Rheology na ndakọrịta nke mgbagwoju HPMC/HPS

Rheology na ndakọrịta nkeHPMC/HPSMgbagwoju anya

Isi okwu: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; hydroxypropyl starch; Njirimara rheological; ndakọrịta; mgbanwe kemịkalụ.

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) bụ polysaccharide polymer nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na nkwadebe nke ihe nkiri oriri. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe n'ihe gbasara nri na ọgwụ. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwere nghọta dị mma, ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ihe mgbochi mmanụ. Otú ọ dị, HPMC bụ a thermally induced gel, nke na-eduga na ya adịghị mma nhazi arụmọrụ na ala okpomọkụ na elu mmepụta ike oriri; na mgbakwunye, ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa ya dị oke ọnụ na-egbochi ngwa ya sara mbara gụnyere mpaghara ọgwụ. Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) bụ ihe oriri a na-ejikarị eme ihe na ngalaba nri na ọgwụ. Ọ nwere ọtụtụ isi mmalite na ọnụ ala dị ala. Ọ bụ ihe dị mma iji belata ọnụ ahịa HPMC. Ọzọkwa, ihe gel oyi nke HPS nwere ike ime ka viscosity na njirimara rheological ndị ọzọ nke HPMC. , iji melite arụmọrụ nhazi ya na obere okpomọkụ. Na mgbakwunye, ihe nkiri oriri HPS nwere ọmarịcha ihe mgbochi oxygen, yabụ na ọ nwere ike melite akụrụngwa mgbochi oxygen nke ihe nkiri oriri HPMC.

Agbakwunyere HPS n'ime HPMC maka ịgbakọta, yana HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-atụgharị jel na-agbanwe agbanwe. A tụlere iwu mmetụta nke ihe onwunwe, usoro mmekọrịta dị n'etiti HPS na HPMC na ngwọta, a tụlere ngbanwe na oge mgbanwe nke usoro ihe mejupụtara, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti rheological Njirimara na nhazi nke usoro ihe mejupụtara. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na usoro ihe mejupụtara ahụ nwere ntinye uche dị oke egwu (8%), n'okpuru ntinye uche dị oke egwu, HPMC na HPS dị na ụdọ molekụla nọọrọ onwe ya na mpaghara mpaghara; n'elu ntinye uche dị oke egwu, a na-emepụta usoro HPS na ngwọta dị ka etiti gel, Ọdịdị microgel, nke jikọtara ya na njikọ nke eriri molecular HPMC, na-egosipụta omume yiri nke polymer gbazee. Ngwongwo rheological nke usoro ihe eji eme ihe na ntinye aka na-agbaso iwu nchikota logarithmic, ma gosi uzo di iche iche nke di nma na nke na-adighi nma, na-egosi na ihe abuo abuo nwere mmekorita di nma. The compound system bụ a na-aga n'ihu na-adọ-agbasasịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsị akwụkwọ "Oké Osimiri-agwaetiti" Ọdịdị na obere okpomọkụ, na-aga n'ihu na-adọ mgbanwe pụtara na 4:6 na mbelata nke HPMC/HPS compound ratio.

Dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ngwaahịa nri, nkwakọ nri nwere ike igbochi nri imebi ma metọọ site na ihe ndị dị n'èzí na usoro mgbasa ozi na nchekwa, si otú a na-agbatị ndụ nchekwa na oge nchekwa nri. Dị ka ihe ọhụrụ ụdị nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri nke dị mma na oriri, na ọbụna nwere ụfọdụ nutritional uru, oriri film nwere sara mbara ngwa atụmanya na nri nkwakọ na ichekwa, nri ngwa ngwa na ọgwụ capsules, na aghọwo a nnyocha hotspot na ugbu a nri. ubi metụtara nkwakọ ngwaahịa.

A kwadebere akpụkpọ ahụ nke HPMC/HPS site na usoro nkedo. Achọpụtara ndakọrịta na usoro nkewa nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara ya site na nyocha microscopy eletrọnịnụ, nyocha ihe akụrụngwa thermomechanical dị ike na nyocha thermogravimetric, na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara. na oxygen permeability na akpụkpọ anụ ndị ọzọ. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na ọ nweghị ihu abụọ doro anya a na-ahụ anya na foto SEM nke ihe nkiri niile mejupụtara, enwere naanị otu ebe mgbanwe iko na nsonaazụ DMA nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri mejupụtara, na naanị otu oke mbibi ọkụ na-apụta na akụkụ DTG. nke ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ndị mejupụtara. HPMC nwere ndakọrịta ụfọdụ na HPS. Mgbakwunye HPS na HPMC na-eme ka ihe mgbochi ikuku oxygen dịkwuo mma nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara. Ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara na-adịgasị iche n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nha nha na oke iru mmiri nke gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-eweta ebe ntụgharị, nke nwere ike inye ntụaka maka njikarịcha ngwaahịa maka ngwa dị iche iche chọrọ.

The microscopic morphology, nkesa nkesa, usoro mgbanwe na ndị ọzọ microstructures nke HPMC/HPS compound system were were were dị mfe iodine dyeing optical mikroskopu analysis, na nghọta na n'ibu Njirimara nke ogige nke ultraviolet spectrophotometer na n'ibu ihe tester mụrụ. E hiwere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihe omimi nke microscopic na arụmọrụ zuru oke nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mesophases dị na usoro nhazi, nke nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta. Enwere ebe ntughari oge na sistemu ihe mejupụtara, ebe mgbanwe nke oge a nwere ụfọdụ ihe mejupụtara ya na ịdabere n'ihe ngwọta. Ebe kachasị dị ala nke nghọta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara kwekọrọ na ebe mgbanwe nke HPMC si na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu ruo oge gbasasịrị na njedebe kacha nta nke modul tensile. Modules na elongation na-eto eto na nkwụsịtụ na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ntinye ihe ngwọta, bụ nke nwere mmekọrịta kpatara ya na mgbanwe nke HPMC site na usoro na-aga n'ihu ruo na-agbasasị agbasasị.

A na-eji rheometer mụọ mmetụta mgbanwe kemịkalụ HPS nwere na njirimara rheological na njirimara gel nke HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-atụgharị jel. A mụrụ ike na ntụgharị nke oge, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na rheological na gel properties e guzobekwara. Nsonaazụ nyocha na-egosi na hydroxypropylation nke HPS nwere ike ibelata viscosity nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na obere okpomọkụ, meziwanye mmiri nke ihe ngwọta nke ngwakọta, ma belata ihe ngosi nke ịcha ntutu; hydroxypropylation nke HPS nwere ike imechi viscosity linear nke usoro ihe mejupụtara. Na mpaghara na-agbanwe agbanwe, a na-ebelata okpomọkụ mgbanwe nke usoro HPMC/HPS, na omume siri ike nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ya na obere okpomọkụ na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu. HPMC na HPS na-etolite usoro na-aga n'ihu na okpomọkụ dị ala na nke dị elu, n'otu n'otu, yana dịka usoro agbasasịworo na-ekpebi njirimara rheological na gel Njirimara nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na elu na obere okpomọkụ. Ma mgbanwe mberede na ngbanwe viscosity nke sistemu agwakọtara yana tan delta peak na mbelata ihe na-akpata ọnwụ na-apụta na 45 Celsius C, nke na-ekwupụta ihe omume na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ na micrographs nwere iodine na 45 Celsius.

Mmetụta nke mgbanwe kemịkalụ nke HPS na nhazi kristal na nhazi micro-divisional nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara ka a mụrụ site na teknụzụ mgbasa ozi synchrotron nke obere akụkụ X-ray, na ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ihe mgbochi oxygen na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara. N'usoro ọmụmụ mmetụta nke chemical Ọdịdị mgbanwe nke compound components na microstructure na macroscopic Njirimara nke compound. Nsonaazụ nke radieshon synchrotron gosiri na hydroxypropylation nke HPS na mmelite nke ndakọrịta nke akụkụ abụọ ahụ nwere ike igbochi recrystallization nke starch na akpụkpọ ahụ ma kwalite nguzobe nke onwe ya dị ka nke dị na akpụkpọ ahụ. The macroscopic Njirimara dị ka n'ibu Njirimara, thermal kwụsie ike na oxygen permeability nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ na-akpachi anya na ya esịtidem crystalline Ọdịdị na amorphous mpaghara Ọdịdị. Mmetụta ngwakọta nke mmetụta abụọ ahụ.

Isi nke Mbụ Okwu Mmalite

Dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke ngwaahịa nri, ihe nkwakọ nri nwere ike ichebe nri site na mmebi anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na nke ndu na mmetọ n'oge mgbasa na nchekwa, na-echekwa ogo nri n'onwe ya, na-eme ka nri dị mfe ma hụ na nri. Nchekwa na ichekwa ogologo oge, ma nye ọdịdị nri iji dọta oriri ma nweta uru karịrị ọnụ ahịa ihe [1-4]. Dị ka ihe ọhụrụ ụdị nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri nke dị mma na oriri, na ọbụna nwere ụfọdụ nutritional uru, oriri film nwere sara mbara ngwa atụmanya na nri nkwakọ na ichekwa, nri ngwa ngwa na ọgwụ capsules, na aghọwo a nnyocha hotspot na ugbu a nri. ubi metụtara nkwakọ ngwaahịa.

Ihe nkiri a na-eri nri bụ ihe nkiri nwere usoro netwọkụ na-adịghị mma, nke a na-enwetakarị site na nhazi polymers oriri. Ọtụtụ polymers eke dị na okike nwere ihe gel, na ngwọta mmiri ha nwere ike ịmepụta hydrogels n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, dị ka ụfọdụ polysaccharides eke, protein, lipids, wdg. Natural structural polysaccharides dị ka starch na cellulose, n'ihi na ha pụrụ iche molekụla Ọdịdị nke ogologo yinye helix na anụ chemical Njirimara, nwere ike adabara ogologo oge na iche iche nchekwa gburugburu, na e ọtụtụ ndị na-amụ dị ka oriri film-akpụ ihe . Ihe nkiri oriri na-esi na otu polysaccharide na-enwekarị oke na arụmọrụ. Ya mere, iji kpochapụ njedebe nke otu ihe nkiri oriri polysaccharide, nweta ihe pụrụ iche ma ọ bụ mepụta ọrụ ọhụrụ, belata ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa, ma gbasaa ngwa ha, a na-ejikarị ụdị polysaccharides abụọ eme ihe. Ma ọ bụ polysaccharides eke dị n'elu na-agbakọta iji nweta mmetụta nke ihe mgbakwunye. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọdịiche dị na nhazi ihe omimi dị n'etiti polymers dị iche iche, e nwere ụfọdụ entropy conformational, na ọtụtụ ogige polymer na-adaba n'akụkụ ma ọ bụ na-ekwekọghị . Usoro nhazi usoro na ndakọrịta nke mgbagwoju polymer ga-ekpebi njirimara nke ihe mejupụtara. Nrụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme n'oge nhazi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nhazi ahụ. Ya mere, a na-amụ ihe ndị dị na macroscopic dị ka rheological Njirimara nke usoro mgbagwoju anya polymer. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microscopic morphological Ọdịdị dị ka usoro morphology na ndakọrịta dị mkpa maka ịhazi arụmọrụ, nyocha na mgbanwe nke ihe ndị mejupụtara, teknụzụ nhazi, nhazi usoro nhazi na nhazi ígwè ọrụ, na nyochaa mmepụta. Ịrụ ọrụ nhazi nke ngwaahịa na mmepe na ntinye nke ihe polymer ọhụrụ dị oke mkpa.

N'isiakwụkwọ a, a na-enyocha ọnọdụ nyocha na ọganihu ngwa ngwa nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-eri nri n'ụzọ zuru ezu; ọnọdụ nyocha nke hydrogels eke; nzube na usoro nke ngwakọta polymer na ọganihu nchọpụta nke nchịkọta polysaccharide; usoro nyocha nke rheological nke usoro nhazi; A na-enyocha ihe ndị na-ahụ maka rheological na ihe nlereanya nke usoro oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-atụgharị ma na-atụle ya, yana nchọpụta nchọpụta, ebumnuche nyocha na nyocha nke ọdịnaya akwụkwọ a.

1.1 Ihe nkiri oriri

Ihe nkiri oriri na-ezo aka na mgbakwunye nke plasticizers na cross-linking agents dabeere na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ (dị ka polysaccharides structural, lipids, proteins), site na mmekọrịta dị iche iche intermolecular, site compounding, kpo oku, mkpuchi, ihicha, wdg The film na porous netwọk. nhazi nke emere site na ọgwụgwọ . Ọ nwere ike na-enye dị iche iche ọrụ dị ka selectable mgbochi Njirimara gas, mmiri, ọdịnaya na mpụga emerụ bekee, ka mma sensory àgwà na esịtidem Ọdịdị nke nri, na ogologo oge nchekwa ma ọ bụ shelf ndụ nke nri ngwaahịa .

1.1.1 Akụkọ mmepe nke ihe nkiri oriri

Enwere ike ịmalite mmepe nke ihe nkiri oriri na narị afọ nke 12 na 13. N'oge ahụ, ndị China na-eji ụzọ dị mfe nke ịme waksị na-ekpuchi citrus na lemons, nke na-ebelata mmiri na-efu na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, nke mere na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri nọgidere na-enwe mmasị mbụ ha, si otú ahụ na-agbatị ndụ mkpụrụ osisi na mkpụrụ osisi. akwụkwọ nri, mana nke ukwuu na-egbochi iku ume nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, na-ebute mmebi mkpụrụ osisi fermentative. Na narị afọ nke 15, ndị Eshia amalitela ime ihe nkiri oriri site na mmiri ara ehi soy, ma jiri ya chebe nri na ịbawanye ọdịdị nri [20]. Na narị afọ nke 16, ndị Britain na-eji abụba na-ekpuchi elu nri iji belata ụkọ mmiri mmiri. Na narị afọ nke 19, a na-eji sucrose mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi oriri na mkpụrụ, almọnd na hazelnuts iji gbochie oxidation na rancidity n'oge nchekwa. N'afọ ndị 1830, ihe nkiri paraffin na-ekpo ọkụ na-ere ahịa pụtara maka mkpụrụ osisi dị ka apụl na pears. Na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 19, a na-efesa ihe nkiri Gelatin n'elu ngwaahịa anụ na ihe oriri ndị ọzọ maka nchekwa nri. Na mmalite 1950s, carnauba wax, wdg, emewo ka ọ bụrụ emulsions mmanụ n'ime mmiri maka mkpuchi na ichekwa mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ọhụrụ. N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1950, nchọpụta banyere ihe nkiri a na-eri eri nke etinyere na ngwaahịa anụ malitere ịmalite, na ihe atụ kachasị ukwuu na nke na-aga nke ọma bụ ngwaahịa enema nke a na-esi na eriri afọ anụ mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe mkpuchi.

Kemgbe afọ ndị 1950, e nwere ike ịsị na ọ bụ naanị ihe a tụrụ anya ka a tụrụ banyere ihe nkiri a na-eri eri. Kemgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-eme nchọpụta amalitela inwe mmasị siri ike na fim ndị a na-eri nri. Na 1991, Nisperes tinyere carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) na mkpuchi na ichekwa unere na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ, mkpụrụ osisi na-eku ume na-ebelata, na chlorophyll ọnwụ na-egbu oge. Park et al. na 1994 kọrọ ihe mgbochi dị irè nke ihe nkiri protein zein na O2 na CO2, bụ nke mere ka mfu mmiri, wilting na discoloration nke tomato dịkwuo mma. N'afọ 1995, Lourdin na-eji ngwọta alkaline dilute na-agwọ starch, ma tinye glycerin na mkpuchi strawberries maka ịdị ọhụrụ, nke na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri nke strawberries na-egbu oge. Baberjee mma oriri ihe nkiri Njirimara na 1996 site Micro-liquefaction na ultrasonic ọgwụgwọ nke film-akpụ mmiri mmiri, otú ahụ urughuru size nke film-akpụ mmiri mmiri e budata belata na homogeneous kwụsie ike nke emulsion mma. Na 1998, Padegett et al. gbakwunyere lysozyme ma ọ bụ nisin na ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi soybean wee jiri ya kechie nri, wee chọpụta na uto nke nje bacteria lactic acid na nri na-egbochi ya nke ọma [30]. Na 1999, Yin Qinghong et al. ejiri beeswax mee ihe mkpuchi ihe nkiri maka nchekwa na nchekwa nke apụl na mkpụrụ osisi ndị ọzọ, nke nwere ike igbochi iku ume, gbochie mbelata na ibu ibu, ma gbochie mwakpo microbial.

Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, beaker na-esi ọka maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa ice cream, akwụkwọ osikapa na-eri nri maka mkpọ swiit, na akpụkpọ anụ tofu maka efere anụ bụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri. Ma ngwa ihe nkiri ndị a na-eri eri adịchaghị adị na 1967, ọbụnadị ichekwa mkpụrụ osisi e kpuchiri waks enwechaghị nnọọ mmasị n'ahịa. Ruo 1986, ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole malitere inye ihe nkiri ihe nkiri a na-eri eri, ka ọ na-erule 1996, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri a na-eri eriworị ihe karịrị 600. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, itinye ihe nkiri a na-eri eri na-amụbawanye n'ichekwa nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri, ma nweela nke ukwuu. ego ha nwetara kwa afọ nke karịrị otu narị nde dollar US .

1.1.2 Njirimara na ụdị ihe nkiri oriri

Dị ka nchọpụta dị mkpa si kwuo, ihe nkiri a na-eri nri nwere uru ndị a pụtara ìhè: ihe nkiri a na-eri nri nwere ike igbochi mbelata na mbelata nke nri nri sitere na mbugharị nke ihe oriri dị iche iche; ụfọdụ ihe nkiri ihe oriri na-eri nri n'onwe ha nwere uru nri pụrụ iche na ọrụ nlekọta ahụike; ihe nkiri oriri nwere ihe mgbochi nhọrọ na CO2, O2 na gas ndị ọzọ; Enwere ike iji ihe nkiri a na-eri nri maka ngwa ndakwa nri, ịsa achịcha, nri e ghere eghe na ihe nkiri ọgwụ na mkpuchi; Enwere ike iji ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi ahụ dị ka antioxidants na ihe nchekwa na ndị ọzọ na-ebu, si otú ahụ na-agbatị ndụ ndụ nke nri; Enwere ike iji ihe nkiri oriri na-eri nri dị ka onye na-ebu maka ndị na-agba agba na ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, wdg, iji meziwanye àgwà nri na imeziwanye ihe nri nri; ihe nkiri oriri na-adịghị mma ma na-eri nri, a pụkwara iri ya na nri; Enwere ike iji ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa nke obere ma ọ bụ nkeji nri, na-etolite nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị iche iche na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa ọdịnala, nke na-eme ka arụmọrụ ihe mgbochi zuru oke nke ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa.

Ihe mere ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri nwere ihe ndị dị n'elu arụ ọrụ na-adabere na nhazi nke usoro netwọk akụkụ atọ n'ime ha, si otú a na-egosi ụfọdụ ike na ihe mgbochi. Njirimara arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri na-emetụta nke ukwuu site na njirimara nke ihe mejupụtara ya, yana ogo nke translinking polymer n'ime, ịdị n'otu na njupụta nke usoro ntanetị na-emetụtakwa usoro imepụta fim dị iche iche. Enwere ọdịiche pụtara ìhè na arụmọrụ [15, 35]. Ihe nkiri oriri na-enwekwa ụfọdụ ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka solubility, agba, nghọta, wdg. Enwere ike ịhọrọ ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa ihe oriri kwesịrị ekwesị dị ka ebe dị iche iche eji eme ihe na ọdịiche dị na ihe ngwaahịa a ga-akwakọba.

Dị ka usoro e si emepụta ihe nkiri oriri, a pụrụ ikewa ya gaa na fim na ihe mkpuchi: (1) A na-akpọkarị ihe nkiri nke onwe ha akwadoro tupu oge eruo. (2) A na-akpọ akwa oyi akwa a na-emepụta n'elu nri site na mkpuchi, ntinye, na spraying. A na-ejikarị ihe nkiri eme ihe maka nri nwere ihe dị iche iche dị mkpa ka a na-achịkọta n'otu n'otu (dị ka ngwugwu na-esi ísì ụtọ na ngwugwu mmanụ na nri dị mma), nri ndị nwere otu ihe ahụ ma ọ dị mkpa ka a na-achịkọta ya iche (dị ka obere ngwugwu kọfị, ntụ ntụ mmiri ara ehi). wdg), yana ọgwụ ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa nlekọta ahụike. Ihe Capsule; A na-ejikarị mkpuchi eme ihe maka ichekwa nri ọhụrụ dị ka mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, ngwaahịa anụ, mkpuchi ọgwụ na mgbakọ nke microcapsules na-achịkwa.

Dị ka ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri nke ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri, enwere ike kewaa ya: ihe nkiri oriri polysaccharide, ihe nkiri oriri protein, ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi ahụ, ihe nkiri ihe oriri microbial na ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi ahụ.

1.1.3 Ngwa nke ihe nkiri oriri

Dị ka ihe ọhụrụ ụdị nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri nke dị mma ma na-eri nri, na ọbụna nwere ụfọdụ ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, a na-eji ihe nkiri a na-eri nri eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri, ubi ọgwụ, nchekwa na nchekwa nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, nhazi na nchekwa. nke anụ na ngwaahịa mmiri, mmepụta nri ngwa ngwa, na mmepụta mmanụ. Ọ nwere atụmanya ngwa sara mbara na ichekwa nri dịka swiiti e ghere eghe.

1.1.3.1 Ngwa na nkwakọ nri

A na-ekpuchi ihe ngwọta na-emepụta ihe nkiri na nri nke a ga-eji na-agbakọta, ịhịa aka n'ahụ, nsị, wdg, iji gbochie ịbanye n'ime mmiri, oxygen na ihe ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke nwere ike ibelata n'ụzọ dị irè n'ibelata nkwakọ ngwaahịa ma belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa. ; na-ebelata oke oyi akwa nke ihe oriri Mgbagwoju anya nke akụkụ nke nkwakọ ngwaahịa rọba na-eme ka a na-emegharị ya na nhazi ya, ma na-ebelata mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi; a na-etinye ya na nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị iche iche nke ihe oriri dị mgbagwoju anya nke multi-component iji belata mbugharị n'etiti ihe dị iche iche, si otú ahụ belata mmetọ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Belata mmebi nke nri ma ọ bụ mbelata ogo nri. A na-edozi ihe nkiri a na-eri nri ozugbo n'ime akwụkwọ nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ akpa akpa maka nkwakọ nri, nke na-abụghị nanị na-enweta nchekwa, ịdị ọcha na ịdị mma, kamakwa na-ebelata nrụgide nke mmetọ ọcha na gburugburu ebe obibi.

N'iji ọka, soybean na ọka wit dị ka isi ihe eji eme ihe, enwere ike ịkwadebe ihe nkiri ọka ọka dịka akwụkwọ ma jiri ya mee nkwakọ ngwaahịa sausaji na nri ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ejiri ya, ọ bụrụgodị na a na-atụfu ha na gburugburu ebe obibi, ha nwere ike ime ka ha ghọọ ala fatịlaịza iji meziwanye ala. . N'iji starch, chitosan na bean dregs dị ka ihe ndị bụ isi, enwere ike ịkwadebe akwụkwọ mpịakọta oriri maka ịkwakọ nri ngwa ngwa dị ka noodles ngwa ngwa na fries French, nke dị mma, dị mma na nke a ma ama; A na-eji ngwugwu ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ofe siri ike Nkwakọ ngwaahịa dị mma dị ka akụrụngwa, nke enwere ike esi ya ozugbo na ite mgbe ejiri ya, nwere ike igbochi mmetọ nri, ịbawanye nri nri, na ịkwado nhicha. Ube oyibo, poteto, na osikapa agbajiri agbajiri agbaji wee ghọọ polysaccharides, nke enwere ike iji kwadebe ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ a na-eri n'ime bụ nke na-enweghị agba na nke doro anya, nwere ezigbo ihe mgbochi oxygen na ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ma jiri ya mee ihe maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi ntụ ntụ. , mmanụ salad na ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ [19]. Maka nri ndị agha, mgbe ejiri ngwaahịa ahụ mee ihe, a na-atụfu ihe nkwakọba plastik ọdịnala na gburugburu ebe obibi wee ghọọ akara maka nleba anya ndị iro, nke dị mfe ikpughe ebe ọ nọ. N'ihe oriri pụrụ iche nke nwere ọtụtụ akụkụ dị ka pizza, achịcha dị iche iche, ketchup, ice cream, yogọt, achịcha na desserts, enweghị ike itinye ihe nkwakọba plastik ozugbo iji mee ihe, ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri na-egosi uru pụrụ iche ya, nke nwere ike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu Fractional. Mbugharị nke ihe ekpomeekpo na-eme ka ịdịmma ngwaahịa na mma dị mma [21]. Enwere ike iji ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri na nhazi nri ngwa ndakwa nri nke usoro batter. A na-akwakọba ngwaahịa anụ, akwụkwọ nri, cheese na mkpụrụ osisi site n'ịfesa, ịkụnye ma ọ bụ ịsa ahịhịa, wdg, oyi kpọnwụrụ ma chekwaa ya, ọ dịkwa mkpa ka a na-eme ya ngwa ngwa maka oriri.

Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri na-ere ahịa ole na ole na akpa dị, ọtụtụ patent ka edebanyela aha na nhazi na ngwa nke ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa enwere ike iri. Ndị ọchịchị na-ahụ maka nri nke France akwadola akpa nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe aha ya bụ “SOLUPAN”, nke mejupụtara hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, starch na sodium sorbate, ma dị na ahịa.

1.1.3.2 Ngwa na ọgwụ

Enwere ike iji Gelatin, cellulose derivatives, starch na chịngọm oriri na-edozi ahụ dị nro na nke siri ike nke ọgwụ na ngwaahịa ahụike, nke nwere ike hụ na ọ dị irè nke ọgwụ na ngwaahịa ahụike, ma dị mma na oriri; ọgwụ ụfọdụ nwere uto dị ilu, nke siri ike iji ndị ọrịa mee ihe. Enwere ike iji ihe nkiri anabatara, ihe nkiri oriri dị ka ihe mkpuchi na-atọ ụtọ maka ọgwụ ndị dị otú ahụ; ụfọdụ polymer polymers na-adịghị agbaze na afọ (pH 1.2) gburugburu ebe obibi, ma soluble na intestinal (pH 6.8) gburugburu ebe obibi na ike ga-eji na intestinal Sustained-ahapụ ọgwụ mkpuchi; enwere ike iji ya dị ka onye na-ebu ọgwụ ezubere iche.

Blanco-Fernandez et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri chitosan acetylated monoglyceride mejupụtara ma jiri ya maka ntọhapụ na-adịgide adịgide nke ọrụ antioxidant nke vitamin E, mmetụta ahụ dịkwa ịrịba ama. Ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa antioxidant ogologo oge. Zhang et al. starch agwakọta na gelatin, tinye polyethylene glycol plasticizer, na-eji omenala. A na-akwadebe capsules siri ike oghere site na ntinye nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara, a na-amụkwa nghọta, ihe eji arụ ọrụ, hydrophilic properties na usoro morphology nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara. ezigbo capsule ihe [52]. Lal et al. mere kafirin ka ọ bụrụ mkpuchi oriri maka mkpuchi enteric nke paracetamol capsules, wee mụọ ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, ihe mgbochi na ihe ntọhapụ ọgwụ nke ihe nkiri a na-eri. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mkpuchi nke sorghum dị iche iche capsules siri ike nke ihe nkiri gliadin adịghị agbaji n'ime afọ, mana wepụtara ọgwụ ahụ n'ime eriri afọ na pH 6.8. Paik et al. kwadebere ụmụ irighiri ihe phthalate HPMC nke etinyere na indomethacin, wee fesa mmiri mmiri na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-eri nri nke HPMC n'elu mkpụrụ ndụ ọgwụ, wee mụọ ọnụego ọnyà ọgwụ, nkezi urughuru nke mkpụrụ ndụ ọgwụ, ihe nkiri oriri na-egosi nsonaazụ gosiri na HPMCN nwere mkpuchi. ọgwụ ọnụ indomethacin nwere ike imezu ebumnuche nke ikpuchi uto ilu nke ọgwụ ahụ yana ilekwasị anya na nnyefe ọgwụ. Oladzadabbasabadi et al. ngwakọta gbanwetụrụ sago starch na carrageenan iji kwadebe ihe oriri mejupụtara film dị ka a dochie omenala gelatin capsules, na-amụ ya ihicha kinetics, thermomechanical Njirimara, physicochemical Njirimara na mgbochi Njirimara, The results na-egosi na ihe mejupụtara oriri ihe nkiri nwere yiri Njirimara na gelatin na ike. ga-eji na mmepụta nke ọgwụ capsules .

1.1.3.3 Ngwa na nchekwa mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri

N'ime mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ọhụrụ mgbe ewerechara, mmeghachi omume biochemical na iku ume ka na-aga n'ihu na-agbasi mbọ ike, nke ga-eme ka mmebi anụ ahụ nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri dịkwuo elu, ọ dịkwa mfe ime ka mfu nke mmiri na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri na ụlọ okpomọkụ, na-akpata àgwà nke esịtidem anụ ahụ na sensory Njirimara nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri. daa. Ya mere, ichebe aghọwo ihe kacha mkpa na nchekwa na njem nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri; Ụzọ nchekwa ọdịnala nwere mmetụta nchekwa adịghị mma yana ọnụ ahịa dị elu. Nchekwa mkpuchi mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ugbu a bụ usoro kachasị dị irè na nchekwa ụlọ. The oriri film-akpụ mmiri mmiri na-ntekwasa n'elu mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, nke nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè gbochie mbuso agha nke microorganisms, belata respiration, mmiri ọnwụ na edozi ọnwụ nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwukwo nri anụ ahụ, na-egbu oge physiological ịka nká nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwukwo nri anụ ahụ. ma na-edebe mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri anụ ahụ nke mbụ dị nro ma dị nro. Ọdịdị na-egbuke egbuke, ka o wee nweta nzube nke ime ka ọ dị ọhụrụ na ịgbatị oge nchekwa. Ndị America na-eji acetyl monoglyceride na chiiz ewepụtara na mmanụ ihe oriri dị ka ihe ndị bụ isi maka ịkwadebe ihe nkiri oriri, ma jiri ya na-egbutu mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri iji mee ka ọ dị ọhụrụ, gbochie akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, browning na mbuso agha nke microorganisms, nke mere na ọ nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe maka a. Otee aka. Ala ọhụrụ . Japan na-eji silk efu eme ihe dị ka akụrụngwa iji kwadebe ihe nkiri na-edobe nduku ọhụrụ, nke nwere ike nweta mmetụta na-edobe ọhụrụ dị ka nke nchekwa oyi. Ndị America na-eji mmanụ ihe oriri na mkpụrụ osisi dị ka ihe ndị bụ isi na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpuchi mmiri, ma na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi ndị a kpụchara dị ọhụrụ, wee chọpụta na mmetụta nchekwa ahụ dị mma.

Marquez et al. na-eji protein whey na pectin mee ihe dị ka akụrụngwa, ma gbakwunye glutaminase maka njikọ cross iji kwadebe ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi ahụ, bụ nke e ji ekpuchi apụl, tomato na karọt ndị a kpụchara ọhụrụ, nke nwere ike ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ. , inhibit uto nke microorganisms n'elu ọhụrụ-bee mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, na ogologo ndụ shelf na premise nke ịnọgide na-enwe uto na ekpomeekpo nke ọhụrụ-ebipụ mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri. Shi Lei et al. Mkpụrụ vaịn a na-acha uhie uhie kpuchiri ya na ihe nkiri oriri chitosan, nke nwere ike ibelata mbelata ịdị arọ na ọnụego ire ere nke mkpụrụ vaịn, na-ejigide agba na nchapụta nke mkpụrụ vaịn, ma na-egbu oge mmebi nke ihe siri ike soluble. Iji chitosan, sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose na polyacrylate dị ka akụrụngwa, Liu et al. kwadebere oriri fim site multilayer mkpuchi maka ọhụrụ-idebe mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, na-amụ ha morphology, mmiri solubility, wdg The results gosiri na sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan-glycerol mejupụtara film nwere kasị mma ichebe mmetụta . Sun Qingshen et al. mụọ ihe mejupụtara ihe nkiri nke soybean protein iche, nke a na-eji maka ichebe strawberries, nke nwere ike budata belata transpiration nke strawberries, inhibit ha respiration, na ibelata ọnụego rere ure mkpụrụ. Ferreira et al. jiri mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri fọdụrụnụ ntụ ntụ na nduku bee ntụ ntụ iji kwadebe ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi ahụ, mụọ banyere mmiri solubility na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara, ma jiri usoro mkpuchi chekwaa hawthorn. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ndụ shelf nke hawthorn dị ogologo. 50%, ọnụ ọgụgụ mbelata ibu belatara site na 30-57%, na organic acid na mmiri agbanwebeghị nke ọma. Fu Xiaowei et al. mụọ ichekwa ọhụrụ-ede ede site chitosan oriri nkiri, na ya pụta gosiri na ọ pụrụ budata belata respiration ike nke ọhụrụ-ede ede n'oge nchekwa na-egbu oge ịka nká nke ose. Navarro-Tarazaga et al. eji ihe nkiri a na-eri oriri na beeswax gbanwere HPMC iji chekwaa plums. Nsonaazụ gosiri na beeswax nwere ike imeziwanye ikuku oxygen na ihe mgbochi mmiri na akụrụngwa nke ihe nkiri HPMC. A na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ dị arọ nke plums, na-adị nro na ọbara ọgbụgba nke mkpụrụ osisi n'oge nchekwa, a na-agbatịkwa oge nchekwa nke plums. Tang Liying et al. ejiri shellac alkali ngwọta na mgbanwe starch, kwadebere ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri, ma mụọ ihe nkiri ya; N'otu oge ahụ, iji mmiri mmiri na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-ekpuchi mango maka ịdị ọhụrụ nwere ike ibelata iku ume nke ọma Ọ nwere ike igbochi ihe na-agba aja aja n'oge nchekwa, belata ọnụ ọgụgụ ọnwụ ma mee ka oge nchekwa dịkwuo ogologo.

1.1.3.4 Ngwa na nhazi na ichekwa ngwaahịa anụ

Ngwaahịa anụ ndị nwere nri bara ụba na ọrụ mmiri dị elu na-adị mfe ịwakpo microorganisms na nhazi, njem, nchekwa na oriri, na-akpata ọchịchịrị agba na abụba oxidation na mmebi ndị ọzọ. Iji gbatịa oge nchekwa na ndụ ndụ nke ngwaahịa anụ, ọ dị mkpa ịgbalị igbochi ọrụ nke enzymes na ngwaahịa anụ na mbuso agha nke microorganisms n'elu, ma gbochie mmebi nke agba na isi ísì nke abụba oxidation kpatara. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, nchekwa ihe nkiri a na-eri eri bụ otu n'ime ụzọ a na-ejikarị echekwa anụ n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ. N'iji ya tụnyere usoro ọdịnala, a na-achọpụta na mbuso agha nke microorganisms dị n'èzí, oxidative rancidity nke abụba na mfu nke ihe ọṅụṅụ na-emeziwanye nke ọma na ngwaahịa anụ ndị a chịkọtara na ihe nkiri oriri, na àgwà nke ngwaahịa anụ ahụ emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma. A na-agbatị ndụ nchekwa.

Nnyocha e mere na ihe nkiri a na-eri nri nke ngwaahịa anụ malitere na njedebe 1950, na ngwa ngwa kachasị eme nke ọma bụ ihe nkiri collagen oriri, bụ nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe na mmepụta soseji. Emiroglu et al. agbakwunyere mmanụ sesame na ihe nkiri oriri protein soybean iji mee ihe nkiri nje na-egbu egbu, wee mụọ mmetụta nje nje ya na anụ ehi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri antibacterial nwere ike igbochi mmeputakwa na uto nke Staphylococcus aureus. Wook et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri oriri proanthocyanidin ma jiri ya na-ekpuchi anụ ezi refrigerated maka ịdị ọhụrụ. Agba, pH, TVB-N uru, thiobarbituric acid na microbial count nke anụ ezi anụ ezi mgbe nchekwa maka ụbọchị 14 ka a mụrụ. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri oriri nke proanthocyanidins nwere ike belata nguzobe nke thiobarbituric acid nke ọma, gbochie mmebi nke fatty acid, belata mbuso agha na mmeputakwa nke microorganisms n'elu ngwaahịa anụ, melite ogo ngwaahịa anụ, ma mee ka oge nchekwa na ogologo oge. ndụ shelf . Jiang Shaotong et al. gbakwunyere tii polyphenols na allicin na starch-sodium alginate composite membrane solution, ma jiri ya chekwaa ịdị ọhụrụ nke anụ ezi jụrụ oyi, nke enwere ike ịchekwa na 0-4 Celsius C karịa ụbọchị 19. Cartagena et al. kọrọ mmetụta antibacterial nke ihe nkiri oriri na-eri collagen agbakwunyere na nisin antimicrobial agent na nchekwa nke mpekere anụ ezi, na-egosi na ihe nkiri oriri nke collagen nwere ike ibelata mmiri mmiri nke mpekere anụ ezi refrigerated, na-egbu oge ire ngwaahịa anụ, ma tinye 2 Ihe nkiri collagen nwere % nisin nwere mmetụta nchekwa kacha mma. Wang Rui et al. mụọ mgbanwe nke sodium alginate, chitosan na carboxymethyl fiber site na ntụle ntụle nke pH, nitrogen na-agbanwe agbanwe, ọbara ọbara na ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke anụ ehi n'ime ụbọchị 16 nke nchekwa. A na-eji ụdị ihe nkiri atọ a na-eri nri nke vitamin sodium iji chekwaa ịdị ọhụrụ nke anụ a jụrụ oyi. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri a na-eri nke sodium alginate nwere mmetụta nchekwa dị mma nke ọma. Caprioli et al. were ihe nkiri oriri sodium caseinate kechie ara toki esichara wee tinye ya na friji na 4 Celsius. Nnyocha egosiwo na ihe nkiri oriri sodium caseinate nwere ike belata anụ toki n'oge refrigeration. nke rancidity .

1.1.3.5 Ngwa na nchekwa ngwaahịa mmiri

A na-egosipụtakarị ịdị mma nke ngwaahịa mmiri na mbelata nke mmiri n'efu, mmebi nke ekpomeekpo na mmebi nke udidi ngwaahịa mmiri. Mwepu nke ngwaahịa mmiri, oxidation, denaturation na akọrọ oriri kpatara mwakpo microbial bụ ihe niile dị mkpa na-emetụta ndụ shelf nke ngwaahịa mmiri. Nchekwa oyi kpọnwụrụ bụ usoro a na-ahụkarị maka ichekwa ngwaahịa mmiri, mana a ga-enwekwa mmebi ogo ụfọdụ na usoro a, nke kachasị njọ maka azụ mmiri dị ọcha.

Nchekwa ihe nkiri a na-eri nri nke ngwaahịa mmiri malitere na njedebe 1970s ma ejirila ya mee ihe ugbu a. Ihe nkiri a na-eri nri nwere ike ichekwa ngwaahịa mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ nke ọma, belata mfu mmiri, yana enwere ike ijikọ ya na antioxidants iji gbochie oxidation abụba, si otú ahụ nweta ebumnuche ịgbatị ndụ shelf na ndụ shelf. Meenatchisundaram et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi ahụ nke dabeere na starch na-eji starch dị ka matriks ma gbakwunye ngwa nri dị ka klove na cinnamon, ma jiri ya chekwaa oporo ọcha. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri starch oriri nwere ike igbochi uto nke microorganisms n'ụzọ dị irè, belata oxidation abụba, ogologo ndụ ndụ nke shrimp ọcha refrigerated na 10 Celsius C na 4 Celsius C bụ ogologo ụbọchị 14 na 12, n'otu n'otu. Cheng Yuanyuan na ndị ọzọ mụrụ ihe nchekwa ihe ngwọta nke pullulan wee buru azụ̀ mmiri dị ụtọ. Nchekwa nwere ike igbochi uto nke microorganisms nke ọma, na-ebelata oxidation nke protein na abụba azụ, ma nwee mmetụta nchekwa dị mma. Yunus et al. Egwurugwu egwurugwu kpuchie ya na ihe nkiri oriri gelatin bụ nke etinyere mmanụ dị mkpa na bay leaf, wee mụọ mmetụta nke nchekwa friji na 4 Celsius. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri a na-eri gelatin dị irè n'ịkwado ịdịmma nke trout egwurugwu ruo ụbọchị 22. ogologo oge . Wang Siwei et al. jiri sodium alginate, chitosan na CMC mee ihe dị ka isi ihe, gbakwunyere stearic acid iji kwadebe mmiri mmiri ihe nkiri oriri, ma jiri ya kpuchie Penaeus vannamei maka ịdị ọhụrụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosipụtara na ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara CMC na chitosan Mmiri mmiri nwere mmetụta nchekwa dị mma ma nwee ike ịgbatị ndụ ndụ ihe dịka ụbọchị 2. Yang Shengping na ndị ọzọ na-eji chitosan-tii polyphenol oriri ihe nkiri maka refrigeration na ichekwa nke ọhụrụ hairtail, nke nwere ike n'ụzọ dị irè igbochi mmeputakwa nke nje bacteria n'elu nke ntutu isi, na-egbu oge guzobe hydrochloric acid na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ịgbatị ndụ shelf nke ntutu isi. ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri na abụọ.

1.1.3.6 Ngwa na nri eghe

Nri e ghere eghe nke ọma bụ nri a na-eri nri na-ewu ewu nke nwere nnukwu mmepụta. A na-ekpuchi ya na polysaccharide na ihe nkiri oriri protein, nke nwere ike igbochi mgbanwe agba nke nri n'oge usoro frying ma belata oriri mmanụ. ntinye oxygen na mmiri [80]. Ikpuchi nri e ghere eghe na gellan chịngọm nwere ike ibelata oriri mmanụ site na 35% -63%, dị ka mgbe ị na-eghe sashimi, ọ nwere ike belata oriri mmanụ site na 63%; Mgbe ị na-eghe ibe nduku, ọ nwere ike ibelata oriri mmanụ site na 35%-63%. Mbelata oriri mmanụ ọkụ site na 60%, wdg [81].

Singhhong et al. mere ihe nkiri oriri nke polysaccharides dị ka sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose na pectin, bụ ndị a na-eji maka mkpuchi nke unere eghe eghe, ma mụọ ọnụego mmịnye mmanụ mgbe e ghere eghe. Nsonaazụ gosiri na pectin na carboxyl Mpekere banana e ghere eghe na methylcellulose gosipụtara àgwà mmetụta ka mma, n'ime nke ihe nkiri oriri nke pectin nwere mmetụta kachasị mma n'ibelata nnabata mmanụ [82]. Holownia et al. Ihe nkiri HPMC na MC kpuchiri elu n'elu anụ ọkụkọ e ghere eghe iji mụọ mgbanwe na oriri mmanụ, ọdịnaya acid fatty efu na uru agba na mmanụ frying. Mkpuchi mkpuchi nwere ike ibelata nnabata mmanụ ma melite ndụ mmanụ [83]. Sheng Meixiang et al. mere ihe nkiri a na-eri nri nke CMC, chitosan na protein soybean dịpụrụ adịpụ, ibe nduku nwere mkpuchi, ma sie ya na okpomọkụ dị elu iji mụọ mmịnye mmanụ, ọdịnaya mmiri, agba, ọdịnaya acrylamide na mmetụta mmetụta nke ibe nduku. , Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri soybean dịpụrụ adịpụ oriri oriri nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ibelata oriri mmanụ nke ibe poteto e ghere eghe, na ihe nkiri oriri chitosan nwere mmetụta dị mma n'ibelata ọdịnaya acrylamide [84]. Salvador et al. kpuchiri elu mgbanaka squid e ghere eghe na starch ọka, starch ọka gbanwetụrụ, dextrin na gluten, nke nwere ike ime ka mgbanaka squid dịkwuo mma ma belata ọnụego nnabata mmanụ [85].

