulfate (AES) dị ka ihe na-arụsi ọrụ ike, n'ozuzu naanị nnu inorganic nwere ike iji dozie viscosity kwesịrị ekwesị. Nnyocha e mere egosiwo na nke a bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke ethoxylates na-abaghị uru na-abaghị uru na AES, nke na-enye aka na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu nke ngwọta surfactant. Nnyocha miri emi chọpụtara na: nkezi ogo nke ethoxylation bụ banyere 3EO ma ọ bụ 10EO iji rụọ ọrụ kacha mma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, mmetụta na-egbuke egbuke nke ethoxylates mmanya na-aba n'anya nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na nkesa nkesa nke mmanya na-emeghị eme na homologues dị na ngwaahịa ha. Mgbe nkesa nke homologs na-agbasawanye, mmetụta dị nro nke ngwaahịa ahụ adịghị mma, na nkesa nkesa nke homologues dị ntakịrị, otú ahụ ka enwere ike nweta mmetụta dị nro.
2.5.3 Esters
Ihe ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ esters. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, PEG-8PPG-3 diisostearate, PEG-90 diisostearate na PEG-8PPG-3 dilarate ka akọpụtala ná mba ọzọ. Ụdị thickener bụ nke na-abụghị ionic thickener, tumadi eji na surfactant aqueous ngwọta usoro. Ndị a na-agba agba anaghị adị mfe hydrolyzed ma nwee viscosity kwụsiri ike karịa pH na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ. Ugbu a nke a na-ejikarị bụ PEG-150 distearate. Ndị esters ndị a na-eji dị ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ n'ozuzu ha nwere nnukwu ihe dị arọ, ya mere ha nwere ụfọdụ ihe onwunwe nke ogige polymer. Usoro nke na-esiwanye ike bụ n'ihi nguzobe netwọk hydration nwere akụkụ atọ n'ime oge mmiri, si otú ahụ na-etinye ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe. Ogige ndị dị otú ahụ na-eme ihe dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na mgbakwunye na iji ha eme ihe dị ka ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na ihe ịchọ mma.
2.5.4 Amine oxides
Amine oxide bụ ụdị polar na-abụghị ionic surfactant, nke e ji mara: na ngwọta mmiri, n'ihi ọdịiche nke pH uru nke ngwọta, ọ na-egosi na-abụghị ionic Njirimara, na nwekwara ike na-egosi ike ionic Njirimara. N'okpuru ọnọdụ na-anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ alkaline, ya bụ, mgbe pH karịrị ma ọ bụ nhata 7, amine oxide dị ka hydrate na-abụghị ionized na ngwọta mmiri, na-egosi na-abụghị ionity. Na ngwọta acidic, ọ na-egosi cationicity adịghị ike. Mgbe pH nke ngwọta na-erughị 3, cationicity nke amine oxide doro anya, ya mere ọ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na cationic, anionic, nonionic na zwitterionic surfactants n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche. Ndakọrịta dị mma ma gosipụta mmetụta synergistic. Amine oxide bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Mgbe pH bụ 6.4-7.5, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide nwere ike ime ka viscosity nke onyinye ahụ rute 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, ebe alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxide Amines nwere ike ime ka viscosity onyinye ruo 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, na ịgbakwunye nnu na nke ikpeazụ agaghị ebelata viscosity.
2.5.5 Ndị ọzọ
A pụkwara iji betaine ole na ole na ncha mee ihe dị arọ. Usoro ha na-akpụ akpụ yiri nke obere ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị ọzọ, ha niile na-enwetakwa mmetụta na-akpụ akpụ site na imekọrịta ihe na micelles na-arụ ọrụ n'elu. Enwere ike iji ncha mee ka ọ sie ike na ihe ịchọ mma osisi, na a na-ejikarị betain eme ihe na sistemụ mmiri.
2.6 polymer thickener mmiri soluble
Sistemu ndị na-ekpu nke ọtụtụ ndị na-agbapụta polymeric adịghị emetụta pH nke ngwọta ma ọ bụ ntinye nke electrolyte. Na mgbakwunye, polymer thickeners chọrọ obere ego iji nweta viscosity achọrọ. Ọmụmaatụ, ngwaahịa na-achọ a surfactant thickener dị ka aki oyibo mmanụ diethanolamide na a uka mperi nke 3.0%. Iji nweta otu mmetụta ahụ, naanị eriri 0.5% nke polymer dị larịị ezuru. Ọtụtụ ogige polymer mmiri soluble na-abụghị nanị eji dị ka thickeners na ịchọ mma ụlọ ọrụ, ma na-eji dị ka suspending agents, dispersants na styling agents.
2.6.1 Cellulose
Cellulose bụ ihe na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na sistemu mmiri ma na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ịchọ mma. Cellulose bụ ihe okike sitere n'okike, nke nwere nkeji glucoside ugboro ugboro, otu glucoside ọ bụla nwere otu hydroxyl 3, nke enwere ike ịmepụta usoro dị iche iche. Cellulosic thickeners ito eto site hydration-aza ogologo agbụ, na cellulose-thickened usoro na-egosipụta doro anya pseudoplastic rheological morphology. Obere obere ihe eji eme ihe bụ ihe dịka 1%.
