Masu kauri sune tsarin kwarangwal da ginshiƙi na ƙirar kayan kwalliya daban-daban, kuma suna da mahimmanci ga bayyanar, kaddarorin rheological, kwanciyar hankali, da jin samfuran fata. Zaɓi mafi yawan amfani da masu kauri na nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri-iri na nau'ikan iri-iri masu girma da aka yi amfani da su, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su, suna wakiltar su, shirya su cikin mafita mai ruwa da ruwa tare da nau'o'i daban-daban, gwada kaddarorinsu na zahiri da na sinadarai kamar danko da pH, da amfani da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga don kimanta bayyanar su, bayyananne, da fata da fata da yawa. a lokacin da kuma bayan amfani. An gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na jijiya bisa ga alamomin azanci, kuma an bincika wallafe-wallafen don taƙaitawa da taƙaita nau'ikan nau'ikan kauri daban-daban, waɗanda za su iya ba da takamaiman ƙira don ƙirar ƙirar kwalliya.
1. Bayanin thickener
Akwai abubuwa da yawa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su azaman masu kauri. Daga ma'anar ma'auni na kwayoyin halitta, akwai ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta; daga mahangar kungiyoyin aiki, akwai electrolytes, alcohols, amides, carboxylic acid da esters, da dai sauransu Jira. An rarraba masu kauri bisa ga hanyar rarraba kayan kayan kwalliya.
1. Low kwayoyin nauyi thickener
1.1.1 Inorganic salts
Tsarin da ke amfani da gishirin inorganic a matsayin mai kauri gabaɗaya tsarin maganin ruwa ne na surfactant. Mafi yawan amfani da gishiri mai kauri na inorganic shine sodium chloride, wanda ke da tasirin kauri a fili. Surfactants suna samar da micelles a cikin maganin ruwa mai ruwa, kuma kasancewar electrolytes yana ƙara yawan ƙungiyoyi na micelles, wanda ke haifar da canji na micelles mai siffar zobe zuwa miceles mai siffar sanda, yana ƙara juriya ga motsi, don haka ƙara dankon tsarin. Duk da haka, lokacin da electrolyte ya wuce kima, zai shafi tsarin micellar, rage juriya na motsi, da kuma rage danko na tsarin, wanda ake kira "gishiri fita". Saboda haka, adadin electrolyte da aka kara gabaɗaya shine 1% -2% ta taro, kuma yana aiki tare tare da sauran nau'ikan masu kauri don sa tsarin ya kasance mai ƙarfi.
1.1.2 Fatty alcohols, fatty acids
Alcohols masu kitse da fatty acids sune abubuwan halitta na polar. Wasu labaran suna ɗaukar su azaman surfactants na nonionic saboda suna da ƙungiyoyin lipophilic da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic. Kasancewar karamin adadin irin wannan halittar na yana da tasiri mai tasiri a kan tashin hankali na farfajiya, kuma girman tasirin yana ƙaruwa tare da tsawon carbon sarkar, gabaɗaya cikin dangantakar sarkar. Ka'idar aikinsa ita ce barasa mai kitse da fatty acids na iya saka (haɗa) micelles na surfactant don haɓaka samuwar micelles. Tasirin haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin kawunan polar) yana sa kwayoyin halittar biyu sun jera su sosai a saman, wanda ke canza kaddarorin micelles na surfactant sosai kuma suna samun tasirin kauri.
2. Rarraba thickeners
2.1 Nonionic SA
2.1.1 Inorganic gishiri
Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, monoethanolamine chloride, diethanolamine chloride, sodium sulfate, sodium phosphate, disodium phosphate da pentasodium triphosphate, da dai sauransu.
2.1.2 Alcohol mai fatty da fatty acid
Barasa Lauryl, Barasa Myristyl, C12-15 Barasa, C12-16 Barasa, Decyl Alcohol, Hexyl Alcohol, Octyl Barasa, Cetyl Barasa, Stearyl Barasa, Behenyl Alcohol, Lauric Acid, C18-36 Acid, Linoleic acid, Linoleic acid, Linoleic acid , stearic acid, behenic acid, da dai sauransu.
2.1.3 Alkanolamides
Coco Diethanolamide, Coco Monoisopropanolamide, Cocamide, Lauroyl-Linoleoyl Diethanolamide, Lauroyl-Myristoyl Diethanolamide anolamide, Sesame Diethanolamide, Soya Diethanolamide, Stearyl Diethanolamide, Stearin Monoethanolamide, stearyl monoethanolamide stearate, stearamide, tallow monoethanolamide, alkama germ diethanolamide, PEG (polyethylene glycol) -3 lauramide, PEG-4 oleamide, PEG-50 tallow amide da dai sauransu.