1.1.3.7 Ngwa n'ime ihe eji esi nri

Enwere ike iji ihe nkiri a na-eri nri mee ihe dị ka ihe mkpuchi na-egbuke egbuke iji meziwanye ọdịdị nke ihe oriri; enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe mgbochi nke mmiri, oxygen, griiz, wdg iji melite ndụ ndụ nke ihe ndị a na-esi nri, dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ihe nkiri nri chitosan na-ekpuchi achịcha na-ekpuchi ya, a pụkwara iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe nrapado maka nri na-egbuke egbuke na nri. dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ejikarị ihe nrapado na-ekpuchi ahụekere a ṅara n'ọkụ iji gbanye nnu na nnu [87].

Christos et al. mere ihe nkiri sodium alginate na whey bụ ihe nkiri oriri ma kpuchie ha n'elu achịcha Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosipụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndụ probiotics ka mma nke ukwuu, mana ụdị achịcha abụọ ahụ gosipụtara usoro nri nri yiri nke ahụ, ya mere mkpuchi nke ihe nkiri a na-eri anaghị agbanwe ọdịdị, ekpomeekpo na ihe ọkụ ọkụ nke achịcha [88]. Panuwat et al. gbakwunyere wepụ gooseberry India n'ime matrix methyl cellulose iji kwadebe ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri, ma jiri ya chekwaa ịdị ọhụrụ nke cashews a ṅara n'ọkụ. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi ahụ nwere ike igbochi cashew a ṅara n'ọkụ n'oge nchekwa. Ọdịmma ahụ dara na ndụ nchekwa nke cashew a ṅara n'ọkụ gbatịkwara ihe ruru ụbọchị 90 [89]. Schou et al. mere a transperent na mgbanwe oriri nkiri na sodium caseinate na glycerin, na-amụ ya n'ibu Njirimara, mmiri permeability na ya nkwakọ mmetụta na butere achịcha Mpekere. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri oriri nke sodium caseinate ọbọp bred. Mgbe emechara achịcha, enwere ike ibelata ike ya n'ime awa 6 nke nchekwa na ụlọ okpomọkụ [90]. Du et al. eji ihe nkiri oriri nke sitere na apụl na ihe nkiri oriri na-esi na tomato gbakwunyere na mmanụ osisi dị mkpa iji kechie ọkụkọ a ṅara n'ọkụ, bụ nke na-egbochighị uto nke microorganisms tupu ya esichaa ọkụkọ, kamakwa ọ na-eme ka ụtọ ọkụkọ na-esi ísì ụtọ mgbe e richara [91]. Javanmard et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri starch ọka wit a na-eri ma jiri ya kechie kernel pistachio e ghere eghe. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri starch a na-eri nwere ike igbochi oxidative rancidity nke mkpụrụ, melite ogo nke mkpụrụ osisi, ma mee ka ndụ ha dị ogologo [92]. Majid et al. eji ihe nkiri erimeri whey protein kpuchie ahụekere a ṅara n'ọkụ, nke nwere ike ime ka ihe mgbochi oxygen dịkwuo elu, belata nsị ahụekere, meziwanye nhịkọ ahụekere a ṅara n'ọkụ, ma mee ka oge nchekwa ya dị ogologo [93].

1.1.3.8 Ngwa na ngwaahịa confectionery

Ụlọ ọrụ swiiti nwere nnukwu ihe a chọrọ maka mgbasa nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, ya mere, maka chocolate na candies na-egbuke egbuke, ọ dị mkpa iji ihe nkiri na-edozi mmiri na-edozi mmiri iji dochie mmiri mkpuchi nke nwere ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa a na-eri nwere ike ịmepụta ihe nkiri nchebe dị larịị n'elu swiiti ahụ iji belata mbugharị oxygen na mmiri [19]. Ngwa ihe nkiri a na-eri protein whey na confectionery nwere ike belata mgbasa nke ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe. Mgbe a na-eji chocolate ekpuchi ihe oriri ndị nwere mmanu dị ka kuki na peanut butter, mmanụ ahụ ga-akwaga na oyi akwa nke chocolate, na-eme ka chocolate na-ejide onwe ya ma na-eme ka ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ "ntu oyi oyi", ma ihe dị n'ime ga-akpọnwụ, na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè. na-agbanwe na ụtọ ya. Ịgbakwunye oyi akwa nke ihe nkwakọ ihe nkiri oriri nwere ọrụ mgbochi griiz nwere ike dozie nsogbu a [94].

Nelson et al. ejiri ihe nkiri oriri methylcellulose kpuchie swiiti nwere otutu lipids wee gosi oke lipid permeability, si otú ahụ na-egbochi ihe ntu oyi na chocolate [95]. Meyers tinyere ihe nkiri a na-eri hydrogel-wax bilayer n'ịta chịngọm, nke nwere ike ime ka nrapagide ya dịkwuo mma, belata ngbanwe mmiri, ma mee ka ndụ ya dị ogologo [21]. Mmiri nke Fadini et al. A mụrụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ihe oriri nke decollagen-cocoa maka ihe eji arụ ọrụ ya na ikike mmiri, a na-ejikwa ya dị ka mkpuchi maka ngwaahịa chọkọleti nwere nsonaazụ dị mma [96].

1.1.4 Ihe nkiri oriri dabere na cellulose

Ihe nkiri oriri nke dabeere na Cellulose bụ ụdị ihe nkiri a na-eri eri nke sitere na cellulose kasị ukwuu na ihe ndị na-emepụta ya na ọdịdị dị ka ihe ndị bụ isi. Ihe nkiri oriri nke dabeere na Cellulose bụ enweghị isi na enweghị ụtọ, ma nwee ezigbo ike ọrụ, ihe mgbochi mmanụ, nghọta, mgbanwe na ezigbo ihe mgbochi gas. Otú ọ dị, n'ihi ọdịdị hydrophilic nke cellulose, nguzogide nke ihe nkiri oriri dabeere na cellulose bụ ọrụ mmiri na-adịkarị njọ [82, 97-99].

Ihe nkiri oriri nke dabeere na cellulose nke ihe mkpofu na mmepụta ụlọ ọrụ nri nwere ike nweta ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ma nwee ike iji ihe mkpofu mee ihe iji mee ka uru ngwaahịa agbakwunyere. Ferreira et al. ngwakọta nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri fọdụrụnụ ntụ ntụ na nduku peel ntụ ntụ iji kwadebe ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri nke dabeere na cellulose, ma tinye ya na mkpuchi nke hawthorn iji chekwaa ịdị ọhụrụ, wee nweta ezigbo nsonaazụ [62]. Tan Huizi et al. jiri eriri nri ewepụtara site na dregs bean dị ka ihe ndabere wee gbakwunye obere thickener iji dozie ihe nkiri erimeri nke eriri soybean, nke nwere ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ihe mgbochi [100], nke a na-ejikarị maka nkwakọ ngwaahịa ngwa ngwa noodle nri nri ngwa ngwa. , ọ dị mma ma na-edozi ahụ iji gbazee ngwugwu ihe ozugbo na mmiri ọkụ.

Mmiri-soluble cellulose mmepụta, dị ka methyl cellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) na hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), nwere ike na-etolite a na-aga n'ihu matrix na-ejikarị na oriri na fim mmepe na nnyocha. Xiao Naiyu et al. jiri MC mee ihe dị ka isi ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri, gbakwunyere polyethylene glycol na calcium chloride na ihe enyemaka ndị ọzọ, kwadebere ihe nkiri oriri MC site na usoro nkedo, ma tinye ya na nchekwa olecranon, nke nwere ike ịgbatị ọnụ olecranon. Ndụ nchekwa nke piich bụ ụbọchị 4.5 [101]. Esmaeili et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri oriri MC site na nkedo ma tinye ya na mkpuchi nke osisi microcapsules mmanụ dị mkpa. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri MC nwere mmetụta dị mma na-egbochi mmanụ ma nwee ike itinye ya na nkwakọ nri iji gbochie mmebi nke fatty acid [102]. Tian et al. gbanwetụrụ ihe nkiri oriri oriri MC nwere stearic acid na acid fatty na-adịghị mma, nke nwere ike melite ihe mgbochi mmiri nke ihe nkiri oriri MC [103]. Lai Fengying et al. mụọ mmetụta nke ihe mgbaze ụdị na film-akpụ usoro nke MC oriri film na mgbochi Njirimara na n'ibu Njirimara nke oriri ihe nkiri [104].

Akpụkpọ anụ CMC nwere ezigbo ihe mgbochi na O2, CO2 na mmanụ, a na-ejikwa ya n'ọhịa nri na ọgwụ [99]. Bifani et al. kwadebere akpụkpọ ụkwụ CMC ma mụọ mmetụta nke nchịkọta akwukwo na ihe mgbochi mmiri na ihe mgbochi gas nke akpụkpọ ahụ. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mgbakwunye nke mpempe akwụkwọ nwere ike imeziwanye mmiri na ihe mgbochi oxygen nke akpụkpọ ahụ, mana ọ bụghị maka CO2. Ihe mgbochi ahụ na-ejikọta na ntinye nke wepụ [105]. de Moura et al. Chitosan nanoparticles akwadoro wusiri ihe nkiri CMC ike, wee mụọ nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ, akụrụngwa akụrụngwa yana solubility mmiri nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara. Nsonaazụ gosiri na chitosan nanoparticles nwere ike imeziwanye akụrụngwa akụrụngwa yana nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri CMC nke ọma. Mmekọahụ [98]. Ganbarzadeh et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri CMC oriri ma mụọ mmetụta glycerol na oleic acid na njirimara physicochemical nke ihe nkiri CMC. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe mgbochi nke ihe nkiri na-emeziwanye nke ọma, mana ihe eji arụ ọrụ na nghọta belatara [99]. Cheng et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri carboxymethyl cellulose-konjac glucomannan oriri na-edozi ahụ, ma mụọ mmetụta nke nkwụ na mmetụta physicochemical nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara. Nsonaazụ gosiri na obere microspheres lipid nwere ike ịbawanye ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara. Mmiri hydrophobicity nke elu na mwepu nke ọwa mmiri molecule permeation nwere ike imeziwanye ọrụ mgbochi mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ [106].

HPMC nwere ezigbo ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri ya na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-enweghị atụ, enweghị isi na enweghị isi, ma nwee ezigbo ihe mgbochi mmanụ, mana akụrụngwa ya na ihe mgbochi mmiri kwesịrị imeziwanye ya. Ọmụmụ Zuniga et al. gosiri na mbụ microstructure na nkwụsi ike nke HPMC film-akpụ ngwọta nwere ike budata imetụta elu na esịtidem Ọdịdị nke ihe nkiri, na ụzọ mmanụ ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-abanye n'oge e guzobere film Ọdịdị nwere ike imetụta nke ukwuu transmittance ìhè na elu ọrụ nke ihe nkiri. Mgbakwunye nke onye ọrụ nwere ike imeziwanye nkwụsi ike nke ihe ngwọta na-emepụta ihe nkiri, nke na-emetụta ọdịdị elu na ọdịdị anya nke ihe nkiri ahụ, ma ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ikuku ikuku adịghị ebelata [107]. Klangmuang et al. eji organically gbanwetụrụ ụrọ na beeswax ka welie na gbanwee HPMC oriri film ka mma n'ibu Njirimara na mgbochi Njirimara nke HPMC film. Ọmụmụ ihe gosiri na mgbe aṅụ na ụrọ gbanwee, n'ibu Njirimara nke HPMC oriri nkiri bụ tụnyere nke oriri ihe nkiri. A na-eme ka arụmọrụ nke akụkụ mmiri dị mma [108]. Dogan et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri oriri na-eri HPMC, ma jiri microcrystalline cellulose kwalite ma gbanwee ihe nkiri HPMC, ma mụọ ikike mmiri na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe mgbochi mmiri nke ihe nkiri a gbanwere agbanweghị nke ọma. , mana ihe eji arụ ọrụ ya emeziwanye nke ọma [109]. Choi et al. agbakwunyere akwukwo oregano na bergamot mmanụ dị mkpa n'ime HPMC matrix iji kwadebe ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri, ma tinye ya na mkpuchi mkpuchi nke plums ọhụrụ. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosiri na ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri a na-eri nwere ike igbochi iku ume nke plums nke ọma, na-ebelata mmepụta nke ethylene, na-ebelata ọnụego ọnwụ, na imeziwanye àgwà nke plums [110]. Esteghlal et al. gwakọtara HPMC na gelatin iji kwadebe ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri ma mụọ ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri. Ngwongwo physicochemical, ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ndakọrịta nke HPMC gelatin gosiri na ihe ndọtị nke HPMC gelatin composite film agbanwebeghị nke ukwuu, nke enwere ike iji na nkwadebe nke capsules ọgwụ [111]. Villacres et al. mụọ ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ihe mgbochi gas na ihe nje nje nke HPMC-cassava starch edible composite film. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ihe nkiri ndị mejupụtara nwere ezigbo ihe mgbochi oxygen na mmetụta nje bacteria [112]. Byun et al. kwadebere shellac-HPMC mejupụtara membranes, ma mụọ mmetụta nke ụdị emulsifiers na shellac itinye uche na akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara. Ihe emulsifier belatara ihe mgbochi mmiri nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara, mana akụrụngwa ya agbadaghị nke ọma; mgbakwunye nke shellac mere ka nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke akpụkpọ anụ HPMC dịkwuo mma, mmetụta ya na-abawanye site na mmụba nke mkpokọta shellac [113].

1.1.5 Ihe nkiri oriri dabere na starch

Starch bụ polymer eke maka nkwadebe nke ihe nkiri oriri. Ọ nwere uru nke isi iyi sara mbara, ọnụ ala dị ala, biocompatibility na uru nri, a na-ejikwa ya na ụlọ ọrụ nri na ọgwụ [114-117]. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, nyocha banyere ihe nkiri nri starch dị ọcha na ihe nkiri nri nwere starch maka nchekwa na ichekwa nri apụtala n'otu n'otu [118]. Starch amylose dị elu na starch hydroxypropylated gbanwetụrụ bụ isi ihe maka nkwadebe nke ihe nkiri oriri na-esi na starch [119]. Mweghachi nke starch bụ isi ihe mere o ji nwee ike ịmepụta ihe nkiri. Ihe dị elu nke amylose dị elu, nke na-eme ka njikọ intermolecular na-esiwanye ike, ọ na-adị mfe ịmepụta retrogradation, na ihe dị mma na-emepụta ihe nkiri, na ike ikpeazụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ. ibu. Amylose nwere ike ime ihe nkiri na-agbaze mmiri nke nwere obere ikuku oxygen, yana ihe mgbochi nke ihe nkiri amylose dị elu agaghị ebelata n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị elu, nke nwere ike ichebe nri ekpokọtara nke ọma [120].

Ihe nkiri erimeri starch, enweghị agba na isi, nwere ezigbo nghọta, mmiri solubility na ihe mgbochi gas, mana ọ na-egosi oke ike hydrophilicity na ihe mgbochi mmiri adịghị mma, yabụ a na-ejikarị ya na nri oxygen na nkwakọ ngwaahịa mmanụ [121-123]. Na mgbakwunye, akpụkpọ anụ ndị dabeere na starch na-adịkarị mfe ịka nká na ịghaghachi azụ, na ihe eji arụ ọrụ ha adịghị mma [124]. Iji merie mmejọ ndị a dị n'elu, enwere ike gbanwee starch site na anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ, enzymatic, mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ụzọ mgbakwunye iji meziwanye njirimara nke ihe nkiri oriri na-eri starch [114].

Zhang Zhengmao et al. ejiri ihe nkiri erimeri starch ultra-fine kpuchie strawberries wee chọpụta na ọ nwere ike belata mfu mmiri n'ụzọ dị irè, na-egbu oge mbelata ọdịnaya shuga soluble, na ịgbatị oge nchekwa strawberries nke ọma [125]. Garcia et al. gbanwetụrụ starch na dị iche iche yinye oke iji nweta gbanwetụrụ starch film-akpụ mmiri mmiri, nke e ji mee ihe ọhụrụ strawberry mkpuchi film ichekwa. Ọnụego ya na ire ere dị mma karịa nke ndị otu na-enweghị mkpuchi [126]. Ganbarzadeh et al. starch emeziri site na njikọ nke citric acid wee nweta ihe nkiri starch gbanwere na njikọ kemịkalụ. Nnyocha egosiwo na mgbe mgbanwe na-ejikọta ọnụ, ihe mgbochi mmiri na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri starch emelitere [127]. Gao Qunyu et al. rụrụ enzymatic hydrolysis ọgwụgwọ starch na nwetara starch oriri film, na ya n'ibu Njirimara dị ka tensile ike, elongation na mpịachi eguzogide mụbara, na mmiri mgbochi arụmọrụ mụbara na-abawanye nke enzyme edinam oge. emelitere nke ọma [128]. Parra et al. gbakwunyere onye na-emekọrịta ihe na tapioca starch iji kwadebe ihe nkiri a na-eri nri nwere ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ yana ọnụego nnyefe mmiri dị ala [129]. Fonseca et al. jiri sodium hypochlorite mee ka starch nduku oxidize ma kwadebe ihe nkiri starch oxidized a na-eri eri. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosipụtara na ọnụego nnyefe mmiri ya na mmiri solubility belatara nke ukwuu, nke enwere ike itinye na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri ọrụ mmiri dị elu [130].

Ịgwakọta starch na polymers ndị ọzọ a na-eri eri na plasticizers bụ ụzọ dị mkpa iji melite njirimara nke ihe nkiri oriri na-esi na starch. Ugbu a, polymers mgbagwoju anya a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ ọtụtụ colloid hydrophilic, dị ka pectin, cellulose, polysaccharide mmiri mmiri, chitosan, carrageenan na xanthan gum [131].

Maria Rodriguez et al. eji starch nduku na plasticizers ma ọ bụ surfactants dị ka isi ihe iji kwadebe ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi starch, na-egosi na plasticizers nwere ike ime ka ihe nkiri na-agbanwe agbanwe na surfactants nwere ike ibelata ihe nkiri na-agbatị [132]. Santana et al. ejiri nanofibers kwalite ma gbanwee ihe nkiri a na-eri eri starch, wee nweta ihe nkiri ihe nkiri mejupụtara starch nwere ihe arụrụ arụ arụrụ arụ, ihe mgbochi, na nkwụsi ike ọkụ [133]. Azevedo et al. protein whey jikọtara ya na starch thermoplastic iji kwadebe ihe nkiri edo edo, na-egosi na protein whey na starch thermoplastic nwere njikọ dị n'etiti ihu, na protein whey nwere ike imeziwanye nnweta starch. Ihe mgbochi mmiri na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri oriri [134]. Edirej et al. kwadebere ihe nkiri oriri nke dabeere na tapioca starch, ma mụọ mmetụta nke plasticizer na nhazi anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal, ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ụdị na itinye uche nke plasticizer nwere ike imetụta ihe nkiri tapioca starch nke ukwuu. E jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ plasticizers dị ka urea na triethylene glycol, pectin nwere mmetụta plasticizing kasị mma, na pectin-plasticized starch film nwere ezigbo ihe mgbochi mmiri [135]. Saberi et al. eji starch agwa, guar gum na glycerin maka nkwadebe nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri. Nsonaazụ gosiri na starch agwa na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu na ọkpụrụkpụ ihe nkiri, njupụta, ịdị n'otu, ikike mmiri na ike ike. Guar chịngọm Ọ nwere ike imetụta ike mgbatị ahụ na modulus na-agbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ, glycerol nwekwara ike imezi mgbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ [136]. Ji et al. chitosan gbakọtara na starch ọka, ma gbakwunye calcium carbonate nanoparticles iji kwadebe ihe nkiri nje bacteria dabere na starch. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosiri na e guzobere njikọ nke hydrogen intermolecular n'etiti starch na chitosan, na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ bụ na ihe ndị na-egbu nje na-abawanye [137]. Meira et al. emelitere ma gbanwee ọka starch oriri na-eri ihe nkiri antibacterial nwere kaolin nanoparticles, na ihe eji arụ ọrụ na ihe ọkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma, ọ dịghị emetụta mmetụta nje bacteria [138]. Ortega-Toro et al. tinye HPMC na starch ma tinye citric acid iji kwadebe ihe nkiri oriri. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosiri na mgbakwunye nke HPMC na citric acid nwere ike igbochi ịka nká starch ma belata ike mmiri nke ihe nkiri oriri, ma ihe mgbochi oxygen na-adaba [139].

1.2 Polymer hydrogel

Hydrogels bụ klaasị nke polymers hydrophilic nwere usoro netwọkụ nwere akụkụ atọ nke na-esighi ike na mmiri mana mmiri nwere ike zaa ya. Macroscopically, hydrogel nwere ọdịdị doro anya, enweghị ike ịgbasa, bụrụkwa ihe siri ike. Na microscopically, enwere ike kesaa ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-edozi mmiri n'ụdị na nha dị iche iche na hydrogel ma gbasaa na ọnụego mgbasa ozi dị iche iche, ya mere hydrogel na-egosipụta njirimara nke ngwọta. Ọdịdị dị n'ime nke hydrogels nwere oke ike ma na-ebibi ngwa ngwa. Ọ dị na steeti n'etiti ihe siri ike na mmiri mmiri. O nwere ihe ngbanwe yiri nke siri ike, ma o doro anya na ọ dị iche na ezigbo siri ike.

1.2.1 Nchịkọta nke polymer hydrogels

1.2.1.1 Nhazi nke polymer hydrogels

Polymer hydrogel bụ usoro netwọk nwere akụkụ atọ kpụrụ site na njikọ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ kemịkalụ n'etiti molecules polymer [143-146]. Ọ na-amịkọrọ nnukwu mmiri na mmiri ka ọ zaa onwe ya, ma n'otu oge ahụ, ọ nwere ike ịnọgide na-enwe akụkụ atọ ya ma bụrụ nke a na-adịghị edozi na mmiri. mmiri.

Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ iji hazie hydrogels. Dabere na ọdịiche dị na ihe ndị na-ejikọta ọnụ, ha nwere ike kewaa n'ime gels anụ ahụ na gels kemịkalụ. A na-emepụta gels anụ ahụ site na njikọ hydrogen na-adịghị ike, njikọ ionic, mmekọrịta hydrophobic, ndị agha van der Waals na njikọ anụ ahụ n'etiti ụdọ molekụla polymer na ike anụ ahụ ndị ọzọ, enwere ike ịtụgharị ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ngwọta na gburugburu mpụga dị iche iche. A na-akpọ ya gel reversible; chemical jel na-abụkarị ihe na-adịgide adịgide atọ akụkụ netwọk Ọdịdị kpụrụ site cross-njikọ nke chemical agbụ dị ka covalent agbụ na ọnụnọ nke okpomọkụ, ìhè, initiator, wdg Mgbe gel e guzobere, ọ bụ irreversible na-adịgide adịgide, a makwaara dị ka. Maka ezi condensate [147-149]. Gel anụ ahụ n'ozuzu anaghị achọ mgbanwe kemịkalụ ma nwee nsí dị ala, mana ihe eji arụ ọrụ ha adịghị mma na ọ siri ike iguzogide nnukwu nrụgide mpụga; Gel kemịkalụ n'ozuzu nwere nkwụsi ike ka mma na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa.

Dabere na isi mmalite dị iche iche, enwere ike kewaa hydrogels ka ọ bụrụ polymer hydrogels sịntetik na polymer polymer hydrogels. Synthetic polymer hydrogels bụ hydrogels nke kpụrụ site na chemical polymerization nke sịntetik polymers, tumadi gụnyere polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, wdg; eke polymer hydrogels bụ Polymer hydrogels na-etolite site na njikọ nke polymers eke dị ka polysaccharides na protein na okike, gụnyere cellulose, alginate, starch, agarose, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, na collagen [6, 7, 150], 151. Polymer hydrogels na-enwekarị njirimara nke isi iyi sara mbara, ọnụ ala dị ala na nsí dị ala, yana polymer hydrogels sịntetik na-adịkarị mfe ịhazi ma nwee nnukwu mkpụrụ.

Dabere na nzaghachi dị iche iche na gburugburu mpụga, hydrogels nwekwara ike kewaa hydrogels ọdịnala na smart hydrogels. Hydrogels ọdịnala adịghị enwe mmetụta na mgbanwe na gburugburu ebe obibi; smart hydrogels nwere ike ịhụ obere mgbanwe na gburugburu mpụga wee mepụta mgbanwe kwekọrọ na nhazi anụ ahụ na akụrụngwa kemịkal [152-156]. Maka hydrogels na-enwe mmetụta okpomọkụ, ụda na-agbanwe na okpomọkụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọtụtụ mgbe, polymer hydrogels nwere otu hydrophilic dị ka hydroxyl, ether na amide ma ọ bụ hydrophobic dị ka methyl, ethyl na propyl. Okpomọkụ nke gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike imetụta mmekọrịta hydrophilic ma ọ bụ hydrophobic n'etiti gel molecules, hydrogen bonding na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mmiri mmiri na polymer chains, si otú ahụ na-emetụta nguzozi nke usoro gel. Maka hydrogels nwere mmetụta pH, sistemụ ahụ na-enwekarị otu ndị na-agbanwe acid-base dị ka otu carboxyl, otu sulfonic acid ma ọ bụ otu amino. Na gburugburu pH na-agbanwe agbanwe, ndị otu a nwere ike ịmịnye ma ọ bụ hapụ protons, na-agbanwe njikọ hydrogen na gel na ọdịiche dị n'etiti ntinye ion n'ime na n'èzí, na-eme ka mgbanwe olu nke gel. Maka mpaghara eletriki, oghere ndọta na hydrogels na-enwe mmetụta ọkụ, ha nwere otu ọrụ dị ka polyelectrolytes, metal oxides, na otu fotosensitivity, n'otu n'otu. N'okpuru mkpali mpụga dị iche iche, a na-agbanwe usoro okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ogo ionization, wee gbanwee olu gel site na ụkpụrụ dị ka okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ pH-sensitive hydrogel.

Dabere na omume gel dị iche iche, hydrogels nwere ike kewaa n'ime gels oyi na-akpata na gels na-ekpo ọkụ [157]. Gel oyi, nke a na-akpọ jel oyi maka mkpụmkpụ, bụ macromolecule nke dị n'ụdị mkpuchi mkpuchi na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla na okpomọkụ dị elu. N'oge usoro jụrụ oyi, n'ihi ọrụ nke njikọ intermolecular hydrogen, a na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ mepụta iberibe helical, si otú ahụ na-emecha usoro site na ngwọta. Ntughari na gel [158]; Gel na-ebute thermo, nke a na-akpọ gel thermal, bụ macromolecule na ọnọdụ ngwọta na obere okpomọkụ. N'oge usoro ikpo ọkụ, a na-emepụta usoro netwọk akụkụ atọ site na mmekọrịta hydrophobic, wdg, si otú a na-emecha mgbanwe gelation [159], 160.

Enwere ike kewaa hydrogels ka ọ bụrụ homopolymeric hydrogels, copolymerized hydrogels na interpenetrating netwọk hydrogels dabere na netwọkụ dị iche iche, microscopic hydrogels na macroscopic hydrogels dabere na nha gel dị iche iche, yana ihe ndị nwere ike imebi. Kewara dị iche iche ka ọ bụrụ hydrogels na-emebi emebi na hydrogels na-adịghị emebi emebi.

1.2.1.2 Ngwa nke eke polymer hydrogels

Polymer polymer hydrogels nwere njirimara nke ezigbo biocompatibility, mgbanwe dị elu, ọtụtụ isi mmalite, uche na gburugburu ebe obibi, nnukwu mmiri na-ejide mmiri na obere nsí, a na-ejikwa ya na biomedicine, nhazi nri, nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi, ọrụ ugbo na mmepụta ọhịa. eji na ụlọ ọrụ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ [142, 161-165].

Ngwa nke polymer hydrogels eke na mpaghara metụtara biomedical. Polymer polymer hydrogels nwere ezigbo bioacompatibility, biodegradability, na enweghị mmetụta ndị na-egbu egbu, yabụ enwere ike iji ya dị ka uwe ọnya na kọntaktị anụ ahụ mmadụ ozugbo, nke nwere ike belata mwakpo nke microorganisms na vitro nke ọma, gbochie mfu nke mmiri ahụ, ma kwe ka oxygen gafere. Na-akwalite ọgwụgwọ ọnya; enwere ike iji kwadebe lenses kọntaktị, yana uru nke iyi dị mma, ikuku oxygen dị mma, na ọgwụgwọ inyeaka nke ọrịa anya [166, 167]. Natural polymers yiri Ọdịdị nke ndụ anụ ahụ na ike isonye na nkịtị metabolism nke ahụ mmadụ, otú ahụ hydrogels nwere ike ji mee ihe dị ka anụ ahụ engineering scaffold ihe, anụ ahụ engineering cartilage mmezi, wdg Tissue engineering scaffolds nwere ike nkewa n'ime tupu. scaffolds kpụrụ akpụ na injection. Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị a kpụrụ akpụ na-eji mmiri pụrụ iche usoro netwọk akụkụ atọ nke gel na-enyere ya aka ịrụ ọrụ nkwado ụfọdụ n'ime anụ ahụ dị ndụ mgbe ọ na-enye ohere dị iche iche na nke zuru oke maka sel, yana nwekwara ike ime ka uto sel, dị iche iche, na mbibi. absorption nke ahụ mmadụ [168]. Akpụkpọ ụkwụ na-akpụ akpụ na-eji usoro mgbanwe mgbanwe nke hydrogels mee ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa mgbe etinyere ya na ọnọdụ ngwọta na-asọ asọ, nke nwere ike ibelata ihe mgbu nke ndị ọrịa [169]. Ụfọdụ polymer hydrogels eke nwere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi, n'ihi ya, a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ihe ntọhapụ nke ọgwụ na-achịkwa, nke mere na a na-ahapụ ọgwụ ndị a na-etinye n'ime ha n'ime akụkụ ahụ mmadụ chọrọ n'oge na ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-ebelata nsị na akụkụ. mmetụta nke ọgwụ ọjọọ na ahụ mmadụ [170].

Ngwa nke polymer hydrogels eke na ubi metụtara nri. Polymer hydrogels bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndị mmadụ na-eri nri atọ kwa ụbọchị, dị ka ụfọdụ desserts, candies, nnọchi anụ, yogọt na ice cream. A na-ejikarị ya eme ihe dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri na ngwaahịa nri, nke nwere ike imeziwanye ihe anụ ahụ ya ma nye ya ụtọ ụtọ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-eji ya dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na ofe na sauces, dị ka emulsifier na ihe ọṅụṅụ, na dị ka onye na-akwụsịtụ. N'ime ihe ọṅụṅụ mmiri ara ehi, dị ka onye na-ahụ maka gelling na puddings na aspics, dị ka onye na-akọwa nkọwa na ụfụfụ stabilizer na biya, dị ka syneresis inhibitor na cheese, dị ka onye na-ekekọta na sausaji, dị ka starch retrogradation Inhibitors na-eji achịcha na bọta [171-174]. ]. Site na akwụkwọ ntuziaka mgbakwunye nri, enwere ike ịhụ na akwadoro ọtụtụ polymer hydrogels dị ka ihe mgbakwunye nri maka nhazi nri [175]. A na-eji polymer hydrogels eke eme ihe dị ka ihe na-edozi ahụ na mmepe nke ngwaahịa ahụike na nri na-arụ ọrụ, dị ka eriri nri, nke a na-eji na ngwaahịa na-efunahụ ibu na ngwaahịa mgbochi afọ ntachi [176, 177]; dị ka prebiotics, a na-eji ha na ngwaahịa nlekọta ahụike colonic na ngwaahịa maka igbochi ọrịa cancer eriri afọ [178]; Enwere ike ịme polymer hydrogels eke ka ọ bụrụ ihe eji eri nri ma ọ bụ ihe na-emebi emebi ma ọ bụ ihe nkiri, nke enwere ike iji n'ọhịa nke ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri, dị ka nchekwa mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, site na mkpuchi ya na mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri N'elu, ọ nwere ike ịgbatị ndụ nchekwa. nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri ma na-edebe mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri dị ọhụrụ ma dị nro; enwere ike iji ya dị ka ihe nkwakọba ihe maka nri dị mma dị ka sausaji na condimenti iji kwado ihicha [179, 180].

Ngwa nke polymer hydrogels eke na mpaghara ndị ọzọ. N'ihe gbasara ihe ndị dị mkpa kwa ụbọchị, enwere ike ịgbakwunye ya na nlekọta anụ ahụ na-egbuke egbuke ma ọ bụ ihe ịchọ mma, nke nwere ike ọ bụghị nanị igbochi ngwaahịa ahụ ka ọ ghara ikpochapụ na nchekwa, kamakwa ọ na-adịgide adịgide na-eme ka akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro; enwere ike iji ya mee ihe maka ịke, moisturizing na ngwa ngwa ịhapụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na etemeete mara mma; Enwere ike iji ya na ihe ndị dị mkpa kwa ụbọchị dịka akwa akwa na akwa akwa [181]. Na ọrụ ugbo, enwere ike iji ya guzogide ụkọ mmiri ozuzo ma chebe osisi ma belata ike ọrụ; dị ka onye na-ekpuchi ihe maka mkpụrụ osisi, ọ nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ germination nke mkpụrụ osisi; mgbe ejiri ya na transplanting seedling, ọ nwere ike ịbawanye ọnụego nlanarị nke seedlings; ọgwụ pesticides, kwalite itinye n'ọrụ ma belata mmetọ [182, 183]. N'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-eji ya dị ka flocculant na adsorbent maka ọgwụgwọ nsị nke na-enwekarị ion metal dị arọ, ogige aromatic na akwa iji chebe ihe mmiri na imezi gburugburu ebe obibi [184]. N'ụlọ ọrụ, a na-eji ya dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, ihe mkpuchi eriri, ihe mkpuchi na ihe nchekwa oyi, wdg [185].

1.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thermogel

Cellulose bụ ngwakọta macromolecular sitere n'okike nke a mụọla mbụ, nwee mmekọrịta kacha nso na ụmụ mmadụ, ma bụrụkwa nke kachasị na okike. Ọ dị ebe niile na osisi dị elu, algae na microorganisms [186, 187]. Cellulose ejirila nwayọọ nwayọọ dọta nlebara anya zuru ebe niile n'ihi isi mmalite ya, ọnụ ala dị ala, mmeghari ohuru, biodegradable, nchekwa, adịghị egbu egbu, yana ezigbo ihe dị ndụ [188].

1.2.2.1 Cellulose na ihe ether ya

Cellulose bụ polymer ogologo yinye ogologo ahịrị hibere site na njikọ nke D-anhydroglucose structural units site na β-1,4 glycosidic bonds [189-191]. Na-adịghị edozi. Ewezuga otu njedebe na njedebe nke ọ bụla nke yinye molekụla, e nwere otu polar hydroxyl atọ na nkeji glucose ọ bụla, nke nwere ike ịmepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke njikọ intramolecular na intermolecular hydrogen n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ; na cellulose bụ a polycyclic Ọdịdị, na molekụla yinye bụ ọkara siri ike. Chain, kristal dị elu, na nhazi nke ukwuu, ya mere o nwere njirimara nke ogo polymerization dị elu, nhazi ihe omimi dị mma, na nkwụsi ike kemịkal [83, 187]. Ebe ọ bụ na agbụ cellulose nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke hydroxyl dị iche iche, enwere ike gbanwee ya site na ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka esterification, oxidation, na etherification iji nweta ihe ndị na-emepụta cellulose nwere ezigbo ngwa ngwa [192, 193].

Mwepụta nke cellulose bụ otu n'ime ngwaahịa mbụ nyochara ma mepụta na ngalaba nke kemịkalụ polymer. Ha bụ ihe ndị dị mma nke polymer nwere ọtụtụ ihe eji eme ihe, bụ nke a na-emezigharị site na polymer cellulose eke. N'ime ha, a na-ejikarị cellulose ethers eme ihe. Ọ bụ otu n'ime akụrụngwa kemịkalụ kachasị mkpa na ngwa ụlọ ọrụ [194].

E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị cellulose ethers, nke niile na-enwekarị ihe pụrụ iche na nke magburu onwe ya, ma ejiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nri na ọgwụ [195]. MC bụ ụdị cellulose ether kachasị mfe nwere otu methyl. Site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya, enwere ike ịgbaze ya na ngwọta alkaline dilute, mmiri, mmanya na ihe mgbaze hydrocarbon aromatic, na-egosi njirimara gel pụrụ iche. [196]. CMC bụ anionic cellulose ether enwetara site na cellulose eke site na alkalization na acidification.

Ọ bụ cellulose ether nke a na-ejikarị na-ejikarị eme ihe, nke na-agbaze na mmiri [197]. HPC, hydroxyalkyl cellulose ether enwetara site na alkalizing na etherifying cellulose, nwere ezigbo thermoplasticity ma na-egosipụtakwa ihe gel na-ekpo ọkụ, na gel okpomọkụ na-emetụta nke ukwuu site na ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi [198]. HPMC, ihe dị mkpa agwakọta ether, nwekwara ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na ihe gel ya metụtara ihe abụọ na-anọchi anya ya na oke ha [199].

1.2.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Ọdịdị

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), molekul Ọdịdị egosiri na Figure 1-3, bụ a-ahụkarị na-abụghị ionic mmiri soluble cellulose agwakọta ether. A na-eme mmeghachi omume etherification nke methyl chloride na propylene oxide iji nweta [200,201], a na-egosikwa nhazi mmeghachi omume kemịkal na foto 1-4.

E nwere hydroxy propoxy (-[OCH2CH (CH3)] n OH), methoxy (-OCH3) na unreacted hydroxyl otu na structural unit nke HPMC n'otu oge, na arụmọrụ ya bụ ngosipụta nke nkwonkwo edinam nke dị iche iche. [202]. A na-ekpebi oke dị n'etiti ihe abụọ a na-anọchi anya ya site na oke ọnụọgụ abụọ nke etherifying agents, ntinye na oke nke sodium hydroxide, na oke nke etherifying agents kwa unit mass of cellulose [203]. Hydroxy propoxy bụ otu nọ n'ọrụ, nke nwere ike inwekwu alkylated na hydroxy alkylated; otu a bụ otu hydrophilic nwere ogologo ogologo alaka, nke na-arụ ọrụ ụfọdụ na plasticizing n'ime agbụ ahụ. Methoxy bụ njedebe njedebe, nke na-eduga na nkwụsị nke saịtị mmeghachi omume a mgbe mmeghachi omume gasịrị; Otu a bụ otu hydrophobic ma nwee usoro dị mkpụmkpụ [204, 205]. Otu hydroxyl a na-emegharịbeghị na nke ewepụtara ọhụrụ nwere ike ịga n'ihu na-edochi ya, na-ebute usoro kemịkalụ ikpeazụ dị mgbagwoju anya, yana akụrụngwa HPMC dịgasị iche iche n'ime oke. Maka HPMC, obere ngbanwe nwere ike ime ka akụrụngwa physicochemical ya dị nnọọ iche [206], dịka ọmụmaatụ, njirimara physicochemical nke elu methoxy na obere hydroxypropyl HPMC dị nso na MC; Arụmọrụ nke HPMC dị nso na nke HPC.

1.2.2.3 Njirimara nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

(1) Thermogelability nke HPMC

Agbụ HPMC nwere njirimara hydration-mmiri mmiri pụrụ iche n'ihi iwebata otu hydrophobic-methyl na hydrophilic-hydroxypropyl. Ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-enweta ntụgharị gelation mgbe ọ na-ekpo ọkụ, ma laghachi na ọnọdụ ngwọta mgbe ọ jụrụ. Nke ahụ bụ, ọ nwere ihe na-eme ka gel na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, na ihe omume gelation bụ ihe a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma ọ bụghị otu usoro.

Banyere usoro gelation nke HPMC, a na-anabatakarị na na obere okpomọkụ (n'okpuru gelation okpomọkụ), HPMC na ngwọta na polar mmiri ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-ejikọta ọnụ site na hydrogen bond iji mepụta A na-akpọ "nnụnụ nnụnụ"-dị ka supramolecular Ọdịdị. Enwere ụfọdụ njikọ dị mfe n'etiti ụdọ molekụla nke HPMC hydrated, na-abụghị nke ahụ, enwere mmekọrịta ole na ole ndị ọzọ. Mgbe okpomọkụ na-abawanye, HPMC na-ebu ụzọ nweta ume iji mebie njikọ nke hydrogen intermolecular n'etiti ụmụ irighiri mmiri na ụmụ irighiri ihe HPMC, na-ebibi ihe owuwu ahụ dị ka molekụla, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-efunahụ mmiri a na-ejikọta na agbụ molecular, na ikpughe hydroxypropyl na methoxy otu. Ka okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye (iji ruo okpomọkụ gel), ụmụ irighiri ihe HPMC ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emepụta usoro netwọk akụkụ atọ site na njikọ hydrophobic, HPMC gels na-emecha na-etolite [160, 207, 208].

Mgbakwunye nke inorganic salts nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na jel okpomọkụ nke HPMC, ụfọdụ na-ebelata jel okpomọkụ n'ihi salting pụta ìhè, na ndị ọzọ na-amụba jel okpomọkụ n'ihi nnu dissolution phenomen [209]. Na mgbakwunye nke nnu dị ka NaCl, ihe na-eme ka nnu na-apụta na gel okpomọkụ nke HPMC na-ebelata [210, 211]. Mgbe nnu na-agbakwunyere na HPMC, ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-enwe mmasị ijikọta ya na ion nnu, nke mere na njikọ hydrogen dị n'etiti mmiri mmiri na HPMC mebie, a na-eri mmiri oyi akwa gburugburu ụmụ irighiri HPMC, na enwere ike ịhapụ ụmụ irighiri HPMC ngwa ngwa maka. hydrophobicity. Njikọ, okpomọkụ nke nhazi gel ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, mgbe agbakwunyere nnu dị ka NaSCN, ihe na-eme ka nnu na-agbaze na-eme na okpomọkụ gel nke HPMC na-abawanye [212]. Usoro nke mbelata mmetụta nke anions na gel okpomọkụ bụ: SO42-> S2O32−> H2PO4−> F-> Cl−> Br−> NO3−> I-> ClO4−> SCN-, usoro nke cations na mmụba okpomọkụ gel bụ: Li+> Na+> K+> Mg2+> Ca2+> Ba2+ [213].

Mgbe a na-agbakwunye ụfọdụ obere ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị ka monohydric alcohols nwere otu hydroxyl, okpomọkụ gel na-abawanye na mmụba nke ego mgbakwunye, na-egosi uru kachasị elu wee belata ruo mgbe nkewa nke oge na-eme [214, 215]. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ obere arọ molekụla ya, nke a na-atụnyere nke mkpụrụ ndụ mmiri n'usoro n'usoro dị ukwuu, ma nwee ike nweta ihe nhụsianya n'ọkwa molekul mgbe ọ gbakọtachara.

(2) Solubility nke HPMC

HPMC nwere ihe na-adịghị ike nke mmiri ọkụ na mmiri oyi dị ka MC, mana enwere ike kewaa ya n'ụdị mgbasa ozi oyi na ụdị mgbasa ozi dị ọkụ dịka mmiri dị iche iche solubility [203]. HPMC nke oyi na-atụ nwere ike ịgbasa ngwa ngwa na mmiri na mmiri oyi, na viscosity ya na-abawanye mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, a na-agbazekwa ya n'ezie na mmiri; HPMC na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbasasị, n'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, na-egosi agglomeration mgbe ị na-agbakwunye mmiri na obere okpomọkụ, ma ọ na-esiri ike ịgbakwunye. Na mmiri ọkụ dị elu, HPMC nwere ike gbasaa ngwa ngwa, na viscosity na-abawanye mgbe okpomọkụ na-ebelata, ghọọ ezigbo ngwọta mmiri HPMC. Solubility nke HPMC na mmiri metụtara ọdịnaya nke methoxy Groups, nke na-adịghị edozi na mmiri ọkụ n'elu 85 Celsius C, 65 Celsius C na 60 Celsius C site na elu ruo ala. N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, HPMC bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe na ihe mgbaze organic dị ka acetone na chloroform, mana soluble na ethanol aqueous solution na ngwọta organic agwakọta.

