hōʻuluʻulu manaʻo
1. He mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻopuehu
2. Mea hoʻoheheʻe
3. Mānoanoa
4. Nā mea hoʻohui kiʻiʻoniʻoni
5. Nā mea hoʻohui ʻē aʻe
He mea pulu a me ka hoopuehu
Hoʻohana ʻia ka wai i ka wai ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻoheheʻe a hoʻopuehu paha, a he mau dielectric nui ka wai, no laila e hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia ka uhi ʻana o ka wai e ka electrostatic repulsion i ka wā e uhi ai ka papa pālua uila.
Eia kekahi, i loko o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopili wai, he mau polymers a me nā surfactants non-ionic, i hoʻopili ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka mea hoʻopiha puaʻa, e hana ana i ka steric hindrance a me ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka dispersion. No laila, loaʻa i nā pena wai a me nā emulsions nā hopena paʻa ma o ka hana hui o ka electrostatic repulsion a me ka steric hindrance. ʻO kona hemahema, ʻo ke kūʻē electrolyte maikaʻi ʻole, ʻoi aku hoʻi no nā electrolytes kiʻekiʻe.
1.1 Mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe no ka uhi wai i ka anionic a me ka nonionic.
ʻO ka hui pū ʻana o ka mea hoʻoheheʻe a me ka mea hoʻopuehu hiki ke loaʻa nā hopena kūpono. ʻO ka nui o ka mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe maʻamau he kakaikahi no kēlā me kēia tausani. ʻO kona hopena maikaʻi ʻole ka huʻihuʻi a me ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pale wai o ke kiʻi uhi.
ʻO kekahi o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe wai ʻo ia ke hoʻololi mālie i ka polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ether (APEO a i ʻole APE) mau mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe, no ka mea, alakaʻi ia i ka hōʻemi ʻana o nā hormone kāne i nā ʻiole a hoʻopilikia i ka endocrine. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ka polyoxyethylene alkyl (benzene) phenol ethers ma ke ʻano he emulsifiers i ka wā emulsion polymerization.
ʻO nā mea hou aku nā māhoe surfactants. He ʻelua mau molekala amphiphilic i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi spacer. ʻO ka hiʻohiʻona kaulana loa o nā surfactants māhoe-cell ʻo ia ka ʻoi aku o ka nui o ka micelle koʻikoʻi (CMC) ma mua o kahi kauoha o ka nui haʻahaʻa ma mua o kā lākou surfactants "hoʻokahi-cell", a ukali ʻia e ka hana kiʻekiʻe. E like me TEGO Māhoe 4000, he māhoe cell siloxane surfactant, a he unstable hu'ahu'a a me ka defoaming waiwai.
1.2 Dispersant
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hoʻopuehu no ka pena latex i ʻehā mau ʻāpana: phosphate dispersants, polyacid homopolymer dispersants, polyacid copolymer dispersants a me nā mea hoʻopuehu ʻē aʻe.
ʻO nā mea hoʻopuehu phosphate i hoʻohana nui ʻia he polyphosphates, e like me ka sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium polyphosphate (Calgon N, huahana o BK Giulini Chemical Company ma Kelemānia), potassium tripolyphosphate (KTPP) a me tetrapotassium pyrophosphate (TKPP).
ʻO ke ʻano o kāna hana ʻo ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka repulsion electrostatic ma o ka hoʻopili hydrogen a me ka adsorption kemika. ʻO kona pōmaikaʻi ʻo ia ka haʻahaʻa o ka dosage, ma kahi o 0.1%, a he hopena dispersion maikaʻi i nā puaʻa inorganic a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha. Aia nō naʻe nā hemahema: ʻo ka mea hoʻokahi, me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka waiwai pH a me ka mahana, ua maʻalahi ka polyphosphate i ka hydrolyzed, e hōʻino i ka paʻa o ka mālama lōʻihi; ʻO ka hoʻoheheʻe piha ʻole ʻana i ka waena e hoʻopilikia i ka ʻōlinolino o ka pena latex nani.
1 Mea hoʻopuehu Phosphate
Hoʻopaʻa ka dispersants ester Phosphate i ka hoʻopuehu puaʻa, me nā puaʻa reactive e like me ka zinc oxide. I loko o nā hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka pena, hoʻomaikaʻi ia i ka nani a me ka maʻemaʻe. ʻAʻole like me nā mea hoʻohui wai a me ka hoʻopuehu ʻana, ʻo ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā dispersants phosphate ester ʻaʻole pili i ka KU a me ICI viscosity o ka uhi.
ʻO ka polyacid homopolymer dispersant, e like me Tamol 1254 a me Tamol 850, ʻo Tamol 850 he homopolymer o ka waikawa methacrylic.