2.1.4 Ethers
Cetyl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, isocetyl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (3) ether, lauryl polyoxyethylene (10) ether, Poloxamer-n (ethoxylated Polyoxypropylene ether) (n=105, 124, 185,3 285,383,285,383,285,385,385,285,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,385,23,23,23,382,385. , 407), da dai sauransu.
2.1.5 Esters
PEG-80 Glyceryl Tallow Ester, PEC-8PPG (Polypropylene Glycol) -3 Diisostearate, PEG-200 Hydrogenated Glyceryl Palmitate, PEG-n (n=6, 8, 12) Beeswax, PEG -4 isostearate, PEG-n (n= 3, 4, 8, 150) distearate, PEG-18 glyceryl oleate / koko, PEG-8 dioleate, PEG-200 Glyceryl Stearate, PEG-n (n=28, 200) Glyceryl Shea Butter, PEG-7 Hydrogenated Castor Oil, PEG-40 Jojoba Oil, PEG-2 Laurate, PEG-120 Methyl glucose dioleate, PEG-150 pentaerythritol stearate, PEG-55 propylene glycol oleate, PEG-160 sorbitan triisostearate, PEG-n (n=8, 75, 100) . -36 Ethylene Glycol Acid, Pentaerythritol Stearate, Pentaerythritol Behenate, Propylene Glycol Stearate, Behenyl Ester, Cetyl Ester, Glyceryl Tribehenate, Glyceryl Trihydroxystearate, da dai sauransu.
2.1.6 Amine oxide
Myristyl amine oxide, isostearyl aminopropyl amine oxide, man kwakwa aminopropyl amine oxide, alkama germ aminopropyl amine oxide, soya aminopropyl amine oxide, PEG-3 lauryl amine oxide, da dai sauransu.
2.2 Jinsi SAA
Cetyl Betaine, Coco Aminosulfobetaine, da dai sauransu.
2.3 Anionic SA
Potassium oleate, potassium stearate, da dai sauransu.
2.4 polymers masu narkewar ruwa
2.4.1 Cellulose
Cellulose, cellulose danko, carboxymethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cetyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, formazan Base cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, da dai sauransu.
2.4.2 Polyoxyethylene
PEG-n (n=5M, 9M, 23M, 45M, 90M, 160M), da dai sauransu.
2.4.3 Polyacrylic acid
Acrylate / c100 alkyl crospoxerer, acryyl ethoxy (20) istate choolymer, acryles / cryrate copoxy (20) methyl antryer , Acrylates / Octadecane Ethoxy (20) Methacrylate Copolymer, Acrylate / Ocaryl Ethoxy (50) Acrylate Copolymer, Acrylate / VA Crosspolymer, PAA (Polyacrylic Acid), Sodium Acrylate / Vinyl isodecanoate crosslinked polymer, Carbomer (polyacry acid da dai sauransu). .
2.4.4 roba na halitta da samfuran da aka gyara
Alginic acid da (ammonium, calcium, potassium) salts, pectin, sodium hyaluronate, guar gum, cationic guar gum, hydroxypropyl guar gum, tragacanth danko, carrageenan da (calcium, sodium) gishiri, xanthan danko, sclerotin danko, da dai sauransu.
2.4.5 polymers inorganic da samfuran da aka gyara
Magnesium aluminum silicate, silica, sodium magnesium silicate, hydrated silica, montmorillonite, sodium lithium magnesium silicate, hectorite, stearyl ammonium montmorillonite, stearyl ammonium hectorite, quaternary ammonium salt -90 montmorillonite, quaternary ammonium -18 montmorillonite, quaternary ammonium -18 hectorite, etc .
2.4.6 Wasu
PVM/MA decadiene crosspolymer (polymer na polyvinyl methyl ether / methyl acrylate da decadiene), PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), da dai sauransu.
2.5 Surfactants
2.5.1 Alkanolamides
Mafi yawan amfani da kwakwa diethanolamide. Alkanolamides sun dace da electrolytes don kauri kuma suna ba da sakamako mafi kyau. Alkanolamides
Hanya mai kauri shine hulɗa tare da anionic surfactant micelles don samar da ruwan da ba na Newtonian ba. Alkanolamides daban-daban suna da babban bambance-bambance a cikin aiki, kuma tasirin su ma ya bambanta idan aka yi amfani da su kadai ko a hade. Wasu labaran suna ba da rahoton kauri da kumfa na alkanolamides daban-daban. Kwanan nan, an ba da rahoton cewa alkanolamides suna da haɗarin samar da nitrosamines na carcinogenic lokacin da aka sanya su kayan shafawa. Daga cikin ƙazantar alkanolamides akwai amines kyauta, waɗanda ke da yuwuwar tushen nitrosamines. A halin yanzu babu wani ra'ayi na hukuma daga masana'antar kula da kai kan ko a hana alkanolamides a cikin kayan kwalliya.