(3) Nkwenye nnu nke HPMC

Ọdịdị na-abụghị ionic nke HPMC na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ionized na mmiri, n'ihi ya, ọ gaghị emeghachi omume na ion metal iji mee ka ọ daa. Otú ọ dị, mgbakwunye nke nnu ga-emetụta okpomọkụ nke a na-emepụta gel HPMC. Mgbe ntinye nnu na-abawanye, gel okpomọkụ nke HPMC na-ebelata; mgbe ntinye nnu dị ala karịa ebe flocculation, viscosity nke ngwọta HPMC nwere ike ịba ụba, ya mere na ntinye, enwere ike imezu ebumnuche nke ịgbatị site na ịgbakwunye nnu kwesịrị ekwesị [210, 216].

(4) Acid na alkali iguzogide HPMC

N'ozuzu, HPMC nwere nkwụsi ike acid-base na pH adịghị emetụta ya na pH 2-12. HPMC na-egosi iguzogide ụfọdụ ogo acid dilute, ma na-egosi ọchịchọ ibelata na viscosity maka acid gbadoro anya; alkalis enwechaghị mmetụta na ya, mana ọ nwere ike ịbawanye ntakịrị wee jiri nwayọ belata viscosity ngwọta [217, 218].

(5) Ihe mmetụta nke HPMC viscosity

HPMC bụ pseudoplastic, ngwọta ya kwụsiri ike na ụlọ okpomọkụ, na viscosity ya na-emetụta ịdị arọ molekụla, itinye uche na okpomọkụ. N'otu ntinye uche ahụ, ka ịdị arọ molecular HPMC dị elu, ka viscosity dị elu; n'ihi na otu molekụla arọ ngwaahịa, elu nke HPMC ịta, na elu viscosity; viscosity nke ngwaahịa HPMC na-ebelata site na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, ma rute n'ụdị ọnọdụ gel, yana mmụba na mberede na viscosity n'ihi gelation [9, 219, 220].

(6) Njirimara ndị ọzọ nke HPMC

HPMC nwere nguzogide siri ike na enzymes, na nguzogide ya na enzymes na-abawanye na ogo nke nnọchi. Ya mere, ngwaahịa a nwere àgwà kwụsiri ike n'oge nchekwa karịa ngwaahịa shuga ndị ọzọ [189, 212]. HPMC nwere ụfọdụ emulsifying Njirimara. Hydrophobic methoxy iche iche nwere ike adsorbed n'elu nke mmanụ na-adọ na emulsion na-etolite a oké adsorption oyi akwa, nke nwere ike na-eme dị ka ihe mkpuchi oyi akwa; Enwere ike ijikọ otu hydroxyl dị iche iche na mmiri na mmiri iji meziwanye usoro na-aga n'ihu. Viscosity, na-egbochi njikọta nke oge a gbasasịrị, na-ebelata esemokwu elu, ma na-eme ka emulsion kwụsie ike [221]. Enwere ike ịgwakọta HPMC na polymers soluble mmiri dị ka gelatin, methylcellulose, chịngọm igurube, carrageenan na chịngọm arabic iji mepụta otu ihe ngwọta na nke doro anya, a pụkwara ịgwakọta ya na plasticizers dị ka glycerin na polyethylene glycol. [200, 201, 214].

1.2.2.4 Nsogbu dị na ntinye nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose

Nke mbụ, ọnụ ahịa dị elu na-egbochi ngwa ngwa nke HPMC. Ọ bụ ezie na ihe nkiri HPMC nwere nghọta dị mma, ihe mgbochi griiz na ihe eji arụ ọrụ. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ahịa ya dị elu (ihe dị ka 100,000 / ton) na-egbochi ngwa ngwa ya, ọbụna na ngwa ahịa ọgwụ dị elu dị ka capsules. Ihe kpatara HPMC ji dị oke ọnụ bụ nke mbụ n'ihi na cellulose akụrụngwa eji akwadebe HPMC dị oke ọnụ. Na mgbakwunye, a na-anyado otu abụọ nnọchi, hydroxypropyl Group na methoxy Group na HPMC n'otu oge, nke na-eme ka usoro nkwadebe ya sie ike. Mgbagwoju anya, yabụ ngwaahịa HPMC dị oke ọnụ.

Nke abụọ, obere viscosity na obere gel ike Njirimara nke HPMC na ala okpomọkụ na-ebelata ya processability dị iche iche ngwa. HPMC bụ thermal gel, nke dị na ọnọdụ ngwọta na viscosity dị ala na obere okpomọkụ, ma nwee ike ịmepụta ihe siri ike dị ka gel na okpomọkụ dị elu, n'ihi ya, a ghaghị ime usoro nhazi dị ka mkpuchi, spraying na ntinye na okpomọkụ dị elu. . Ma ọ bụghị ya, ngwọta ahụ ga-adị mfe na-agbadata, na-eme ka e guzobe ihe nkiri na-abụghị nke ihe nkiri, nke ga-emetụta àgwà na arụmọrụ nke ngwaahịa ahụ. Ọrụ okpomọkụ dị otú ahụ dị elu na-eme ka ọnụ ọgụgụ isi ike nke ịrụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ, na-eme ka mmepụta ike dị elu na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta dị elu.

1.2.3 Hydroxypropyl starch oyi gel

Starch bụ ngwakọta polymer eke ekepụtara site na photosynthesis nke osisi dị na gburugburu ebe obibi. A na-echekwa polysaccharides mejupụtara ya na mkpụrụ osisi na tubers nke osisi n'ụdị granules yana protein, eriri, mmanụ, shuga na mineral. ma ọ bụ na mgbọrọgwụ [222]. Starch abụghị naanị isi iyi nke ike oriri maka ndị mmadụ, kamakwa ihe dị mkpa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. N'ihi isi iyi ya sara mbara, ọnụ ala dị ala, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, eke na mmeghari ohuru, ejirila ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe na nri na ọgwụ, gbaa ụka, imepụta akwụkwọ, textile na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala [223].

1.2.3.1 Starch na mmepụta ya

Starch bụ polymer dị elu nke okike nke ngalaba nhazi ya bụ α-D-anhydroglucose unit. A na-ejikọta nkeji dị iche iche site na njikọ glycosidic, usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ya bụ (C6H10O5) n. A na-ejikọta akụkụ nke eriri molekụla na granules starch site na α-1,4 glycosidic bonds, nke bụ linear amylose; A na-ejikọta akụkụ ọzọ nke yinye molekụla site na α-1,6 glycosidic bonds na nke a, bụ nke amylopectin nwere alaka [224]. N'ime granules starch, e nwere mpaghara kristal nke a na-ahazi ụmụ irighiri ihe n'usoro n'usoro na mpaghara amorphous nke a na-ahazi ụmụ irighiri ihe. akụkụ mejupụtara. Enweghị oke doro anya n'etiti mpaghara kristal na mpaghara amorphous, na ụmụ irighiri ihe amylopectin nwere ike ịgafe ọtụtụ mpaghara crystalline na mpaghara amorphous. Dabere na ọdịdị okike nke njikọ starch, usoro polysaccharide dị na starch dịgasị iche na ụdị osisi na ebe ndị dị na [225].

Ọ bụ ezie na starch aghọwo otu n'ime ihe dị mkpa akụrụngwa maka mmepụta mmepụta n'ihi na ya sara mbara isi iyi na mmeghari Njirimara, nwa afọ starch n'ozuzu nwere ọghọm dị ka ogbenye mmiri solubility na film-akpụ Njirimara, obere emulsifying na gelling ikike, na ezughi oke nkwụsi ike. Iji gbasaa oke ngwa ya, a na-agbanwekarị starch physicochemically iji megharia ya na ngwa dị iche iche chọrọ [38, 114]. Enwere otu hydroxyl atọ n'efu na ngalaba nhazi glucose ọ bụla n'ime molekul starch. Otu hydroxyl ndị a na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke ukwuu ma na-enye starch nwere ihe ndị yiri polyols, nke na-enye ohere maka mmeghachi omume denaturation starch.

Mgbe emezigharịrị, ụfọdụ ihe onwunwe nke starch obodo emeziwanyela nke ukwuu, na-emeri ntụpọ ojiji nke starch obodo, ya mere starch gbanwere na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na ụlọ ọrụ dị ugbu a [226]. Starch oxidized bụ otu n'ime starch a na-emezigharị nke ọma na teknụzụ tozuru oke. E jiri ya tụnyere starch obodo, starch oxidized dị mfe iji gelatinize. Uru nke elu adhesion. Starch esterified bụ ihe sitere na starch emebere site na ntọhapụ nke otu hydroxyl n'ime molekul starch. Ngbanwe dị ala nke ukwuu nwere ike gbanwee njirimara nke starch obodo. A na-emeziwanye nghọta na imepụta ihe nkiri nke stachi starch. Starch etherified bụ mmeghachi omume etherification nke otu hydroxyl n'ime ụmụ irighiri starch iji mepụta ether polystarch, na nlọghachị ya adịghị ike. N'okpuru ọnọdụ alkaline siri ike nke enweghị ike iji starch oxidized na starch esterified mee ihe, njikọ ether nwekwara ike ịnọgide na-akwụsi ike. na-adịkarị mfe hydrolysis. Acid gbanwere starch, a na-eji acid agwọ starch ahụ iji mee ka ọdịnaya amylose dịkwuo elu, na-eme ka mweghachi azụ na starch mado. Ọ na-egosipụta nke ọma ma na-etolite gel siri ike mgbe ọ dị jụụ [114].

1.2.3.2 Hydroxypropyl starch Ọdịdị

Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS), nke molekụla usoro nke egosiri na Figures 1-4, bụ a na-abụghị ionic starch ether, nke a na-akwado site na etherification mmeghachi omume nke propylene oxide na starch n'okpuru alkaline ọnọdụ [223, 227, 228], na ya. Egosiri nha nha mmeghachi omume kemịkal na eserese 1-6.

N'oge njikọ nke HPS, na mgbakwunye na iji starch emeghachi omume iji mepụta starch hydroxypropyl, propylene oxide nwekwara ike imeghachi omume na hydroxypropyl starch emepụtara iji mepụta ụdọ akụkụ polyoxypropyl. ogo nke nnọchi. Ọkwa nke nnọchi (DS) na-ezo aka na nkezi ọnụọgụ nke otu hydroxyl edochiri n'otu glucosyl. Ọtụtụ n'ime otu glucosyl nke starch nwere 3 hydroxyl otu nwere ike dochie anya, ya mere, kacha DS bụ 3. The molar ogo nke nnọchi (MS) na-ezo aka ná nkezi uka nke substituents kwa mole nke glucosyl otu [223, 229]. Ọnọdụ usoro nke mmeghachi omume hydroxypropylation, morphology starch granule, na oke nke amylose na amylopectin na starch obodo na-emetụta oke MS.

1.2.3.3 Njirimara nke hydroxypropyl starch

(1) Cold gelation nke HPS

Maka tapawa starch HPS na-ekpo ọkụ, karịsịa sistemụ nwere ọdịnaya amylose dị elu, n'oge usoro jụrụ oyi, amylose molecular chains na starch paste na-ejikọta ibe ha iji mepụta usoro netwọk nke akụkụ atọ, ma gosipụta omume siri ike dị ka ihe doro anya. Ọ na-aghọ elastomer, na-emepụta gel, ma nwee ike ịlaghachi na ọnọdụ ngwọta mgbe ọ gbasịrị ọkụ, ya bụ, ọ nwere ihe gel oyi, na ihe gel a nwere ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe [228].

A na-ejikọta amylose gelatinized na-aga n'ihu iji guzobe otu coaxial nhazi helical. N'èzí nke otu akụkụ helical a bụ otu hydrophilic, na n'ime bụ oghere hydrophobic. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu, HPS na-adị na ngwọta mmiri dị ka mkpuchi mkpuchi na-enweghị usoro nke ụfọdụ akụkụ helical gbatịpụrụ. Mgbe a na-ebelata okpomọkụ, a na-agbaji njikọ hydrogen dị n'etiti HPS na mmiri, mmiri nhazi ahụ na-efunahụ, na njikọ hydrogen n'etiti ụdọ molekụla na-anọgide na-etolite, n'ikpeazụ na-eme usoro gel netwọk atọ. Oge ndochi na netwọk gel nke starch bụ ihe fọdụrụ na starch granules ma ọ bụ iberibe mgbe gelatinization, na njikọ nke ụfọdụ amylopectin na-enyekwa aka na nhazi nke gel [230-232].

(2) Hydrophilicity nke HPS

Ntinye nke hydroxypropyl otu hydrophilic na-ebelata ike nke njikọ hydrogen n'etiti starch molecules, na-akwalite mmegharị nke starch molecules ma ọ bụ akụkụ, ma na-ebelata okpomọkụ na-agbaze nke microcrystal starch; A na-agbanwe usoro nke granules starch, na elu nke starch granules siri ike Ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, ụfọdụ mgbawa ma ọ bụ oghere na-apụta, nke mere na mkpụrụ ndụ mmiri nwere ike ịbanye n'ime ụlọ nke starch granules, na-eme ka starch dị mfe ịza na gelatinize. ya mere gelatinization okpomọkụ nke starch na-ebelata. Ka ogo nke nnọchi na-abawanye, okpomọkụ gelatinization nke hydroxypropyl starch na-ebelata, n'ikpeazụ ọ nwere ike ịza na mmiri oyi. Mgbe hydroxypropylation gasịrị, a na-emeziwanye ike na-erugharị, nkwụsi ike dị ala, nghọta, solubility, na ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri nke starch pastes [233-235].

(3) Nkwụsi ike nke HPS

HPS bụ ether starch na-abụghị ionic nwere nkwụsi ike dị elu. N'oge mmeghachi omume kemịkalụ dị ka hydrolysis, oxidation, na cross-linking, njikọ ether agaghị agbaji ma ihe ndị nọchiri anya agaghị adapụ. Ya mere, ihe onwunwe nke HPS na-emetụta obere electrolytes na pH, na-ahụ na enwere ike iji ya n'ọtụtụ acid-base pH [236-238].

1.2.3.4 Ngwa nke HPS na ngalaba nri na ọgwụ

HPS adịghị egbu egbu na enweghị ụtọ, nwere ezigbo mgbaze na viscosity hydrolyzate dị ntakịrị. A na-amata ya dị ka starch emegharịrị erighị nke ọma n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1950, United States kwadoro stachi hydroxypropyl maka iji ya eme ihe ozugbo na nri [223, 229, 238]. HPS bụ starch emezigharịrị nke a na-ejikarị n'ubi nri, nke a na-ejikarị dị ka ihe na-eme ka ọ sie ike, onye na-akwụsịtụ na ihe nkwụnye.

Enwere ike iji ya na nri dị mma na nri oyi kpọnwụrụ dị ka ihe ọṅụṅụ, ice cream, na jam; ọ nwere ike dochie obere chịngọm oriri dị oke ọnụ dị ka gelatin; enwere ike ime ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri oriri ma jiri ya mee ihe mkpuchi nri na nkwakọ ngwaahịa [229, 236].

A na-ejikarị HPS eme ihe n'ihe gbasara ọgwụ dị ka ihe na-ejuputa, ihe na-ekekọta ihe ọkụkụ, ihe na-ekpo ọkụ maka mbadamba nkume, ihe maka ọgwụ dị nro na capsules siri ike, ihe mkpuchi ọgwụ, ihe mgbochi condensing maka mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara uhie artificial na plasma thickeners, wdg [239]. .

1.3 Polymer Compounding

A na-eji ihe polymer eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe n'akụkụ niile nke ndụ ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na ihe dị mkpa. Ọganihu sayensị na teknụzụ na-aga n'ihu na-eme ka ihe ndị mmadụ chọrọ ka ọ dị iche iche, yana ọ na-esirikarị ike maka ihe polymer nwere otu akụkụ imezu ngwa dị iche iche nke mmadụ chọrọ. Ijikọta polymer abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa bụ ụzọ kachasị dị irè ma dị irè iji nweta ihe ndị polymer nwere ọnụ ala dị ala, arụmọrụ dị mma, nhazi dị mma na ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa, nke dọtara mmasị nke ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta ma na-akwụ ụgwọ karịa [240-242]. .

1.3.1 Ebumnuche na usoro nke ngwakọta polymer

Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ngwakọta polymer: (l) Iji bulie njirimara zuru oke nke ihe. A na-ejikọta polymers dị iche iche, nke mere na njedebe ikpeazụ na-ejigide ihe ndị magburu onwe ya nke otu macromolecule, na-amụta site na ike nke ọ bụla ọzọ ma na-emeju adịghị ike ya, ma na-eme ka njirimara zuru oke nke ihe polymer dị elu. (2) Belata ọnụ ahịa ihe onwunwe. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị polymer nwere ihe ndị magburu onwe ha, ma ha dị oke ọnụ. Ya mere, enwere ike ijikọta ha na polymers ndị ọzọ dị ọnụ ala iji belata ọnụ ahịa na-enweghị emetụta ojiji. (3) Melite njirimara nhazi ihe. Ụfọdụ ihe nwere ihe ndị magburu onwe ya ma ọ siri ike ịhazi ya, enwere ike ịgbakwunye polymers ndị ọzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji meziwanye ihe nhazi ha. (4) Iji wusie ụfọdụ ihe onwunwe ike. Iji mee ka arụmọrụ nke ihe dị mma dị n'otu akụkụ, a na-eji polymer ọzọ gbanwee ya. (5) Zụlite ọrụ ọhụrụ nke ihe.

Ụzọ ngwakọta polymer nkịtị: (l) Ngwakọta agbaze. N'okpuru ọrụ ịkwa akwa nke ngwá ọrụ na-emepụta ihe, a na-ekpo ọkụ dị iche iche polymers n'elu viscous eruba okpomọkụ maka ịgbakọta, na mgbe ahụ jụrụ na granulated mgbe mejupụtara. (2) Ndozigharị ihe ngwọta. A na-emegharị ihe abụọ ahụ ma jikọta ya site na iji ihe mgbaze nkịtị, ma ọ bụ ihe ngwọta polymer gbazere dị iche iche na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nke ọma, mgbe ahụ, a na-ewepụ ihe mgbaze iji nweta ngwongwo polymer. (3) Ngwakọta emulsion. Mgbe emechara ma gwakọta emulsions polymer dị iche iche nke otu ụdị emulsifier, a na-agbakwunye coagulant ka ọ na-ebuli polymer iji nweta ogige polymer. (4) Copolymerization na ngwakọta. Gụnyere graft copolymerization, igbochi copolymerization na reactive copolymerization, usoro ngwakọta na-esonyere mmeghachi omume kemịkal. (5) netwọk mmekọrịta [10].

1.3.2 Ngwakọta nke polysaccharides eke

Polysaccharides eke bụ klas a na-ahụkarị nke ihe polymer na okike, nke a na-agbanwekarị na kemịkalụ ma gosipụta ọtụtụ ihe mara mma. Otú ọ dị, otu ihe polysaccharides na-enwekarị ụfọdụ njedebe arụmọrụ, ya mere, a na-ejikọta polysaccharides dị iche iche iji nweta nzube nke imeju uru arụmọrụ nke akụkụ ọ bụla na ịgbasa ngwa ngwa. N'ihe dị ka afọ ndị 1980, nchọpụta banyere njikọta nke polysaccharides dị iche iche abawanyela nke ukwuu [243]. Nnyocha e mere na usoro ihe mejupụtara polysaccharide sitere n'okike n'ụlọ na ná mba ọzọ na-elekwasịkarị anya na usoro nhazi nke curdlan na ndị na-abụghị curdlan na usoro ngwakọta nke ụdị abụọ nke polysaccharide na-abụghị curd.

1.3.2.1 Nhazi nke hydrogels polysaccharide eke

Enwere ike kewaa polysaccharides eke n'ime curdlan na ndị na-abụghị curdlan dịka ike ha si emepụta gels. Ụfọdụ polysaccharides nwere ike ịmepụta gels n'onwe ha, ya mere a na-akpọ ha curdlan, dị ka carrageenan, wdg; Ndị ọzọ enweghị akụrụngwa gelling n'onwe ha, a na-akpọkwa polysaccharides na-abụghị curd, dị ka xanthan gum.

Enwere ike nweta hydrogels site na igbari curdlan eke na ngwọta mmiri. Dabere na thermoreversibility nke gel na-apụta yana dabere na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke modulu ya, enwere ike kewaa ya n'ụdị anọ dị iche iche [244]:

(1) Cryogel, ngwọta polysaccharide nwere ike nweta gel na obere okpomọkụ, dị ka carrageenan.

(2) Gel na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, ngwọta polysaccharide nwere ike nweta gel naanị na okpomọkụ dị elu, dị ka glucomannan.

(3) Ihe ngwọta nke polysaccharide nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị ịnweta gel na okpomọkụ dị ala, kamakwa nweta gel na okpomọkụ dị elu, ma na-eweta ọnọdụ ngwọta na etiti okpomọkụ.

(4) Ngwọta ahụ nwere ike nweta naanị gel na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị n'etiti. Curdlan eke dị iche iche nwere ntinye aka ya dị oke egwu (nke kacha nta), nke enwere ike nweta gel. Mmetụta dị oke egwu nke gel na-ejikọta ogologo oge na-aga n'ihu nke agbụ molecular polysaccharide; ike nke gel na-emetụta nke ukwuu site na ntinye uche na ịdị arọ nke ihe ngwọta, na n'ozuzu, ike nke gel na-abawanye ka ntinye uche na-abawanye [245].

1.3.2.2 Ngwakọta usoro nke curdlan na ndị na-abụghị curdlan

Ijikọta ndị na-abụghị curdlan na curdlan na-eme ka ike gel nke polysaccharides dị mma [246]. Ngwakọta nke konjac chịngọm na carrageenan na-eme ka nkwụsi ike na gel elasticity nke nhazi netwọk gel mejupụtara, ma na-eme ka ike gel ya dịkwuo mma. Wei Yu et al. gbakọta carrageenan na konjac chịngọm, ma kwurịta usoro gel mgbe ọ gbakọtachara. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ chọpụtara na mgbe emechara carrageenan na konjac gum, e mepụtara mmetụta synergistic, na usoro netwọk nke carrageenan na-achịkwa, a na-agbasasị konjac gum na ya, na netwọk gel ya dị ntakịrị karịa nke carrageenan dị ọcha [247]. Kohyama et al. mụọ usoro ngwakọta nke carrageenan / konjac gum, na nsonaazụ ya gosipụtara na mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke ịdị arọ nke konjac gum, nrụgide mgbawa nke gel composite nọgidere na-abawanye; konjac chịngọm nwere dị iche iche molekụla arọ gosiri yiri gel guzobe. okpomọkụ. N'ime usoro nhazi a, nhazi nke netwọk gel na-eme site na carrageenan, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ curdlan abụọ na-eme ka e nwee mpaghara ndị na-adịghị ike na-ejikọta [248]. Nishinari et al. mụọ Gellan gum/konjac gum system compound, na nsonaazụ gosiri na mmetụta nke monovalent cations na gel compound na-apụtawanye ìhè. Ọ nwere ike iwelie modul sistemu na gel guzobe okpomọkụ. cations dị iche iche nwere ike ịkwalite nguzobe nke gels mejupụtara ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, mana oke oke ga-eme ka nkewa nke oge wee belata modul nke usoro [246]. Breneer et al. mụọ banyere ngwakọta nke carrageenan, igurube bean gum na konjac chịngọm, wee chọpụta na carrageenan, igurube chịngọm na konjac gum nwere ike ịmepụta mmetụta synergistic, na oke kachasị mma bụ igurube bean gum / carrageenan 1: 5.5, konjac gum / carrageenan 1: 7. , na mgbe atọ ahụ jikọtara ọnụ, mmetụta synergistic dị ka nke carrageenan / konjac gum, na-egosi na ọ dịghị ihe mgbagwoju anya pụrụ iche nke atọ. njikọ [249].

1.3.2.2 Usoro ngwakọta abụọ na-abụghị curdlan

Polysaccharides sitere n'okike nke na-enweghị ihe gel nwere ike igosipụta ihe gel site na ngwakọta, na-ebute ngwaahịa gel [250]. Ijikọta chịngọm igurube na xanthan gum na-emepụta mmetụta synergistic nke na-eme ka e guzobe gels ọhụrụ [251]. Enwere ike nweta ngwaahịa gel ọhụrụ site na ịgbakwunye xanthan gum na konjac glucomannan maka ịgbakọta [252]. Wei Yanxia et al. mụọ rheological Njirimara nke mgbagwoju nke igurube bean chịngọm na xanthan chịngọm. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ngwakọta nke igurube bean gum na xanthan gum na-emepụta mmetụta synergistic. Mgbe nha nha nke onyinye bụ 4: 6, mmetụta synergistic kachasị ike [253]. Fitzsimons et al. agbakọta konjac glucomannan na xanthan gum na ụlọ okpomọkụ na n'okpuru kpo oku. Nsonaazụ gosiri na ogige niile gosipụtara akụrụngwa gel, na-egosipụta mmetụta synergistic n'etiti abụọ ahụ. Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-ejikọta ọnụ na ọnọdụ nhazi nke xanthan gum emetụtaghị mmekọrịta dị n'etiti abụọ [254]. Guo Shoujun na ndị ọzọ mụrụ ihe mbụ mix nke pig feces bean gum na xanthan gum, na nsonaazụ gosiri na ezi feces bean gum na xanthan gum nwere mmetụta synergistic siri ike. Ngwakọta kacha mma nke ezì feces bean gum na xanthan gum compound bụ 6/4 (w/w). Ọ bụ 102 ugboro nke otu ngwọta nke soybean chịngọm, na gel na-etolite mgbe ntinye nke chịngọm ngwakọta ruru 0.4%. Ngwakọta ngwakọta nwere nnukwu viscosity, ezigbo nkwụsi ike na akụrụngwa rheological, yana ezigbo nri chịngọm [255].

1.3.3 Ndakọrịta nke ngwakọta polymer

Ndakọrịta, site na echiche nke thermodynamic, na-ezo aka inweta ndakọrịta n'ọkwa molekul, nke a makwaara dị ka solubility ibe. Dị ka usoro ihe atụ nke Flory-Huggins si kwuo, mgbanwe ike n'efu nke usoro ihe mejupụtara polymer n'oge usoro nhazi ahụ kwekọrọ na usoro ike nke Gibbs:

△���=△���-T△S (1-1)

N'ime ha, △���bụ mgbagwoju free ume, △���bụ okpomọkụ dị mgbagwoju anya, bụ mgbagwoju anya entropy; bụ okpomọkụ zuru oke; usoro mgbagwoju anya bụ usoro dakọtara naanị mgbe ike efu gbanwere △���n'oge usoro mgbagwoju anya [256].

Echiche nke miscibility na-esite n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na usoro ole na ole nwere ike nweta ndakọrịta thermodynamic. Ajọ ihe na-ezo aka n'ikike nke ihe dị iche iche na-emepụta ogige, na ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ na ogige ndị ahụ na-egosipụta otu ebe mgbanwe iko.

Dị iche na ndakọrịta thermodynamic, ndakọrịta n'ozuzu na-ezo aka n'ikike nke akụkụ ọ bụla dị na usoro nhazi iji nabata ibe ya, nke a na-atụpụta site na echiche bara uru [257].

Dabere na ndakọrịta n'ozuzu ya, enwere ike kewaa sistemu ngwakọta polymer ka ọ bụrụ usoro dakọtara kpamkpam, nke dabara na nke na-ekwekọghị kpamkpam. Usoro dakọtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu pụtara na ogige ahụ bụ thermodynamically miscible na ọkwa molekụla; usoro dakọtara n'otu akụkụ pụtara na ngwakọta ahụ dakọtara n'ime ụfọdụ okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ ihe mejupụtara; a kpamkpam ekwekọghị usoro pụtara na compound bụ Molecular-larịị miscibility enweghị ike nweta na ọ bụla okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ mejupụtara.

N'ihi ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị n'usoro na entropy conformational n'etiti polymers dị iche iche, ọtụtụ usoro mgbagwoju anya polymer na-adaba n'otu akụkụ ma ọ bụ na-ekwekọghị [11, 12]. Dabere na oge nkewa nke sistemu ngwakọta na ọkwa nke ịgwakọta, ndakọrịta nke sistemu dakọtara ga-adịkwa iche nke ukwuu [11]. Ngwongwo macroscopic nke ihe mejupụtara polymer nwere njikọ chiri anya na morphology ha dị n'ime ha na ihe anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ nke mpaghara ọ bụla. 240], n'ihi ya, ọ dị oke mkpa iji mụọ ihe omimi nke microscopic morphology na ndakọrịta nke usoro nhazi.

Ụzọ nyocha na njirimara maka ndakọrịta nke ngwakọta ọnụọgụ abụọ:

(1) Igwe mgbanwe okpomọkụ T���usoro ntụnyere. Tụnyere T���ihe mejupụtara ya na T���nke ihe mejupụtara ya, ma ọ bụrụ naanị otu T���na-egosi na ogige ahụ, usoro ihe eji eme ihe bụ usoro dakọtara; ọ bụrụ na e nwere T���, na abụọ T���Ọnọdụ nke ogige ahụ dị na otu abụọ n'etiti isi ihe T���na-egosi na usoro ihe mejupụtara bụ usoro dakọtara akụkụ; ọ bụrụ na e nwere T���, na ha dị na ọnọdụ nke abụọ components T���, ọ na-egosi na usoro ngwakọta bụ usoro na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ.

T���Ngwa ule a na-ejikarị na usoro ntụnyere bụ dynamic thermomechanical analyzer (DMA) na iche iche scanning calorimeter (DSC). Usoro a nwere ike ikpebi ngwa ngwa ndakọrịta nke sistemu akụrụngwa, mana ọ bụrụ na T���nke akụkụ abụọ ahụ yiri otu, otu T���ga-apụtakwa mgbe agbakọtachara, yabụ usoro a nwere mmejọ ụfọdụ [10].

(2) Usoro nleba anya n'ihe gbasara mmụọ. Nke mbụ, leba anya na morphology macroscopic nke ogige ahụ. Ọ bụrụ na ogige ahụ nwere nkewa nke oge doro anya, ọ nwere ike ikpebi na mbụ na usoro nhazi ahụ bụ usoro na-adabaghị adaba. Nke abuo, a na-ahụ ihe omimi microscopic morphology na nhazi oge nke ogige ahụ site na microscope. Ihe abụọ a na-ejikọta ya kpamkpam ga-eme ka ọnọdụ dị n'otu. Ya mere, onyinye na ezi ndakọrịta nwere ike na-edebe edo frasi nkesa na obere chụgara frasi urughuru size. na blurry interface.

Ngwa ule a na-ejikarị na usoro nleba anya na mbara ala bụ microscope anya na nyocha eletrọnịkị (SEM). Enwere ike iji usoro nleba anya na topography dị ka usoro inyeaka yana usoro njirimara ndị ọzọ.

(3) Usoro nghọta. N'ime usoro ngwakọta dakọtara na akụkụ, akụkụ abụọ ahụ nwere ike dakọtara n'ime oke okpomọkụ na ihe mejupụtara, na nkewa nkewa ga-eme gafere oke a. N'ime usoro mgbanwe nke usoro ihe eji eme ihe site na usoro ihe jikọrọ ya na usoro abụọ, nnyefe ọkụ ya ga-agbanwe, ya mere enwere ike ịmụ ihe nkwekọ ya site n'ịmụ nghọta nke ogige ahụ.

Enwere ike iji usoro a naanị dị ka usoro inyeaka, n'ihi na mgbe indices refractive nke polymers abụọ ahụ bụ otu, ihe a na-enweta site na ijikọta polymers abụọ na-ekwekọghị ekwekọ na-apụtakwa ìhè.

(4) Usoro ọmụmụ. Na usoro a, a na-eji mgbanwe mberede nke viscoelastic paramita nke ogige ahụ dị ka ihe ịrịba ama nke nkewa nkewa, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe mberede nke viscosity-okpomọkụ na-eme ka a na-eji akara nkewa nkewa ahụ, na mgbanwe mberede nke pụtara ìhè. A na-eji mkpụkọ nrụgide-okpomọkụ mee ihe dị ka akara nkewa nkewa. Usoro nhazi na-enweghị nkewa nkewa mgbe ịmechara nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta, na ndị nwere nkewa nkewa na-adabaghị ma ọ bụ na-ejikọta ya na akụkụ ụfọdụ [258].

(5) Usoro mgbagọ Han. Usoro Han bụ lg���'(���) lg G", ma ọ bụrụ na Han's curve of the compound system enweghị okpomọkụ dabere, na Han's curve na okpomọkụ dị iche iche na-eme ka isi ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ isi, usoro nhazi ahụ dakọtara; ọ bụrụ na usoro ngwakọta ahụ dakọtara Usoro Han na-adabere na okpomọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na akụkụ Han na-ekewapụ onwe ya na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị iche iche na enweghị ike ịmepụta akụkụ bụ isi, usoro nhazi ahụ adabaghị ma ọ bụ dakọtara. Ya mere, enwere ike ikpebi ndakọrịta nke usoro nhazi ahụ dịka nkewa nke Han's curve si dị.

(6) Usoro viscosity ngwọta. Usoro a na-eji ngbanwe nke viscosity ngwọta iji mara ndakọrịta nke usoro nhazi. N'okpuru nchịkọta ngwọta dị iche iche, a na-eme atụmatụ viscosity nke ogige ahụ megide ihe mejupụtara ya. Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ njikọ dị n'ahịrị, ọ pụtara na usoro nhazi ahụ dabara kpamkpam; ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ mmekọrịta na-enweghị isi, ọ pụtara na usoro nhazi ahụ na-adaba n'otu akụkụ; ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ akụkụ nke S, mgbe ahụ ọ na-egosi na usoro nhazi ahụ adabaghị kpamkpam [10].

(7) Infrared spectroscopy. Mgbe polymer abụọ na-agbakọta, ọ bụrụ na ndakọrịta dị mma, a ga-enwe mmekọrịta dị ka hydrogen bond, na ọnọdụ band nke àgwà dị iche iche na infrared ụdịdị dị iche iche nke otu ọ bụla na polymer yinye ga-agbanwe. Nkwụsị nke njirimara otu ìgwè nke mgbagwoju anya na akụkụ ọ bụla nwere ike ikpebi ndakọrịta nke usoro mgbagwoju anya.

Tụkwasị na nke a, enwere ike mụọ ndakọrịta nke ogige ahụ site na ndị na-enyocha thermogravimetric, X-ray diffraction, obere oghere X-ray, ọkụ ọkụ, mgbasa ozi neutron electron, resonance nuklia nuklia na usoro ultrasonic [10].

1.3.4 Ọganihu nyocha nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/hydroxypropyl starch ngwakọta

1.3.4.1 Ngwakọta nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na ihe ndị ọzọ

A na-ejikarị ngwakọta nke HPMC na ihe ndị ọzọ eme ihe n'ime usoro ntọhapụ na-achịkwa ọgwụ yana ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa ihe oriri ma ọ bụ nke na-emebi emebi. Na ngwa nke ntọhapụ a na-achịkwa ọgwụ, ndị polymer na-ejikọtakarị na HPMC na-agụnye polymers synthetic dị ka polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) na polycaprolactone (PCL), yana protein, polymer polymers dị ka. polysaccharides. Abdel-Zaher et al. mụọ ihe nhazi nhazi, nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ na mmekọrịta ha na arụmọrụ nke HPMC / PVA composites, na nsonaazụ gosiri na e nwere ụfọdụ miscibility na ọnụnọ nke abụọ polymers [259]. Zabihi et al. ejiri HPMC/PLGA complexo dozie microcapsules maka ntọhapụ insulin na-achịkwa ma na-adịgide adịgide, nke nwere ike nweta ntọhapụ na-adịgide adịgide na afọ na eriri afọ [260]. Javed et al. hydrophilic HPMC na hydrophobic PCL na-eji HPMC / PCL complexes dị ka microcapsule ihe maka ọgwụ na-achịkwa na ntọhapụ na-adịgide adịgide, nke nwere ike ịhapụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ahụ mmadụ site n'ịgbanwe nhazi nhazi [261]. Ding et al. mụọ ihe ndị na-ahụ maka rheological dị ka viscosity, viscoelasticity dị ike, mgbake na-agbake, na thixotropy nke HPMC / collagen complexes ejiri mee ihe n'ọhịa nke ntọhapụ ọgwụ na-achịkwa, na-enye nduzi usoro iwu maka ngwa mmepụta ihe [262]. Arthanari, Cai na Rai et al. [263-265] A na-etinye ihe mgbagwoju anya nke HPMC na polysaccharides dị ka chitosan, xanthan gum, na sodium alginate na usoro nke ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa na ọgwụ na-adịgide adịgide, na nsonaazụ ya gosipụtara mmetụta ntọhapụ ọgwụ na-achịkwa [263-265].

N'ime mmepe nke ihe nkwakọ ihe nkiri oriri ma ọ bụ nke na-emebi emebi, polymers na-ejikọta ya na HPMC na-abụkarị polymers eke dị ka lipids, proteins na polysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes na Contreras-Oliva et al. kwadebere eri ihe mejupụtara membranes na HPMC/lipid complexes, na-eji ha na ichekwa plums, cherry tomato na citrus, n'otu n'otu. Nsonaazụ gosiri na HPMC / lipid complex membranes nwere ezigbo mmetụta antibacterial nke idebe ọhụrụ [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, na Ding et al. mụọ ihe eji arụ ọrụ, nkwụsi ike ọkụ, microstructure, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara ihe oriri a kwadebere site na HPMC, protein silk, protein dịpụrụ adịpụ, na collagen, n'otu n'otu [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. haziri HPMC na gelatin iji kwado ihe nkiri oriri maka ojiji na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa bio dabere [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata na Ortega-Toro et al. kwadebere HPMC / chitosan HPMC / xyloglucan, HPMC / ethyl cellulose na HPMC / starch oriri mejupụtara ihe nkiri, n'otu n'otu, na-amụ ha thermal kwụsie ike, n'ibu Njirimara Njirimara, microstructure na antibacterial Njirimara [139, 272-274]. A pụkwara iji ogige HPMC/PLA mee ihe dị ka ihe nkwakọba ihe maka ngwa nri, na-emekarị site na extrusion [275].

N'ime mmepe nke ihe nkwakọ ihe nkiri oriri ma ọ bụ nke na-emebi emebi, polymers na-ejikọta ya na HPMC na-abụkarị polymers eke dị ka lipids, proteins na polysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes na Contreras-Oliva et al. kwadebere eri ihe mejupụtara membranes na HPMC/lipid complexes, na-eji ha na ichekwa plums, cherry tomato na citrus, n'otu n'otu. Nsonaazụ gosiri na HPMC / lipid complex membranes nwere ezigbo mmetụta antibacterial nke idebe ọhụrụ [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, na Ding et al. mụọ ihe eji arụ ọrụ, nkwụsi ike ọkụ, microstructure, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara ihe oriri a kwadebere site na HPMC, protein silk, protein dịpụrụ adịpụ, na collagen, n'otu n'otu [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. haziri HPMC na gelatin iji kwado ihe nkiri oriri maka ojiji na ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa bio dabere [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata na Ortega-Toro et al. kwadebere HPMC / chitosan HPMC / xyloglucan, HPMC / ethyl cellulose na HPMC / starch oriri mejupụtara ihe nkiri, n'otu n'otu, na-amụ ha thermal kwụsie ike, n'ibu Njirimara Njirimara, microstructure na antibacterial Njirimara [139, 272-274]. A pụkwara iji ogige HPMC/PLA mee ihe dị ka ihe nkwakọba ihe maka ngwa nri, na-emekarị site na extrusion [275].

1.3.4.2 Ngwakọta starch na ihe ndị ọzọ

The nnyocha na compounding nke starch na ihe ndị ọzọ na mbụ lekwasịrị anya dị iche iche hydrophobic aliphatic polyester bekee, gụnyere polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutene succinic acid (PBSA), wdg 276. Muller et al. mụọ usoro na ihe onwunwe nke starch / PLA composites na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti abụọ, na nsonaazụ gosiri na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti abụọ adịghị ike na n'ibu Njirimara nke composites adịghị mma [277]. Correa, Komur na Diaz-Gomez et al. mụọ ihe eji arụ ọrụ, akụrụngwa rheological, ihe gel na ndakọrịta nke akụkụ abụọ nke starch / PCL complexes, nke etinyere na mmepe nke ihe ndị na-emebi emebi, akụrụngwa biomedical na Tissue Engineering Scaffolding Materials [278-280]. Ohkika et al. chọpụtara na ngwakọta nke ọka ọka na PBSA na-ekwe nkwa nke ukwuu. Mgbe ọdịnaya starch dị 5-30%, ịba ụba ọdịnaya nke granules starch nwere ike ịbawanye modul ma belata nrụgide tensile na elongation na nkwụsịtụ [281,282]. Hydrophobic aliphatic polyester bụ thermodynamically ekwekọghị na hydrophilic starch, na dị iche iche compatibilizers na mgbakwunye na-na-na-agbakwunyere dị iche iche compatibilizers na-agbakwụnye na-mma na-adọ interface n'etiti starch na polyester. Szadkowska, Ferri, na Li et al. mụọ mmetụta nke silanol dabeere na plasticizers, maleic anhydride linseed mmanụ, na functionalized oriri na mmanụ amịpụtara na Ọdịdị na Njirimara nke starch / PLA complexes, n'otu n'otu [283-285]. Ortega-Toro, Yu et al. eji citric acid na diphenylmethane diisocyanate na-emekọrịta ihe starch / PCL compound na starch / PBSA, n'otu n'otu, iji meziwanye ihe onwunwe na nkwụsi ike [286, 287].

N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-eme nchọpụta na-arịwanye elu na nchịkọta starch na polymers eke dị ka protein, polysaccharides na lipids. Teklehaimanot, Sahin-Nadeen na Zhang et al mụrụ physicochemical Njirimara nke starch / zein, starch / whey protein na starch / gellatin complexes, n'otu n'otu, na nsonaazụ ya niile nwetara ezigbo arụpụta, nke nwere ike itinye na nri biomaterials na capsules [52, 288, 289]. Lozanno-Navarro, Talon na Ren et al. mụọ gbasara nnyefe ọkụ, ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ihe ndị na-egbu nje na chitosan ịta ahụhụ nke starch/chitosan ihe nkiri mejupụtara, n'otu n'otu, ma gbakwunyere ihe ndị sitere n'okike, tii polyphenols na ihe ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka nje bacteria na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma mmetụta antibacterial nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara. Nsonaazụ nyocha na-egosi na ihe nkiri starch/chitosan mejupụtara nwere ikike dị ukwuu na nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri na ọgwụ na-arụ ọrụ [290-292]. Kaushik, Ghanbarzadeh, Arvanitoyannis, na Zhang et al. mụọ Njirimara nke starch/cellulose nanocrystals, starch/carboxymethylcellulose, starch/methylcellulose, na starch/hydroxypropylmethylcellulose film composite, n'otu n'otu, na isi ngwa na oriri / biodegradable nkwakọ ngwaahịa [293-295]. Dafe, Jumaidin na Lascombes et al. mụọ ogige starch/food gum dị ka starch/pectin, starch/agar na starch/carrageenan, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọhịa nri na nkwakọ nri [296-298]. Pérez, De et al., na-amụ ihe gbasara physicochemical nke tapioca starch / mmanụ ọka, starch / lipid complexes bụ Perez, De et al., tumadi iji duzie usoro mmepụta nke ihe oriri [299, 300].

1.3.4.3 Ngwakọta nke hydroxypropyl methylcellulose na starch

Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọnweghị ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere usoro ihe mejupụtara nke HPMC na starch n'ụlọ na mba ọzọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-agbakwunye obere HPMC n'ime matrix starch iji meziwanye ihe ịka nká nke starch. Jimenez et al. jiri HPMC belata ịka nká nke starch obodo iji melite permeability nke akpụkpọ anụ starch. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mgbakwunye nke HPMC belatara ịka nká nke starch ma nwekwuo mgbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara. A na-abawanye ike ikuku oxygen nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara nke ukwuu, mana arụmọrụ mmiri anaghị arụ ọrụ. Ego ole ka agbanweela [301]. Villacres, Basch et al. gbakọta HPMC na tapioca starch iji kwadebe HPMC/starch composite film packing ihe, ma mụọ mmetụta plasticizing nke glycerin na ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara yana mmetụta potassium sorbate na nisin na ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara. Nsonaazụ Ọ na-egosi na site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike nkwụsị nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara na-abawanye, elongation na nkwụsịtụ na-ebelata, na mmiri vapor permeability enwechaghị mmetụta; potassium sorbate na nisin nwere ike imeziwanye ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara. Mmetụta nje bacteria nke ihe nje nje abụọ na-aka mma mgbe ejiri ya mee ihe [112, 302]. Ortega-Toro et al. mụọ ihe ndị mejupụtara akpụkpọ anụ HPMC/starch na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, wee mụọ mmetụta citric acid na njirimara nke membranes mejupụtara. Nsonaazụ gosiri na HPMC gbasasịrị na usoro starch na-aga n'ihu, ma citric acid na HPMC nwere mmetụta na ịka nká nke starch. ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ nke mgbochi [139]. Ayorinde et al. ejiri HPMC / starch composite film mee ihe maka mkpuchi nke amlodipine oral, na nsonaazụ gosiri na oge nkwụsịtụ na ọnụego ntọhapụ nke ihe nkiri composite dị nnọọ mma [303].