Polyacid copolymer dispersant, e like me Orotan 731A, he copolymer o diisobutylene a me maleic acid. ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona o kēia mau ʻano dispersants ʻelua e hana lākou i ka adsorption ikaika a i ʻole heleuma ma luna o ka ʻili o nā puaʻa a me nā mea hoʻopihapiha, loaʻa nā kaulahao molekala lōʻihi e hana i ka steric hindrance, a loaʻa i ka wai solubility ma nā kaulahao, a ua hoʻohui ʻia kekahi e ka electrostatic repulsion i loaʻa nā hopena paʻa. I mea e hoʻopuehu maikaʻi ai ka dispersant, pono e mālama pono ʻia ke kaumaha molecular. Inā liʻiliʻi loa ke kaumaha o ka molekala, ʻaʻole lawa ka pale steric; inā ʻoi aku ka nui o ka paona molekala, e hana ʻia ka flocculation. No nā polyacrylate dispersants, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia ka hopena dispersion maikaʻi loa inā ʻo 12-18 ka pae o ka polymerization.
ʻO nā ʻano dispersants ʻē aʻe, e like me AMP-95, he inoa kemika o 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. Hoʻopili ʻia ka pūʻulu amino ma ka ʻili o nā ʻāpana inorganic, a hoʻonui ka hui hydroxyl i ka wai, e pāʻani ana i kahi hana stabilizing ma o ka steric hindrance. Ma muli o kona liʻiliʻi liʻiliʻi, ua kaupalena ʻia ka steric hindrance. ʻO AMP-95 ka mea nui i ka pH regulator.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua lanakila ka noiʻi ʻana i nā dispersants i ka pilikia o ka flocculation i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe, a ʻo ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ke kaumaha molekala kiʻekiʻe kekahi o nā ʻano. No ka laʻana, ua hoʻomohala kūikawā ʻia ka dispersant molecular kiʻekiʻe EFKA-4580 e ka emulsion polymerization no ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻoihana wai, kūpono no ka hoʻopuʻi ʻana o ka puaʻa a me ka wai ʻole.
He pilina maikaʻi nā hui amino no nā puaʻa he nui ma o ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka acid-base a i ʻole hydrogen. ʻO ka poloka copolymer dispersant me ka aminoacrylic acid e like me ka hui heleuma i uku ʻia.
2 Dispersant me ka dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate ma ke ʻano he hui heleuma
Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Tego Dispers 655 e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a hoʻopuehu ʻia i nā pena kaʻa kaʻa wai ʻaʻole wale no ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i nā puaʻa akā no ka pale ʻana i ka pauka alumini mai ka hana ʻana me ka wai.
Ma muli o ka hopohopo kaiapuni, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā mea hoʻoheheʻe biodegradable a me nā mea hoʻopuehu, e like me EnviroGem AE series twin-cell wetting a me dispersing agents, he mau mea hoʻoheheʻe haʻahaʻa a me nā mea hoʻopuehu.
Mea hoʻoheheʻe
Nui nā ʻano mea hoʻoheheʻe wai kuʻuna wai, i māhele ʻia i ʻekolu mau ʻāpana: nā ʻaila mineral defoamers, polysiloxane defoamers a me nā defoamers ʻē aʻe.
Hoʻohana mau ʻia nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻaila mineral, ka nui ma nā pena latex palahalaha a semi-gloss.
ʻO nā polysiloxane defoamers ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, ka defoaming ikaika a me ka hiki ke antifoaming, a ʻaʻole pili i ka nani, akā ke hoʻohana pono ʻole ʻia, e hana lākou i nā hemahema e like me ka emi ʻana o ke kiʻi uhi a me ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka recoatability.
ʻAʻole kūpono nā mea hoʻoheheʻe wai kuʻuna me ka pae wai e hoʻokō i ke kumu o ka defoaming, no laila ua maʻalahi ka hana ʻana i nā hemahema o ka ʻili i ke kiʻi uhi.
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā defoamers pae molecular.
ʻO kēia mea hana antifoaming he polymer i hana ʻia e ka grafting pono ʻana i nā mea hana antifoaming ma luna o ka mea lawe. ʻO ke kaulahao mole o ka polymer he pūʻulu hydroxyl wai, ua māhele ʻia ka mea hana defoaming a puni ka mole, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka mea hana e hōʻuluʻulu, a maikaʻi ke kūlike me ka ʻōnaehana uhi. ʻO ia mau molecular-level defoamers e loaʻa nā ʻaila mineral - FoamStar A10 series, silicon-containing - FoamStar A30 series, a me non-silicon, non-oil polymers - FoamStar MF series.