2.6.2 Polyacrylic acid
E nwere ụzọ abụọ na-esi esi ike nke polyacrylic acid thickeners, ya bụ neutralization thickening na hydrogen bond thickening. Neutralization na ndim siri ike bụ iwepu acidic polyacrylic thickener iji ionize ụmụ irighiri ihe ya wee mepụta ebubo na-adịghị mma n'akụkụ isi nke polymer. Mwepu dị n'etiti ebubo mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na-akwalite ụmụ irighiri ihe ka ha gbatịa wee mepee ka ọ bụrụ netwọk. Ihe owuwu ahụ na-enweta mmetụta na-abawanye ụba; hydrogen bonding ndim bụ na a na-ebu ụzọ jikọta polyacrylic acid thickener na mmiri ka ọ bụrụ mkpụrụ ndụ hydration, wee jikọta ya na onye na-enye onyinye hydroxyl nke nwere akụkụ dị nta nke 10%-20% (dị ka inwe 5 ma ọ bụ karịa ethoxy otu) Non-ionic surfactants) na-ejikọta iji kpọghee ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri mmiri iji mepụta usoro netwọk iji nweta mmetụta na-ekpo ọkụ. Uru pH dị iche iche, neutralizers dị iche iche na ọnụnọ nke salts soluble nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na viscosity nke usoro ihe ọkụkụ. Mgbe uru pH na-erughị 5, viscosity na-abawanye na mmụba nke uru pH; mgbe pH uru bụ 5-10, viscosity fọrọ nke nta ka ọ ghara ịgbanwe; ma dị ka pH uru na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye, arụmọrụ nke siri ike ga-ebelata ọzọ. Ion monovalent na-ebelata ịdị irè nke sistemu ahụ, ebe ion divalent ma ọ bụ trivalent nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị na-eme ka sistem ahụ dị nro, kamakwa na-emepụta ihe na-enweghị ike ịsọpụrụ mgbe ọdịnaya zuru oke.
2.6.3 Eke roba na ngwaahịa emezigharị ya
chịngọm eke na-agụnyekarị collagen na polysaccharides, mana chịngọm ebumpụta ụwa a na-eji dị ka ihe na-esikwu ike bụ polysaccharides. Usoro nke siri ike bụ imepụta usoro netwọkụ hydration akụkụ atọ site na mmekọrịta nke otu hydroxyl atọ dị na ngalaba polysaccharide na ụmụ irighiri mmiri, ka o wee nweta mmetụta na-agbapụta. Ụdị rheological nke ngwọta mmiri ha na-abụkarị mmiri mmiri na-abụghị Newtonian, mana njirimara rheological nke ụfọdụ ngwọta dilute dị nso na mmiri Newtonian. Mmetụta ha siri ike na-emetụtakarị uru pH, okpomọkụ, itinye uche na ihe ndị ọzọ nke usoro ahụ. Nke a bụ ezigbo thickener, na n'ozuzu onunu ogwu bụ 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 polymers inorganic na ngwaahịa ha gbanwere
Ndị na-agbapụta polymer inorganic na-enwekarị ihe owuwu nwere oyi akwa atọ ma ọ bụ ihe owuwu lattice gbasasịrị. Ụdị abụọ kacha baa uru maka azụmahịa bụ montmorillonite na hectorite. The ndim usoro bụ na mgbe inorganic polima na-agbasasị na mmiri, na metal ions na ya na-agbasa site na wafer, ka hydration na-aga n'ihu, ọ zara, na n'ikpeazụ, kristal lamellar na-kewapụrụ kpamkpam, na-akpata nguzobe nke anionic lamellar Ọdịdị lamellar. kristal. na ion ọla na nkwusioru colloidal transperent. N'okwu a, lamellae nwere ụgwọ dị elu na-adịghị mma na obere ego dị mma n'akụkụ nkuku ha n'ihi nkwụsị nke lattice. N'ihe ngwọta dilute, ebubo ndị na-adịghị mma dị n'elu dị ukwuu karịa ụgwọ dị mma na nkuku, na ihe ndị ahụ na-atụgharị ibe ha, n'ihi ya, ọ gaghị enwe mmetụta siri ike. Na mgbakwunye na ntinye nke electrolyte, ntinye nke ions na ngwọta na-abawanye na ụgwọ elu nke lamellae na-ebelata. N'oge a, isi mkparịta ụka na-agbanwe site na ike na-asọ oyi n'etiti lamellae na ike na-adọrọ adọrọ n'etiti ebubo na-adịghị mma n'elu nke lamellae na ebubo ndị dị mma na nkuku ọnụ, na ihe ndị yiri ya na-ejikọta ya na ibe ya. na-etolite ihe a na-akpọ "katọn-dị ka Ọdịdị nke "interspace" na-eme ka ọzịza na gelation nweta mmetụta nke ndim. Mmụba ọzọ na ntinye uche ion ga-emebi usoro ahụ
Oge nzipu: Dec-28-2022