Zhao Ming et al. mụọ mmetụta nke starch na ọnụ ọgụgụ njide mmiri nke ihe nkiri HPMC, ihe si na ya pụta gosiri na starch na HPMC nwere mmetụta synergistic ụfọdụ, nke mere ka mmụba n'ozuzu ya na njide mmiri [304]. Zhang et al. mụọ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nke ogige HPMC/HPS na njirimara rheological nke ngwọta. Nsonaazụ na-egosi na usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS nwere ụfọdụ ndakọrịta, arụ ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ ahụ dị mma, yana akụrụngwa rheological nke HPS na HPMC nwere mmetụta ngbanwe dị mma [305, 306]. Enwere ihe ọmụmụ ole na ole na sistemu HPMC / starch nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya HPMC, na ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọ na nyocha arụmọrụ na-emighị emi, na nyocha usoro nyocha na sistemu ihe dị ụkọ, ọkachasị jel nke HPMC/HPS oyi-oyi tụgharịrị. -phase mejupụtara gel. Ọmụmụ ihe eji arụ ọrụ ka nọ n'ọnọdụ efu.

1.4 Rheology nke ogige polymer

N'ime usoro nhazi ihe polymer, eruba na nrụrụ ga-apụtarịrị, na rheology bụ sayensị nke na-amụ usoro iwu na-asọpụta na nrụrụ ihe [307]. Flow bụ ihe onwunwe nke ihe mmiri mmiri, ebe nrụrụ bụ ihe onwunwe nke ihe siri ike (crystalline). Ntụle n'ozuzu nke mmiri mmiri na-asọpụta na nrụrụ siri ike bụ nke a:

N'ime ngwa ụlọ ọrụ bara uru nke ihe polymer, viscosity na viscoelasticity ha na-ekpebi arụmọrụ nhazi ha. N'ime usoro nhazi na ịkpụzi, na mgbanwe nke shear rate, viscosity nke ihe polymer nwere ike inwe nnukwu oke nke ọtụtụ iwu nke ịdị ukwuu. Gbanwee [308]. Njirimara rheological dị ka viscosity na shear thinning na-emetụta kpọmkwem njikwa mgbapụta, perfusion, mgbasa na ịgbasa n'oge nhazi nke ihe polymer, na ihe kachasị mkpa nke ihe polymer.

1.4.1 Viscoelasticity nke polymers

N'okpuru ike dị n'èzí, mmiri mmiri polymer nwere ike ọ bụghị nanị na-asọba, kamakwa na-egosi nrụrụ, na-egosi ụdị ọrụ "viscoelasticity", na ihe bụ isi ya bụ ịdị n'otu nke "ihe siri ike-mmiri abụọ-phase" [309]. Otú ọ dị, nke a viscoelasticity abụghị linear viscoelasticity na obere deformations, ma na-abụghị online viscoelasticity ebe ihe onwunwe na-egosipụta nnukwu deformations na ogologo nrụgide [310].

A na-akpọkwa ngwọta mmiri polysaccharide eke hydrosol. Na ngwọta dilute, polysaccharide macromolecules dị n'ụdị mkpuchi kewapụrụ onwe ha. Mgbe ntinye uche na-abawanye na uru ụfọdụ, eriri macromolecular na-abanye n'ime ma na-ekpuchi ibe ya. A na-akpọ uru ahụ nleba anya dị egwu [311]. N'okpuru ntinye uche dị oke egwu, viscosity nke ngwọta dị ntakịrị, ọ dịghịkwa emetụta ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ shear, na-egosi omume mmiri Newtonian; Mgbe etinyere uche dị oke egwu, macromolecules ndị na-ebuli na mbụ na-amalite ịrapara n'ahụ ibe ha, na viscosity ngwọta na-abawanye nke ukwuu. mmụba [312]; ebe mgbe ịta ahụhụ gafere oke ịta ahụhụ, a na-ahụ ncha ncha na ihe ngwọta na-egosipụta omume mmiri na-abụghị Newtonian [245].

Ụfọdụ hydrosols nwere ike ịmepụta gels n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, na njirimara viscoelastic ha na-ejikarị modulus nchekwa G', modul ọnwụ G" na ndabere ha ugboro ugboro. Ihe nchekwa nchekwa ahụ kwekọrọ na ngbanwe nke usoro ahụ, ebe modul ọnwụ na-adaba na viscosity nke usoro [311]. N'ime ngwọta dilute, ọ nweghị ihe mgbagwoju anya n'etiti ụmụ irighiri ihe, ya mere, n'ọtụtụ dịgasị iche iche nke frequencies, G′ dị obere karịa G″, ma gosipụta ntụkwasị obi siri ike ugboro ugboro. Ebe G' na G″ dabara na ugboro ω na quadratic ya, otu ọ bụla, mgbe ugboro dị elu, G′> G″. Mgbe itinye uche dị elu karịa itinye uche dị oke egwu, G′ na G″ ka nwere ndabere ugboro ole. Mgbe ugboro ole dị ala, G′ <G″, na ugboro ole na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye, ha abụọ ga-agafe, ma laghachi na G′> na mpaghara G' dị elu.

Ebe dị oke egwu nke polysaccharide hydrosol na-agbanwe n'ime gel ka a na-akpọ ebe gel. Enwere ọtụtụ nkọwa nke ebe gel, na nke a na-ejikarị bụ nkọwa nke viscoelasticity siri ike na rheology. Mgbe modulus nchekwa G' nke sistemu nha nha nha modulus G″, ọ bụ ebe gel, yana G′> G″ Gel nhazi [312, 313].

Ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe okike polysaccharide na-etolite mkpakọrịta na-adịghị ike, na usoro gel ha na-adị mfe ibibi, na G' dị ntakịrị karịa G, na-egosi ịdabere na ntanye ugboro ugboro; ebe ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe polysaccharide eke nwere ike mepụta mpaghara njikọ njikọ kwụsiri ike, nke usoro gel siri ike, G′ buru ibu karịa G″, ọ nweghịkwa ịdabere ugboro ugboro [311].

1.4.2 Omume Rheological nke ogige polymer

Maka usoro ngwakọta polymer dakọtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu, ihe ahụ bụ usoro ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, na viscoelasticity ya bụ nchikota njirimara nke otu polymer, na viscoelasticity ya nwere ike ịkọwa ya site na iwu ndị dị mfe [314]. Omume egosila na usoro ahụ na-emekọ ihe na-adịghị mma maka imeziwanye ihe eji arụ ọrụ ya. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, ụfọdụ usoro mgbagwoju anya nwere usoro nkewapụ iche nwere arụmọrụ dị mma [315].

Nkwekọrịta nke usoro ihe eji eme ihe na-adaba adaba ga-emetụta ihe ndị dị ka usoro nhazi usoro, ọnụ ọgụgụ shear, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na nhazi akụkụ, na-egosi ndakọrịta ma ọ bụ nkewa nke oge, na mgbanwe site na ndakọrịta na nkewa nkewa bụ ihe a na-apụghị izere ezere. na-eduga na mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na viscoelasticity nke usoro [316, 317]. N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, enweela ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere omume viscoelastic nke sistemu mgbagwoju anya polymer dakọtara akụkụ. Nnyocha ahụ na-egosi na omume rheological nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na mpaghara ndakọrịta na-egosi njirimara nke usoro ahụ. Na mpaghara nkewa nkewa, omume rheological dị iche kpamkpam na mpaghara homogeneous na oke mgbagwoju anya.

Ịghọta ihe ndị na-ahụ maka rheological nke usoro nchịkọta dị n'okpuru iche iche dị iche iche, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-emepụta ihe, ọnụ ọgụgụ isi, okpomọkụ, wdg bụ ihe dị oké mkpa maka nhọrọ ziri ezi nke nkà na ụzụ nhazi, nhazi nhazi nke usoro, njikwa siri ike nke ngwaahịa ngwaahịa, na mbelata kwesịrị ekwesị nke mmepụta. ike oriri. [309]. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, viscosity nke ihe nwere ike ịgbanwe site n'ịgbanwe okpomọkụ. Ma melite arụmọrụ nhazi; ghọta mpaghara ihe na-egbu egbu nke ihe ahụ, họrọ nha nha kwesịrị ekwesị iji chịkwaa ọrụ nhazi nke ihe, ma melite arụmọrụ mmepụta.

1.4.3 Ihe na-emetụta rheological Njirimara nke ogige

1.4.3.1 Ihe mejupụtara

Njirimara anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal na nhazi ime nke usoro ihe mejupụtara bụ ihe ngosi zuru oke nke ntinye aka jikọtara ọnụ nke njirimara nke akụkụ ọ bụla na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị ahụ. Ya mere, ihe anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ nke akụkụ ọ bụla n'onwe ya nwere ọrụ dị mkpa na usoro nhazi. Ogo nke ndakọrịta n'etiti polymers dị iche iche dịgasị iche iche, ụfọdụ na-adaba nke ọma, na ụfọdụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam.

1.4.3.2 The ruru nke ngwakọta usoro

Viscoelasticity na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara polymer ga-agbanwe nke ukwuu na ngbanwe nke nha nha. Nke a bụ n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ekpebi ntinye nke akụkụ ọ bụla na usoro nhazi, ma na-emetụtakwa akụkụ nke ọ bụla. mmekọrịta na nkesa nkesa. Xie Yajie et al. mụọ chitosan/hydroxypropyl cellulose wee chọpụta na viscosity nke ogige ahụ mụbara nke ukwuu site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya hydroxypropyl cellulose [318]. Zhang Yayauan et al. mụọ mgbagwoju anya nke xanthan chịngọm na ọka starch wee chọpụta na mgbe oke nke xanthan chịngọm bụ 10%, ọnụọgụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, nrụgide na-emepụta na ntinye mmiri nke usoro mgbagwoju anya mụbara nke ukwuu. O doro anya na [319].

1.4.3.3 Ọnụ ego

Ọtụtụ mmiri mmiri polymer bụ mmiri mmiri pseudoplastic, nke na-adabaghị n'iwu eruba Newton. Isi ihe dị na ya bụ na viscosity adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'okpuru obere shiee, na viscosity na-ebelata nke ọma site na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ shear [308, 320]. Enwere ike kewaa usoro mmiri mmiri polymer nke ọma ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara atọ: mpaghara Newtonian obere shiee, mpaghara thinning na mpaghara kwụsie ike dị elu. Mgbe ọnụ ọgụgụ nke shear na-achọ ka efu, nrụgide na nsogbu na-aghọ linear, na omume na-asọpụta nke mmiri mmiri yiri nke mmiri Newtonian. N'oge a, viscosity na-eche na ọ bara uru, nke a na-akpọ zero-shear viscosity η0. η0 na-egosipụta oge izu ike kachasị nke ihe ahụ ma bụrụ ihe dị mkpa nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe polymer, nke metụtara nkezi molecular arọ nke polymer na ike ọrụ nke viscous eruba. N'ebe a na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-egbuke egbuke, viscosity ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ nke shear, na ihe omume nke "ịcha ntutu" na-eme. Mpaghara a bụ mpaghara a na-ahụkarị na nhazi nke ihe polymer. Na mpaghara nkwụsi ike dị elu, ka ọnụ ọgụgụ na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu, viscosity na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide, viscosity na-enweghị njedebe η∞, ma mpaghara a na-esikarị ike iru.

1.4.3.4 Okpomọkụ

Okpomọkụ na-emetụta kpọmkwem ike nke molikula na-ekpo ọkụ na-enweghị usoro, nke nwere ike imetụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti intermolecular dị ka mgbasa, nhazi usoro ihe omimi, na njikọ. N'ozuzu, n'oge eruba nke ihe polymer, a na-eme mmegharị nke ụdọ molekụla na akụkụ; ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, ụda n'efu na-abawanye, na nkwụsị nkwụsị nke akụkụ ahụ na-ebelata, ya mere viscosity na-ebelata. Otú ọ dị, maka ụfọdụ polymers, ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, njikọ hydrophobic na-eme n'etiti agbụ, ya mere viscosity na-abawanye kama.

Ụdị polymer dị iche iche nwere ogo dị iche iche nke uche na okpomọkụ, na otu polymer dị elu nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na arụmọrụ nke usoro ya na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị iche iche.

1.5 Nnyocha nyocha, ebumnuche nyocha na ọdịnaya nyocha nke isiokwu a

1.5.1 Nnyocha nyocha

Ọ bụ ezie na HPMC bụ ihe nchekwa na oriri a na-ejikarị eme ihe n'ọhịa nke nri na ọgwụ, ọ nwere ezigbo ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri, na-achụsasị, na-eme ka ọ sie ike, na-eme ka ọ kwụsie ike. Ihe nkiri HPMC nwekwara ezigbo nghọta, ihe mgbochi mmanụ, yana akụrụngwa akụrụngwa. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ahịa ya dị elu (ihe dị ka 100,000 / ton) na-egbochi ngwa ngwa ya, ọbụna na ngwa ahịa ọgwụ dị elu dị ka capsules. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, HPMC bụ gel na-emepụta ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, nke dị na ngwọta ngwọta na obere viscosity na obere okpomọkụ, ma nwee ike ịmepụta ihe siri ike dị ka gel na okpomọkụ dị elu, n'ihi ya, usoro nhazi dị ka mkpuchi, spraying na dipping ga-ebu ya. pụta na oke okpomọkụ, na-eme ka mmepụta ike dị elu na-eri nri na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta dị elu. Njirimara dị ka obere viscosity na ike gel nke HPMC na obere okpomọkụ na-ebelata nhazi nke HPMC n'ọtụtụ ngwa.

N'ụzọ dị iche, HPS bụ ihe oriri dị ọnụ ala (ihe dị ka 20,000/ton) nke a na-ejikwa n'ọtụtụ ebe na ngalaba nri na ọgwụ. Ihe kpatara HPMC ji dị oke ọnụ bụ na cellulose akụrụngwa eji akwadebe HPMC dị ọnụ karịa starch raw material eji akwadebe HPS. Na mgbakwunye, a na-anyadokwa HPMC na ihe nnọchi abụọ, hydroxypropyl na methoxy. N'ihi ya, usoro nkwadebe dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya, ya mere ọnụahịa HPMC dị elu karịa nke HPS. Ọrụ a na-atụ anya iji HPS dị ọnụ ala dochie ụfọdụ HPMC ndị dị oke ọnụ, ma belata ọnụahịa ngwaahịa na ndabere nke ịnọgide na-arụ ọrụ ndị yiri ya.

Na mgbakwunye, HPS bụ gel oyi, nke dị na steeti viscoelastic gel na obere okpomọkụ ma mepụta ngwọta na-asọ asọ na oke okpomọkụ. Ya mere, ịgbakwụnye HPS na HPMC nwere ike ibelata okpomoku gel nke HPMC ma mee ka viscosity ya na obere okpomọkụ. na ike gel, na-eme ka usoro nhazi ya dịkwuo ala na obere okpomọkụ. Ọzọkwa, ihe nkiri oriri HPS nwere ezigbo ihe mgbochi oxygen, yabụ ịgbakwụnye HPS n'ime HPMC nwere ike melite njirimara mgbochi oxygen nke ihe nkiri oriri.

Na nchịkọta, nchikota nke HPMC na HPS: Nke mbụ, ọ nwere mkpa usoro iwu dị mkpa. HPMC bụ gel na-ekpo ọkụ, na HPS bụ jel oyi. Site n'ịgbakọta ha abụọ, e nwere usoro mgbanwe n'etiti gels na-ekpo ọkụ na oyi. Nhazi nke HPMC / HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ jel compound system na usoro nyocha ya nwere ike inye ụzọ ọhụrụ maka nyocha nke ụdị oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-atụgharị jel na-agbagharị agbagharị ， guzosie ike ụkpụrụ nduzi. Nke abuo, ọ nwere ike ibelata ụgwọ ọrụ mmepụta ma melite uru ngwaahịa. Site na nchikota nke HPS na HPMC, enwere ike ibelata ọnụ ahịa mmepụta n'ihe gbasara akụrụngwa na mmepụta ume ike, na uru ngwaahịa nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma. Nke atọ, ọ nwere ike melite arụmọrụ nhazi ma gbasaa ngwa ahụ. Mgbakwunye nke HPS nwere ike ịbawanye ntinye uche na ike gel nke HPMC na obere okpomọkụ, ma melite arụmọrụ nhazi ya na obere okpomọkụ. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike imeziwanye arụmọrụ ngwaahịa. Site n'ịgbakwunye HPS iji kwadebe ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri nke HPMC/HPS, enwere ike imeziwanye ihe mgbochi oxygen nke ihe nkiri oriri.

Ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara polymer nwere ike ikpebi morphology microscopic na njirimara zuru oke nke ogige ahụ, ọkachasị akụrụngwa akụrụngwa. Ya mere, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ka ị mụọ ndakọrịta nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS. Ma HPMC na HPS bụ polysaccharides hydrophilic nwere otu nhazi otu-glucose ma gbanwee site na otu ọrụ hydroxypropyl, nke na-eme ka ndakọrịta nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS dị ukwuu. Agbanyeghị, HPMC bụ jel oyi yana HPS bụ jel na-ekpo ọkụ, yana omume gel na-agbanwe agbanwe nke abụọ ahụ na-eduga n'ụdị nkewa nke usoro HPMC/HPS. Na nchịkọta, usoro morphology na usoro mgbanwe nke HPMC/HPS oyi-ekpo ọkụ gel composite system dị nnọọ mgbagwoju anya, ya mere ndakọrịta na nkewa nke usoro a ga-adọrọ mmasị nke ukwuu.

Ọdịdị morphological na omume rheological nke usoro mgbagwoju anya polymer jikọtara ọnụ. N'otu aka ahụ, omume rheological n'oge nhazi ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na usoro morphological nke usoro ahụ; N'aka nke ọzọ, omume rheological nke usoro ahụ nwere ike igosi n'ụzọ ziri ezi mgbanwe na nhazi usoro nke usoro ahụ. Ya mere, ọ dị oke mkpa iji mụọ njirimara rheological nke HPMC/HPS compound system maka na-eduzi mmepụta, nhazi na njikwa mma.

The macroscopic Njirimara dị ka morphological Ọdịdị, ndakọrịta na rheology nke HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ gel compound system na-akpa ike, na-emetụta usoro nke ihe dị ka ngwọta ntinye uche, compounding ratio, shiee ọnụego na okpomọkụ. Enwere ike ịhazi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti usoro ihe omimi nke microscopic na ihe ndị dị na macroscopic nke usoro mgbagwoju anya site n'ịchịkwa usoro nhazi na ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara.

1.5.2 Nzube nyocha

Emebere HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ reverse-phase gel compound system, a na-enyocha ihe ndị mejupụtara ya, na mmetụta nke usoro anụ ahụ na nke kemịkalụ nke ihe mejupụtara ya, nha nha na ọnọdụ nhazi na njirimara rheological nke sistemụ ahụ. A kwadebere ihe nkiri ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri nke HPMC/HPS, a na-amụkwa ihe ndị dị na macroscopic dị ka ihe eji arụ ọrụ, ikuku ikuku na ngwa anya nke ihe nkiri ahụ, wee nyochaa ihe ndị na-emetụta ya na iwu. Nyochaa usoro ngbanwe nke usoro, ndakọrịta na nkewa nke HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbanwe usoro gel mgbagwoju anya, nyochaa ihe ndị na-emetụta ya na usoro ya, wee guzobe mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nhazi morphological microscopic na macroscopic properties. A na-eji usoro morphological na ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mgbagwoju anya iji chịkwaa njirimara nke ihe ndị mejupụtara.

1.5.3 Nyocha ọdịnaya

Iji mezuo ebumnuche nyocha a tụrụ anya ya, akwụkwọ a ga-eme nyocha ndị a:

(1) Rụpụta HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ reverse-phase gel compound system, na-eji a rheometer na-amụ rheological Njirimara nke compound ngwọta, karịsịa mmetụta nke ịta, compounding ruru na shiee ọnụego na viscosity na eruba index nke. usoro ngwakọta. A na-enyocha mmetụta na iwu nke akụrụngwa rheological dị ka thixotropy na thixotropy, a na-enyocha usoro nhazi nke oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ.

(2) A kwadebere ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ihe oriri nke HPMC/HPS, wee jiri microscope eletrọn na-enyocha mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe mejupụtara ya na ihe mejupụtara ya na nhụsianya ihe omimi nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara; A na-eji ihe nleba anya ihe eji eme ihe na-amụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime nke ọ bụla, ihe mejupụtara ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara mmetụta nke oke na iru mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara; ojiji nke ihe nleba anya nke ikuku oxygen na UV-Vis spectrophotometer iji mụọ mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe mejupụtara ya na ihe mejupụtara ya na ikuku oxygen na ọkụ nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe ndakọrịta na nkewa nke HPMC/HPS oyi- A na-amụ usoro ihe mejupụtara gel na-ekpo ọkụ site na nyocha microscopy eletrọn, nyocha thermogravimetric na nyocha thermomechanical dị ike.

(3) Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti morphology microscopic na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ inverse gel composite system e guzobere. A kwadebere ihe nkiri composite nri nke HPMC/HPS, yana mmetụta nke ntinye uche na ihe mejupụtara ya na nkesa oge na ngbanwe nke ihe nlele ahụ bụ nke a na-amụ site na microscope anya na usoro ịcha mmiri iodine; E hiwere iwu mmetụta nke mkpokọta mkpokọta na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa na akụrụngwa nnyefe ọkụ nke ihe nlele. Achọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke HPMC/HPS oyi-ekpo ọkụ inverse gel composite system.

(4) Mmetụta nke HPS ngbanwe ogo na rheological Njirimara na gel Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS oyi-ekpo ọkụ reverse-phase gel composite system. Mmetụta nke akara ngbanwe nke HPS, ọnụ ọgụgụ shear na okpomọkụ na viscosity na ihe ndị ọzọ rheological nke usoro ihe mejupụtara, yana ebe ntụgharị gel, ịdabere na ugboro ole modul na ihe ndị ọzọ gel na iwu ha na-amụ site na iji rheometer. A na-enyocha nkesa na-adabere na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na ngbanwe nke usoro nke nlele site na ntụpọ iodine, na usoro gelation nke HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-atụgharị gel mgbagwoju anya.

(5) Mmetụta nke mgbanwe nhazi usoro kemịkal nke HPS na akụrụngwa macroscopic yana ndakọrịta nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara mmiri oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na HPMC/HPS. Emebere ihe nkiri composite nri nke HPMC/HPS, yana mmetụta nke HPS hydroxypropyl ngbanwe ogo na nhazi kristal na nhazi micro-domain nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara ka amụrụ synchrotron radieshon obere akụkụ X-ray teknụzụ mgbasa ozi. Iwu mmetụta nke HPS hydroxypropyl ngbanwe ogo na nrụnye akụrụngwa nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara ka onye nleba anya ihe eji arụ ọrụ mụọ; mmetụta iwu nke HPS ngbanwe ogo na ikuku oxygen permeability nke mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ bụ oxygen permeability tester mụrụ; HPS hydroxypropyl Mmetụta nke ogo nnọchi otu na nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ nke ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS mejupụtara.

Isi nke 2 Ọmụmụ Rheological nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS

Enwere ike ịkwadebe ihe nkiri nri sitere na polymer sitere n'ụdị mmiri dị mfe [321]. Nke mbụ, a na-agbaze ma ọ bụ gbasasịa polymer n'ime mmiri mmiri iji kwadebe ihe oriri na-emepụta ihe nkiri na-emepụta ihe oriri ma ọ bụ nkwụsị ihe nkiri, wee tinye uche site na iwepụ ihe mgbaze. N'ebe a, a na-arụkarị ọrụ ahụ site na ihicha na obere okpomọkụ dị elu. A na-ejikarị usoro a mepụta ihe nkiri oriri akwadoro, ma ọ bụ iji ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri kpuchie ngwaahịa ahụ ozugbo site n'itinye, ịhịa aka ma ọ bụ fesa. Nhazi nhazi ihe nkiri a na-eri eri chọrọ inweta data rheological ziri ezi nke mmiri na-emepụta ihe nkiri, nke dị oke mkpa maka njikwa njirimara ngwaahịa nke ihe nkiri nkwakọ ngwaahịa oriri na mkpuchi [322].

HPMC bụ ihe ntanye ọkụ, nke na-etolite gel na oke okpomọkụ ma dị na ọnọdụ ngwọta na obere okpomọkụ. Ngwongwo gel a na-ekpo ọkụ na-eme ka viscosity ya na obere okpomọkụ dị ala, nke na-adịghị mma maka usoro mmepụta ihe dị ka ịkụnye, ịchacha na ịkụnye. arụ ọrụ, na-akpata adịghị mma processability na ala okpomọkụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, HPS bụ gel oyi, ọnọdụ gel viscous na obere okpomọkụ, yana okpomọkụ dị elu. Ọnọdụ ngwọta viscosity dị ala. Ya mere, site na nchikota nke abụọ, rheological Njirimara nke HPMC dị ka viscosity na ala okpomọkụ nwere ike guzozie eguzozie ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.

Isiakwụkwọ a na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta nke ngwọta ịta, compounding ratio na okpomọkụ na rheological Njirimara dị ka efu-shiee viscosity, eruba index na thixotropy nke HPMC/HPS oyi-ekpo ọkụ inverse jel compound system. A na-eji iwu mgbakwunye na-ebu ụzọ kwurịta ndakọrịta nke usoro ngwakọta.

2.2 Usoro nnwale

2.2.1 Nkwadebe nke HPMC/HPS ngwakọta ngwọta

Buru ụzọ tụọ HPMC na HPS ntụ ntụ, na mix dị ka 15% (w/w) ịta na oke dị iche iche nke 10:0, 7:3, 5:5, 3:7, 0:10; wee tinye 70 Celsius C na mmiri C, kpalie ngwa ngwa maka 30 min na 120 rpm / min ka ịgbasa HPMC n'ụzọ zuru ezu; wee kpoo ihe ngwọta ahụ n'elu 95 Celsius C, kpalie ngwa ngwa maka 1 h n'otu ọsọ ahụ ka gelatinize HPS kpamkpam; A na-emecha gelatinization Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-ebelata okpomọkụ nke ngwọta ngwa ngwa na 70 Celsius C, na HPMC na-agbaze nke ọma site na-akpalite na ngwa ngwa nke 80 rpm / min maka 40 min. (Ihe niile w / w n'isiokwu a bụ: akọrọ ndabere uka nke sample/ mkpokọta ngwọta uka).

2.2.2 Rheological Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS compound

2.2.2.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha rheological

The rotational rheometer nwere a ụzọ nke elu na ala yiri clamps, na mfe shiee eruba nwere ike na-enweta site na ikwu ngagharị n'etiti clamps. Enwere ike ịnwale rheometer na ọnọdụ nzọụkwụ, ọnọdụ ịgbasa na ọnọdụ oscillation: na ọnọdụ nzọụkwụ, rheometer nwere ike itinye nrụgide na-adịru nwa oge na ihe nlele ahụ, nke a na-ejikarị iji nwalee nzaghachi njirimara na-agafe agafe na oge kwụ ọtọ nke ihe nlele ahụ. Nyocha na nzaghachi viscoelastic dị ka ntụrụndụ nrụgide, creep na mgbake; na eruba mode, na rheometer nwere ike itinye linear stress ka sample, nke a na-tumadi iji nwalee ndabere nke viscosity nke sample na shiee ọnụego na ndabere nke viscosity na okpomọkụ na thixotropy; na oscillation mode, rheometer nwere ike ịmepụta sinusoidal alternating oscillating stress, nke a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka mkpebi nke mpaghara viscoelastic linear, nyocha nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ na gelation okpomọkụ nke sample.

2.2.2.2 Usoro ule usoro

A na-eji ihe nkwụnye efere yiri ya na dayameta nke 40 mm, na-edozi oghere efere ahụ na 0,5 mm.

1. Viscosity na-agbanwe na oge. Okpomọkụ nnwale ahụ bụ 25 Celsius C, ọnụ ọgụgụ shear bụ 800 s-1, na oge nnwale bụ 2500 s.

2. Viscosity dịgasị iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ shear. Nnwale okpomọkụ 25 Celsius C, ọnụọgụ tupu ịkwachaa 800 s-1, oge tupu ịkwachaa 1000 s; Ọnụọgụ shea 10²-10³s.

Nchegbu nke shear (τ) na ọnụ ọgụgụ shear (γ) na-agbaso iwu ike Ostwald-de Waele:

̇τ=K.γ n (2-1)

ebe τ bụ oke nrụgide, Pa;

γ bụ ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ shea, s-1;

n bụ ihe ndekọ ego mmiri;

K bụ ọnụọgụ viscosity, Pa·sn.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti viscosity (ŋ) nke ngwọta polymer na ọnụ ọgụgụ shear (γ) nwere ike ịkwado ya site na modul carren:

N'etiti ha,ŋ0ikpu viscosity, Pa s;

ŋ∞bụ viscosity shiee enweghị ngwụcha, Pa s;

λ bụ oge ezumike, s;

n bụ ntụ ntụ thinning shii;

3. Usoro ule thixotropy nke atọ. Okpomọkụ nnwale bụ 25 Celsius C, a. Ogbo a na-akwụghị ọtọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ shear bụ 1 s-1, na oge ule bụ 50 s; b. Okpokoro ịkwa akwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke shear bụ 1000 s-1, na oge ule bụ 20 s; c. Usoro mgbake ihe owuwu, ọnụ ọgụgụ shear bụ 1 s-1, na oge ule bụ 250 s.

N'ime usoro mgbake usoro, a na-egosipụta ogo mgbake nke usoro ahụ mgbe oge mgbake dị iche iche na-egosipụta site na mgbake nke viscosity:

DSR=ŋt ⁄ ŋ╳100%

N'etiti ha,ŋt bụ viscosity na structural mgbake oge ts, Pa s;

hŋbụ viscosity na njedebe nke mbụ ogbo, Pa s.

2.3 Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka

2.3.1 Mmetụta nke oge ịkwa akwa na rheological Njirimara nke usoro nhazi

N'ihe na-akpụ akpụ mgbe niile, viscosity pụtara ìhè nwere ike igosi usoro dị iche iche na-abawanye oge ncha. Onyonyo 2-1 na-egosi usoro nhụsianya na-ahụkarị na oge na sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na mgbatị nke oge ịkpụ, viscosity pụtara ìhè na-ebelata mgbe niile. Mgbe oge ịkpụcha ihe ruru ihe dị ka 500 s, viscosity na-erute ọnọdụ kwụsiri ike, nke na-egosi na viscosity nke usoro ihe eji eme ihe n'okpuru ncha ngwa ngwa nwere uru ụfọdụ. Ndabere oge nke, ya bụ, thixotropy na-egosipụta n'ime oge ụfọdụ.

Ya mere, mgbe ị na-amụ iwu mgbanwe nke viscosity nke usoro ihe eji eme ihe na ọnụ ọgụgụ shear, tupu ezigbo ule nkwụsị nke ọma, a na-achọ oge ụfọdụ nke ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa tupu ịkwa akwa iji kpochapụ mmetụta nke thixotropy na usoro nhazi. . Ya mere, iwu nke mgbanwe viscosity na ọnụ ọgụgụ shear dị ka otu ihe na-enweta. N'ime nnwale a, viscosity nke ihe nlele niile rutere n'ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ tupu 1000 s n'ogo dị elu nke 800 1 / s na oge, nke a na-emeghị atụmatụ ebe a. Ya mere, n'ọdịnihu nnwale imewe, tupu ịkpachasị 1000 s na a elu shiee ọnụ ọgụgụ nke 800 1 / s e nakweere ikpochapụ mmetụta nke thixotropy niile samples.

2.3.2 Mmetụta nke itinye uche na rheological Njirimara nke usoro ihe mejupụtara

N'ozuzu, viscosity nke ngwọta polymer na-abawanye na mmụba nke ntinye ngwọta. Onyonyo 2-2 na-egosi mmetụta nke itinye uche na nleba anya nbibi nke viscosity nke usoro HPMC/HPS. Site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, anyị nwere ike ịhụ na n'otu nha nha, viscosity nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na-abawanye nke nta nke nta na mmụba nke ntinye ngwọta. The viscosity nke HPMC/HPS compound ngwọta nwere iche iche ichekwasa na-ebelata nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye nke shiee ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-egosi doro anya shiee thinning phenomen, nke gosiri na onyinye ngwọta na iche iche iche iche bụ nke pseudoplastic fluids. Otú ọ dị, nkwụsịtụ ọnụ ọgụgụ isi nke viscosity gosipụtara omume dị iche iche na mgbanwe nke ntinye ngwọta. Mgbe ntinye uche nke ngwọta dị ala, ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-egbuke egbuke nke ngwọta ihe mejupụtara dị ntakịrị; na mmụba nke ntinye ihe ngwọta, ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-egbuke egbuke nke ngwọta mgbagwoju anya na-apụta ìhè karị.

2.3.2.1 Mmetụta nke itinye uche na zero shiee viscosity nke compound system

Ihe nrịbama nke viscosity-shear nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na ntinye dị iche iche bụ nke dabara na ụdị Carren, na viscosity zero-shear nke ihe ngwọta mejupụtara (0.9960 <R₂<0.9997). Enwere ike ịmatakwu mmetụta nke itinye uche na viscosity nke ngwọta ngwakọta site n'ịmụ njikọ dị n'etiti viscosity efu na ntinye uche. Site na eserese 2-3, enwere ike ịhụ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti viscosity efu na itinye uche nke ihe ngwọta na-esote iwu ike:

ebe k na m na-agbanwe agbanwe.

Na nhazi logarithmic okpukpu abụọ, dabere na ịdị ukwuu nke mkpọda m, enwere ike ịhụ na ịdabere na ntinye uche na-enye usoro abụọ dị iche iche. Dị ka echiche Dio-Edwards si kwuo, na ntinye uche dị ala, mkpọda ahụ dị elu (m = 11.9, R2 = 0.9942), nke bụ ngwọta dilute; ebe ọ na-etinye uche dị elu, mkpọda ahụ dị ntakịrị (m = 2.8, R2 = 0.9822), nke bụ ihe ngwọta nke sub- Concentrated. Ya mere, a na-ekpebi itinye uche dị egwu C * nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ka ọ bụrụ 8% site na nkwụsị nke mpaghara abụọ a. Dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti steeti dị iche iche na mkpokọta nke polymers na ngwọta, a na-atụ aro ụdị steeti molekul nke HPMC/HPS compound na obere okpomọkụ ngwọta, dị ka egosiri na Figure 2-3.

HPS bụ gel oyi, ọ bụ ọnọdụ gel na obere okpomọkụ, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ ngwọta na okpomọkụ dị elu. Na ule ule (25 Celsius C), HPS bụ steeti gel, dị ka egosiri na mpaghara netwọk na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ; N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, HPMC bụ gel na-ekpo ọkụ, N'oge ule ule, ọ dị na ngwọta ngwọta, dị ka egosiri na eriri uhie uhie.

Na itughari ngwọta nke C <C *, na HPMC molekul chains tumadi dị ka onwe yinye owuwu, na ewepụrụ olu na-eme ka agbụ ndị dị iche iche si ibe ha; Ọzọkwa, usoro gel nke HPS na-emekọrịta ihe na ụmụ irighiri ihe HPMC ole na ole iji mepụta n'ozuzu ụdị ahụ na agbụ molekụla HPMC nwere onwe ya dị iche iche na ibe ya, dị ka egosiri na eserese 2-2a.

Site na ntinye uche na-arị elu, anya dị n'etiti agbụ molekụla nọọrọ onwe ya na mpaghara mpaghara na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ belata. Mgbe etinyere uche dị oke egwu C *, ụmụ irighiri ihe HPMC na-emekọrịta ihe na oge HPS gel ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye, agbụ molecular HPMC nọọrọ onwe ya na-amalitekwa jikọọ na ibe ya, na-eme usoro HPS dị ka ebe gel, na agbụ molecular HPMC jikọtara ọnụ. na jikọọ na ibe. Egosiri steeti microgel na eserese 2-2b.

Site na mmụba nke ntinye uche, C> C *, a na-ebelata ohere dị n'etiti usoro gel gel HPS, na mkpuchi mkpuchi HPMC polymer na mpaghara mpaghara HPS na-adịwanye mgbagwoju anya na mmekọrịta ahụ na-esiwanye ike, ya mere ngwọta ahụ na-egosipụta omume. yiri nke polymer agbaze, dị ka e gosiri na fig. 2-2c.

2.3.2.2 Mmetụta nke itinye uche na omume mmiri nke usoro ihe mejupụtara

A na-eji iwu ike Ostwald-de Waele (lee usoro (2-1)) iji kwekọọ na nrụgide siri ike na nhụsianya ọnụ ọgụgụ (anaghị egosi na ederede) nke usoro nhazi nke nwere ihe dị iche iche, na ntinye index n na viscosity coefficient. Enwere ike nweta K. , nsonaazụ dabara adaba dị ka egosiri na tebụl 2-1.

Tebụl 2-1 Ndekọ omume na-efe efe (n) na ntụzịaka mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe (K) nke ngwọta HPS/HPMC nwere itinye uche dị iche iche na 25 Celsius C.

Ihe nrịbama nke mmiri Newtonian bụ n = 1, ihe na-agbapụta nke mmiri pseudoplastic bụ n <1, na n'ebe dị anya na-esi na 1, otú ahụ ka pseudoplasticity nke mmiri ahụ sikwuo ike, na ihe na-asọpụta nke mmiri dilatant bụ n> 1. Enwere ike ịhụ site na Tebụl 2-1 na ụkpụrụ n nke ihe ngwọta na-emepụta ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche bụ ihe na-erughị 1, na-egosi na ngwọta ihe ngwọta bụ ihe niile pseudoplastic. N'ebe dị ala, n uru nke ngwọta edozigharịrị dị nso na 0, nke na-egosi na ihe ngwọta dị ala dị nso na mmiri Newtonian, n'ihi na n'ime ihe ngwọta dị ala, ụdọ polymer na-adị n'adabereghị onwe ha. Site na mmụba nke ntinye ihe ngwọta, n uru nke usoro ihe eji eme ihe na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, nke gosipụtara na mmụba nke ntinye uche na-eme ka omume pseudoplastic nke ngwọta ngwakọta. Mmekọrịta dị ka mgbakwụnye mere n'etiti yana oge HPS, yana omume ịgbasa ya dị nso na nke polymer gbazee.

N'ebe dị ala, ọnụọgụ viscosity K nke usoro ihe mejupụtara dị obere (C <8%, K <1 Pa·sn), na mmụba nke itinye uche, uru K nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye, na-egosi na viscosity nke Usoro ihe mejupụtara ahụ belatara, nke kwekọrọ na ndabere ịta ahụhụ nke viscosity efu efu.

2.3.3 mmetụta nke compounding ratio na rheological Njirimara nke compounding usoro

Fig. 2-4 Viscosity vs. Shear rate of HPMC/HPS solution with different mix ratio na 25°C

Tebụl 2-2 Ndekọ omume na-asọpụta (n) na ntụzịaka mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe (K) nke ngwọta HPS/HPMC nwere oke ngwakọta dị iche iche na 25 Celsius.

Ọnụọgụ 2-4 na-egosi mmetụta nke ngụkọta ọnụ na ndabere ọnụ ọgụgụ shear nke HPMC/HPS ngwakọta ngwọta viscosity. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na viscosity nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ya na ọdịnaya HPS dị ala (HPS <20%) adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ shear, tumadi n'ihi na n'ime usoro ihe mejupụtara ya na ọdịnaya HPS dị ala, HPMC na steeti ngwọta. na obere okpomọkụ bụ oge na-aga n'ihu; viscosity nke usoro ihe eji eme ihe nke nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya HPS ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ shear, na-egosi ihe na-eme ka shear thinning pụta ìhè, nke na-egosi na ngwọta ngwakọta bụ mmiri mmiri pseudoplastic. N'otu ọnụ ọgụgụ shear ahụ, viscosity nke ngwọta ngwakọta na-abawanye na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, nke bụ isi n'ihi na HPS nọ n'ọnọdụ gel viscous na obere okpomọkụ.

Iji iwu ike Ostwald-de Waele (lee usoro (2-1)) ka ọ dabara na nhụsianya nke shear stress-shear rate curves (anaghị egosi na ederede) nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara ya nwere oke dị iche iche, ihe nrịbama n na viscosity coefficient. K, egosiputara nsonaazụ dabara adaba na Tebụl 2-2. Enwere ike ịhụ ya na tebụl na 0.9869 <R2 <0.9999, nsonaazụ dabara adaba ka mma. Ndekọ ntinye n nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na-ebelata nke nta nke nta site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, ebe ọnụọgụ viscosity K na-egosi mmụba nke nta nke nta na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, na-egosi na mgbakwunye nke HPS na-eme ka ngwọta ngwakọta ahụ dịkwuo viscous ma sie ike ịgbasa. . Usoro a dabara na nsonaazụ nyocha nke Zhang, mana maka otu ihe mejupụtara, uru n uru nke ngwọta agbakọtara dị elu karịa nsonaazụ Zhang [305], nke bụ isi n'ihi na a na-emecha akpachasị ihe na nnwale a iji kpochapụ mmetụta nke thixotropy. a na-ekpochapụ; Ihe si na Zhang pụta bụ nsonaazụ nke ngwakọta nke thixotropy na nha nha; A ga-atụle nkewa nke ụzọ abụọ a n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'Isi nke ise.

2.3.3.1 Mmetụta nke mkpokọta ngwakọta na zero shiee viscosity nke compounding usoro

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti rheological Njirimara nke homogenous polymer compound compound na rheological Njirimara nke akụrụngwa na usoro kwekọrọ na logarithmic nchikota iwu. Maka usoro ihe mejupụtara akụkụ abụọ, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti sistemu akụrụngwa na akụkụ nke ọ bụla nwere ike igosipụta n'usoro n'usoro a:

N'ime ha, F bụ rheological onwunwe parameter nke mgbagwoju usoro;

F1, F2 bụ akụkụ rheological nke akụrụngwa 1 na akụkụ 2, n'otu n'otu;

∅1 na ∅2 bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke akụrụngwa 1 na akụkụ 2, n'otu n'otu, na ∅1∅2.

Ya mere, enwere ike gbakọọ viscosity zero-shear nke sistemu ngwakọta mgbe ejikọtara ya na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche na-emekọ ọnụ dị ka ụkpụrụ nchịkọta logarithmic siri gbakọọ ọnụ ahịa amụma kwekọrọ. A ka na-ewepụ ụkpụrụ nnwale nke ihe ngwọta nke ngwakọta nwere oke ngwakọta dị iche iche site na ntinye nke carren nke eriri viscosity-shear ọnụego. Atụnyere uru e buru n'amụma nke viscosity zero shear viscosity nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS nwere oke ngwakọta dị iche iche tụnyere uru nnwale, dịka egosiri na eserese 2-5.

Akụkụ ahịrị ahụ nwere ntụpọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ amụma amụma nke viscosity efu nke ihe ngwọta nke nwere site na nchikota logarithmic, na eserese akara akara bụ uru nnwale nke sistemu ngwakọta nwere oke nchikota dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịhụ ya site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na uru nyocha nke ngwọta ngwakọta na-egosipụta ụfọdụ ngbanwe dị mma-na-adịghị mma n'ihe gbasara iwu nchịkọta, na-egosi na usoro nhazi ahụ enweghị ike iru ndakọrịta thermodynamic, na usoro nhazi ahụ bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu na-agbasa na. obere okpomọkụ Ọdịdị nke "oke osimiri-agwaetiti" nke usoro nke abụọ; na site na mbelata na-aga n'ihu nke mkpokọta HPMC/HPS, usoro nhazi nke na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe mgbe nhazi nhazi bụ 4: 6. Isiakwụkwọ ahụ na-atụle nyocha nke ọma.