Hoʻohana kēia defoamer molecular-scale i ka supergrafted star polymer ma ke ʻano he surfactant incompatible a ua loaʻa i nā hopena maikaʻi i nā noi uhi wai. ʻO ka Air Products molecular-grade defoamer i hōʻike ʻia e Stout et al. he mea hoʻomāmā a me ka defoamer me nā waiwai pulu ʻelua, e like me Surfynol MD 20 a me Surfynol DF 37.
Eia kekahi, i mea e hoʻokō ai i nā pono o ka hana ʻana i nā pale ʻole-VOC, aia pū kekahi VOC-free defoamers, e like me Agitan 315, Agitan E 255, etc.
mānoanoa
Nui nā ʻano mānoanoa, ʻo ia ka cellulose ether i hoʻohana mau ʻia a me kāna mau derivatives thickeners, associative alkali-swellable thickeners (HASE) a me polyurethane thickeners (HEUR).
3.1. ʻO ka cellulose ether a me kāna mau mea i loaʻa
Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)ua hana mua ʻia e Union Carbide Company i ka makahiki 1932, a he mōʻaukala ʻoi aku ma mua o 70 mau makahiki.
I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mānoanoa o ka cellulose ether a me kāna mau derivatives ka nui o ka hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MHEC), ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC), methyl hydroxypropyl Base cellulose (MHPC), methyl cellulose (MC) a me xanthan gum, etc., he mau mānoanoa non-ionic kēia, a pili pū kekahi i nā mānoanoa wai i pili ʻole. Ma waena o lākou, ʻo HEC ka mea maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia i ka pena latex.
3.2 Mānoanoa alkali-huhū
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mānoanoa alkali-swellable i ʻelua ʻāpana: non-associative alkali-swellable thickeners (ASE) a me associative alkali-swellable thickeners (HASE), he anionic thickeners. ʻO ka ASE pili ʻole he polyacrylate alkali pehu emulsion.
3.3. Polyurethane mānoanoa a me ka hydrophobically hoʻololi ʻole polyurethane mānoanoa
ʻO ka mānoanoa polyurethane, i kapa ʻia ʻo HEUR, he pūʻulu hydrophobic i hoʻololi ʻia ethoxylated polyurethane wai-soluble polymer, nona ka non-ionic associative thickener.
He ʻekolu ʻāpana ʻo HEUR: pūʻulu hydrophobic, kaulahao hydrophilic a me ka hui polyurethane.
He kuleana hui ka hui hydrophobic a ʻo ia ke kumu hoʻoholo no ka mānoanoa, maʻamau ka oleyl, octadecyl, dodecylphenyl, nonylphenol, etc.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka degere o ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o kekahi mau HEUR i kūʻai ʻia ma mua o 0.9, a ʻo ka maikaʻi loa he 1.7 wale nō. Pono e hoʻomalu pono ʻia nā ʻano hopena no ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mānoanoa polyurethane me ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kaumaha molecular haiki a me ka hana paʻa. Hoʻopili ʻia ka hapa nui o nā HEUR e ka polymerization stepwise, no laila, ʻo nā HEUR i loaʻa ma ke kūʻai ʻana he hui pū ʻia o nā kaupaona molekala ākea.
Ma waho aʻe o nā mānoanoa polyurethane hui laina laina i hōʻike ʻia ma luna nei, aia pū kekahi me nā mea hoʻohui like polyurethane mānoanoa. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo comb association polyurethane thickener, ʻo ia hoʻi, aia kahi pūʻulu hydrophobic pendant i waenakonu o kēlā me kēia molekala mānoanoa. ʻO nā mea mānoanoa e like me SCT-200 a me SCT-275 etc.
I ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka nui maʻamau o nā pūʻulu hydrophobic, aia wale nō 2 mau pūʻulu hydrophobic i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka hopena, no laila ʻaʻole ʻokoʻa loa ka mānoanoa amino synthesized hydrophobically modified me HEUR, e like me Optiflo H 500, e ʻike i ke Kiʻi 3.
Inā hoʻohui ʻia nā pūʻulu hydrophobic hou aʻe, e like me ka 8%, hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nā ʻano hopena e hana i nā mānoanoa amino me nā hui hydrophobic paʻa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi mānoanoa hui.
Hiki i kēia hydrophobic modified amino thickener ke pale i ka viscosity pena mai ka hāʻule ʻana ma muli o ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka nui o nā surfactants a me nā glycol solvents ke hoʻohui ʻia ka hoʻohālikelike kala. ʻO ke kumu, hiki i nā pūʻulu hydrophobic ikaika ke pale i ka desorption, a he hui ikaika nā hui hydrophobic.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Dec-26-2022