Ọ nwere ike ịhụ n'ụzọ doro anya site na ọnụ ọgụgụ na mgbe HPMC/HPS compound ruru bụ nnukwu, na compound usoro nwere a na-adịghị mma ndiiche, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na elu viscosity HPS na-ekesa na-agbasasị agba na-adọ ala na ala viscosity HPMC na-aga n'ihu na-adọ n'etiti. . Site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, enwere mgbanwe dị mma na usoro ihe mejupụtara, na-egosi na mgbanwe mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na-eme na usoro ihe n'oge a. HPS na elu viscosity na-aghọ na-aga n'ihu na-adọ nke compound usoro, mgbe HPMC na-agbasasịkwa na-aga n'ihu na-adọ nke HPS na a ọzọ edo ala.

2.3.3.2 Mmetụta nke nhazi nhazi na omume mmiri nke usoro nhazi

Ọnụọgụ 2-6 na-egosi nrịbama nrịbama n nke sistemu ejikọtara ọnụ dịka ọrụ nke ọdịnaya HPS. Ebe ọ bụ na ntinye index n dabara na nhazi log-logarithmic, n ebe a bụ nchikota ahịrị. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, ntinye ntinye n nke usoro nhazi ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, na-egosi na HPS na-ebelata ihe ndị dị na mmiri Newtonian nke ngwọta ngwakọta ma na-eme ka àgwà mmiri mmiri pseudoplastic dịkwuo mma. Akụkụ nke ala bụ steeti gel nwere viscosity dị elu. A pụkwara ịhụ ya site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ntinye ntinye nke usoro nhazi na ọdịnaya nke HPS kwekọrọ na njikọ njikọ (R2 bụ 0.98062), nke a na-egosi na usoro nhazi ahụ nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta.

2.3.3.3 Mmetụta nke nhazi nhazi na viscosity coefficient of compounding system

Ọgụgụ 2-7 na-egosi ọnụọgụ viscosity K nke ngwọta agbakọtara dịka ọrụ nke ọdịnaya HPS. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na uru K nke HPMC dị ọcha dị ntakịrị, ebe K uru nke HPS dị ọcha bụ nke kachasị ukwuu, nke metụtara gel Njirimara nke HPMC na HPS, nke dị na ngwọta na gel steeti n'otu n'otu na obere okpomọkụ. Mgbe ọdịnaya nke obere viscosity akụrụngwa dị elu, ya bụ, mgbe ọdịnaya nke HPS dị ala, ọnụọgụ viscosity nke ihe ngwọta dị nso na nke HPMC dị ala; ebe mgbe ọdịnaya nke akụrụngwa viscosity dị elu dị elu, uru K nke ngwọta ngwakọta na-abawanye na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS mụbara nke ukwuu, nke gosiri na HPS mụbara viscosity nke HPMC na obere okpomọkụ. Nke a na-egosipụtakarị onyinye nke viscosity nke oge na-aga n'ihu na viscosity nke usoro ihe mejupụtara. N'ọnọdụ dị iche iche ebe akụkụ ahụ dị ala na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na ihe dị elu na-aga n'ihu, ntinye nke viscosity na-aga n'ihu na viscosity nke usoro ihe mejupụtara doro anya. Mgbe obere viscosity HPMC bụ na-aga n'ihu na-adọ, na viscosity nke compound usoro tumadi na-egosipụta onyinye nke viscosity nke na-aga n'ihu na-adọ; na mgbe HPS nwere viscosity dị elu bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu, HPMC dị ka oge a gbasasịrị ga-ebelata viscosity nke HPS dị elu. mmetụta.

2.3.4 Thixotropy

Enwere ike iji Thixotropy nyochaa nkwụsi ike nke ihe ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ usoro, n'ihi na thixotropy nwere ike nweta ozi gbasara nhazi nke ime na ogo mmebi n'okpuru ike ịkpụ [323-325]. Enwere ike jikọta Thixotropy na mmetụta nwa oge na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke na-eduga na mgbanwe microstructural [324, 326]. A na-eji usoro thixotropic nke atọ mee ihe iji nyochaa mmetụta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche na-ejikọta ọnụ na ihe ndị dị na thixotropic nke usoro nhazi. Dị ka a na-ahụ site na foto 2-5, ihe nlele niile gosipụtara ogo dị iche iche nke thixotropy. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ala nke shear, viscosity nke ngwọta ngwakọta mụbara nke ukwuu site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, nke kwekọrọ na mgbanwe nke viscosity zero-shear na ọdịnaya HPS.

A na-agbakọ ogo mgbake ihe nhazi DSR nke ihe atụ ndị mejupụtara na oge mgbake dị iche iche site na usoro (2-3), dị ka egosiri na Tebụl 2-1. Ọ bụrụ na DSR <1, ihe nlele ahụ nwere nguzogide dị ala, na ihe atụ bụ thixotropic; N'aka nke ọzọ, ọ bụrụ DSR> 1, ihe nlele ahụ nwere mgbochi-thixotropy. Site na tebụl, anyị nwere ike ịhụ na uru DSR nke HPMC dị ọcha dị oke elu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 1, nke a bụ n'ihi na molekul HPMC bụ agbụ siri ike, na oge ezumike ya dị mkpụmkpụ, a na-enwetakwa usoro ahụ ngwa ngwa n'okpuru ike dị elu. Uru DSR nke HPS dị obere, nke na-akwado njirimara thixotropic ya siri ike, ọkachasị n'ihi na HPS bụ yinye na-agbanwe agbanwe yana oge ezumike ya dị ogologo. Ihe owuwu ahụ enwetabeghị nke ọma n'ime oge nnwale.

Maka ngwọta ngwakọta, n'otu oge mgbake, mgbe ọdịnaya HPMC karịrị 70%, DSR na-ebelata ngwa ngwa site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, n'ihi na HPS molecular chain bụ a yinye na-agbanwe agbanwe, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke eriri molecular siri ike. na usoro ngwakọta na-abawanye na mgbakwunye nke HPS. Ọ bụrụ na ọ na-ebelata, oge ntụrụndụ nke mkpokọta molekụla nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ahụ na-agbatịkwu ogologo oge, na thixotropy nke usoro ihe na-emepụta enweghị ike nwetaghachi ngwa ngwa n'okpuru ọrụ nke akwa akwa. Mgbe ọdịnaya nke HPMC na-erughị 70%, DSR na-abawanye na mmụba nke ọdịnaya nke HPS, nke na-egosi na enwere mmekọrịta n'etiti eriri molecular nke HPS na HPMC na usoro ihe mejupụtara, nke na-eme ka njigide zuru oke nke molekul dịkwuo mma. akụkụ na usoro ihe mejupụtara ma na-ebelata oge ezumike nke usoro ihe mejupụtara, na thixotropy na-ebelata.

Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, uru DSR nke usoro mgbagwoju anya dị ala karịa nke HPMC dị ọcha, nke gosipụtara na thixotropy nke HPMC na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma site na nchịkọta. Ụkpụrụ DSR nke ọtụtụ n'ime ihe atụ ndị dị na usoro nhazi dị ukwuu karịa nke HPS dị ọcha, na-egosi na nkwụsi ike nke HPS dị mma ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.

Enwere ike ịhụ site na tebụl na n'oge mgbake dị iche iche, ụkpụrụ DSR niile na-egosi ebe kachasị ala mgbe ọdịnaya HPMC dị 70%, na mgbe ọdịnaya starch karịrị 60%, uru DSR nke mgbagwoju anya dị elu karịa. nke HPS dị ọcha. The DSR ụkpụrụ n'ime 10 s nke niile samples dị nnọọ nso na ikpeazụ DSR ụkpụrụ, nke na-egosi na Ọdịdị nke ihe mejupụtara usoro ihu ọma dechara ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nke Ọdịdị mgbake n'ime 10 s. Ọ bụ uru na-arịba ama na ihe mejupụtara samples na elu HPS ọdịnaya gosiri a na-emekarị nke na-amụba na mbụ na mgbe ahụ ibelata na prolongation nke mgbake oge, nke gosiri na ihe mejupụtara sample nwekwara gosiri a ụfọdụ ogo thixotropy n'okpuru omume nke ala shiee, na. Ọdịdị ha na-esiwanye ike.

Nyocha qualitative nke thixotropy nke atọ na-adaba na nsonaazụ ule thixotropic nke a kọrọ, mana nsonaazụ nyocha ọnụọgụ na-ekwekọghị na nsonaazụ ule mgbanaka thixotropic. A tụrụ thixotropy nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS site na usoro mgbanaka thixotropic yana mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS [305]. Mmebi mbụ belatara wee mụbaa. Nnwale mgbanaka thixotropic nwere ike ịkọwapụta ịdị adị nke ihe omume thixotropic, mana enweghị ike ikwenye ya, n'ihi na mgbanaka thixotropic bụ nsonaazụ nke ime otu oge nke oge ịkwa akwa na nha nha [325-327].

2.4 Nchịkọta nke isiakwụkwọ a

N'isiakwụkwọ a, a na-eji HPMC thermal gel na oyi na-atụ gel HPS mee ihe dị ka isi akụrụngwa iji wuo usoro ihe mejupụtara nke akụkụ abụọ nke jel oyi na ọkụ. Mmetụta nke akụrụngwa rheological dị ka viscosity, ụkpụrụ na-asọpụta na thixotropy. Dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti steeti dị iche iche na mkpokọta nke polymers na ngwọta, a na-atụ aro ụdị steeti molekul nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS na ngwọta dị ala. Dị ka ụkpụrụ nchịkọta logarithmic si dị na njirimara nke ihe dị iche iche dị na usoro nhazi ahụ, a na-amụ ihe nkwekọ nke usoro nhazi. Isi ihe nchoputa bu nke a:

1. Ihe atụ nke ngwakọta na ntinye dị iche iche na-egosi ọkwa ụfọdụ nke ncha ntutu, na ogo nke ịkpụ ntutu na-abawanye na mmụba nke itinye uche.
2. Site na mmụba nke ntinye uche, ntinye ntinye nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ahụ na-ebelata, na viscosity zero-shear na viscosity coefficient mụbara, na-egosi na a na-eme ka omume siri ike dị ka usoro nhazi ahụ.
3. Enwere ntinye uche dị oke egwu (8%) na usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS, n'okpuru ntinye uche dị oke egwu, ụdọ molekụla HPMC na mpaghara HPS gel na mpaghara ihe mejupụtara na-ekewapụ onwe ha ma dịrị onwe ha; mgbe a na-enweta ntinye uche dị oke egwu, na ngwọta ngwakọta A na-emepụta ọnọdụ microgel na usoro HPS dị ka etiti gel, na eriri molecular HPMC na-ejikọta ma jikọta ibe ya; N'elu ntinye uche dị oke egwu, agbụ ígwè macromolecular HPMC jupụtara na njikọ ha na mpaghara mpaghara HPS dị mgbagwoju anya karị, mmekọrịta ahụ dịkwa mgbagwoju anya. na-esiwanye ike, ya mere ihe ngwọta ahụ na-eme ka polymer gbazee.
4. Ọnụọgụ ngwakọta ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na njirimara rheological nke ngwọta ngwakọta HPMC/HPS. Site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, ihe na-eme ka shear thinning nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara na-apụta ìhè nke ọma, ndenye mmiri na-agbapụta ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, na viscosity efu na viscosity coefficient na-abawanye nke nta nke nta. na-abawanye, na-egosi na omume siri ike nke mgbagwoju anya na-emeziwanye nke ọma.
5. Viscosity efu nke sistemu ngwakọta na-egosipụta ụfọdụ ngbanwe dị mma-adịghị mma metụtara iwu nchịkọta logarithmic. The compound usoro bụ a abụọ-phase usoro na a na-aga n'ihu na-adọ-gbasasịrị-adọ "oké osimiri-agwaetiti" Ọdịdị na ala okpomọkụ, na, Dị ka HPMC/HPS compounding ratio belatara mgbe 4: 6, na-aga n'ihu na-adọ nke compounding usoro gbanwere.
6. Enwere njikọ dị n'etiti ntinye ntinye na ntinye aka nke ihe ngwọta na-ejikọta ọnụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche na-emepụta ihe, nke na-egosi na usoro nhazi ahụ nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta.
7. Maka usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS, mgbe akụkụ ahụ dị ala na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na akụkụ dị elu bụ nke na-aga n'ihu, ntinye nke viscosity na-aga n'ihu na viscosity nke usoro ihe mejupụtara dị iche iche. Mgbe obere viscosity HPMC bụ na-aga n'ihu na-adọ, viscosity nke compound usoro tumadi na-egosipụta onyinye nke na-aga n'ihu-phase viscosity; mgbe HPS dị elu bụ viscosity na-aga n'ihu, HPMC dị ka oge a na-achụsa ga-ebelata viscosity nke HPS dị elu. mmetụta.
8. A na-eji thixotropy nke atọ mee ihe iji mụọ mmetụta nke nchịkọta nchịkọta na thixotropy nke usoro mgbagwoju anya. The thixotropy nke sistemu jikọtara ọnụ gosipụtara omume nke mbụ mbelata wee na-abawanye na mbelata nke mkpokọta HPMC/HPS.
9. Nsonaazụ nnwale ndị a dị n'elu na-egosi na site na njikọta nke HPMC na HPS, rheological Njirimara nke akụkụ abụọ ahụ, dị ka viscosity, shear thinning phenomen na thixotropy, ka edozila ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.

Isi nke 3 Nkwadebe na Ngwongwo nke Ihe nkiri Ngwakọta Ngwakọta HPMC/HPS oriri

Ngwakọta polymer bụ ụzọ kachasị dị irè iji nweta mmekọ arụmọrụ ọtụtụ akụkụ, mepụta ihe ọhụrụ na arụmọrụ dị mma, belata ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa, ma gbasaa ngwa ngwa nke ngwa [240-242, 328]. Mgbe ahụ, n'ihi ụfọdụ ọdịiche dị n'ụdị molecular na entropy conformational n'etiti polymers dị iche iche, ọtụtụ sistemu ngwakọta polymer adabaghị ma ọ bụ dakọtara n'akụkụ ya [11, 12]. Ngwongwo akụrụngwa na ihe ndị ọzọ macroscopic nke usoro ihe mejupụtara polymer nwere njikọ chiri anya na njirimara physicochemical nke akụkụ ọ bụla, nhazi nke akụkụ nke ọ bụla, ndakọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị ahụ, na nhazi microscopic dị n'ime na ihe ndị ọzọ [240, 329].

Site n'echiche nhazi nke kemịkalụ, ma HPMC na HPS bụ hydrophilic curdlan, nwere otu nhazi nhazi - glucose, ma gbanwee ya site na otu ọrụ otu - hydroxypropyl Group, ya mere HPMC na HPS kwesịrị inwe usoro dị mma. Ike. Otú ọ dị, HPMC bụ a thermally induced jel, nke dị na ngwọta ọnọdụ na nnọọ ala viscosity na ala okpomọkụ, na-etolite a colloid na elu okpomọkụ; HPS bụ gel na-eme ka oyi na-atụ, nke bụ gel dị ala ma dị na ngwọta ngwọta na okpomọkụ dị elu; ọnọdụ gel na omume na-emegide kpamkpam. Ngwakọta nke HPMC na HPS adịghị akwado nguzobe nke usoro ihe jikọrọ ọnụ yana ezigbo ndakọrịta. N'iburu n'uche ma usoro kemịkalụ na thermodynamics, ọ bụ nnukwu usoro iwu na uru bara uru iji mejupụta HPMC na HPS iji guzobe sistemu ngwakọta gel na-ekpo ọkụ.

Isiakwụkwọ a na-elekwasị anya n'ịmụ ihe dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị na HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, nhazi nhazi na iru mmiri nke gburugburu ebe obibi na microscopic morphology, ndakọrịta na nkewa nkewa, n'ibu akụrụngwa, ngwa anya Njirimara. , na thermal dobe Njirimara nke usoro ngwakọta. Na mmetụta nke macroscopic Njirimara dị ka oxygen mgbochi Njirimara.

3.1 Akụrụngwa na Akụrụngwa

3.1.1 Isi ihe nnwale

3.1.2 Isi ihe na akụrụngwa

3.2 Usoro nnwale

3.2.1 Nkwadebe nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara HPMC/HPS oriri

A na-ejikọta 15% (w / w) ntụ ntụ akọrọ nke HPMC na HPS na 3% (w / w) A na-ejikọta polyethylene glycol plasticizer na mmiri deionized iji nweta mmiri mmiri na-emepụta ihe nkiri, na ihe nkiri ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ nke HPMC/ A kwadebere HPS site na usoro nkedo.

Usoro nkwadebe: buru ụzọ tụọ HPMC na HPS ntụ ntụ, ma gwakọta ha dịka oke dị iche iche si dị; wee tinye n'ime mmiri 70 Celsius C, ma kpalie ngwa ngwa na 120 rpm / min maka 30 min iji gbasaa HPMC n'ụzọ zuru ezu; wee kpoo ngwọta ahụ n'elu 95 Celsius C, kpalie ngwa ngwa n'otu ọsọ ahụ maka 1 h ka gelatinize HPS kpamkpam; mgbe gelatinization mechara, okpomọkụ nke ngwọta na-ebelata ngwa ngwa na 70 Celsius C, a na-akpalikwa ngwọta ahụ na ngwa ngwa nke 80 rpm / min maka 40 min. Gbarie HPMC nke ọma. Wunye 20 g nke ihe ngwọta na-eme ihe nkiri agwakọtara n'ime efere polystyrene petri nke nwere dayameta nke 15 cm, tụba ya n'ala, ma kpoo ya na 37 Celsius. A na-ewepụ ihe nkiri a mịrị amị na diski ahụ iji nweta akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara ihe oriri.

A haziri ihe nkiri a na-eri nri na iru mmiri 57% karịa ụbọchị 3 tupu anwale ya, yana akụkụ ihe nkiri oriri na-edozi ahụ nke ejiri maka nnwale akụrụngwa na-ahazi na iru mmiri 75% karịa ụbọchị 3.

3.2.2 Micromorphology nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri nke HPMC/HPS

3.2.2.1 Ụkpụrụ nyocha nke nyocha microscope elektrọn

Egbe eletrọn nke dị n'elu Igwe nyocha Electron microscope (SEM) nwere ike ibunye nnukwu elektrọn. Mgbe e belatara ma lekwasị anya, ọ nwere ike ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik nwere ụfọdụ ike na ike. Site na oghere ndọta nke igwe nyocha nyocha, dị ka oge ụfọdụ na usoro ohere si dị, lelee elu ebe nlele site na isi. N'ihi ọdịiche dị na njirimara nke micro-mpaghara dị elu, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nlele ahụ na oghere electron ga-emepụta akara electron nke abụọ nwere ike dị iche iche, nke onye na-achọpụta ihe na-anakọta ma ghọọ akara eletriki, nke na-eme ka vidiyo ahụ dịkwuo elu. na ntinye aka na grid nke tube foto, mgbe emezigharịrị nchapụta nke tube foto ahụ, enwere ike nweta ihe oyiyi eletrọn nke abụọ nke nwere ike igosi ọdịdị ọdịdị na njirimara nke micro-mpaghara n'elu ihe atụ. E jiri ya tụnyere omenala anya microscopes, mkpebi nke SEM dịtụ elu, ihe dị ka 3nm-6nm nke elu oyi akwa nke sample, nke dabara adaba maka ịhụ micro-structure atụmatụ n'elu ihe.

3.2.2.2 Usoro ule

A na-etinye ihe nkiri a na-eri nri n'ime ebe a na-ehicha ihe maka ihicha, wee họrọ nha kwesịrị ekwesị nke ihe nkiri oriri, mado na SEM pụrụ iche sample ogbo na conductive nrapado, na mgbe ahụ, ọla-plated na ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi. N'oge ule ahụ, a na-etinye ihe nlele ahụ n'ime SEM, a na-ahụkwa morphology microscopic nke ihe nlele ahụ na-ese foto na ugboro 300 na 1000 ugboro mmụba n'okpuru voltaji ọkụ ọkụ eletrik nke 5 kV.

3.2.3 Light transmittance nke HPMC/HPS oriri composite film

3.2.3.1 Ụkpụrụ nyocha nke UV-Vis spectrophotometry

UV-Vis spectrophotometer nwere ike ibunye ọkụ na ogologo wavelength nke 200 ~ 800nm ​​ma mee ka ọ gbanye ya na ihe ahụ. Ihe a na-etinye n'ụfọdụ ogologo ebili mmiri dị iche iche nke ìhè merenụ, na mgbanwe ọkwa ike nke molikula na mgbanwe ọkwa ike eletrọnịkị na-eme. Ebe ọ bụ na ihe ọ bụla nwere ihe dị iche iche molecular, atomic na molecular spatial structures, nke ọ bụla nwere ihe dị iche iche absorption spectrum, na ọdịnaya nke ihe nwere ike ikpebi ma ọ bụ kpebisie ike dị ka larịị nke absorbance na ụfọdụ kpọmkwem wavelengths na absorption ụdịdị dị iche iche. Ya mere, UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis bụ otu n'ime ụzọ dị irè iji mụọ ihe mejupụtara, nhazi na mmekọrịta nke ihe.

Mgbe ọkụ ọkụ dakwasịrị ihe, akụkụ ọkụ nke ihe ahụ merenụ na-abanye n'ime ihe ahụ, ma akụkụ nke ọzọ nke ìhè merenụ na-ebufe site na ihe ahụ; Oke nke ike ọkụ ebufere na ike ọkụ merenụ bụ nnyefe.

Usoro maka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nnabata na nnyefe bụ:

N'ime ha, A bụ ihe na-adọrọ adọrọ;

T bụ nnyefe,%.

Emeziri nnabata ikpeazụ n'otu n'otu site na nnabata × 0.25 mm / ọkpụrụkpụ.

3.2.3.2 Usoro ule

Kwadebe 5% HPMC na HPS ngwọta, gwakọta ha dịka nha dị iche iche si dị, wụsa 10 g nke ihe na-emepụta ihe nkiri n'ime efere polystyrene petri nke nwere dayameta nke 15 cm, ma kpoo ha na 37 Celsius C iji mepụta ihe nkiri. Bee ihe nkiri a na-eri nri n'ime eriri akụkụ akụkụ anọ 1mm × 3mm, tinye ya na cuvette, ma mee ka ihe nkiri ahụ dị nso na mgbidi dị n'ime cuvette. A na-eji WFZ UV-3802 UV-vis spectrophotometer nyochaa ihe nlele ahụ n'ogo zuru oke nke 200-800 nm, ma nwalere nlele ọ bụla ugboro ise.

3.2.4 Njirimara thermomechanical dị egwu nke ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara ihe oriri na-eri nri HPMC/HPS

3.2.4.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha thermomechanical dị ike

Dynamic Thermomechanical Analysis (DMA) bụ ngwá ọrụ nwere ike ịlele mmekọrịta dị n'etiti uka na okpomọkụ nke sample n'okpuru a ụfọdụ ujo ibu na mmemme okpomọkụ, na ike nwalee n'ibu Njirimara nke sample n'okpuru omume nke oge alternating nchegbu na oge, okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ. mmekọrịta ugboro.

Ndị polymer dị elu nwere akụrụngwa viscoelastic, nke nwere ike ịchekwa ike igwe dị ka elastomer n'otu aka, ma na-eri ike dị ka imi n'aka nke ọzọ. Mgbe etinyere ike na-agbanwe oge oge, akụkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-atụgharị ike ka ọ bụrụ ike nwere ike wee chekwaa ya; ebe akụkụ viscous na-atụgharị ike n'ime ike ọkụ ma tụfuo ya. Ihe polymer n'ozuzu na-egosipụta steeti abụọ nke ọnọdụ iko dị ala na ọnọdụ rọba dị elu, na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'etiti steeti abụọ ahụ bụ iko mgbanwe okpomọkụ. The iko mgbanwe okpomọkụ na-emetụta ozugbo na Ọdịdị na Njirimara nke ihe, na bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị mkpa àgwà okpomọkụ nke polymers.

Site n'inyocha ihe ndị na-eme ka thermomechanical dị ike nke polymers, a pụrụ ịhụ viscoelasticity nke polymers, na ihe ndị dị mkpa nke na-ekpebi arụmọrụ nke polymer nwere ike nweta, ka ha wee nwee ike itinye ya n'ọrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ezie. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nyocha thermomechanical dị ike na-enwe mmetụta nke ukwuu maka mgbanwe iko, nkewa nkewa, njikọ cross-link, crystallization and molecular movement na ọkwa niile nke akụkụ molecular, ma nwee ike nweta ọtụtụ ozi na nhazi na njirimara nke polymers. A na-ejikarị ya amụ ụmụ irighiri ihe nke polymers. omume mmegharị. N'iji ọnọdụ ikpochapụ okpomọkụ nke DMA, enwere ike ịnwale ihe omume mgbanwe nke oge dịka ntụgharị iko. E jiri ya tụnyere DSC, DMA nwere mmetụta dị elu ma dabara adaba maka nyocha nke ihe na-eme ka ojiji n'ezie.

3.2.4.2 Usoro ule

Họrọ ihe nlele dị ọcha, otu, dị larịị na nke adịghị emebi emebi, wee bee ha n'ime akụkụ akụkụ anọ 10mm × 20mm. A nwalere ihe nlele ahụ na ọnọdụ tensile site na iji Pydris Diamond dynamic thermomechanical analyzer si PerkinElmer, USA. Nleba ule ule bụ 25 ~ 150 Celsius C, ọkụ ọkụ bụ 2 ° C / min, ugboro ole bụ 1 Hz, a na-emegharị ule ahụ ugboro abụọ maka nlele ọ bụla. N'oge nnwale ahụ, a na-edekọ modulus nchekwa (E') na modul ọnwụ (E") nke ihe nlele ahụ, yana enwere ike gbakọọ nha nke modul ọnwụ na nchekwa nchekwa, ya bụ, tangent angle tan δ.

3.2.5 Thermal kwụsie ike nke HPMC/HPS oriri composite film

3.2.5.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha thermogravimetric

Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) nwere ike ịlele mgbanwe nke uka nke sample na okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ oge na a mmemme okpomọkụ, na ike ga-eji na-amụ ga-ekwe omume evaporation, agbaze, sublimation, akpịrị ịkpọ nkụ, decomposition na oxidation nke bekee n'oge okpomọkụ usoro. . na ihe omume anụ ahụ na kemịkal ndị ọzọ. Usoro mmekọrịta dị n'etiti oke ihe na okpomọkụ (ma ọ bụ oge) enwetara ozugbo anwalechara ihe nlele ahụ bụ thermogravimetric (TGA curve). oke ibu na ozi ndị ọzọ. Enwere ike nweta usoro nke Thermogravimetric Curve (DTG curve) mgbe usoro izizi nke mbụ nke TGA curve, nke na-egosipụta mgbanwe nke ịdị arọ ọnwụ nke sample nwalere na okpomọkụ ma ọ bụ oge, na ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu bụ isi ihe na-adịgide adịgide. ọnụego.

3.2.5.2 Usoro ule

Họrọ ihe nkiri a na-eri oriri na nha nha, bee ya n'ime okirikiri nwere otu dayameta dị ka diski nyocha thermogravimetric, wee dọba ya n'ihu na diski ule ahụ wee nwalee ya na ikuku nitrogen nke nwere oke ọsọ nke 20 ml / min. . Ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị 30-700 Celsius C, ọkụ ọkụ bụ 10 Celsius C / min, a nwalekwara ihe nlele ọ bụla ugboro abụọ.

3.2.6.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha ihe onwunwe tensile

3.2.6 Ngwongwo tensile nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri HPMC/HPS

Onye na-enyocha ihe akụrụngwa nwere ike itinye ibu tensile static na spline n'akụkụ axis ogologo n'okpuru ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, iru mmiri na ọsọ ọsọ ruo mgbe agbajiri spline. N'oge ule, ibu etinyere na spline na ọnụọgụ nrụrụ ya ka onye na-enyocha ihe eji arụ ọrụ na-edekọ ya, a na-adọtakwa nrụgide nrụgide n'oge nrụrụ nke spline. Site na mgbakasị mgbakasị ahụ, ike nkwụsị (ζt), elongation na nkwụsịtụ (εb) na modulus na-agbanwe (E) nwere ike gbakọọ iji nyochaa njirimara nkwụsị nke ihe nkiri ahụ.

Mmekọrịta nrụgide nrụgide nke ihe nwere ike kewaa akụkụ abụọ: mpaghara nrụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na mpaghara nrụrụ plastik. Na mpaghara nrụrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, nrụgide na nsogbu nke ihe ahụ nwere njikọ njikọ, na nrụrụ n'oge a nwere ike nwetaghachi kpamkpam, nke kwekọrọ na iwu Cook; na mpaghara nrụrụ plastik, nrụgide na nsogbu nke ihe anaghịzi adị n'ahịrị, na nrụrụ nke na-eme n'oge a bụ ihe na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, n'ikpeazụ ihe na-agbaji.

Usoro mgbako ike tensile:

Ebe: bụ ike ntanye, MPa;

p bụ ibu kachasị ma ọ bụ na-agbaji, N;

b bụ obosara nlele, mm;

d bụ ọkpụrụkpụ nke sample, mm.

Usoro maka ịgbakọ elongation na ezumike:

Ebe: εb bụ elongation na nkwụsịtụ,%;

L bụ ebe dị anya n'etiti ahịrị akara mgbe nlele ahụ mebiri, mm;

L0 bụ ogologo nlele izizi nke ihe nlele, mm.

Usoro mgbako modulus na-agbanwe:

N'ime ha: E bụ modul na-agbanwe agbanwe, MPa;

ζ bụ nrụgide, MPa;

ε bụ nsogbu.

3.2.6.2 Usoro ule

Họrọ ụdị dị ọcha, edo, dị larịị na nke adịghị emebi emebi, rụtụ aka na ọkọlọtọ mba GB13022-91, wee bee ha n'ụdị splines nke nwere ogologo 120mm, ebe mbụ dị n'etiti ihe ndozi nke 86mm, anya n'etiti akara 40mm, na obosara nke 10mm. A na-etinye splines na 75% na 57% (na ikuku nke sodium chloride zuru ezu na ngwọta sodium bromide) iru mmiri, ma kwadoo ihe karịrị ụbọchị 3 tupu atụ. N'ime nnwale a, a na-eji ASTM D638, 5566 mechanical property tester nke Instron Corporation nke United States na 2712-003 pneumatic mwekota maka nnwale. Ọsọ ọsọ ọsọ bụ 10 mm / min, a na-emegharị ihe nlele ahụ ugboro 7, ma gbakọọ ọnụ ahịa nkezi.

3.2.7 Oxygen permeability nke HPMC/HPS oriri composite film

3.2.7.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha nke ikuku oxygen

Mgbe etinyere ihe nlele ule, a na-ekewa oghere ule ahụ ụzọ abụọ, A na B; a na-ebufe ikuku oxygen dị elu nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ụfọdụ na-asọba n'ime oghere A, na ikuku nitrogen na-agbanye n'ime oghere B; N'oge usoro ule, oghere A oxygen na-abanye n'ime ihe nlele ahụ n'ime oghere B, ikuku oxygen na-abanye n'ime oghere B na-ebufe nitrogen ma hapụ oghere B iji ruo ihe mmetụta oxygen. Ihe mmetụta ikuku oxygen na-atụle ọdịnaya oxygen dị na ntinye nitrogen wee wepụta akara eletrik kwekọrọ, si otú ahụ gbakọọ ihe nlele oxygen. nnyefe.

3.2.7.2 Usoro ule

Họrọ ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri anaghị emebi emebi, bee ha n'ime ihe atụ yiri dayamọnd 10.16 x 10.16, were griiz na-ekpo ọkụ were kpuchie ọnụ ọnụ nke mkpọ ahụ, ma kpachie ihe nlele ahụ na ngọngọ ule. A nwalere dị ka ASTM D-3985 si kwuo, nlele ọ bụla nwere ebe nnwale nke 50 cm2.

3.3 Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka

3.3.1 Nyocha microstructure nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị dị na mmiri na-emepụta ihe nkiri na ọnọdụ ihicha-ekpebi nhazi ikpeazụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ ma na-emetụta ụdị anụ ahụ na kemịkal dị iche iche nke ihe nkiri ahụ [330, 331]. Ngwongwo gel dị n'ime ya na nhazi nke akụkụ nke ọ bụla nwere ike imetụta ọdịdị ọdịdị nke ogige ahụ, nke na-emetụta ọdịdị elu na njedebe ikpeazụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ [301, 332]. Ya mere, nyocha nke microstructural nke ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ike inye ozi dị mkpa na nhazigharị nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nke ọ bụla, nke n'aka nke ya nwere ike inyere anyị aka ịghọta nke ọma ihe mgbochi, ihe ndị na-arụ ọrụ, na ngwa anya nke ihe nkiri.

Igwe microscope eletrọn na-enyocha elu nke ihe nkiri oriri na-eri HPS/HPMC nwere oke dị iche iche ka egosiri na eserese 3-1. Dị ka a na-ahụ site na foto 3-1, ụfọdụ ihe atụ gosiri micro-cracks n'elu, nke nwere ike ịkpata site na mbenata mmiri dị n'ime ihe nlele n'oge ule, ma ọ bụ site na mwakpo nke ọkụ eletrik na oghere microscope [122] , 139]. Na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha na HPMC dị ọcha. Akpụkpọ ahụ ahụ gosipụtara elu microscopic dịtụ nro, na microstructure nke akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha bụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ ma dịkwa nro karịa akpụkpọ anụ HPMC dị ọcha, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi starch macromolecules (amylose molecules and amylopectin molecules) n'oge usoro jụrụ oyi.) nwetara nhazigharị mkpụrụ ndụ ka mma. na ngwọta mmiri. Ọtụtụ nchọpụta egosila na amylose-amylopectin-water system na usoro jụrụ oyi

Enwere ike inwe usoro asọmpi n'etiti nhazi gel na nkewa nke oge. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụọgụ nkewa nkewa dị ala karịa ọnụọgụ nke nhazi gel, nkewa nkewa agaghị eme na usoro ahụ, ma ọ bụghị ya, nkewa nkewa ga-eme na usoro [333, 334]. Ọzọkwa, mgbe ọdịnaya amylose karịrị 25%, gelatinization nke amylose na usoro netwọkụ amylose na-aga n'ihu nwere ike igbochi ọdịdị nkewa nke oge [334]. Ọdịnaya amylose nke HPS ejiri mee ihe n'akwụkwọ a bụ 80%, nke dị elu karịa 25%, yabụ na-egosipụta nke ọma ihe omume ahụ na akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha na-adakọ ọnụ ma dịkwa nro karịa akpụkpọ anụ HPMC dị ọcha.

Enwere ike ịhụ site na ntụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na elu nke ihe nkiri niile mejupụtara na-adịtụ njọ, na ụfọdụ ihe na-adịghị mma na-agbasasịkwa, na-egosi na e nwere ụfọdụ ogo nke immiscibility n'etiti HPMC na HPS. Ọzọkwa, akpụkpọ ahụ ndị mejupụtara nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya HPMC gosipụtara nrụkọba ọnụ karịa ndị nwere ọdịnaya HPS dị elu. Ntuchi dabere na HPS na okpomọkụ nhazi ihe nkiri 37 Celsius

Dabere na njirimara gel, HPS gosipụtara ọnọdụ gel viscous; mgbe dabere na thermal gel Njirimara nke HPMC, HPMC gosipụtara ọnọdụ ngwọta dị ka mmiri. Na akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya HPS (7: 3 HPS / HPMC), viscous HPS bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu, na mmiri-dị ka HPMC na-agbasasị na nnukwu viscosity HPS na-aga n'ihu dị ka oge gbasasịrị, nke na-adịghị mma. na-ekesa otu nke agbasasịrị agbasasị; Na ihe nkiri mejupụtara ya na ọdịnaya HPMC dị elu (3: 7 HPS / HPMC), HPMC na-enweghị viscosity na-agbanwe n'ime usoro na-aga n'ihu, na HPS viscous na-agbasasị na obere viscosity HPMC dị ka akụkụ nke gbasasịrị agbasa, nke na-enyere aka. nguzobe nke otu akụkụ. usoro ngwakọta.

Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na n'agbanyeghị na ihe nkiri niile mejupụtara na-egosi ihe arụrụ arụ na arụghị ọrụ n'elu, ọ nweghị ihe ngosi nke oge doro anya, na-egosi na HPMC na HPS nwere ndakọrịta dị mma. Ihe nkiri HPMC / starch composite na-enweghị ndị na-emepụta plastik dị ka PEG gosipụtara nkewa nkewa doro anya [301], si otú a na-egosi na ma mgbanwe hydroxypropyl nke starch na PEG plasticizers nwere ike imeziwanye ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara.

3.3.2 Nyocha ngwa anya nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri

Njirimara nnyefe ọkụ nke ihe nkiri composite nri nke HPMC/HPS nwere oke dị iche iche ka a nwalere site na UV-vis spectrophotometer, na ihe ngosi UV gosipụtara na eserese 3-2. The ibu nke ìhè transmittance uru, ndị ọzọ edo na transperent ihe nkiri bụ; N'aka nke ọzọ, ka ntanye uru nnyefe ọkụ dị ntakịrị, ka ihe nkiri ahụ na-enweghị isi na nke na-adịghị mma. Enwere ike ịhụ site na eserese 3-2 (a) na ihe nkiri niile mejupụtara na-egosi ụdị omume yiri nke ahụ yana mmụba nke ogologo wavelength nke nyocha na oke nlegharị anya nke ogologo ogologo oge, na nnyefe ọkụ na-abawanye nke nta nke nta site na mmụba nke ogologo wavelength. N'ihe dị 350nm, akụkụ ahụ na-agbago elu.

Họrọ nnyefe na ogologo nke 500nm maka ntụnyere, dị ka egosiri na Figure 3-2 (b), nnyefe nke ihe nkiri HPS dị ọcha dị ala karịa nke ihe nkiri HPMC dị ọcha, na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, nnyefe na-ebelata mbụ. wee mụbaa mgbe erute uru kacha nta. Mgbe ọdịnaya HPMC mụbara ruo 70%, nnyefe ọkụ nke ihe nkiri composite dị ukwuu karịa nke HPS dị ọcha. A maara nke ọma na usoro ihe jikọrọ ọnụ ga-egosipụta nnyefe ọkụ ka mma, yana uru nnyefe nke UV na-adịkarị elu; Ihe ndị na-adịghị n'otu na-abụkarị ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ma nwee ụkpụrụ mbufe UV dị ala. Ụkpụrụ nnyefe nke ihe nkiri ndị mejupụtara (7: 3, 5: 5) dị ala karịa nke ihe nkiri HPS na HPMC dị ọcha, na-egosi na e nwere ụfọdụ ogo nkewa nkewa n'etiti akụkụ abụọ nke HPS na HPMC.

Fig. 3-2 UV spectra n'ogologo ọ bụla (a), na na 500 nm (b), maka ihe nkiri ngwakọta HPS/HPMC. Ogwe ahụ na-anọchite anya ndapụta ± ọkọlọtọ. ac: mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche dị iche iche nwere oke ngwakọta dị iche iche (p <0.05), etinyere na akwụkwọ edemede zuru oke.

3.3.3 Nyocha thermomechanical dị egwu nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri

Ọgụgụ 3-3 na-egosi njirimara ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ nke ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS oriri nwere usoro dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịhụ site na foto 3-3 (a) na modul nchekwa (E') na-ebelata na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, modul nchekwa nke ihe nlele niile ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata site na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu, ma e wezụga na nchekwa nchekwa nke ihe nkiri HPS dị ọcha (10: 0) mụbara ntakịrị ka ọ mụbara ruo 70 Celsius. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu, maka ihe nkiri mgbagwoju anya nke nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya HPMC, nchekwa nchekwa nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri nwere ihe na-agbadata nke ọma na mmụba nke okpomọkụ; ebe maka sample nwere nnukwu ọdịnaya HPS, modul nchekwa na-ebelata ntakịrị na mmụba nke okpomọkụ.

Fig. 3-3 modul nchekwa nchekwa (E′) (a) na tangent ọnwụ (tan δ) (b) nke ihe nkiri ngwakọta HPS/HPMC

Enwere ike ịhụ site na eserese 3-3 (b) na ihe atụ ndị nwere ọdịnaya HPMC dị elu karịa 30% (5: 5, 3: 7, 0: 10) niile na-egosi oke mgbanwe iko, yana mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, Ntugharị iko ahụ mgbanwe mgbanwe okpomọkụ gbanwere gaa na oke okpomọkụ, na-egosi na mgbanwe nke HPMC polymer chain belatara. N'aka nke ọzọ, akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha na-egosipụta nnukwu envelopu elu gburugburu 67 Celsius C, ebe akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara nwere 70% HPS enweghị mgbanwe doro anya. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na enwere ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ mmekọrịta dị n'etiti HPMC na HPS, si otú a na-egbochi mmegharị nke akụkụ molecular nke HPMC na HPS.

3.3.4 Nyocha nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri

Fig. 3-4 TGA akụkụ (a) na usoro ha (DTG) akụkụ (b) nke ihe nkiri ngwakọta HPS/HPMC

A nwalere nkwụsi ike ọkụ nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri nke HPMC/HPS site na nyocha thermogravimetric. Onyonyo 3-4 na-egosi usoro nke thermogravimetric (TGA) na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ya (DTG) nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara. Site na ntụgharị TGA dị na eserese 3-4 (a), enwere ike ịhụ na ihe atụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara nwere oke dị iche iche na-egosi ọkwa mgbanwe thermogravimetric abụọ doro anya na mmụba nke okpomọkụ. Mgbanwe nke mmiri na-agbasa site na polysaccharide macromolecule na-ebute obere akụkụ nke ịdị arọ na 30-180 Celsius C tupu nbibi ọkụ n'ezie eme. N'ikpeazụ, e nwere nnukwu akụkụ nke ọnwụ ọnwụ na 300 ~ 450 Celsius C, ebe a na-emebi okpomọkụ nke HPMC na HPS.

Site na akụkụ DTG dị na eserese 3-4 (b), enwere ike ịhụ na okpomọkụ kachasị elu nke okpomọkụ nke HPS dị ọcha na HPMC dị ọcha bụ 338 Celsius C na 400 Celsius C, n'otu n'otu, na okpomọkụ kacha elu okpomọkụ nke HPMC dị ọcha bụ. dị elu karịa nke HPS, na-egosi na HPMC Nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ ka mma karịa HPS. Mgbe ọdịnaya HPMC dị 30% (7: 3), otu ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu pụtara na 347 Celsius C, nke kwekọrọ na njirimara kachasị elu nke HPS, mana okpomọkụ dị elu karịa oke mbibi okpomọkụ nke HPS; mgbe ọdịnaya HPMC bụ 70% (3: 7), naanị njirimara kacha elu nke HPMC pụtara na 400 Celsius; mgbe ọdịnaya nke HPMC bụ 50%, ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke okpomọkụ dị elu pụtara na usoro DTG, 345 °C na 396 Celsius C, n'otu n'otu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu kwekọrọ na njirimara kachasị elu nke HPS na HPMC, otu n'otu n'otu, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke okpomọkụ kwekọrọ na HPS dị ntakịrị, ma ọnụ ọnụ abụọ ahụ nwere mgbanwe ụfọdụ. Enwere ike ịhụ na ọtụtụ n'ime akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị mejupụtara na-egosi naanị njirimara otu ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu kwekọrọ na otu akụkụ, na a na-ewepụ ha ma e jiri ya tụnyere akpụkpọ ahụ dị ọcha, nke na-egosi na e nwere ọdịiche dị n'etiti akụkụ HPMC na HPS. ogo ndakọrịta. Okpomọkụ kacha elu nbibi ọkụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara dị elu karịa nke HPS dị ọcha, na-egosi na HPMC nwere ike melite nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ HPS ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ.

3.3.5 Mechanical Properties analysis of oriri composite film

A na-atụpụta ihe njiri ike nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS nwere oke dị iche iche site na nyocha ihe akụrụngwa na 25 Celsius, iru mmiri nke 57% na 75%. Ọnụọgụ 3-5 na-egosi modulus na-agbanwe agbanwe (a), elongation na nkwụsịtụ (b) na ike nkwụsị (c) nke ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS mejupụtara nwere oke dị iche iche n'okpuru iru mmiri dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na mgbe iru mmiri dị 57%, modul na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike ike nke ihe nkiri HPS dị ọcha bụ nke kachasị ukwuu, na HPMC dị ọcha bụ nke kacha nta. Site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, modul na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike tensile nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara na-abawanye na-aga n'ihu. Ogologo oge na nkwụsị nke akpụkpọ anụ HPMC dị ọcha dị nnọọ ukwuu karịa nke akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha, ma ha abụọ dị ukwuu karịa nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara.

Mgbe iru mmiri dị elu dị elu (75%) ma e jiri ya tụnyere 57% iru mmiri, ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike tensile nke ihe nlele niile belatara, ebe elongation na nkwụsịtụ mụbara nke ukwuu. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmiri, dị ka plasticizer zuru oke, nwere ike imebi HPMC na HPS matrix, belata ike dị n'etiti ụdọ polymer, ma melite mmegharị nke akụkụ polymer. Na oke iru mmiri dị elu, ike na-agbanwe na ike ike nke ihe nkiri HPMC dị ọcha dị elu karịa nke ihe nkiri HPS dị ọcha, mana elongation na nkwụsịtụ dị ala, nsonaazụ nke dị nnọọ iche na nsonaazụ na obere iru mmiri. Ọ dị mma ịmara na mgbanwe nke akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara ya na oke iru mmiri nke 75% bụ ihe na-emegide nke ahụ na iru mmiri dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ikpe na iru mmiri nke 57%. N'okpuru oke iru mmiri, mmiri ọdịnaya nke ihe nkiri na-abawanye, na mmiri ọ bụghị nanị na-enwe mmetụta plasticizing na polymer matrix, kamakwa na-akwalite recrystallization nke starch. Tụnyere HPMC, HPS nwere ọchịchọ siri ike nke recrystallize, yabụ mmetụta iru mmiri dị na HPS dị ukwuu karịa nke HPMC.

Fig. 3-5 Njirimara Tensile nke ihe nkiri HPS/HPMC nwere oke HPS/HPMC dị iche iche dabara n'okpuru ọnọdụ ịdị umeala n'obi dị iche iche (RH). *: mkpụrụedemede ọnụọgụgụ dị iche iche dị iche iche na RH dị iche iche, etinyere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ zuru oke

3.3.6 Nyocha nke Oxygen Permeability nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri

A na-eji ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri na-eri nri dị ka ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri iji gbatịa ndụ ndụ nke nri, yana ọrụ mgbochi oxygen ya bụ otu n'ime ihe ngosi dị mkpa. Ya mere, a tụrụ ọnụego ikuku oxygen nke ihe nkiri oriri nwere oke dị iche iche nke HPMC/HPS na okpomọkụ nke 23 Celsius C, na nsonaazụ na-egosi na foto 3-6. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na ikuku oxygen nke akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha dị ntakịrị karịa nke akpụkpọ anụ HPMC dị ọcha, na-egosi na akpụkpọ anụ HPS nwere ihe mgbochi oxygen dị mma karịa akpụkpọ anụ HPMC. N'ihi obere viscosity na ịdị adị nke amorphous mpaghara, HPMC dị mfe na-etolite a dịtụ rụrụ ala-njupụta netwọk Ọdịdị na fim; ma e jiri ya tụnyere HPS, ọ nwere ọchịchọ dị elu nke recrystallize, ọ dịkwa mfe ịmepụta nnukwu ihe owuwu na fim ahụ. Ọtụtụ nchọpụta egosila na ihe nkiri starch nwere ezigbo ihe mgbochi oxygen ma e jiri ya tụnyere polymers ndị ọzọ [139, 301, 335, 336].

Fig. 3-6 Oxygen permeability nke HPS/HPMC ihe nkiri ngwakọta

Mgbakwunye nke HPS nwere ike ibelata ikuku oxygen nke akpụkpọ anụ HPMC, na ikuku oxygen nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara na-ebelata nke ọma site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS. Mgbakwunye HPS nke ikuku oxygen na-enweghị ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma nke ọwa oxygen na akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara, nke n'aka nke ya na-eduga n'ibelata ikuku oxygen na-eme ka ikuku oxygen na-eme ka ọ dị ala. A kọpụtala nsonaazụ ndị yiri ya maka starch obodo ndị ọzọ [139,301].

3.4 Nchịkọta nke isiakwụkwọ a

N'isiakwụkwọ a, iji HPMC na HPS dị ka isi akụrụngwa, yana ịgbakwunye polyethylene glycol dị ka plasticizer, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri a na-eri nri nke HPMC/HPS nwere oke dị iche iche ka ejiri usoro nkedo dozie ya. A na-amụ mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ejikọta na microscopic morphology nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara site na nyochaa microscopy electron; A na-enyocha ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara ya site n'aka onye nleba anya n'ibu. Achọpụtara mmetụta nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime ihe ndị ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-ejikọta ọnụ na ihe mgbochi oxygen na nnyefe ọkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara site na nyocha ikuku oxygen na UV-vis spectrophotometer. A na-eji nyocha nyocha eletrọnịkị, nyocha thermogravimetric na nyocha ọkụ dị ike. A na-eji nyocha igwe na ụzọ nyocha ndị ọzọ na-amụ maka ndakọrịta na nkewa nke oge nke sistemu gel-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Isi ihe nchoputa bu nke a:

1. E jiri ya tụnyere HPMC dị ọcha, HPS dị ọcha na-adị mfe ịmepụta ụdị ọdịdị elu nke elu ọnụ na nke dị larịị. Nke a bụ n'ihi na nhazigharị mkpụrụ ndụ ka mma nke starch macromolecules (amylose molecules and amylopectin molecules) na starch aqueous solution n'oge usoro jụrụ oyi.
2. Ngwakọta ndị nwere ọdịnaya HPMC dị elu na-enwekarị ike etolite n'ụdị akpụkpọ ahụ. Nke a dabere na njirimara gel nke HPMC na HPS. Na okpomọkụ na-emepụta ihe nkiri, HPMC na HPS na-egosi ọnọdụ ngwọta dị ala viscosity na ọnọdụ gel viscosity dị elu, n'otu n'otu. A na-achụsasị akụkụ nke elu-viscosity na-agbasa na obere viscosity na-aga n'ihu. , ọ dị mfe na-etolite a homogenous usoro.
3. Iru mmiri dị ala nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS, yana ogo mmetụta ya na-abawanye site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS. N'oge iru mmiri dị ala, ma ike ngbanwe na ike ike nke ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara mụbara site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, na elongation na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara dị obere karịa nke ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara ya dị ọcha. Site na mmụba nke iru mmiri, ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike tensile nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara na-ebelata, na elongation na nkwụsịtụ mụbara nke ukwuu, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-emekọ ihe na ngwakọta mejupụtara gosipụtara ụkpụrụ mgbanwe kpamkpam n'okpuru dị iche iche. iru iru mmiri. Ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke membran composite nwere oke njikọ dị iche iche na-egosi njikọ dị n'okpuru ọnọdụ iru mmiri dị iche iche, nke na-enye ohere iji bulie arụmọrụ ngwaahịa dị ka ngwa dị iche iche chọrọ.
4. Mgbakwunye nke HPS mere ka ihe mgbochi ikuku oxygen dịkwuo mma nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara. Mgbanwe ikuku oxygen nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara gbadara nke ọma site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS.
5. Na HPMC/HPS oyi na ọkụ gel compound compound, enwere ụfọdụ ndakọrịta n'etiti ihe abụọ a. Achọghị ihe ngosi nke akụkụ abụọ doro anya na foto SEM nke ihe nkiri niile mejupụtara, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ndị mejupụtara nwere naanị otu ebe mgbanwe iko na nsonaazụ DMA, naanị otu ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu nke okpomọkụ pụtara na akụkụ DTG nke ọtụtụ ihe mejupụtara. ihe nkiri. Ọ na-egosi na enwere nkọwa n'etiti HPMC na HPS.

Nsonaazụ nnwale ndị a dị n'elu na-egosi na njikọta nke HPS na HPMC nwere ike ọ bụghị naanị belata ọnụ ahịa mmepụta nke ihe nkiri oriri HPMC, kamakwa melite arụmọrụ ya. The n'ibu Njirimara, oxygen ihe mgbochi Njirimara na ngwa anya Njirimara nke oriri composite film nwere ike nweta site n'ịgbanwe compounding ruru nke abụọ components na ikwu iru mmiri nke mpụga gburugburu ebe obibi.

Isi nke 4 Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Micromorphology na Mechanical Properties nke HPMC/HPS Compound System

E jiri ya tụnyere entropy mixing dị elu n'oge ngwakọta metal alloy, ngwakọta entropy n'oge ngwakọta polymer na-adịkarị obere, na okpomọkụ nke ngwakọta n'oge ngwakọta na-abụkarị ihe dị mma, na-eme ka usoro nchịkọta polymer pụta. Mgbanwe ike n'efu Gibbs dị mma (���>), ya mere, usoro polymer na-emekarị ka ọ na-etolite usoro abụọ nkewa nkewa, na usoro polymer dakọtara n'ụzọ zuru ezu dị ụkọ [242].

Sistemụ ngwakọta na-enweghị atụ nwere ike nwetakarị miscibility-larịị molikula na thermodynamics wee mepụta ogige otu, yabụ ọtụtụ sistemu ngwakọta polymer enweghị atụ. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ usoro ihe mejupụtara polymer nwere ike iru ọnọdụ dakọtara n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ wee ghọọ usoro ngwakọta na ụfọdụ ndakọrịta [257].

Njirimara macroscopic dị ka ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara polymer na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na mmekọrịta na usoro morphology nke akụrụngwa ha, ọkachasị ndakọrịta n'etiti akụrụngwa na nhazi nke usoro na-aga n'ihu na gbasasịa [301]. Ya mere, ọ dị oke mkpa iji mụọ ihe ndị dị na microscopic morphology na macroscopic properties nke usoro ihe mgbagwoju anya ma guzobe mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ha, nke dị oke mkpa iji chịkwaa ihe onwunwe nke ihe ndị mejupụtara site na ịchịkwa usoro nhazi nke usoro na ndakọrịta nke usoro nhazi.

Na usoro nke na-amụ morphology na usoro eserese nke usoro mgbagwoju anya, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa ịhọrọ ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị iji mata ọdịiche dị iche iche. Otú ọ dị, ọdịiche dị n'etiti HPMC na HPS siri nnọọ ike, n'ihi na ha abụọ nwere nghọta dị mma na ihe nrịbama ndị yiri ya, n'ihi ya, ọ na-esiri ike ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe abụọ ahụ site na nyocha anya; na mgbakwunye, n'ihi na ha abụọ bụ organic carbon dabeere ihe onwunwe, otú ha abụọ nwere yiri ike absorption, n'ihi ya, ọ na-esiri ike ịgụ isiokwu eletrọn microscope n'ụzọ ziri ezi ịmata ọdịiche dị na ụzọ nke components. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy nwere ike igosipụta mgbanwe dị na morphology na eserese nke usoro protein-starch complex site na mpaghara nke polysaccharide band na 1180-953 cm-1 na amide band na 1750-1483 cm-1 [52, 337], ma usoro a dị mgbagwoju anya ma na-achọkarị synchrotron radiation Fourier na-agbanwe usoro infrared iji mepụta ọdịiche zuru oke maka usoro ngwakọ HPMC/HPS. Enwekwara usoro iji nweta nkewa nke ihe ndị a, dị ka microscopy eletrọn na-ebufe na obere oghere X-ray, mana usoro ndị a na-adịkarị mgbagwoju anya [338]. N'isiokwu a, a na-eji usoro nyocha nke anya microscope dị mfe iodine dyeing optical microscope, na ụkpụrụ na njedebe nke amylose helical Ọdịdị nwere ike ime na ayodiin na-emepụta ihe mgbagwoju anya na-eji agba agba na HPMC / HPS compound site na iodine dyeing, ya mere. na HPS A na-amata ihe ndị ahụ na akụkụ HPMC site na agba dị iche iche n'okpuru microscope ọkụ. Ya mere, usoro nyocha ihe nyocha anya microscope anya iodine bụ ụzọ nyocha dị mfe ma dị irè maka ọdịdị ọdịdị na eserese nke usoro mgbagwoju anya starch.

N'isiakwụkwọ a, a na-enyocha ihe omimi nke microscopic morphology, nkesa nke oge, mgbanwe nke usoro na microstructures ndị ọzọ nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS site na nyocha microscope nke na-esiji iodine; na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa na ihe ndị ọzọ macroscopic; na site na nyocha mmekọrịta nke microscopic morphology na macroscopic properties nke ngwọta ngwọta dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche, e guzobere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na macroscopic Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS compound system, iji chịkwaa HPMC/HPS. Nye ihe ndabere maka njirimara nke ihe mejupụtara.

4.1 Akụrụngwa na Akụrụngwa

4.1.1 Isi nnwale ihe

4.2 Usoro nnwale

4.2.1 Nkwadebe nke HPMC/HPS ngwakọta ngwọta

Kwadebe ngwọta HPMC na ngwọta HPS na 3%, 5%, 7% na 9% itinye uche, lee 2.2.1 maka usoro nkwadebe. Gwakọta ngwọta HPMC na ngwọta HPS dị ka 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 45:55, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 0: 100 dị iche iche na-ejikọta ọnụ na ọsọ 250 rmp / min na 21 Celsius C maka 30 min, na ngwọta ndị a gwakọtara na ntinye dị iche iche na nha dị iche iche nwetara.

4.2.2 Nkwadebe nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS

Lee 3.2.1.

4.2.3 Nkwadebe nke HPMC/HPS composite capsules

Rụtụ aka na ngwọta nke usoro a kwadebere na 2.2.1, jiri igwe anaghị agba nchara maka ịkụnye, ma kpoo ya na 37 Celsius. Wepụ capsules ndị a mịrị amị, bechapụ ihe ndị ahụ, ma tinye ha ọnụ ka ha bụrụ otu ụzọ.

4.2.4 HPMC/HPS composite film optical microscope

4.2.4.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha ihe nyocha anya

Igwe microscope na-ahụ anya na-eji ụkpụrụ anya nke na-ebuwanye ihe onyonyo site na oghere convex, ma na-eji lenses abụọ na-agbakọta ọnụ gbasawanye oghere nke obere ihe ndị dị nso n'anya, wee gbasaa nha nke obere ihe nke anya mmadụ na-apụghị ịmata. ruo mgbe a ga-achọpụta nha nke ihe ndị ahụ site na anya mmadụ.

4.2.4.2 Usoro ule

A na-ewepụta ihe ngwọta nke HPMC/HPS nke nha dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche na-agbakọta na 21 Celsius, tụba na slide iko, tụba n'ime oyi akwa dị mkpa, ma kpoo ya n'otu okpomọkụ. A na-etinye ihe nkiri ahụ na 1% iodine ngwọta (1 g nke ayodiin na 10 g nke potassium iodide na-etinye n'ime 100-mL volumetric flask, ma gbazee na ethanol), tinye ya n'ọhịa nke microscope ìhè maka nlele na foto.

4.2.5 Light transmittance nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara ihe nkiri

4.2.5.1 Ụkpụrụ nyocha nke UV-vis spectrophotometry

Dị ka 3.2.3.1.

4.2.5.1 Usoro ule

Lee 3.2.3.2.

4.2.6 Ngwongwo tensile nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara HPMC/HPS

4.2.6.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha ihe onwunwe tensile

Dị ka 3.2.3.1.

4.2.6.1 Usoro ule

A nwalere ihe nlele ahụ mgbe ha kwadochara na iru mmiri 73% maka awa 48. Lee 3.2.3.2 maka usoro ule.

4.3 Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka

4.3.1 Nleba anya nke ngwaahịa

Ọgụgụ 4-1 na-egosi ihe nkiri oriri na capsules akwadoro site na ịgbakọta HPMC na HPS na nha 70:30 ngwakọta. Dị ka a na-ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ngwaahịa ndị ahụ nwere nghọta dị mma, nke na-egosi na HPMC na HPS nwere ihe nrịbama refractive yiri nke ahụ, na enwere ike nweta ihe jikọrọ ọnụ mgbe ọ gbakọtachara abụọ ahụ.

4.3.2 Onyonyo microscope anya nke ogige HPMC/HPS tupu na mgbe emechara

Onyonyo 4-2 na-egosi ụdị ọdịdị dị n'ụdị tupu na mgbe agbachara ụlọ HPMC/HPS nwere oke ngwakọta dị iche iche a hụrụ n'okpuru microscope anya. Dị ka a na-ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịmata ọdịiche nke usoro HPMC na oge HPS na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-enweghị ntụpọ; HPMC dị ọcha na-esiji ihe na HPS dị ọcha na-egosi agba nke ha pụrụ iche, nke bụ n'ihi na mmeghachi omume nke HPS na ayodiin site na nsị iodine agba ya na-agba ọchịchịrị. Ya mere, usoro abụọ ahụ dị na sistemụ ngwakọta HPMC/HPS bụ nke dị mfe na nke doro anya, nke na-egosikwa na HPMC na HPS abụghị ihe efu na enweghị ike ịmepụta ogige otu. Dị ka a na-ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ, ka ọdịnaya HPS na-abawanye, mpaghara ebe gbara ọchịchịrị (HPS oge) na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na-anọgide na-abawanye dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, si otú a na-akwado na nhazigharị nke abụọ na-eme n'oge usoro a. Mgbe ọdịnaya nke HPMC dị elu karịa 40%, HPMC na-egosi ọnọdụ nke oge na-aga n'ihu, na HPS na-agbasasịkwa na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu nke HPMC dị ka oge gbasasịrị. N'ụzọ dị iche, mgbe ọdịnaya nke HPMC dị ala karịa 40%, HPS na-enye ọnọdụ nke oge na-aga n'ihu, HPMC na-agbasasịkwa na usoro HPS na-aga n'ihu dị ka oge gbasasịrị. Ya mere, na 5% HPMC/HPS ngwakọta ngwọta, na-amụba ọdịnaya HPS, ihe na-abụghị mere mgbe ngwakọta ruru bụ HPMC/HPS 40:60. Usoro na-aga n'ihu na-agbanwe site na nke mbụ HPMC ruo na nke ikpeazụ HPS. Site n'ileba anya n'ụdị usoro ahụ, a ga-ahụ na usoro HPMC na matrix HPS bụ okirikiri mgbe a gbasasịrị, ebe ọdịdị agbasasịrị nke usoro HPS na matriks HPMC na-abụkarị oge.

Ọzọkwa, site n'ịgbakọ ruru nke ebe nke ìhè-acha ebe (HPMC) ka ọchịchịrị-acha ebe (HPS) na HPMC / HP mgbagwoju mgbe e ji esiji ákwà (na-enweghị na-atụle mesophase ọnọdụ), a chọpụtara na ebe nke. HPMC (ụcha agba)/HPS (agba ọchịchịrị) na ọnụ ọgụgụ a Ratio na-adị ukwuu mgbe niile karịa n'ezie HPMC/HPS compound ratio. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na eserese ntụpọ nke ogige HPMC/HPS nwere oke 50:50, a naghị agbakọ mpaghara HPS na mpaghara interphase, yana oke ọkụ / ebe gbara ọchịchịrị bụ 71/29. Nsonaazụ a na-akwado ịdị adị nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mesophases na sistemụ ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS.

A maara nke ọma na n'ụzọ zuru ezu dakọtara polymer compounding usoro bụ nnọọ obere n'ihi na n'oge polymer compounding usoro, okpomọkụ nke compound na-emekarị nke ọma na entropy nke compound na-emekarị na-agbanwe obere, si otú a na-eme ka free ike n'oge ịgbakọta mgbanwe na nti uru. Otú ọ dị, na HPMC/HPS compound system, HPMC na HPS ka na-ekwe nkwa na-egosi a ukwuu n'ókè nke ndakọrịta, n'ihi na HPMC na HPS bụ ma hydrophilic polysaccharides, nwere otu structural unit - glucose, na-agafe otu ọrụ otu na-gbanwetụrụ na. hydroxypropyl. Ihe omume nke otutu mesophases na usoro HPMC/HPS na-egosikwa na HPMC na HPS na ogige ahụ nwere ogo ndakọrịta, na ihe yiri ya na-eme na usoro starch-polyvinyl mmanya ngwakọta na plasticizer agbakwunyere. pụtakwara [339].

4.3.3 Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti morphology microscopic na macroscopic Njirimara nke usoro ihe mejupụtara

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti morphology, ihe nkewa nkewa, nghọta na akụrụngwa nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS ka a mụrụ n'ụzọ zuru ezu. Ọgụgụ 4-3 na-egosi mmetụta nke ọdịnaya HPS na njirimara macroscopic dị ka nghọta na modul tensile nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na nghọta nke HPMC dị ọcha dị elu karịa nke HPS dị ọcha, tumadi n'ihi na recrystallization nke starch na-ebelata nghọta nke HPS, na hydroxypropyl modification nke starch bụkwa ihe dị mkpa kpatara mbelata nke nghọta. HPS [340, 341]. Enwere ike ịchọta ya site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na nnyefe nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS ga-enwe uru kacha nta na ọdịiche nke ọdịnaya HPS. Mbufe nke usoro ihe mejupụtara, na oke ọdịnaya HPS n'okpuru 70%, na-abawanye nait na-ebelata na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS; mgbe ọdịnaya HPS gafere 70%, ọ na-abawanye site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS. Ihe omume a pụtara na usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS enweghị ike ime, n'ihi na ihe nkewa nkewa nke sistemụ na-eduga na mbelata nke nnyefe ọkụ. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, modul nke ndị ntorobịa nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara pụtakwara n'ókè kacha nta nwere oke dị iche iche, na modul nke Young gara n'ihu na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, wee rute ebe kachasị ala mgbe ọdịnaya HPS dị 60%. Modulu ahụ gara n'ihu na-abawanye, modul ahụ mụbara ntakịrị. Modules nke Young nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS gosipụtara uru kacha nta, nke gosikwara na sistemu ngwakọta ahụ bụ sistemu enweghị atụ. Ebe kacha ala nke nnyefe ọkụ nke sistemu ngwakọ HPMC/HPS kwekọrọ na ngbanwe nke oge nke HPMC na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu ruo oge gbasasịrị na ebe kacha ala nke uru modulus nke Young na eserese 4-2.

4.3.4 Mmetụta nke itinye uche ngwọta na microscopic morphology nke usoro ihe mejupụtara

Ọgụgụ 4-4 na-egosi mmetụta nke itinye uche ngwọta na morphology na ngbanwe nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS. Dị ka a pụrụ ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ, ala ịta nke 3% HPMC/HPS compound system, na compound ratio nke HPMC/HPS bụ 40:60, ọdịdị nke co-na-aga n'ihu Ọdịdị nwere ike hụrụ; ebe n'ogo dị elu nke 7% ngwọta, a na-ahụ nhazi a na-aga n'ihu na ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na nha nke 50:50. Nsonaazụ a na-egosi na ebe mgbanwe nke usoro HPMC/HPS nwere ụfọdụ ịdabere na ntinye uche, yana HPMC/HPS compound ratio nke usoro mgbanwe na-abawanye na mmụba nke ntinye ihe ngwọta, na HPS na-eme ka ọ bụrụ usoro na-aga n'ihu. . . Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ngalaba HPS gbasasịrị na HPMC na-aga n'ihu na-egosi ụdị ọdịdị na ọdịdị dị otú ahụ na mgbanwe nke itinye uche; ebe HPMC gbasasịrị n'usoro gbasasịrị na HPS na-aga n'ihu na-egosi ụdị dị iche iche na morphologies dị iche iche. na mmụba nke ntinye ihe ngwọta, mpaghara mgbasa nke HPMC ghọrọ ihe na-adịghị mma. Isi ihe kpatara ihe omume a bụ na viscosity nke ngwọta HPS dị elu karịa nke ngwọta HPMC n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ, na ọchịchọ nke oge HPMC na-eme ka ọnọdụ dị mma dị mma na-ebelata n'ihi esemokwu elu.

4.3.5 Mmetụta nke ngwọta ntinye uche na n'ibu Njirimara nke compound usoro

N'ikwekọ na morphologies nke Fig. 4-4, Fig. 4-5 na-egosi njirimara nkwụsị nke ihe nkiri ndị mejupụtara nke e guzobere n'okpuru ngwọta ntinye uche dị iche iche. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na modul na elongation na-eto eto na nbibi nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS na-agbadata na mmụba nke ntinye ihe ngwọta, nke kwekọrọ na ngbanwe nwayọọ nwayọọ nke HPMC site na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu ruo oge gbasasịrị na nhazi 4. -4. Ihe omimi nke microscopic na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ebe ọ bụ na modul na-eto eto nke HPMC homopolymer dị elu karịa nke HPS, a na-ebu amụma na a ga-emeziwanye modul nke Young nke HPMC/HPS composite system mgbe HPMC bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu.

4.4 Nchịkọta nke isiakwụkwọ a

N'isiakwụkwọ a, a na-akwado ihe ngwọta nke HPMC/HPS na ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri nwere ntinye uche dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche, na ngbanwe nke microscopic morphology na mgbanwe nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS bụ nke a na-ahụ anya site na nyocha microscope anya nke ntụpọ iodine iji mata ọdịiche nke usoro starch. UV-vis spectrophotometer na mechanical property tester na-amụ ihe na-ebufe ọkụ na akụrụngwa nke ihe nkiri composite oriri nke HPMC/HPS, na mmetụta nke mkpokọta dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche na-ahụ maka ngwa anya na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke sistemu nhazi. E guzobere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na macroscopic Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS compound system site na ijikọta microstructure nke usoro ihe mejupụtara, dị ka microstructure, ntughari oge na nkewa nke oge, na ihe macroscopic dị ka ngwa anya na akụrụngwa. Isi ihe nchoputa bu nke a:

1. Usoro nyocha nke anya microscope iji mata ọdịiche nke usoro starch site na nsị iodine bụ ụzọ kachasị mfe, kpọmkwem na nke dị irè maka ịmụ ihe gbasara ọdịdị ọdịdị na ngbanwe nke usoro ngwakọta starch dabeere. Site na ntụpọ ayodiin, usoro starch na-apụta na-agba ọchịchịrị ma na-agba ọchịchịrị n'okpuru microscopy ọkụ, ebe HPMC enweghị ntụpọ ya mere ọ na-apụta na agba.
2. The HPMC/HPS compound system is not miscible, na e nwere a na-adọ mgbanwe n'ókè na usoro onyinye, na nke a na-adọ mgbanwe n'ókè nwere a ụfọdụ compound ratio ndabere na ngwọta ntinye uche ndabere.
3. Usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS nwere ezigbo ndakọrịta, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mesophases dị na sistemu akụrụngwa. N'ime etiti etiti, a na-agbasasị usoro na-aga n'ihu n'ime oge gbasasịrị na steeti ahụ.
4. The gbasasịa na-adọ nke HPS na HPMC matriks gosiri yiri spherical udi na iche iche iche; HPMC gosiri morphology na-adịghị agafe agafe na HPS matrix, na mmebi nke usoro ọmụmụ ahụ mụbara site na mmụba nke itinye uche.
5. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure, mgbanwe nke oge, nghọta na akụrụngwa nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS. a. Ebe kachasị dị ala nke nghọta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara kwekọrọ na ntụgharị oge nke HPMC site na oge na-aga n'ihu ruo oge a gbasasịrị na nke kacha nta nke mbelata nke modul tensile. b. Modules na elongation na-eto eto na nkwụsịtụ na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ntinye ngwọta, bụ nke metụtara mgbanwe morphological nke HPMC site na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu ruo na-agbasasị n'ime usoro nhazi.

Na nchịkọta, akụrụngwa macroscopic nke HPMC/HPS composite system nwere njikọ chiri anya na usoro morphological microscopic ya, mgbanwe nke oge, nkewa nkewa na ihe ndị ọzọ, enwere ike ịhazi njirimara nke ihe mejupụtara ya site n'ịchịkwa usoro nhazi na ndakọrịta nke ihe mejupụtara ya. usoro.

Isi nke 5 Mmetụta nke HPS Hydroxypropyl Degree Degree na Rheological Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS Compound System

A maara nke ọma na obere mgbanwe na usoro kemịkal nke starch nwere ike ime ka mgbanwe dị egwu na njirimara rheological ya. Ya mere, mgbanwe kemịkalụ na-enye ohere iji melite na ịchịkwa njirimara rheological nke ngwaahịa ndị dabeere na starch [342]. N'aka nke ya, ịmara mmetụta nke usoro kemịkalụ starch na akụrụngwa ya nwere ike ịghọta nke ọma nhazi akụrụngwa nke ngwaahịa starch, ma nye ihe ndabere maka imepụta starch emezigharịrị nwere njirimara arụ ọrụ starch ka mma [235]. Hydroxypropyl starch bụ ọkachamara gbanwetụrụ starch nke a na-ejikarị na ngalaba nri na ọgwụ. A na-akwadokarị ya site na mmeghachi omume etherification nke starch obodo na propylene oxide n'okpuru ọnọdụ alkaline. Hydroxypropyl bụ otu hydrophilic. Iwebata otu ndị a n'ime agbụ starch molecular nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ mebie njikọ intramolecular hydrogen nke na-edobe nhazi stachi granul. Ya mere, physicochemical Njirimara nke hydroxypropyl starch metụtara ogo nke nnọchi nke hydroxypropyl otu na molekụla yinye [233, 235, 343, 344].

Ọtụtụ ọmụmụ enyochala mmetụta nke ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl na njirimara physicochemical nke stachi hydroxypropyl. Han et al. mụọ mmetụta nke hydroxypropyl waxy starch na hydroxypropyl cornstarch na nhazi na ngbanwe nke achịcha osikapa Korea. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na hydroxypropylation nwere ike ibelata okpomoku gelatinization nke starch ma melite ikike ijide mmiri nke starch. arụmọrụ, ma gbochie ihe omume ịka nká nke starch na achịcha osikapa Korea [345]. Kaur et al. mụọ mmetụta nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi na physicochemical Njirimara dị iche iche iche nduku starch, na chọpụtara na ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi nduku starch dịgasị iche iche dị iche iche, na mmetụta ya na Njirimara nke starch na nnukwu urughuru size More ịrịba ama; mmeghachi omume hydroxypropylation na-akpata ọtụtụ iberibe na grooves n'elu starch granules; Ngbanwe nke hydroxypropyl nwere ike imeziwanye njirimara ọzịza, mmiri solubility na solubility nke starch na dimethyl sulfoxide, ma melite starch nghọta nke mado [346]. Lawal et al. mụrụ mmetụta nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl na njirimara nke starch nduku dị ụtọ. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosiri na mgbe mgbanwe hydroxypropyl gasịrị, a na-emeziwanye ikike ọzịza n'efu na mmiri solubility nke starch; a gbochiri recrystallization na retrogradation nke starch obodo; A na-emeziwanye ike mgbaze [347]. Schmitz et al. kwadebere hydroxypropyl tapioca starch wee chọpụta na ọ nwere ikike ọzịza dị elu na viscosity, ọnụ ọgụgụ ịka nká dị ala, yana nkwụsi ike dị elu nke friza-thaw [344].

Otú ọ dị, e nwere ole na ole ọmụmụ banyere rheological Njirimara nke hydroxypropyl starch, na mmetụta nke hydroxypropyl mgbanwe na rheological Njirimara na gel Njirimara nke starch dabeere compound ka adịkarịghị kọrọ ruo ugbu a. Chun et al. mụọ rheology nke obere ntinye uche (5%) hydroxypropyl rice starch solution. Nsonaazụ gosiri na mmetụta nke hydroxypropyl mgbanwe na ọnọdụ kwụ ọtọ na ike viscoelasticity nke starch ngwọta metụtara ogo nke nnọchi, na obere ego nke hydroxypropyl Propyl nnọchi nwere ike budata ịgbanwe rheological Njirimara nke starch ngwọta; ọnụọgụ viscosity nke ngwọta starch na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya, na ịdabere na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke akụrụngwa rheological ya na-abawanye na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl. Ọnụ ego ahụ na-ebelata site n'ịbawanye ogo nke nnọchi [342]. Lee et al. mụọ mmetụta nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi na anụ ahụ Njirimara na rheological Njirimara nke sweet nduku starch, na ya pụta gosiri na ọzịza ike na mmiri solubility starch mụbara na-abawanye nke ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi; Ọnụ ahịa enthalpy na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl; ọnụọgụ viscosity, viscosity dị mgbagwoju anya, nrụgide na-akpata, viscosity dị mgbagwoju anya na modulus ike nke starch ngwọta niile na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi, ndenye mmiri na ihe ọnwụ Ọ na-abawanye na ogo nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl; ike gel nke gluu starch na-ebelata, nkwụsi ike nke ifriizi-thaw na-abawanye, mmetụta syneresis na-ebelata [235].

N'isiakwụkwọ a, a mụrụ mmetụta nke HPS hydroxypropyl ngbanwe ogo na njirimara rheological na gel Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS oyi na ọkụ gel compound. Ọnọdụ mgbanwe dị oke mkpa maka nghọta miri emi nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nhazi nhazi na njirimara rheological. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a tụlere ụzọ nke usoro gelation nke HPMC/HPS reverse- cooling compound compound, iji nye ụfọdụ nduzi usoro iwu maka usoro gel ndị ọzọ na-agbanwe ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ.

5.1 Akụrụngwa na Akụrụngwa

5.1.1 Isi ihe nnwale

5.1.2 Isi ngwá ọrụ na akụrụngwa

5.2 Usoro nnwale

5.2.1 Nkwadebe nke ngwakọta ngwọta

15% HPMC/HPS ngwakọta ngwọta nwere dị iche iche compounding ratios (100/0, 50/50, 0/100) na HPS na dị iche iche hydroxypropyl nnọchi degrees (G80, A939, A1081). E gosipụtara usoro nkwadebe nke A1081, A939, HPMC na ihe ngwọta ha na 2.2.1. G80 na ihe ngwọta ya na HPMC bụ gelatinized site na-akpalite n'okpuru ọnọdụ 1500psi na 110 ° C na autoclave, n'ihi na G80 Native starch bụ nnukwu amylose (80%), na gelatinization okpomọkụ dị elu karịa 100 Celsius C, nke enweghị ike ịbụ. ruru site na usoro gelatinization mmiri-mmiri mbụ [348].

5.2.2 Njirimara Rheological nke ihe ngwọta HPMC/HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl.

5.2.2.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha rheological

Dị ka 2.2.2.1

5.2.2.2 Usoro ule usoro

A na-eji mpempe efere yiri nke nwere dayameta nke 60 mm, na oghere efere ahụ ka edobere 1 mm.

1. Enwere usoro nnwale erute tupu shea na thixotropy nke ọkwa atọ. Dị ka 2.2.2.2.
2. Usoro nnwale nke na-enweghị pre-shiee na mgbanaka thixotropic thixotropy. Okpomọkụ nnwale bụ 25 Celsius C, a. Ịkwacha akwa na ọsọ na-arịwanye elu, ọnụ ọgụgụ nkwụsị nke 0-1000 s-1, oge ịkpụ 1 min; b. Ịkpụcha ihe mgbe niile, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ịkpụcha 1000 s-1, oge ịkpụ 1 min; c. Mbelata nke ịkpụcha ọsọ ọsọ, oke nha nha bụ 1000-0s-1, na oge ịkpụcha ihe bụ 1 min.

5.2.2.3 Oscillation mode ule usoro

A na-eji ihe nkwụnye efere yiri ya na dayameta nke 60 mm, na-edozi oghere efere na 1 mm.

1. Nzacha agbanwe agbanwe. Nwale okpomọkụ 25 °C, ugboro 1 Hz, nrụrụ 0.01-100 %.
2. Nyocha okpomọkụ. Ugboro 1 Hz, nrụrụ 0.1%, a. Usoro ikpo ọkụ, okpomọkụ 5-85 Celsius C, ọkụ ọkụ 2 Celsius C / min; b. Usoro jụrụ oyi, okpomọkụ 85-5 Celsius C, ọnụego jụrụ oyi 2 Celsius C / min. A na-eji akara mmanụ silicone gburugburu ihe nlele ahụ ka ịzenarị mmiri mmiri n'oge ule.
3. Ntugharị ugboro ugboro. Mgbanwe 0.1%, ugboro 1-100 rad / s. Emere ule ndị a na 5 Celsius C na 85 Celsius C, n'otu n'otu, ma hazie ya na okpomọkụ ule maka nkeji 5 tupu nnwale.

Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti modulus nchekwa G' na ọnwụ modulus G″ nke ngwọta polymer na ugboro angular ω na-agbaso iwu ike:

ebe n' na n″ bụ mkpọda log G'-log ω na log G″-log ω, n'otu n'otu;

G0′ na G0″ bụ ntinye nke log G'-log ω na log G″-log ω, n'otu n'otu.

5.2.3 Optical microscope

5.2.3.1 Ụkpụrụ akụrụngwa

Dị ka 4.2.3.1

5.2.3.2 Usoro ule

E wepụrụ ihe ngwọta 3% 5:5 HPMC/HPS na okpomọkụ dị iche iche nke 25 Celsius C, 45 Celsius C, na 85 Celsius C, tụbara na slide iko nke edobere n'otu okpomọkụ, ma tụba n'ime ihe nkiri dị mkpa. ngwọta oyi akwa na nke a mịrị amị n'otu okpomọkụ. Ejiri ihe ngwọta iodine 1% mee ihe nkiri ndị ahụ, tinye ya n'ọhịa microscope ọkụ maka nlele na eserese.

5.3 Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka

5.3.1 Viscosity na usoro nyocha usoro

5.3.1.1 Usoro nnwale ọsọ na-enweghị pre-shiee na thixotropic mgbanaka thixotropy

N'iji usoro nnwale nke eruba na-enweghị tupu ịkpacha ya na usoro thixotropic mgbanaka thixotropic, a mụrụ viscosity nke ihe ngwọta nke HPMC/HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl HPS. E gosipụtara nsonaazụ ya na eserese 5-1. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na viscosity nke ihe atụ niile na-egosi mgbanwe na-ebelata na mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ shear n'okpuru ọrụ nke ike shear, na-egosi ọkwa ụfọdụ nke ihe na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ dị nro. Ọtụtụ ihe ngwọta polymer ma ọ bụ gbazee dị elu na-enweta nkwụsịtụ siri ike na nhazigharị mkpụrụ ndụ n'okpuru shear, si otú a na-egosipụta àgwà mmiri pseudoplastic [305, 349, 350]. Agbanyeghị, ogo mkparị shear nke HPMC/HPS compound nke HPS nwere ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl dị iche iche.

Fig. 5-1 Viscosities vs. Shear rate of the HPS/HPMC solution with different hydropropyl nnọchi ogo HPS (na-enweghị tupu ịkpacha ajị, akara siri ike na oghere na-eweta ọnụ ọgụgụ na-abawanye na mbelata ọnụego usoro, n'otu n'otu)

Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na viscosity na shear thinning ogo nke ihe nlele HPS dị ọcha dị elu karịa nke ihe atụ nke HPMC/HPS, ebe nrịbama nrịanrịa nke ngwọta HPMC bụ nke kasị ala, karịsịa n'ihi na viscosity nke HPS. na obere okpomọkụ dị elu nke ukwuu karịa nke HPMC. Na mgbakwunye, maka ngwọta ngwakọ HPMC/HPS nwere otu ihe mejupụtara, viscosity na-abawanye site na ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na mgbakwunye nke otu hydroxypropyl na starch molecules na-agbaji njikọ nke hydrogen intermolecular ma si otú a na-eduga na mgbawa nke granules starch. Hydroxypropylation nke ukwuu belatara ihe nrịba nke starch nke shii, na ihe nrịba nke shii nke starch obodo bụ nke pụtara ìhè. Site na mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke ogo nnọchi ngbanwe hydroxypropyl, ogo ịhịa aka n'ahụ nke HPS ji nwayọọ nwayọọ belata.

Nlele niile nwere mgbanaka thixotropic na mgbanaka nhụsianya-shiee ọnụ ọgụgụ, na-egosi na ihe nlele niile nwere ogo thixotropy. A na-anọchi anya ike thixotropic site na nha nke mpaghara mgbanaka thixotropic. Ihe atụ nke thixotropic bụ [351]. Enwere ike ịgbakọ ihe nrịbama nrịba n na viscosity coefficient K nke ihe nlere anya site n'iwu ike Ostwald-de Waele (lee nha nha (2-1)).

Tebụl 5-1 Ndekọ omume na-efe efe (n) na ntụzịaka mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe (K) n'oge ọnụego na-abawanye na mbelata usoro ọnụego yana mpaghara thixotropy loop nke ngwọta HPS/HPMC nwere ogo nnọchi hydropropyl dị iche iche nke HPS na 25 Celsius C.

Tebụl 5-1 na-egosi ntinye nrịbama n, viscosity coefficient K na mpaghara mgbanaka thixotropic nke HPMC/HPS ngwakọta ngwọta nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl HPS n'ime usoro ịba ụba na ibelata ịkwa osisi. Enwere ike ịhụ site na tebụl na ntinye index n nke ihe nlele niile na-erughị 1, na-egosi na ngwọta nlele niile bụ mmiri mmiri pseudoplastic. Maka sistemu ngwakọ HPMC/HPS nwere otu ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl, ntinye ntinye n na-abawanye site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, na-egosi na mgbakwunye nke HPMC na-eme ka ngwakọta ngwakọta na-egosipụta njirimara mmiri Newton siri ike. Otú ọ dị, na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, ọnụọgụ viscosity K na-ebelata na-aga n'ihu, na-egosi na mgbakwunye nke HPMC na-ebelata viscosity nke ngwọta ngwakọta, n'ihi na viscosity coefficient K dị nhata na viscosity. The n uru na K uru nke dị ọcha HPS na dị iche iche hydroxypropyl nnọchi degrees na ịrị elu shiee ogbo ha abụọ mbelata na mmụba nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi ogo, na-egosi na hydroxypropylation mgbanwe nwere ike melite pseudoplasticity nke starch na ibelata viscosity nke starch ngwọta. N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, uru nke n na-abawanye site na mmụba nke ogo ngbanwe na mbelata shear ogbo, na-egosi na hydroxypropylation na-eme ka omume mmiri Newtonian na-eme ka ihe ngwọta dịkwuo elu mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. N uru na uru K nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS metụtara ma HPS hydroxypropylation na HPMC, bụ nke sitere na omume ha jikọtara ọnụ. N'iji ya tụnyere mmụba na-akpụ akpụ, ụkpụrụ n nke ihe atụ niile dị na nkwụsị nke na-ebelata abawanye, ebe ụkpụrụ K bịara dị ntakịrị, na-egosi na viscosity nke ihe ngwọta nke ngwakọta ahụ belatara mgbe ịkwachara ngwa ngwa, na Ebuliri omume mmiri Newtonian nke ngwọta ngwakọta. .

Mpaghara nke mgbanaka thixotropic belatara na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, na-egosi na mgbakwunye nke HPMC belatara thixotropy nke ngwakọta ngwakọta ma mee ka nkwụsi ike ya dị mma. Maka ihe ngwọta nke HPMC/HPS nwere otu ihe mejupụtara, mpaghara mgbanaka thixotropic na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl, na-egosi na hydroxypropylation na-eme ka nkwụsi ike nke HPS dịkwuo mma.

5.3.1.2 Usoro ịkwa akwa na ụzọ thixotropic nke mbụ na nke atọ.

A na-eji usoro shear na tupu shea mụọ mgbanwe nke viscosity nke ihe ngwọta nke HPMC/HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi HPS na ọnụ ọgụgụ shear. E gosipụtara nsonaazụ ya na eserese 5-2. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na ngwọta HPMC na-egosi na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro, ebe ihe atụ ndị ọzọ na-egosi ncha ntutu. Nke a kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ a na-enweta na usoro ịkwa akwa na-enweghị tupu ịkwachaa. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na n'ọnụọgụ dị ala, ihe nlele nke hydroxypropyl nke ukwuu na-egosipụta mpaghara ala dị larịị.

Fig. 5-2 Viscosities vs. Shear rate of the HPS/HPMC solution with different hydropropyl nnyocha ogo HPS (ya na tupu ịkwachaa)

A na-egosi viscosity zero-shear (h0), index flow (n) na viscosity coefficient (K) enwetara site na dabara na Tebụl 5-2. Site na tebụl, anyị nwere ike ịhụ na maka ihe atụ HPS dị ọcha, ụkpụrụ n nwetara site na ụzọ abụọ ahụ na-abawanye na ogo nke nnọchi, na-egosi na omume siri ike nke starch ngwọta na-ebelata ka ogo nke nnọchi na-abawanye. Site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, ụkpụrụ n niile gosipụtara ọnọdụ ala, na-egosi na HPMC belatara omume siri ike nke ngwọta. Nke a na-egosi na nsonaazụ nyocha qualitative nke ụzọ abụọ a na-agbanwe agbanwe.

N'ịtụle data enwetara maka otu ihe atụ n'okpuru ụzọ ule dị iche iche, a na-achọpụta na uru nke n nwetara mgbe a na-akpachasị ihe mgbe niile karịa nke a na-enweta site na usoro na-enweghị tupu ịkwachaa, nke na-egosi na usoro ihe mejupụtara nke mbụ nwetara. -ịkpacha usoro bụ ihe siri ike-dị ka omume dị ala karịa nke a tụrụ site na usoro na-enweghị tupu ịkwa akwa. Nke a bụ n'ihi na nsonaazụ ikpeazụ enwetara na ule ahụ na-enweghị tupu ịkwa akwa bụ n'ezie nsonaazụ nke ngwakọta nke ọnụ ọgụgụ shear na oge ịkpụcha oge, ebe usoro ule na-ebu ụzọ kpochapụ mmetụta thixotropic site na nnukwu shear maka oge ụfọdụ. oge. Ya mere, usoro a nwere ike ikpebi n'ụzọ ziri ezi nke shear thinning onu na eruba àgwà nke compound.

Site na tebụl, anyị nwekwara ike ịhụ na n'ihi na otu compounding ratio (5: 5), n uru nke compounding usoro dị nso 1, na tupu sheared n na-abawanye na ogo nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi Ọ na-egosi na HPMC bụ. a na-aga n'ihu na-adọ na compound usoro, na HPMC nwere ike mmetụta na starch samples na ala hydroxypropyl nnọchi ogo, nke kwekọrọ n'ihi na n uru na-abawanye na-abawanye nke nnọchi ogo na-enweghị tupu ịkpacha ajị na megidere. Ụkpụrụ K nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ya na ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi n'ime ụzọ abụọ ahụ yiri ya, ọ dịghịkwa ihe na-emekarị nke ọma, ebe zero-shear viscosity na-egosi usoro doro anya nke ala, n'ihi na viscosity efu na-adabere na shear. ọnụego. Viscosity dị n'ime nwere ike igosipụta njirimara nke ihe ahụ n'onwe ya.

Fig. 5-3 Nkeji atọ thixotropy nke ngwọta ngwakọta HPS/HPMC nwere ogo nnọchi hydropropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

A na-eji usoro thixotropic nke atọ mee ihe iji mụọ mmetụta nke ọkwa dị iche iche nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi nke hydroxypropyl starch na thixotropic Njirimara nke usoro nhazi. Enwere ike ịhụ ya site na eserese 5-3 na n'ime obere ihe nkedo dị ala, viscosity ngwọta na-ebelata na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, ma na-ebelata na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi, nke kwekọrọ na iwu nke viscosity efu efu.

A na-egosipụta ogo nke mgbake nhazi mgbe oge dị iche iche dị na mgbake mgbake site na viscosity mgbake ọnụego DSR, na usoro ngụkọ gosipụtara na 2.3.2. Enwere ike ịhụ site na Tebụl 5-2 na n'ime otu oge mgbake ahụ, DSR nke HPS dị ọcha dị ntakịrị karịa nke HPMC dị ọcha, nke bụ n'ihi na molekul HPMC bụ eriri siri ike, na oge ezumike ya dị mkpụmkpụ, yana Enwere ike nwetaghachi ihe owuwu ahụ n'ime obere oge. gbakee. Ọ bụ ezie na HPS bụ agbụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, oge ezumike ya na-adị ogologo, na mgbake nhazi ahụ na-ewe ogologo oge. Site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya, DSR nke HPS dị ọcha na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya, na-egosi na hydroxypropylation na-eme ka mgbanwe nke yinye starch molekụla dịkwuo mma ma mee ka oge ezumike nke HPS dị ogologo. DSR nke ngwakọta ihe ngwọta dị ala karịa nke HPS dị ọcha na ihe nlele HPMC dị ọcha, mana na mmụba nke ngbanwe nke HPS hydroxypropyl, DSR nke ihe nlele ahụ na-abawanye, nke na-egosi na thixotropy nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na-abawanye na mmụba nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Ọ na-ebelata site n'ịbawanye ogo nke ngbanwe radical, nke kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ ya na-enweghị tupu ịkwachaa.

Isiokwu 5-2 Zero shiee viscosity (h0), eruba omume index (n), mmiri mmiri anọgidesi index index (K) n'oge na-abawanye ọnụego na ogo nke Ọdịdị mgbake (DSR) mgbe ụfọdụ mgbake oge maka HPS/HPMC ngwọta na dị iche iche hydropropyl. ngbanwe ogo nke HPS na 25 Celsius

Na nchịkọta, ule steeti kwụsiri ike na-enweghị ịkwa akwa na ule thixotropic mgbanaka thixotropy nwere ike nyochaa nke ọma n'omume nwere nnukwu ọrụ dị iche iche, mana maka ogige ndị nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche na obere arụmọrụ dị iche. ezigbo nsonaazụ, n'ihi na data ndị a tụrụ atụ bụ nsonaazụ zuru oke nke mmetụta nke nha nha na oge ịkpụ, na enweghị ike igosipụta mmetụta nke otu mgbanwe n'ezie.

5.3.2 Mpaghara viscoelastic Linear

A maara nke ọma na maka hydrogels, modulus nchekwa G' na-ekpebisi ike site na ike, ike na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụdọ molekụla dị irè, na modul modul G′′ na-ekpebi site na mbugharị, ngagharị na esemokwu nke obere ụmụ irighiri ihe na otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ. . A na-ekpebi ya site na oriri ike esemokwu dị ka ịma jijiji na ntụgharị. Akara ngosi ịdị adị nke njikọ nke modulus nchekwa G′ na modul ọnwụ G″ (ie. tan δ = 1). A na-akpọ mgbanwe site na ngwọta na gel gel point. A na-ejikarị modulus nchekwa G' na modulus ọnwụ G″ amụ gbasara omume gelation, ọnụego nhazi na ihe nhazi nke nhazi netwọk gel [352]. Ha nwekwara ike na-egosipụta mmepe nke ime ime na usoro ihe omimi n'oge nhazi nke netwọk gel. njikọ [353].

Ọgụgụ 5-4 na-egosi nhịahụ nhịahụ nke ngwọta ngwakọ HPMC/HPS nwere ogo hydroxypropyl dị iche iche HPS n'ogo nke 1 Hz yana ụdị ụdị nke 0.01%-100%. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na na mpaghara nrụrụ ala (0.01-1%), ihe nlele niile ma e wezụga HPMC bụ G′> G″, na-egosi steeti gel. Maka HPMC, G′ dị n'ụdị ya niile Usoro agbanwe agbanwe na-adịkarị ala karịa G”, na-egosi na HPMC nọ na ọnọdụ ngwọta. Na mgbakwunye, nrụrụ dabere nke viscoelasticity nke ihe atụ dị iche iche. Maka ihe nlele G80, ịdabere ugboro ugboro nke viscoelasticity pụtara ìhè: mgbe nrụrụ ahụ karịrị 0.3%, enwere ike ịhụ na G' ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, yana mmụba dị ukwuu na G. mmụba, yana mmụba dị ukwuu na tan δ; ma na-agbakọta mgbe ọnụọgụ nrụrụ dị 1.7%, nke na-egosi na nhazi netwọk gel nke G80 mebiri emebi nke ukwuu mgbe ọnụọgụ nrụrụ gafere 1.7%, ọ nọkwa na ọnọdụ ngwọta.

Fig. 5-4 modul nchekwa (G′) na modul ọnwụ (G″) vs. strain maka HPS/HPMC na-agwakọta ogo hydroypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS (Akara siri ike na oghere dị G' na G″, otu n'otu)

Fig. 5-5 tan δ vs. strain for HPMC/HPS ngwakọta ngwọta na dị iche iche hydropropyl nnọchi ogo nke HPS

Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na mpaghara viscoelastic linear nke HPS dị ọcha na-ebelata nke ọma site na mbelata ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ka ogo HPS hydroxypropyl nke nnọchi na-abawanye, mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na tan δ curve na-apụta na oke nrụrụ dị elu. Karịsịa, mpaghara viscoelastic linear nke G80 bụ nke kacha dị warara n'omume niile. Ya mere, a na-eji mpaghara viscoelastic linear nke G80 chọpụta

Usoro maka ịchọpụta uru nke mgbanwe nrụrụ na usoro ule ndị a. Maka sistemu ngwakọ HPMC/HPS nwere otu ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, mpaghara viscoelastic ahịrị ahịrị na-agbadakwa site na mbelata ogo ngbanwe hydroxypropyl nke HPS, mana mmetụta mbelata nke ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl na mpaghara viscoelastic linear abụghị ihe doro anya.

5.3.3 Viscoelastic Njirimara n'oge kpo oku na jụrụ

Njirimara viscoelastic siri ike nke HPMC/HPS compound nke HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl ka egosiri na eserese 5-6. Dị ka a na-ahụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ a, HPMC na-egosipụta ọkwa anọ n'oge usoro ikpo ọkụ: mpaghara mbụ dị larịị, usoro nhazi abụọ na-emepụta, na mpaghara ala dị larịị. N'ọkwa mgbago mbụ, G′ <G″, ụkpụrụ G' na G″ dị ntakịrị, ma na-agbada ntakịrị site na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, na-egosi omume viscoelastic mmiri nkịtị. The thermal gelation nke HPMC nwere ụzọ abụọ dị iche iche nke nhazi nhazi nke jikọtara site na nkwụsị nke G' na G″ (ya bụ, ebe mgbanwe ngwọta-gel, gburugburu 49 Celsius C), nke kwekọrọ na akụkọ ndị gara aga. Na-agbanwe agbanwe [160, 354]. Na elu okpomọkụ, n'ihi hydrophobic mkpakọrịta na hydrophilic mkpakọrịta, HPMC ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-etolite a cross-network Ọdịdị [344, 355, 356]. Na mpaghara ala dị larịị nke ọdụ, ụkpụrụ G′ na G″ dị elu, nke na-egosi na arụrụ ọrụ netwọkụ gel HPMC zuru oke.

Usoro anọ a nke HPMC na-apụta n'usoro n'usoro n'usoro ka okpomọkụ na-ebelata. Njikọta nke G' na G″ na-atụgharị gaa na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị ala na ihe dịka 32 Celsius n'oge oge oyi, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi hysteresis [208] ma ọ bụ mmetụta condensation nke yinye na obere okpomọkụ [355]. Yiri HPMC, ndị ọzọ samples n'oge okpomọkụ usoro E nwekwara anọ nkebi na, na reversible onu na-eme n'oge jụrụ usoro. Agbanyeghị, enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na G80 na A939 na-egosi usoro dị mfe na-enweghị njikọ n'etiti G na G”, na akụkụ G80 anaghị apụta. Ebe ikpo okwu dị n'azụ.

Maka HPS dị ọcha, ogo dị elu nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl nwere ike ịgbanwe ma nke mbụ na nke ikpeazụ nke nhazi gel, karịsịa okpomọkụ mbụ, nke bụ 61 Celsius C maka G80, A939, na A1081, n'otu n'otu. , 62 Celsius C na 54 Celsius C. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, maka ihe nlele HPMC/HPS nwere otu ihe mgbagwoju anya, ka ogo nke ngbanwe na-abawanye, ụkpụrụ G' na G" abụọ na-ebelata, nke kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ ọmụmụ gara aga [357, 358]. Ka ogo nke ngbanwe na-abawanye, ọdịdị nke gel na-adị nro. Ya mere, hydroxypropylation na-agbaji usoro iwu kwadoro nke starch obodo ma mee ka hydrophilicity ya dịkwuo mma [343].

Maka ihe atụ ngwakọta HPMC/HPS, ma G′ na G″ gbadara site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl, nke dabara na nsonaazụ HPS dị ọcha. Ọzọkwa, na mgbakwunye na nke HPMC, ogo nnọchi anya nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na G′ Mmetụta dị na G” na-adị ntakịrị.

Ntugharị viscoelastic niile nke ihe atụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS gosipụtara otu omume ahụ, nke dabara na HPS na obere okpomọkụ yana HPMC na oke okpomọkụ. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, na okpomọkụ dị ala, HPS na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-ahụ maka viscoelastic nke usoro mgbagwoju anya, ebe na elu okpomọkụ HPMC na-ekpebi njirimara viscoelastic nke usoro mgbagwoju anya. Ihe kpatara nsonaazụ a bụ maka HPMC. Karịsịa, HPS bụ gel oyi, nke na-agbanwe site na ọnọdụ gel na ọnọdụ ngwọta mgbe ọkụ; N'ụzọ megidere nke ahụ, HPMC bụ gel na-ekpo ọkụ, nke na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emepụta gel na-enwe ọganihu netwọk okpomọkụ. Maka usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS, na obere okpomọkụ, akụrụngwa gel nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara na-enye aka site na HPS oyi gel, na na okpomọkụ dị elu, na okpomọkụ dị ọkụ, gelation nke HPMC na-achịkwa na usoro nhazi.

Fig. 5-6 modul nchekwa (G′), modul ọnwụ (G″) na tan δ vs. okpomọkụ maka ngwakọta ngwakọta HPS/HPMC yana ogo nnọchi hydroypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

Modul nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS, dịka a tụrụ anya, dị n'etiti modul nke HPMC dị ọcha na HPS dị ọcha. Ọzọkwa, usoro mgbagwoju anya na-egosipụta G′> G″ n'ogo nyocha nke okpomọkụ niile, nke na-egosi na ma HPMC na HPS nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ nke hydrogen intermolecular na ụmụ irighiri mmiri, n'otu n'otu, ma nwee ike ịmepụta njikọ hydrogen intermolecular n'etiti ibe ha. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, N'elu ihe na-akpata ọnwụ, usoro niile dị mgbagwoju anya nwere tan δ elu na ihe dịka 45 Celsius C, na-egosi na mgbanwe mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na-eme na usoro mgbagwoju anya. A ga-atụle mgbanwe usoro a na 5.3.6 na-esote. gaa n'ihu na mkparịta ụka ahụ.

5.3.4 Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na ogige viscosity

Ịghọta mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na rheological Njirimara nke ihe dị mkpa n'ihi na okpomọkụ dịgasị iche iche nke nwere ike ime n'oge nhazi na nchekwa [359, 360]. Na nso nke 5 Celsius C - 85 Celsius, mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na mgbagwoju anya viscosity nke HPMC/HPS compound ngwọta na dị iche iche degrees nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi HPS na-egosi na Figure 5-7. Site na eserese 5-7 (a), enwere ike ịhụ na viscosity dị mgbagwoju anya nke HPS dị ọcha na-ebelata nke ukwuu na mmụba nke okpomọkụ; viscosity nke HPMC dị ọcha na-ebelata ntakịrị site na mbụ ruo 45 Celsius na mmụba nke okpomọkụ. kwalite.

Ntugharị viscosity nke ihe atụ ogige niile gosipụtara usoro ndị yiri ya na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, na-ebu ụzọ na-agbada site na mmụba okpomọkụ wee na-abawanye na okpomọkụ na-abawanye. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, viscosity nke ihe ndị a na-ejikọta ọnụ dị nso na HPS na obere okpomọkụ na nso nke HPMC na okpomọkụ dị elu. Nsonaazụ a jikọtara ya na omume gelation pụrụ iche nke ma HPMC na HPS. Ntugharị viscosity nke ihe atụ jikọtara ọnụ gosipụtara mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na 45 Celsius C, ikekwe n'ihi mgbanwe ngbanwe na usoro HPMC/HPS. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mma ịmara na viscosity nke G80/HPMC 5: 5 compound sample na elu okpomọkụ dị elu karịa nke HPMC dị ọcha, nke bụ isi n'ihi viscosity dị elu nke G80 na okpomọkụ dị elu [361]. N'okpuru otu ngwakọta ngwakọta, viscosity ngwakọta nke sistemu ngwakọta na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Ya mere, iwebata otu hydroxypropyl n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe starch nwere ike iduga nbibi nke njikọ hydrogen intramolecular n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ starch.

Fig. 5-7 Mgbagwoju anya viscosity vs. okpomọkụ maka HPS/HPMC na-agwakọta ogo hydroypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

Mmetụta nke okpomọkụ na viscosity dị mgbagwoju anya nke HPMC / HPS na-ejikọta mmekọrịta Arrhenius n'ime ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, na viscosity dị mgbagwoju anya nwere mmekọrịta dị egwu na okpomọkụ. Usoro Arrhenius bụ nke a:

N'ime ha, η * bụ mgbagwoju anya viscosity, Pa s;

A bụ ihe na-adịgide adịgide, Pa s;

T bụ okpomọkụ zuru oke, K;

R bụ gas na-adịgide adịgide, 8.3144 J·mol–1·K–1;

E bụ ike ịgbalite, J·mol–1.

Dabara dị ka usoro (5-3), viscosity-okpomọkụ usoro nke usoro ihe nwere ike kewaa n'akụkụ abụọ dị ka tan δ elu na 45 Celsius C; usoro nhazi na 5 Celsius C - 45 ° C na 45 ° C - 85 ° A na-egosi ụkpụrụ nke ike ịgbalite ike E na mgbe niile A nwetara site na ntinye na nso nke C na tebụl 5-3. The gbakọọ ụkpụrụ nke ebighị ike E dị n'etiti -174 kJ·mol-1 na 124 kJ·mol−1, na ụkpụrụ nke mgbe nile A bụ n'etiti 6.24 × 10-11 Pa·s na 1.99 × 1028 Pa·s. N'ime oke dabara adaba, ọnụọgụ mmekọrịta dabara adaba dị elu (R2 = 0.9071 -0.9892) ma ewezuga ihe nlele G80/HPMC. Ihe nlele G80/HPMC nwere ọnụọgụ njikọ dị ala (R2 = 0.4435) na oke okpomọkụ nke 45 Celsius C - 85 Celsius C, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ike siri ike nke G80 na ịdị arọ ya ngwa ngwa ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọnụego HPS Crystallization ndị ọzọ. 362]. Ngwongwo G80 a na-eme ka o yikarịrị ka ọ ga-etolite ogige na-abụghị otu mgbe ejiri HPMC jikọtara ya.

N'ebe okpomọkụ nke 5 °C - 45 Celsius C, uru E nke HPMC/HPS composite sample dị ntakịrị ala karịa nke HPS dị ọcha, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti HPS na HPMC. Belata ndabere okpomọkụ nke viscosity. Uru E nke HPMC dị ọcha dị elu karịa nke nlele ndị ọzọ. Ike ịgbalite maka ihe nlele niile nwere starch nwere bụ ụkpụrụ dị mma dị ala, na-egosi na na obere okpomọkụ, mbelata viscosity na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ adịchaghị akpọpụta yana usoro ndị ahụ gosipụtara udidi starch.

Isiokwu 5-3 Arrhenius equation parameters (E: activation energy; A: constant; R 2: determination coefficient) site na Eq.(1) maka HPS/HPMC na-ejikọta ya na ogo dị iche iche nke hydroxypropylation nke HPS.

Otú ọ dị, na elu okpomọkụ nso nke 45 °C - 85 Celsius C, uru E gbanwere qualitatively n'etiti HPS dị ọcha na HPMC/HPS composite samples, na E uru nke HPS dị ọcha bụ 45.6 kJ·mol-1 - Na nso nke 124 kJ·mol−1, ụkpụrụ E nke ogige ndị dị na nso -3.77 kJ·mol−1- -72.2 kJ·mol-1. Mgbanwe a na-egosiputa mmetụta siri ike nke HPMC na-arụ ọrụ ike nke usoro mgbagwoju anya, dịka uru E nke HPMC dị ọcha bụ -174 kJ mol-1. Ụkpụrụ E nke HPMC dị ọcha na usoro mgbagwoju anya dị njọ, nke na-egosi na na okpomọkụ dị elu, viscosity na-abawanye na okpomọkụ na-arịwanye elu, na ogige ahụ na-egosipụta ụdị omume HPMC.

Mmetụta nke HPMC na HPS na mgbagwoju anya viscosity nke HPMC/HPS ngwakọta usoro na elu okpomọkụ na obere okpomọkụ kwekọrọ na ndị a tụlere viscoelastic Njirimara.

5.3.5 Dynamic n'ibu Njirimara

Ọnụọgụ 5-8 na-egosi usoro nzacha ugboro ugboro na 5 Celsius C nke ngwọta ngwakọta HPMC/HPS nke HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na HPS dị ọcha na-egosipụta ụdị omume siri ike (G′> G″), ebe HPMC bụ omume mmiri (G′ <G″). Usoro HPMC/HPS niile gosipụtara omume siri ike. Maka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nlele ahụ, ma G na G″ na-abawanye na ugboro ole na-abawanye, na-egosi na omume siri ike nke ihe ahụ siri ike.

HPMC dị ọcha na-egosipụta ndabere doro anya ugboro ole siri ike ịhụ na nlele HPS dị ọcha. Dị ka a tụrụ anya, usoro mgbagwoju anya HPMC/HPS gosipụtara ụfọdụ n'ogo nke ndabere ugboro ole. Maka ihe nlele niile nwere HPS, n' na-adị ala mgbe niile karịa n″, G″ na-egosipụtakwa ndabere siri ike ugboro ugboro karịa G′, na-egosi na ihe nlele ndị a na-agbanwe karịa viscous [352, 359, 363]. Ya mere, a na-ekpebi arụmọrụ nke ihe atụ ndị a gbakọtara site na HPS, nke bụ n'ihi na HPMC na-enye ọnọdụ ngwọta viscosity dị ala na obere okpomọkụ.

Tebụl 5-4 n ′, n″, G0′ na G0″ maka HPS/HPMC nwere ogo nnọchi anya hydropropyl dị iche iche nke HPS na 5 Celsius dị ka ekwuru site na Eqs. (5-1) na (5-2)

Ihe oyiyi 5-8 modul nchekwa (G′) na modul ọnwụ (G″) vs. ugboro maka HPS/HPMC na-agwakọta ogo hydroypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS na 5 Celsius C.

HPMC dị ọcha na-egosipụta ndabere doro anya ugboro ole siri ike ịhụ na nlele HPS dị ọcha. Dị ka a tụrụ anya maka mgbagwoju HPMC/HPS, usoro ligand gosipụtara ụfọdụ n'ogo nke ịdabere ugboro ugboro. Maka ihe nlele niile nwere HPS, n' na-adị ala mgbe niile karịa n″, G″ na-egosipụtakwa ndabere siri ike ugboro ugboro karịa G′, na-egosi na ihe nlele ndị a na-agbanwe karịa viscous [352, 359, 363]. Ya mere, a na-ekpebi arụmọrụ nke ihe atụ ndị a gbakọtara site na HPS, nke bụ n'ihi na HPMC na-enye ọnọdụ ngwọta viscosity dị ala na obere okpomọkụ.

Ọnụọgụ 5-9 na-egosi usoro nzacha ugboro ugboro nke ngwọta ngwakọta HPMC/HPS nke HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl na 85°C. Dịka enwere ike ịhụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ a, ihe nlele HPS ndị ọzọ ma e wezụga A1081 gosipụtara omume siri ike. Maka A1081, ụkpụrụ G' na G" dị ezigbo nso, na G' dị ntakịrị karịa G", nke na-egosi na A1081 na-akpa àgwà dị ka mmiri mmiri.

Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na A1081 bụ gel oyi ma na-enweta mgbanwe gel-na-ngwọta na oke okpomọkụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, n'ihi na samples nwere otu compounding ruru, ụkpụrụ nke n', n″, G0′ na G0″ (Table 5-5) niile ebelata na mmụba nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi ogo, na-egosi na hydroxypropylation belatara siri ike- dị ka omume starch na elu okpomọkụ (85ºC). Karịsịa, n' na n″ nke G80 dị nso na 0, na-egosi omume siri ike siri ike; N'ụzọ dị iche, ụkpụrụ n' na n″ nke A1081 dị nso na 1, na-egosi omume mmiri siri ike. Ụkpụrụ n' na n" ndị a kwekọrọ na data maka G' na G". Na mgbakwunye, dị ka enwere ike ịhụ site na foto 5-9, ogo nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl nwere ike imeziwanye ndabere ugboro ugboro nke HPS na oke okpomọkụ.

Ihe oyiyi 5-9 modul nchekwa nchekwa (G′) na modul ọnwụ (G″) vs. ugboro maka HPS/HPMC na-agwakọta ogo hydroypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS na 85 Celsius C.

Ọnụọgụ 5-9 na-egosi na HPMC na-egosipụta ụdị omume siri ike dị ka (G′> G″) na 85°C, nke a na-ekwukarị na njirimara thermogel ya. Na mgbakwunye, G′ na G″ nke HPMC na-adịgasị iche na ugboro ole Mmụba agbanwebeghị nke ukwuu, na-egosi na ọ nweghị ndabere doro anya ugboro ole.

Maka sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS, ụkpụrụ nke n na n″ dị nso na 0, na G0′ dị elu nke ukwuu karịa G0 (Table″ 5-5), na-akwado omume ya siri ike. N'aka nke ọzọ, ngbanwe hydroxypropyl dị elu nwere ike ịgbanwe HPS site na siri ike-dị ka omume mmiri, ihe na-adịghị eme na ngwọta mgbagwoju anya. Na mgbakwunye, maka usoro ngwakọta agbakwunyere na HPMC, yana mmụba nke ugboro ole, ma G' na G” ka kwụsiri ike, ụkpụrụ nke n na n” dị nso na nke HPMC. Nsonaazụ ndị a niile na-egosi na HPMC na-achịkwa viscoelasticity nke sistemu agbakọtara na oke okpomọkụ nke 85 Celsius.

Tebụl 5-5 n′, n″, G0′ na G0″ maka HPS/HPMC nwere nnọchi hydropropyl dị iche iche nke HPS na 85 Celsius dị ka ekpebie site na Eqs. (5-1) na (5-2)

5.3.6 Morphology nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS

Mgbanwe nke akụkụ nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS site na microscope anya nwere ntụpọ iodine mụrụ. A nwalere sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS nwere oke 5:5 na 25 Celsius, 45 Celsius na 85 Celsius. A na-egosi onyonyo microscope ìhè ndị dị n'okpuru na foto 5-10. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na mgbe ejichara iodine agbaji, a na-esiji oge HPS ka ọ bụrụ agba gbara ọchịchịrị, oge HPMC na-egosikwa agba dị ọkụ n'ihi na ọ nweghị ike iji iodine siji ya. Ya mere, usoro abụọ nke HPMC/HPS nwere ike ịwapụta nke ọma. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu, mpaghara mpaghara gbara ọchịchịrị (HPS oge) na-abawanye na mpaghara mpaghara na-egbuke egbuke (HPMC phase) na-ebelata. Karịsịa, na 25 Celsius C, HPMC (agba na-egbuke egbuke) bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu na usoro HPMC/HPS composite, na obere akụkụ HPS (agba ọchịchịrị) gbasasịrị na HPMC na-aga n'ihu. N'ụzọ dị iche, na 85 Celsius C, HPMC ghọrọ obere oge na-agbasasịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịsịnụ na-aga n'ihu na usoro HPS.

Foto 5-8 Ụdị ọdịdị nke 1: 1 HPMC/HPS na-agwakọta na 25 Celsius C, 45 Celsius C na 85 Celsius C.

Site na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, a ga-enwe ebe mgbanwe nke usoro morphology nke usoro na-aga n'ihu site na HPMC gaa na HPS na usoro HPMC/HPS. Na tiori, o kwesịrị ime mgbe viscosity nke HPMC na HPS bụ otu ma ọ bụ yiri ya. Dị ka a na-ahụ site na micrographs 45 Celsius C na foto 5-10, ihe ngosi oge "oke osimiri-agwaetiti" a na-ahụkarị adịghị apụta, mana a na-ahụ usoro na-aga n'ihu. Nlebanya a na-akwadokwa eziokwu ahụ bụ na mgbanwe nke oge na-aga n'ihu nwere ike ime na tan δ kacha elu n'ime ihe nkwụsịtụ okpomọkụ nke a tụlere na 5.3.3.

Enwere ike ịhụ ya site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na na okpomọkụ dị ala (25 Celsius C), akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ọchịchịrị HPS gbasasịrị agbasa na-egosi ogo ụfọdụ nke agba na-egbuke egbuke, nke nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi na akụkụ nke HPMC dị na oge HPS na oge. ụdị nke a gbasasịrị agbasasị. etiti. N'otu aka ahụ, na okpomọkụ dị elu (85 Celsius C), a na-ekesa ụfọdụ ụmụ irighiri ihe gbara ọchịchịrị n'ụdị HPMC na-acha na-egbuke egbuke, na obere ihe ndị a gbara ọchịchịrị bụ usoro HPS na-aga n'ihu. Nlebanya ndị a na-atụ aro na ụfọdụ ogo mesophase dị na sistemụ ngwakọta HPMC-HPS, yabụ na-egosikwa na HPMC nwere ndakọrịta ụfọdụ na HPS.

5.3.7 Eserese eserese nke usoro mgbanwe nke HPMC/HPS

Dabere na omume rheological oge gboo nke ngwọta polymer na ihe mejupụtara gel ihe [216, 232] na ntụnyere na ogige ndị a tụlere n'akwụkwọ ahụ, a na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụkpụrụ maka mgbanwe nhazi nke ụlọ HPMC/HPS nwere okpomọkụ, dị ka egosiri na fig. 5-11.

Fig. 5-11 Atụmatụ atụmatụ nke sol-gel mgbanwe nke HPMC (a); HPS (b); na HPMC/HPS (c)

A mụọla omume gel nke HPMC na usoro mgbanwe mgbanwe gel metụtara ya nke ukwuu [159, 160, 207, 208]. Otu n'ime ndị a nabatara nke ọma bụ na agbụ HPMC dị na ngwọta n'ụdị ngwugwu ekpokọtara. Ụyọkọ ndị a na-ejikọta ọnụ site na ijikọ ụfọdụ ihe arụrụ arụ cellulose na-adịghị edochi anya ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị ahụkebe, ma jikọtara ya na mpaghara ndị nwere nnukwu mmiri site na nchịkọta hydrophobic nke otu methyl na otu hydroxyl. Na obere okpomọkụ, ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-etolite ụlọ-dị ka ụlọ n'èzí methyl hydrophobic otu na shei shei n'èzí otu hydrophilic dị ka hydroxyl otu, na-egbochi HPMC emepụta interchain hydrogen bonds na obere okpomọkụ. Ka okpomọkụ na-abawanye, HPMC na-amịkọrọ ike na oghere mmiri ndị a na ihe mkpuchi mmiri na-agbaji, nke bụ kinetics nke mgbanwe ngwọta-gel. Nkwụsị nke oghere mmiri na shea mmiri na-ekpughe otu methyl na hydroxypropyl na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri, na-ebute mmụba dị ukwuu na ụda efu. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị elu, n'ihi njikọ hydrophobic nke ìgwè hydrophobic na njikọ hydrophilic nke ìgwè hydrophilic, a na-emepụta usoro netwọk akụkụ atọ nke gel n'ikpeazụ, dị ka egosiri na Figure 5-11 (a).

Mgbe gelatinization starch gasịrị, amylose na-agbaze site na starch granules iji mepụta otu oghere nke nwere oghere, nke na-emerụ ahụ na-aga n'ihu ma na-enye ọnọdụ nke mkpuchi mkpuchi. Ihe owuwu nke otu helix a na-etolite oghere hydrophobic n'ime na elu hydrophilic n'èzí. Ihe owuwu starch a siri ike na-enye ya nkwụsi ike ka mma [230-232]. Ya mere, HPS dị n'ụdị coils na-agbanwe agbanwe nke nwere akụkụ helical gbatịpụrụ na ngwọta mmiri na oke okpomọkụ. Ka okpomọkụ na-ebelata, njikọ hydrogen dị n'etiti HPS na ụmụ irighiri mmiri na-agbaji ma mmiri agbụ na-efunahụ. N'ikpeazụ, a na-emepụta usoro netwọk dị n'akụkụ atọ n'ihi nhazi nke njikọ hydrogen n'etiti ụdọ molecular, na a na-emepụta gel, dị ka egosiri na Figure 5-11 (b).

Na-emekarị, mgbe abụọ components na dị nnọọ iche viscosities na- compounded, elu viscosity akụrụngwa na-emekarị na-etolite a gbasasịa na-adọ na-agbasasịkwa na-aga n'ihu na-adọ nke ala viscosity akụrụngwa. N'obere okpomọkụ, viscosity nke HPMC dị obere karịa nke HPS. Ya mere, HPMC na-etolite usoro na-aga n'ihu na-agba gburugburu usoro gel-viscosity HPS. N'akụkụ akụkụ abụọ ahụ, otu hydroxyl dị na agbụ HPMC na-atụfu akụkụ nke mmiri agbụ wee mepụta njikọ intermolecular hydrogen na agbụ molekul HPS. N'oge usoro kpo oku, ụdọ molekụla HPS kpaliri n'ihi ịmịnye ike zuru oke ma mepụta njikọ hydrogen na ụmụ irighiri mmiri, na-ebute mgbawa nke usoro gel. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-ebibi ihe owuwu nke mmiri na ihe mkpuchi mmiri na agbụ HPMC ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa iji kpughee ìgwè hydrophilic na ụyọkọ hydrophobic. Na elu okpomọkụ, HPMC Nleta a jel netwọk Ọdịdị n'ihi intermolecular hydrogen agbụ na hydrophobic mkpakọrịta, na si otú na-aghọ a elu-viscosity chụgara frasi gbasasịrị na HPS na-aga n'ihu na-adọ nke random coils, dị ka e gosiri na Figure 5-11 (c). Ya mere, HPS na HPMC na-achịkwa rheological Njirimara, gel Njirimara na usoro morphology nke ihe mejupụtara gels na ala na elu okpomọkụ, n'otu n'otu.

Ntinye nke hydroxypropyl dị iche iche n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe starch na-agbaji usoro njikọ intramolecular hydrogen nyere iwu n'ime ya, nke mere na mkpụrụ ndụ amylose nke gelatinized nọ n'ọnọdụ fụrụ akpụ na gbatịa, nke na-abawanye ụda hydration dị mma nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ma na-egbochi ọchịchọ nke starch molecules ijikọ na-enweghị usoro. na mmiri ngwọta [362]. Ya mere, nnukwu na hydrophilic Njirimara nke hydroxypropyl na-eme ka nchikota nke amylose molecular chains na nhazi nke mpaghara njikọ njikọ siri ike [233]. Ya mere, na mbelata nke okpomọkụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere starch obodo, HPS na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nhazi netwọk gel dị nro ma dị nro.

Site na mmụba nke ogo ngbanwe nke hydroxypropyl, enwere obere iberibe helical gbatịa na ngwọta HPS, nke nwere ike mepụta njikọ hydrogen intermolecular na agbụ mkpụrụ ndụ HPMC na oke nke usoro abụọ ahụ, si otú a na-etolite usoro otu. Na mgbakwunye, hydroxypropylation na-ebelata viscosity nke starch, nke na-ebelata viscosity dị iche n'etiti HPMC na HPS na nhazi. Ya mere, ebe mgbanwe usoro na usoro mgbagwoju anya HPMC/HPS na-agbanwe gaa na okpomọkụ dị ala site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Enwere ike ikwenye nke a site na mgbanwe mberede na viscosity na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke ihe atụdogharịrị na 5.3.4.

5.4 Isi nchịkọta

N'ime isiakwụkwọ a, a kwadebere ihe ngwọta nke HPMC/HPS nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche, yana mmetụta nke HPS hydroxypropyl ngbanwe ogo na njirimara rheological na njirimara gel nke HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-enyocha site na rheometer. A mụrụ nkesa nkesa nke HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ jel composite composite analysis site na nyocha microscope nyocha anya nke iodine. Isi ihe nchoputa bu nke a:

1. N'ebe okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụlọ, viscosity na mkpari shii nke ngwọta ngwakọta HPMC/HPS belatara site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Nke a bụ n'ihi na iwebata otu hydroxypropyl n'ime molekul starch na-emebi usoro njikọ njikọ intramolecular ya ma mee ka hydrophilicity nke starch dịkwuo mma.
2. N'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ, viscosity zero-shear h0, flow index n, na viscosity coefficient K nke HPMC/HPS compound na-emetụta ma HPMC na hydroxypropylation. Site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPMC, viscosity zero shear viscosity h0 na-ebelata, ntinye index n na-abawanye, na viscosity coefficient K na-ebelata; na zero shear viscosity h0, flow index n na viscosity coefficient K nke dị ọcha HPS niile na-abawanye na hydroxyl Site na mmụba nke ogo nke nnọchi propyl, ọ na-adị ntakịrị; ma maka usoro ihe mejupụtara, zero shiee viscosity h0 na-ebelata na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya, ebe ntinye ntinye n na viscosity mgbe niile K na-abawanye na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi.
3. Usoro ịkpụcha ihe na-eji akwa akwa na nke atọ nke thixotropy nwere ike gosipụta nke ọma viscosity, ihe na-asọpụta na thixotropy nke ngwọta ngwakọta.
4. Mpaghara viscoelastic linear nke sistemu ngwakọta HPMC/HPS na-ebelata site na mbelata ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl nke HPS.
5. N'ime usoro ngwakọta gel na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, HPMC na HPS nwere ike ịmalite usoro na-aga n'ihu na obere okpomọkụ ma dị elu, n'otu n'otu. Mgbanwe nhazi nke usoro a nwere ike imetụta viscosity dị mgbagwoju anya, njirimara viscoelastic, ịdabere ugboro ugboro na njirimara gel nke gel dị mgbagwoju anya.
6. Dị ka agbasasị n'usoro, HPMC na HPS nwere ike ikpebi rheological Njirimara na jel Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS compound na elu na obere okpomọkụ, n'otu n'otu. Ntụgharị viscoelastic nke ihe atụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS kwekọrọ na HPS na obere okpomọkụ yana HPMC na oke okpomọkụ.
7. Ogo dị iche iche nke mgbanwe kemịkalụ nke usoro starch nwekwara mmetụta dị ukwuu na njirimara gel. Nsonaazụ gosiri na viscosity dị mgbagwoju anya, nchekwa nchekwa, na modul ọnwụ niile na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Ya mere, hydroxypropylation nke starch obodo nwere ike imebi usoro ya nyere iwu ma mee ka hydrophilicity nke starch dịkwuo elu, na-ebute udidi gel dị nro.
8. Hydroxypropylation nwere ike ibelata omume siri ike dị ka ihe ngwọta starch na obere okpomọkụ yana omume mmiri dị na elu okpomọkụ. Na obere okpomọkụ, ụkpụrụ nke n' na n' bịara ibu site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl; na oke okpomọkụ, n' na n″ ụkpụrụ bịara dị ntakịrị site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl.
9. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure, rheological Njirimara na gel Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS composite system e guzobere. Ma mgbanwe mberede na viscosity curve nke usoro mgbagwoju anya na tan δ kacha elu na nkwụsị ihe nkwụsị na-apụta na 45 Celsius C, nke kwekọrọ na ihe na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ na micrograph (na 45 Celsius C).

Na nchịkọta, HPMC/HPS oyi-ekpo ọkụ gel mejupụtara usoro na-egosipụta pụrụ iche okpomọkụ-achịkwa morphology na Njirimara. Site na mgbanwe kemịkalụ dị iche iche nke starch na cellulose, HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ gel compound nwere ike iji maka mmepe na ngwa nke ihe smart bara uru.

Isi nke 6 Mmetụta nke ogo ngbanwe HPS na Njirimara yana ndakọrịta sistemu nke membran composite HPMC/HPS.

Enwere ike ịhụ site n'Isi nke 5 na mgbanwe nke usoro kemịkalụ nke ihe ndị dị n'ime usoro ihe mejupụtara na-ekpebi ọdịiche dị na njirimara rheological, ihe gel na ihe nhazi ndị ọzọ nke usoro ihe mejupụtara. N'ozuzu arụmọrụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu.

Isiakwụkwọ a na-elekwasị anya na mmetụta nke usoro kemịkalụ nke ihe mejupụtara ya na microstructure na njirimara macroscopic nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS. Ejikọtara ya na mmetụta nke Isi nke 5 na njirimara rheological nke usoro ihe mejupụtara, a na-emepụta ihe ndị na-ahụ maka rheological nke HPMC/HPS composite system - mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe nkiri.

6.1 Akụrụngwa na Akụrụngwa

6.1.1 Isi ihe nnwale

6.1.2 Isi ihe na akụrụngwa

6.2 Usoro nnwale

6.2.1 Nkwadebe nke akpụkpọ anụ HPMC/HPS nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche.

Ngụkọta mkpokọta nke ngwakọta ihe ngwọta bụ 8% (w / w), HPMC / HP compound ratio bụ 10: 0, 5: 5, 0: 10, plasticizer bụ 2.4% (w / w) polyethylene glycol, ihe oriri. Ejiri usoro nkedo akwadoro ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS mejupụtara. Maka usoro nkwadebe a kapịrị ọnụ, lee 3.2.1.

6.2.2 Microdomain Ọdịdị nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara membranes nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche.

6.2.2.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha microstructure nke synchrotron radieshon obere akụkụ X-ray na-agbasa.

Obere Angel X-ray Scattering (SAXS) na-ezo aka n'ihe na-agbasasị nke ọkụ X-ray na-eme ka ihe nlele dị n'okpuru ule n'ime obere akụkụ dị nso na X-ray beam. Dabere na njupụta elektrọn nanoscale dị iche n'etiti onye na-agbasa na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, a na-ejikarị achụsasị X-ray obere akụkụ na-amụ ihe siri ike, colloidal, na mmiri polymer ihe na nanoscale nso. E jiri ya tụnyere teknụzụ diffraction X-ray dị obosara, SAXS nwere ike nweta ozi nhazi n'ọ̀tụ̀tụ̀ buru ibu, nke enwere ike iji nyochaa ngbanwe nke ụdọ molekụla polymer, usoro ogologo oge, na nhazi usoro na nkesa nke usoro polymer complex. . Synchrotron X-ray ìhè isi iyi bụ ụdị ọhụrụ nke isi iyi ọkụ na-arụ ọrụ dị elu, nke nwere uru nke ịdị ọcha dị elu, elu polarization, pulse dị warara, nchapụta dị elu, na nnukwu collimation, ya mere ọ nwere ike nweta ozi nhazi nanoscale nke ihe ngwa ngwa. na n'ụzọ ziri ezi. Nyochaa ụdị SAXS dị iche iche nke ihe a tụrụ atụ nwere ike nweta ịdị n'otu nke njupụta igwe ojii elektrọn, ịdị n'otu nke njupụta igwe ojii eletrọn otu oge (ngbanwe dị mma site na Porod ma ọ bụ theorem Debye), yana doo anya nke interface nke akụkụ abụọ (nke na-adịghị mma sitere na Porod). ma ọ bụ theorem Debye). ), onye na-agbasa onwe ya (ma ọ nwere njirimara fractal), mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi (monodispersity ma ọ bụ polydispersity nke Guinier kpebisiri ike) na ozi ndị ọzọ, na akụkụ nke fractal nkesa, radius gyration, na nkezi oyi akwa nke ugboro ugboro nwekwara ike nweta ọnụọgụgụ. Ọkpụrụkpụ, nkezi nha, nha nha nke onye na-ekesa ihe, mpaghara elu akọwapụtara na paramita ndị ọzọ.

6.2.2.2 Usoro ule

Na Australian Synchrotron Radiation Center (Clayton, Victoria, Australia), a na-eji isi iyi synchrotron nke ọgbọ atọ dị elu nke ụwa (flux 1013 photons/s, wavelength 1.47 Å) iji chọpụta nhazi micro-ngalaba na ozi ndị ọzọ metụtara nke ihe mejupụtara. ihe nkiri. Achịkọtara usoro mgbasa ozi nke akụkụ abụọ nke ihe nlele ule site n'aka onye nchọpụta Pilatus 1M (mpaghara 169 × 172 μm, nha pixel 172 × 172 μm), na ihe atụ a tụrụ atụ dị na 0.015 <q <0.15 Å−1 ( q bụ vector nke na-achụsa ihe) A na-enweta akụkụ dị n'ime otu akụkụ obere akụkụ X-ray site na usoro mgbasa ozi nke ScatterBrain software, na-atụgharị vector q na akụkụ ntụgharị 2 site na usoro i / , kedu ebe ogologo oge X-ray dị. Ebu ụzọ hazie data niile tupu nyocha data.

6.2.3 Thermogravimetric nyocha nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara membranes nwere ogo dị iche iche nke HPS hydroxypropyl nnọchi.

6.2.3.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha thermogravimetric

Dị ka 3.2.5.1

6.2.3.2 Usoro ule

Lee 3.2.5.2

6.2.4 Ngwongwo tensile nke ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS mejupụtara nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl.

6.2.4.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha ihe onwunwe tensile

Dị ka 3.2.6.1

6.2.4.2 Usoro ule

Lee 3.2.6.2

N'iji ọkọlọtọ ISO37, a na-egbutu ya n'ime splines yiri dumbbell, na ngụkọta ogologo nke 35mm, anya n'etiti ahịrị akara nke 12mm na obosara nke 2mm. A haziri ụdị nnwale niile na iru mmiri 75% karịa 3 d.

6.2.5 Oxygen permeability nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara membranes nwere ogo dị iche iche nke HPS hydroxypropyl nnọchi.

6.2.5.1 Ụkpụrụ nke nyocha nke ikuku oxygen

Dị ka 3.2.7.1

6.2.5.2 Usoro ule

Lee 3.2.7.2

6.3 Nsonaazụ na mkparịta ụka

6.3.1 Nyocha nhazi kristal nke ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS mejupụtara nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl.

Onyonyo 6-1 na-egosi obere akụkụ X-ray na-agbasa ụdị ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS mejupụtara nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na n'ogo dị oke nha nke q> 0.3 Å (2θ> 40), ọnụ ọgụgụ njirimara doro anya na-apụta n'ụdị akpụkpọ ahụ niile. Site na usoro mgbasa ozi X-ray nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri dị ọcha (Fig 6-1a), HPMC dị ọcha nwere njirimara X-ray siri ike na 0.569 Å, na-egosi na HPMC nwere X-ray na-agbasasị elu n'akụkụ obosara. mpaghara 7.70 (2θ> 50). Njiri mara kristal, na-egosi na HPMC nwere usoro kristal ụfọdụ ebe a. Ma ihe ngosi ihe nkiri starch A939 dị ọcha na A1081 gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke mgbasa X-ray dị na 0.397 Å, na-egosi na HPS nwere njirimara kristal na mpaghara obosara nke 5.30, nke dabara na ọnụ ọgụgụ kristal B-ụdị nke starch. Enwere ike ịhụ nke ọma site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na A939 nwere obere hydroxypropyl nnọchi nwere mpaghara kacha elu karịa A1081 nwere nnukwu nnọchi. Nke a bụ n'ihi na iwebata otu hydroxypropyl n'ime agbụ starch molekụla na-agbaji usoro mbụ e nyere iwu nke starch molecules, na-abawanye ihe isi ike nke nhazigharị na njikọ n'etiti eriri starch molecular, ma na-ebelata ogo nke recrystallization starch. Site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi nke otu hydroxypropyl, mmetụta mgbochi nke otu hydroxypropyl na recrystallization starch na-apụta ìhè karịa.

Enwere ike ịhụ ya site na obere akụkụ X-ray na-agbasasị ihe ngosi nke ihe atụ ndị mejupụtara (Fig 6-1b) na ihe nkiri HPMC-HPS mejupụtara ihe niile gosipụtara njirimara njirimara doro anya na 0.569 Å na 0.397 Å, kwekọrọ na 7.70 HPMC crystal crystal. njirimara ọnụ ọgụgụ, otu. Ebe kacha elu nke HPS crystallization nke ihe nkiri HPMC/A939 mejupụtara dị nnọọ ukwuu karịa nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri HPMC/A1081 mejupụtara. Akwụsịla nhazigharị ahụ, nke dabara na mgbanwe nke mpaghara elu kristal HPS yana ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi n'ime ihe nkiri akụrụngwa dị ọcha. Ebe kacha elu kristal kwekọrọ na HPMC na 7.70 maka membranes mejupụtara nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl agbanwebeghị nke ukwuu. E jiri ya tụnyere ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe atụ dị ọcha (Fig 5-1a), ebe HPMC crystallization peaks na HPS crystallization peaks of composite samples belatara, nke gosiri na site na nchikota nke abụọ, ma HPMC na HPS nwere ike ịdị irè maka. otu nke ọzọ. Ihe ngosi recrystallization nke ihe nkewa ihe nkiri na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi ụfọdụ.

Fig. 6-1 SAXS ụdịdị ihe nkiri ngwakọta HPMC/HPS nwere ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

Na mmechi, mmụba nke HPS hydroxypropyl ogo ngbanwe yana njikọta nke ihe abụọ a nwere ike igbochi ihe nrụgharịgharị nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl nke HPS na-egbochi ntugharị nke HPS n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara, ebe ihe mejupụtara abụọ na-ekere òkè ụfọdụ mgbochi na mweghachi nke HPS na HPMC n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara.

6.3.2 Nyocha usoro fractal nke yiri onwe nke HPMC/HPS membran composite nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche.

Nkezi yinye ogologo (R) nke polysaccharide molecules dị ka starch molecules na cellulose molecules dị na nso nke 1000-1500 nm, na q nọ na nso nke 0.01-0.1 Å-1, na qR >> 1. Dị ka 1000-1500 nm. Usoro porod, a na-ahụ ihe nkiri ihe nkiri polysaccharide Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti obere X-ray na-agbasasị ike na akụkụ nke mgbasa bụ:

N'ime nke a, m (q) bụ obere akụkụ X-ray na-agbasasị ike;

q bụ akụkụ mgbasa;

α bụ mkpọda Porod.

Mkpọda Porod α na-ejikọta ya na nhazi fractal. Ọ bụrụ na α <3, ọ na-egosi na usoro ihe eji eme ihe na-adịchaghị mma, elu nke onye na-agbasa ihe na-eme ka ọ dị mma, na ọ bụ nnukwu fractal, na akụkụ nke fractal D = α; ma ọ bụrụ na 3 <α <4, ọ na-egosi na ihe owuwu ihe ahụ dị oke na onye na-agbasa ya bụ ihe siri ike, nke bụ akụkụ nke akụkụ ya, na akụkụ fractal D = 6 - α.

Ọgụgụ 6-2 na-egosi atụmatụ lnI(q) -lnq nke akpụkpọ anụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na ihe nlele niile na-enye usoro fractal nke yiri onwe ya n'ime ebe dị iche iche, na Porod slope α na-erughị 3, na-egosi na ihe nkiri ahụ na-emepụta ihe na-egosi fractal uka, na elu nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ahụ dị ntakịrị. ire ụtọ. Akụkụ fractal uka nke akpụkpọ anụ HPMC/HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl ka egosiri na Tebụl 6-1.

Tebụlụ 6-1 na-egosi akụkụ fractal nke akpụkpọ anụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Enwere ike ịhụ site na tebụl na maka nlele HPS dị ọcha, akụkụ fractal nke A939 dochie ya na hydroxypropyl dị ala dị elu karịa nke A1081 dochie ya na hydroxypropyl dị elu, nke na-egosi na site na mmụba nke ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi, na akpụkpọ ahụ. A na-ebelata njupụta nke ihe owuwu nke onwe ya nke ukwuu. Nke a bụ n'ihi na iwebata otu hydroxypropyl na agbụ starch molecular na-egbochi nke ọma njikọ nke akụkụ HPS, na-ebute mbelata njupụta nke usoro ihe omume onwe ya na fim ahụ. Hydrophilic hydroxypropyl dị iche iche nwere ike ịmepụta njikọ intermolecular hydrogen na ụmụ irighiri mmiri, na-ebelata mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akụkụ molecular; Otu nnukwu hydroxypropyl na-amachi nchikota na njikọta n'etiti akụkụ starch molecular, yabụ na mmụba ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi, HPS na-etolite nhazi onwe ya na-atọkwa ụtọ karị.

Maka usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/A939, akụkụ fractal nke HPS dị elu karịa nke HPMC, nke bụ n'ihi na starch recrystallizes, a na-emepụtakwa usoro iwu ka ukwuu n'etiti ụdọ molekụla, nke na-eduga n'ụdị nke onwe ya na akpụkpọ ahụ. . Njupụta dị elu. The fractal akụkụ nke compound sample dị ala karịa nke abụọ dị ọcha components, n'ihi na site na-emekọ ihe, njikọ ọnụ nke molekụla akụkụ nke abụọ components na-egbochi ibe ya, na-akpata njupụta nke onwe-yiri Ọdịdị na-ebelata. N'ụzọ dị iche, na sistemu ngwakọ HPMC/A1081, akụkụ fractal nke HPS dị ala karịa nke HPMC. Nke a bụ n'ihi na iwebata otu hydroxypropyl n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ starch na-egbochi nke ọma recrystallization nke starch. Ọdịdị nke yiri onwe ya n'ime osisi na-atọ ụtọ karị. N'otu oge ahụ, akụkụ fractal nke HPMC/A1081 compound sample dị elu karịa nke HPS dị ọcha, nke dịkwa nnọọ iche na usoro nhazi HPMC/A939. Ọdịdị nke onwe ya, ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a yinye-dị ka HPMC nwere ike ịbanye n'oghere nke usoro rụrụ arụ ya, si otú ahụ na-emeziwanye njupụta nke usoro nke onwe ya nke HPS, nke na-egosikwa na HPS nwere nnukwu mgbanwe hydroxypropyl nwere ike ịmepụta mgbagwoju anya karịa mgbe ọ gbakọtachara. na HPMC. ihe eji eme ihe. Site na data nke rheological Properties, a pụrụ ịhụ na hydroxypropylation nwere ike ibelata viscosity nke starch, ya mere, n'oge nhazi usoro, a na-ebelata viscosity dị iche n'etiti ihe abụọ a na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka e nwee ihe jikọrọ ọnụ. ngwakọta.

Fig. 6-2 lnI(q) -lnq ụkpụrụ na akụkụ ya dabara adaba maka ihe nkiri ngwakọta HPMC/HPS nwere ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

Tebụl 6-1 Fractal nhazi akụkụ nke ihe nkiri ngwakọta HPS/HPMC nwere ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

Maka akpụkpọ ahụ ndị mejupụtara nwere otu ihe mejupụtara, akụkụ fractal na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi nke otu hydroxypropyl. Iwebata hydroxypropyl n'ime molekul HPS nwere ike ibelata njikọta nke akụkụ polymer na sistemu ahụ, si otú ahụ belata njupụta nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara; HPS nwere nnukwu hydroxypropyl nnọchi nwere ndakọrịta ka mma na HPMC, Ọ dị mfe ịmepụta otu na nnukwu ogige. Ya mere, njupụta nke ihe owuwu nke onwe ya na akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ngbanwe nke HPS, bụ nke sitere na mmetụta nkwonkwo nke ngbanwe nke HPS hydroxypropyl na ndakọrịta nke ihe abụọ ahụ na ngwakọta. usoro.

6.3.3 Nyocha nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS mejupụtara nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche.

Eji Thermogravimetric analyzer iji nwalee nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri na-eri nri HPMC/HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl. Onyonyo 6-3 na-egosi usoro nke thermogravimetric (TGA) na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ya (DTG) nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara nwere ogo dị iche iche nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi HPS. Enwere ike ịhụ ya site na usoro TGA na eserese 6-3(a) na ihe nlere akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche. Enwere mgbanwe mgbanwe thermogravimetric abụọ doro anya na mmụba nke okpomọkụ. Nke mbụ, enwere obere mbelata ịdị arọ na 30 ~ 180 Celsius C, nke a na-ebutekarị site na ngbanwe nke mmiri nke polysaccharide macromolecule kwadoro. E nwere nnukwu ibu ọnwụ na-adọ na 300 ~ 450 Celsius C, nke bụ ezigbo thermal mmebi oge, tumadi kpatara thermal mmebi nke HPMC na HPS. A pụkwara ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na akụkụ nke ibu ibu nke HPS nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl yiri ma dị iche na nke HPMC. N'etiti ụdị abụọ nke mbelata ibu arọ maka HPMC dị ọcha yana nlele HPS dị ọcha.

Site na akụkụ DTG dị na eserese 6-3 (b), enwere ike ịhụ na okpomọkụ mmebi ọkụ nke HPS dị ọcha nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl dị ezigbo nso, na oke mbibi okpomọkụ nke A939 na A081 sample bụ 310 Celsius C. na 305 Celsius C, n'otu n'otu The thermal degeneration peak okpomọkụ nke dị ọcha HPMC sample dị nnọọ elu karịa nke HPS, na elu okpomọkụ bụ 365 °C; Ihe nkiri mejupụtara HPMC/HPS nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu nbibi ọkụ abụọ na akụkụ DTG, dabara na mmebi okpomọkụ nke HPS na HPMC, n'otu n'otu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke njirimara, nke na-egosi na enwere ụfọdụ ọkwa nkewa nkewa na usoro ihe mejupụtara ya na 5: 5 mejupụtara, bụ nke kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ mmebi okpomọkụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-ejikọta ya na 5: 5 na isi nke 3. Okpomọkụ kacha elu nbibi nke ihe nkiri HPMC/A939 bụ 302 Celsius C na 363 Celsius, n'otu n'otu; Okpomọkụ kacha emebi okpomọkụ nke HPMC/A1081 ihe nkiri ihe nkiri mejupụtara bụ 306 Celsius C na 363 Celsius C, n'otu n'otu. A na-atụgharị okpomọkụ kachasị elu nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-eme ka ọ dị ala karịa ihe ndị dị ọcha nke na-egosi na a na-ebelata nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ nke ihe ndị mejupụtara. Maka ihe atụ ndị nwere otu ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu okpomọkụ na-emebi emebi na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl, na-egosi na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara belatara site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl. Nke a bụ n'ihi na iwebata otu hydroxypropyl n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe starch na-ebelata mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akụkụ molekụla ma gbochie nhazigharị nke ụmụ irighiri ihe n'usoro. Ọ dabara na nsonaazụ ya na njupụta nke ihe owuwu ndị yiri onwe ha na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl.

Fig. 6-3 TGA curves (a) na usoro ha (DTG) akụkụ (b) nke ihe nkiri ngwakọta HPMC/HPS nwere ogo mgbanwe hydroxypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

6.3.4 Nyocha akụrụngwa nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara membranes nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche.

Fig. 6-5 Njirimara Tensile nke ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS nwere ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

Ngwongwo ihe nhịahụ nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara HPMC/HPS nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche ka a nwalere site na igwe nyocha ihe akụrụngwa na 25 Celsius C yana iru mmiri 75%. Ọnụọgụ 6-5 na-egosi modulus na-agbanwe agbanwe (a), elongation na nkwụsịtụ (b) na ike nkwụsị (c) nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara nwere ogo dị iche iche nke HPS hydroxypropyl nnọchi. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na maka usoro mmepụta ihe nke HPMC / A1081, na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike ike nke ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, elongation na nkwụsịtụ mụbara nke ukwuu, nke kwekọrọ na 3.3. 5 ọkara na oke iru mmiri. Nsonaazụ nke membranes ndị mejupụtara nwere oke ngwakọta dị iche iche na-agbanwe agbanwe.

Maka akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha, ma modul na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike tensile na-abawanye site na mbelata ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl, na-atụ aro na hydroxypropylation na-ebelata isi ike nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara ma na-emezi mgbanwe ya. Nke a bụ tumadi n'ihi na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl, hydrophilicity nke HPS na-abawanye, na usoro akpụkpọ ahụ na-adịwanye njọ, nke kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ nke akụkụ fractal na-ebelata na mmụba nke nnọchi n'ime obere akụkụ X- ule ịgbasa ray. Agbanyeghị, elongation na ezumike na-ebelata site na mbelata ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl otu, nke bụ n'ihi na iwebata otu hydroxypropyl n'ime molekul starch nwere ike igbochi recrystallization nke starch. Nsonaazụ dabara na mmụba na mbelata.

Maka akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS nwere otu ihe mejupụtara, modul nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ na-abawanye site na mbelata ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl, yana ike tensile na elongation na nkwụsị abụọ na-ebelata na mbelata ogo nnọchi. Ọ dị mma ịmara na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke membranes mejupụtara na-adịgasị iche kpamkpam na nha nha yana ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl. Nke a bụ n'ihi na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara abụghị naanị ogo nnọchi HPS na nhazi akpụkpọ ahụ, kamakwa site na ndakọrịta n'etiti ihe ndị dị na sistemu ahụ. Viscosity nke HPS na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo ngbanwe hydroxypropyl, ọ ka mma ịmepụta ngwakọta otu site na ịgbakọta.

6.3.5 Oxygen permeability analysis nke HPMC/HPS membran composite nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche.

Oxidation nke ikuku oxygen na-akpata bụ ọkwa mbụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ na-akpata mmebi nri, ya mere, ihe nkiri mejupụtara ihe oriri nwere ụfọdụ ihe mgbochi oxygen nwere ike melite ogo nri ma mee ka ndụ dị ogologo nri [108, 364]. Ya mere, a tụrụ ọnụego ikuku oxygen nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara membranes nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche, na nsonaazụ ya gosipụtara na eserese 5-6. Enwere ike ịhụ site na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na ikuku oxygen nke akpụkpọ anụ HPS niile dị ọcha dị nnọọ ala karịa nke akpụkpọ anụ HPMC dị ọcha, na-egosi na akpụkpọ anụ HPS nwere ihe mgbochi oxygen dị mma karịa akpụkpọ anụ HPMC, nke kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ gara aga. Maka akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha nke nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl, ọnụọgụ ikuku oxygen na-abawanye site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi, nke na-egosi na mpaghara ebe ikuku oxygen na-abanye n'ime ihe mkpuchi ahụ na-abawanye. Nke a kwekọrọ na nyocha nke microstructure nke obere akụkụ X-ray na-agbasasị na nhazi nke akpụkpọ ahụ na-adịwanye njọ na mmụba nke ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi, ya mere ọwa ikuku oxygen na akpụkpọ ahụ na-ebuwanye ibu, na ikuku oxygen na akpụkpọ ahụ. na-erute Ka mpaghara ahụ na-abawanye, ikuku oxygen na-ebufekwa na-abawanye nke nta nke nta.

Fig. 6-6 Oxygen permeability nke ihe nkiri HPS/HPMC nwere ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl dị iche iche nke HPS.

Maka akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche, ọnụego ikuku oxygen na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl. Nke a bụ tumadi n'ihi na na 5: 5 compounding system, HPS dị n'ụdị agbasasị agbasa na obere viscosity HPMC na-aga n'ihu na-adọ, na viscosity nke HPS mbelata na mmụba nke hydroxypropyl nnọchi ogo. Obere ihe dị iche iche viscosity, ka ọ na-enye aka n'ịmepụta ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, ka ọwa ikuku oxygen na-eme ka ọ dị n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ na-adịwanye njọ, na ntanye ikuku oxygen dị ntakịrị.

6.4 Isi nchịkọta

N'isiakwụkwọ a, a kwadebere ihe nkiri ihe nkiri mejupụtara HPMC/HPS oriri site na nkedo HPS na HPMC nwere ogo dị iche iche nke nnọchi hydroxypropyl, na ịgbakwunye polyethylene glycol dị ka plasticizer. Mmetụta dị iche iche nke HPS hydroxypropyl ngbanwe ogo na nhazi kristal na microdomain nhazi nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara ka a mụrụ site na teknụzụ mgbasa ozi synchrotron obere akụkụ X-ray. Mmetụta dị iche iche nke HPS hydroxypropyl ngbanwe ogo na nkwụsi ike nke okpomọkụ, akụrụngwa akụrụngwa na ikuku oxygen nke membran composite na iwu ha bụ ndị nyocha thermogravimetric, onye na-enyocha ihe akụrụngwa na ikuku oxygen permeability tester. Isi ihe nchoputa bu nke a:

1. Maka akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS nwere otu ihe mejupụtara, yana mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl, mpaghara kristal nke kwekọrọ na HPS na 5.30 na-ebelata, ebe ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu kristal kwekọrọ na HPMC na 7.70 adịghị agbanwe nke ukwuu, na-egosi na hydroxypropylation nke starch nwere ike igbochi recrystallization nke starch na ihe nkiri mejupụtara.
2. E jiri ya tụnyere akpụkpọ anụ akụkụ dị ọcha nke HPMC na HPS, mpaghara kristal kacha elu nke HPS (5.30) na HPMC (7.70) nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara na-ebelata, nke na-egosi na site na nchikota nke abụọ, ma HPMC na HPS nwere ike ịdị irè na ihe mejupụtara membranes. Mweghachi nke akụrụngwa ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi ụfọdụ.
3. Mpempe akwụkwọ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS niile gosipụtara nhazi fractal uka yiri onwe ha. Maka akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara nwere otu ihe mejupụtara, njupụta nke ihe mkpuchi ahụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl; obere HPS hydroxypropyl nnọchi Njupụta nke ihe mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ dị obere karịa nke ihe mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara abụọ dị ọcha, ebe njupụta nke ihe mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ nwere ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl dị elu dị elu karịa nke akpụkpọ ahụ HPS dị ọcha, nke dị elu. tumadi n'ihi na njupụta nke ihe mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ na-emetụta n'otu oge ahụ. Mmetụta nke HPS hydroxypropylation na mbelata nke njikọ polymer na ndakọrịta n'etiti akụkụ abụọ nke usoro ihe mejupụtara.
4. Hydroxypropylation nke HPS nwere ike ibelata nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS, yana ọnọdụ okpomọkụ kacha elu nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara na-atụgharị gaa na mpaghara okpomọkụ dị ala site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi hydroxypropyl, nke bụ n'ihi na otu hydroxypropyl dị na starch molecules. Okwu mmeghe na-ebelata njikọ dị n'etiti akụkụ molekụla ma gbochie nhazigharị nke molekul n'usoro.
5. Modules na-agbanwe na ike tensile nke akpụkpọ anụ HPS dị ọcha belatara site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl, ebe elongation na nkwụsị na-abawanye. Nke a bụ n'ihi na hydroxypropylation na-egbochi recrystallization nke starch na-eme ka ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma.
6. Modules nke ihe nkiri composite HPMC/HPS gbadara site na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi HPS hydroxypropyl, mana ike tensile na elongation na ezumike mụbara, n'ihi na ogo ngbanwe HPS hydroxypropyl emetụtaghị ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ mejupụtara. Na mgbakwunye na mmetụta nke, ọ na-emetụtakwa ndakọrịta nke akụkụ abụọ nke usoro nhazi.
7. Igwe ikuku oxygen nke HPS dị ọcha na-abawanye na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi anya hydroxypropyl, n'ihi na hydroxypropylation na-ebelata njupụta nke mpaghara amorphous HPS ma na-abawanye ebe ikuku oxygen na akpụkpọ ahụ; HPMC/HPS composite membrane The oxygen permeability mbelata na mmụba nke hydroxypropyl ngbanwe ogo, nke bụ tumadi n'ihi na hyperhydroxypropylated HPS nwere mma ndakọrịta na HPMC, nke na-eduga na ụba tortuosity nke oxygen permeation ọwa na mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ. Mbelata ikuku oxygen.

Nsonaazụ nnwale a dị n'elu na-egosi na akụrụngwa macroscopic dị ka akụrụngwa akụrụngwa, nkwụsi ike thermal na ikuku oxygen nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara membranes nwere njikọ chiri anya na usoro kristal ha dị n'ime yana nhazi mpaghara amorphous, nke na-emetụtaghị naanị HPS hydroxypropyl nnọchi, mana. nakwa site mgbagwoju. Mmetụta nke ndakọrịta akụkụ abụọ nke sistemu ligand.

Mmechi na Outlook

1. Mmechi

N'ime akwụkwọ a, a na-ejikọta HPMC thermal gel na oyi gel HPS, na HPMC/HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ reverse gel compound na-ewu. The ngwọta ịta, compounding ruru na ịkpacha ajị mmetụta na compound usoro na-usoro ọmụmụ mmetụta nke rheological Njirimara dị ka viscosity, eruba index na thixotropy, jikọtara na n'ibu Njirimara, ike thermomechanical Njirimara, oxygen permeability, ìhè nnyefe Njirimara na thermal kwụsie ike nke. ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara nke a kwadebere site na usoro nkedo. Ngwongwo zuru oke, na mmanya ayodiin na-edina ndakọrịta, mgbanwe oge na usoro morphology nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ka a na-amụ site na microscopy anya, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na macroscopic Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS. Iji chịkwaa ihe ndị mejupụtara ihe mejupụtara ya site n'ịchịkwa usoro nhazi na ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS dị ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akụrụngwa macroscopic na micromorphological Ọdịdị nke HPMC/HPS composite system. Site n'ịmụ mmetụta nke HPS kemịkalụ gbanwetụrụ na ogo dị iche iche na njirimara rheological, gel properties, microstructure na macroscopic properties nke membranes, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na macroscopic Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS oyi na ọkụ inverse gel usoro a gara n'ihu nyocha. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti abụọ ahụ, na ihe nlereanya anụ ahụ ka e guzobere iji dokwuo anya usoro gelation na ihe ndị na-emetụta ya na iwu nke oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na usoro nhazi. Ọmụmụ ihe dị mkpa ewepụtala nkwubi okwu ndị a.

1. Ịgbanwe usoro nhazi nke HPMC/HPS nwere ike imeziwanye njirimara rheological dị ka viscosity, fluidity na thixotropy nke HPMC na obere okpomọkụ. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị na-ahụ maka rheological na microstructure nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ahụ ka amụbakwara. Nsonaazụ a kapịrị ọnụ bụ ndị a:

(1) N'ebe okpomọkụ dị ala, usoro ihe mejupụtara ahụ bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu na-agbasasị oge "oke osimiri-agwaetiti", na mgbanwe na-aga n'ihu na-eme na 4: 6 na mbelata nke mkpokọta HPMC/HPS. Mgbe mkpokọta mkpokọta dị elu (ọdịnaya HPMC karịa), HPMC nwere viscosity dị ala bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu, na HPS bụ usoro agbasasịrị. Maka usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS, mgbe akụkụ ahụ dị ala na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na akụkụ dị elu bụ nke na-aga n'ihu, ntinye nke viscosity na-aga n'ihu na viscosity nke usoro ihe mejupụtara dị iche iche. Mgbe obere viscosity HPMC bụ na-aga n'ihu na-adọ, viscosity nke compound usoro tumadi na-egosipụta onyinye nke na-aga n'ihu-phase viscosity; mgbe HPS nwere viscosity dị elu bụ usoro na-aga n'ihu, HPMC dị ka oge a gbasasịrị ga-ebelata viscosity nke HPS dị elu. mmetụta. Site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS na ntinye ihe ngwọta na usoro ihe mejupụtara, viscosity na shear thinning phenomen of the compound system ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abawanye, mmiri na-ebelata, na omume siri ike nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na-abawanye. A na-edozi viscosity na thixotropy nke HPMC site na nhazi ya na HPS.

(2) Maka sistemu ngwakọta 5: 5, HPMC na HPS nwere ike ịmalite usoro na-aga n'ihu na obere okpomọkụ ma dị elu, n'otu n'otu. Mgbanwe nhazi nke usoro a nwere ike imetụta viscosity dị mgbagwoju anya, njirimara viscoelastic, ịdabere ugboro ugboro na njirimara gel nke gel dị mgbagwoju anya. Dị ka agbasasị n'usoro, HPMC na HPS nwere ike ikpebi rheological Njirimara na jel Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS compound na elu na obere okpomọkụ, n'otu n'otu. Ntụgharị viscoelastic nke ihe atụ mejupụtara HPMC/HPS kwekọrọ na HPS na obere okpomọkụ yana HPMC na oke okpomọkụ.

(3) Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure, rheological Properties na gel Njirimara nke HPMC/HPS composite system e guzobere. Ma mgbanwe mberede na viscosity curve nke usoro mgbagwoju anya na tan delta peak na nkwụsị ihe nkwụsị na-apụta na 45 Celsius C, nke kwekọrọ na ihe omume na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ na micrograph (na 45 Celsius).

1. Site n'ịmụ microstructure na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa, akụrụngwa thermomechanical siri ike, nnyefe ọkụ, ikuku oxygen na nkwụsi ike nke membranes mejupụtara nke a kwadebere n'okpuru oke ngwakọta dị iche iche na ntinye ihe ngwọta, jikọtara ya na teknụzụ microscopy anya iodine na-edobe, nyocha usoro morphology nke oge, mgbanwe oge na ndakọrịta. A na-enyocha nke mgbagwoju anya, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na macroscopic Njirimara nke ogige ndị ahụ. Nsonaazụ a kapịrị ọnụ bụ ndị a:

(1) Ọ dịghị ihe doro anya ihu abụọ-phase interface na SEM oyiyi nke ihe mejupụtara ihe nkiri na dị iche iche ngwakọta ruru. Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ndị mejupụtara nwere nanị otu ebe mgbanwe iko na nsonaazụ DMA, na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nkiri ndị mejupụtara nwere nanị otu ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke okpomọkụ na-adị na DTG. Ndị a ọnụ na-egosi na HPMC nwere ụfọdụ ndakọrịta na HPS.

(2) iru mmiri dị ala nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na akụrụngwa akụrụngwa nke ihe nkiri ihe nkiri HPMC/HPS, yana ogo mmetụta ya na-abawanye na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS. N'oge iru mmiri dị ala, ma ike ngbanwe na ike ike nke ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara mụbara site na mmụba nke ọdịnaya HPS, na elongation na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara dị obere karịa nke ihe nkiri ihe mejupụtara ya dị ọcha. Site na mmụba nke iru mmiri, ike na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike tensile nke ihe nkiri mejupụtara na-ebelata, na elongation na nkwụsịtụ mụbara nke ukwuu, na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ na-emekọ ihe na ngwakọta mejupụtara gosipụtara ụkpụrụ mgbanwe kpamkpam n'okpuru dị iche iche. iru iru mmiri. Ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke membran composite nwere oke njikọ dị iche iche na-egosi njikọ dị n'okpuru ọnọdụ iru mmiri dị iche iche, nke na-enye ohere iji bulie arụmọrụ ngwaahịa dị ka ngwa dị iche iche chọrọ.

(3) Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure, mgbanwe nke oge, nghọta na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS. a. Ebe kachasị dị ala nke nghọta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara kwekọrọ na ntụgharị oge nke HPMC site na oge na-aga n'ihu ruo oge a gbasasịrị na nke kacha nta nke mbelata nke modul tensile. b. Modules na elongation na-eto eto na nkwụsịtụ na-ebelata site na mmụba nke ntinye ngwọta, bụ nke metụtara mgbanwe morphological nke HPMC site na-aga n'ihu na-aga n'ihu ruo na-agbasasị n'ime usoro nhazi.

(4) Mgbakwunye nke HPS na-eme ka nhụjuanya nke ọwa ikuku oxygen na-eme ka ọ dị na akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara, na-ebelata ikuku oxygen nke akpụkpọ ahụ, ma na-eme ka ọrụ mgbochi oxygen nke akpụkpọ ahụ HPMC dịkwuo mma.

1. A mụrụ mmetụta nke mgbanwe kemịkalụ HPS na njirimara rheological nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ya na njirimara zuru oke nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara dị ka usoro kristal, nhazi mpaghara amorphous, akụrụngwa akụrụngwa, ikuku oxygen na nkwụsi ike ọkụ. Nsonaazụ a kapịrị ọnụ bụ ndị a:

(1) Hydroxypropylation nke HPS nwere ike ibelata viscosity nke usoro ihe mejupụtara ahụ na obere okpomọkụ, mee ka mmiri dị n'ime ihe ngwọta dị mma, ma belata ihe ngosi nke ịcha ntutu; na hydroxypropylation nke HPS nwere ike warara linear viscoelastic mpaghara nke compound usoro , belata na-adọ mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke HPMC/HPS compound system, na melite siri ike-dị ka omume nke compound na-arụ ọrụ na obere okpomọkụ na fluidity na elu okpomọkụ.

(2) Hydroxypropylation nke HPS na mmelite nke ndakọrịta nke akụkụ abụọ ahụ nwere ike igbochi recrystallization nke starch na akpụkpọ ahụ, ma kwalite nguzobe nke onwe ya dị ka nke dị na akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara. Iwebata otu nnukwu hydroxypropyl dị na agbụ starch molekụla na-amachi njikọ na nhazi n'usoro nke akụkụ molekụla HPS, na-ebute nguzobe nke ụdị onwe nke HPS. Maka usoro dị mgbagwoju anya, mmụba nke ogo hydroxypropyl nnọchi na-enye ohere ka agbụ-dị ka ụmụ irighiri ihe HPMC banye n'ime oghere oghere nke HPS, nke na-eme ka ndakọrịta nke usoro mgbagwoju anya dịkwuo mma ma na-eme ka njupụta nke usoro ahụ yiri onwe nke HPS. Ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara na-abawanye na mmụba nke ogo nnọchi nke otu hydroxypropyl, nke kwekọrọ na nsonaazụ nke akụrụngwa rheological.

(3) The macroscopic Njirimara dị ka n'ibu Njirimara, thermal kwụsie ike na oxygen permeability nke HPMC/HPS mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ na-metụtara chiri anya ya esịtidem crystalline Ọdịdị na amorphous mpaghara Ọdịdị. Mmetụta ngwakọta nke mmetụta abụọ nke ndakọrịta nke ihe abụọ ahụ.

1. Site n'ịmụ mmetụta nke mkpokọta ngwọta, okpomọkụ na mgbanwe kemịkalụ nke HPS na njirimara rheological nke usoro ihe mejupụtara, a tụlere usoro gelation nke HPMC/HPS oyi-ekpo ọkụ inverse gel compound. Nsonaazụ a kapịrị ọnụ bụ ndị a:

(1) Enwere ntinye uche dị oke egwu (8%) n'ime usoro ihe mejupụtara, n'okpuru ntinye uche dị oke egwu, HPMC na HPS dị na ụdọ molekụla nọọrọ onwe ya na mpaghara mpaghara; mgbe etinyere uche dị oke egwu, a na-emepụta usoro HPS na ngwọta dị ka condensate. Ebe etiti gel bụ usoro microgel ejikọtara site na njikọta nke ụdọ molekul HPMC; n'elu ntinye uche dị oke egwu, njikọta dị mgbagwoju anya na mmekọrịta dị ike karị, ihe ngwọta ahụ na-egosipụtakwa omume yiri nke polymer gbazee.

(2) Usoro mgbagwoju anya nwere ntụgharị mgbanwe nke oge na-aga n'ihu na mgbanwe okpomọkụ, nke metụtara omume gel nke HPMC na HPS na usoro mgbagwoju anya. N'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, viscosity nke HPMC dị obere karịa nke HPS, yabụ HPMC na-etolite usoro na-aga n'ihu na-agba gburugburu akụkụ nke viscosity HPS gel. N'akụkụ akụkụ abụọ ahụ, otu hydroxyl dị na agbụ HPMC na-atụfu akụkụ nke mmiri njikọ ha wee mepụta njikọ nke hydrogen intermolecular na yinye molekul HPS. N'oge usoro kpo oku, ụdọ molekụla HPS kpaliri n'ihi ịmịnye ike zuru oke ma mepụta njikọ hydrogen na ụmụ irighiri mmiri, na-ebute mgbawa nke usoro gel. N'otu oge ahụ, a na-ebibi ụlọ mmiri na mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na agbụ HPMC, ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa iji kpughee ìgwè hydrophilic na ụyọkọ hydrophobic. Na elu okpomọkụ, HPMC Nleta a jel netwọk Ọdịdị n'ihi intermolecular hydrogen agbụ na hydrophobic mkpakọrịta, na si otú na-aghọ a elu-viscosity chụgara frasi gbasasịrị na HPS na-aga n'ihu na-adọ nke random coils.

(3) Site na mmụba nke ogo ngbanwe hydroxypropyl nke HPS, ndakọrịta nke sistemu ngwakọ HPMC/HPS na-akawanye mma, na ọnọdụ mgbanwe nke oge na sistemu ngwakọta na-aga na obere okpomọkụ. Site na mmụba nke ogo ngbanwe nke hydroxypropyl, enwere obere iberibe helical gbatịa na ngwọta HPS, nke nwere ike mepụta njikọ hydrogen intermolecular na agbụ mkpụrụ ndụ HPMC na oke nke usoro abụọ ahụ, si otú a na-etolite usoro otu. Hydroxypropylation na-ebelata viscosity nke starch, nke mere na viscosity dị iche n'etiti HPMC na HPS na ogige na-narrowed, nke na-eme ka e guzobe a ọzọ homogeneous compound, na kacha nta uru nke viscosity dị iche n'etiti abụọ components na-akpali na ala ala. mpaghara okpomọkụ.

2. Ihe ohuru ohuru

1. Chepụta na-ewu HPMC / HPS oyi na-ekpo ọkụ tụgharịa-adọ jel compound usoro, na usoro na-amụ pụrụ iche rheological Njirimara nke usoro a, karịsịa ịta nke compound ngwọta, compound ruru, okpomọkụ na chemical mgbanwe nke components. The mmetụta iwu nke rheological Njirimara, gel Njirimara na ndakọrịta nke compound bụ n'ihu na-amụ, na-adọ morphology na frasi mgbanwe nke compound na-amụ n'ihu na-amụ jikọtara na chọpụtara nke ayodiin dyeing optical microscope, na micro-morphological. Ewubere usoro ihe eji eme ihe- Rheological Njirimara-gel Njirimara. Maka oge mbụ, a na-eji ụdị Arrhenius mee ihe iji kwado iwu nhazi gel nke oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na-ekpo ọkụ na okpomọkụ dị iche iche.

2. A na-ahụta nkesa nkesa, mgbanwe oge na ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara HPMC/HPS site na teknụzụ nyocha nke iodine na-edobe anya microscope nyocha, na njirimara nke nghọta-mechanical e guzobere site na ijikọta ngwa anya ngwa anya na ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri composite. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na macroscopic Njirimara dị ka Njirimara-phase morphology na itinye uche-mechanical Njirimara-phase morphology. Ọ bụ oge mbụ iji hụ kpọmkwem mgbanwe iwu mgbanwe nke usoro morphology nke usoro ihe a na-ejikọta ọnụ, okpomọkụ na ịta ahụhụ, karịsịa ọnọdụ nke mgbanwe oge na mmetụta nke mgbanwe oge na njirimara nke usoro nhazi.

3. A na-amụ usoro kristal na usoro amorphous nke akpụkpọ anụ ndị nwere ụdị HPS hydroxypropyl dị iche iche nke SAXS, na usoro gelation na mmetụta nke gels composite na-atụle na nchikota na rheological results na macroscopic Njirimara dị ka oxygen permeability nke mejupụtara membranes. Ihe na iwu, a hụrụ na nke mbụ na viscosity nke ihe mejupụtara usoro metụtara njupụta nke onwe-yiri Ọdịdị na mejupụtara akpụkpọ ahụ, na kpọmkwem na-ekpebi macroscopic Njirimara dị ka oxygen permeability na n'ibu Njirimara nke mejupụtara. akpụkpọ ahụ, ma guzobe rheological Njirimara-microstructure-membrane mmekọrịta n'etiti ihe onwunwe.

3. Outlook

N'ime afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, mmepe nke ihe nkwakọ ngwaahịa nchekwa na oriri na-edozi ahụ site na iji polymer eke emeghari ume dị ka akụrụngwa abụrụla ebe nyocha na mpaghara nkwakọ ngwaahịa nri. N'akwụkwọ a, a na-eji polysaccharide eke eme ihe dị ka isi ihe eji eme ihe. Site n'ịgbakọta HPMC na HPS, ọnụ ahịa akụrụngwa na-ebelata, arụ ọrụ nhazi nke HPMC na obere okpomọkụ na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma, na-eme ka ọrụ mgbochi oxygen nke akpụkpọ ahụ mejupụtara. Site na nchikota nke rheological analysis, ayodiin dyeing optical microscope analysis na composite film microstructure na composite film analysis, the phase morphology, phase transgress, phase nkewa na ndakọrịta nke oyi-ekpo ọkụ reverse-phase gel composite system amụrụ. E guzobere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microstructure na macroscopic Njirimara nke usoro ihe mejupụtara. Dị ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ihe ndị dị na macroscopic na micromorphological Ọdịdị nke HPMC/HPS composite system, a pụrụ ịchịkwa usoro nhazi na ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara iji chịkwaa ihe mejupụtara. Nnyocha dị n'akwụkwọ a nwere ihe nduzi dị mkpa maka usoro mmepụta ihe n'ezie; A na-atụle usoro nhazi, ihe na-emetụta ihe na iwu nke oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ, nke bụ usoro ihe mgbagwoju anya yiri nke oyi na ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ a na-enye usoro ihe atụ iji nye nduzi echiche maka mmepe na ntinye nke ihe smart na-achịkwa okpomọkụ pụrụ iche. Nsonaazụ nchọcha nke akwụkwọ a nwere uru usoro mmụta dị mma. Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ a na-agụnye njikọ nke nri, ihe onwunwe, gel na ngwakọta na ọzụzụ ndị ọzọ. N'ihi njedebe nke oge na ụzọ nyocha, nyocha nke isiokwu a ka nwere ọtụtụ isi ihe na-emechabeghị, nke nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo omimi ma melite site na akụkụ ndị a. gbasaa:

Akụkụ echiche:

1. Iji nyochaa mmetụta nke nha alaka dị iche iche, ihe dị arọ na ụdị HPS dị iche iche na njirimara rheological, akpụkpọ anụ, usoro morphology, na ndakọrịta nke usoro ihe mejupụtara, yana ịchọpụta iwu nke mmetụta ya na usoro nhazi gel nke ogige ahụ. usoro.
2. Nyochaa mmetụta nke ogo nnọchi anya HPMC hydroxypropyl, akara ngbanwe methoxyl, ịdị arọ molekụla na isi iyi na akụrụngwa rheological, Njirimara gel, Njirimara akpụkpọ ahụ na ndakọrịta sistemu nke sistemu ihe mejupụtara, wee nyochaa mmetụta nke mgbanwe kemịkalụ HPMC na njupụta ngwakọta. Mmetụta ọchịchị nke usoro nhazi gel.
3. A na-amụ mmetụta nke nnu, pH, plasticizer, cross-linking agent, antibacterial agents na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe na rheological Njirimara, gel Njirimara, akpụkpọ ahụ Ọdịdị na Njirimara na iwu ha.

Ngwa:

1. Kwalite usoro maka ngwa nkwakọ ngwaahịa nke ngwugwu ihe ụtọ, ngwugwu ihe oriri na ofe siri ike, ma mụọ mmetụta nchekwa nke seasonings, inine na ofe n'oge nchekwa, ihe eji arụ ọrụ nke ihe, na mgbanwe na arụmọrụ ngwaahịa mgbe etinyere ya n'okpuru ike mpụga. , na mmiri solubility na ịdị ọcha index nke ihe. Enwere ike itinye ya na nri granulated dị ka kọfị na tii mmiri ara ehi, yana nkwakọ ngwaahịa achịcha, cheese, desserts na nri ndị ọzọ.
2. Kwalite usoro nhazi maka itinye capsules osisi ọgwụ botanical, mụọ n'ihu ọnọdụ nhazi yana nhọrọ kacha mma nke ndị inyeaka, ma dozie ngwaahịa capsule oghere. A nwalere ihe nrịbama anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ dị ka friability, oge mgbasa, ọdịnaya ọla dị arọ na ọdịnaya microbial.
3. Maka ntinye ọhụrụ nke mkpụrụ osisi na akwụkwọ nri, ngwaahịa anụ, wdg, dị ka usoro nhazi dị iche iche nke ịgbasa, ịkụnye, na eserese si dị, họrọ usoro kwesịrị ekwesị, ma mụọ ọnụọgụ mkpụrụ osisi rere ure, ụkọ mmiri, nri nri, ike siri ike. nke akwụkwọ nri mgbe nkwakọ ngwaahịa n'oge oge nchekwa, gloss na ekpomeekpo na ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ; agba, pH, TVB-N uru, thiobarbituric acid na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microorganisms nke anụ ngwaahịa mgbe nkwakọ ngwaahịa.