2.5.2 Ethers
A cikin tsari tare da m barasa polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES) a matsayin babban aiki abu, gabaɗaya kawai inorganic salts za a iya amfani da su daidaita danko da ya dace. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wannan shi ne saboda kasancewar unsulfated m barasa ethoxylates a cikin AES, wanda ke ba da gudummawa sosai ga thickening na surfactant bayani. Bincike mai zurfi ya gano cewa: matsakaicin matsakaicin digiri na ethoxylation shine game da 3EO ko 10EO don taka rawa mafi kyau. Bugu da kari, da thickening sakamakon m barasa ethoxylates yana da yawa a yi tare da rarraba nisa na unreacted alcohols da homologues kunshe a cikin kayayyakin. Lokacin da rarraba homologs ya fi fadi, tasirin daɗaɗɗen samfurin ba shi da kyau, kuma raguwar rarraba homologues, mafi girma za a iya samun sakamako mai girma.
2.5.3 Esters
Mafi yawan amfani da thickeners shine esters. Kwanan nan, PEG-8PPG-3 disostearate, PEG-90 diisostearate da PEG-8PPG-3 dilaurate an ruwaito a kasashen waje. Irin wannan thickener nasa ne wanda ba na ionic thickener, yafi amfani da surfactant ruwa mai ruwa tsarin. Waɗannan masu kauri ba su da sauƙi mai sauƙi kuma suna da ɗanƙoƙi mai tsayi akan kewayon pH da zafin jiki. A halin yanzu mafi yawan amfani shine PEG-150 distearate. Esters da aka yi amfani da su azaman masu kauri gabaɗaya suna da ingantattun ma'aunin ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka suna da wasu kaddarorin mahaɗan polymer. Hanya mai kauri ta kasance saboda samuwar hanyar sadarwa ta ruwa mai girma uku a cikin lokaci mai ruwa, wanda hakan ya hada da micelles na surfactant. Irin waɗannan mahadi suna aiki a matsayin masu motsa jiki da masu moisturizers ban da amfani da su azaman masu kauri a cikin kayan kwalliya.
2.5.4 Amine oxides
Amine oxide wani nau'i ne na polar non-ionic surfactant, wanda aka kwatanta da: a cikin maganin ruwa, saboda bambancin darajar pH na maganin, yana nuna abubuwan da ba na ionic ba, kuma yana iya nuna kaddarorin ionic masu karfi. A ƙarƙashin tsaka-tsaki ko yanayin alkaline, wato, lokacin da pH ya fi girma ko daidai da 7, amine oxide ya kasance a matsayin hydrate maras-ionized a cikin bayani mai ruwa, yana nuna rashin ionity. A cikin maganin acidic, yana nuna raunin cationicity. Lokacin da pH na maganin ya kasance ƙasa da 3, cationicity na amine oxide yana bayyana musamman, don haka zai iya aiki da kyau tare da cationic, anionic, nonionic da zwitterionic surfactants a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Kyakkyawan dacewa da nuna tasirin aiki tare. Amine oxide ne mai tasiri thickener. Lokacin da pH ya kasance 6.4-7.5, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide zai iya sa danko na fili ya kai 13.5Pa.s-18Pa.s, yayin da alkyl amidopropyl dimethyl oxide Amines na iya sanya dankon fili har zuwa 34Pa.s-49Pa.s, kuma ƙara gishiri zuwa ƙarshen ba zai rage danko ba.
2.5.5 Wasu
Hakanan ana iya amfani da ƙaramin adadin betaines da sabulu azaman masu kauri (duba Table 1). Tsarin su na kauri yana kama da na sauran ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma dukkansu suna samun sakamako mai kauri ta hanyar yin mu'amala da micelles masu aiki da ƙasa. Ana iya amfani da sabulu don yin kauri a cikin kayan kwalliyar sanda, kuma ana amfani da betaine galibi a cikin tsarin ruwa na surfactant.
2.6 Ruwa mai narkewa polymer thickener
Tsarukan da aka kauri tare da masu kauri da yawa na polymeric ba su da tasiri ta hanyar pH ko taro na electrolyte. Bugu da ƙari, masu kauri na polymer suna buƙatar ƙarancin adadin don cimma danko da ake buƙata. Misali, samfur yana buƙatar kauri mai kauri kamar man kwakwa diethanolamide tare da juzu'i na 3.0%. Don cimma sakamako iri ɗaya, kawai fiber 0.5% na yumbu na polymer ya isa. Yawancin mahadi na polymer ruwa mai narkewa ba kawai ana amfani da su azaman thickeners a cikin masana'antar kwaskwarima ba, har ma ana amfani da su azaman wakilai masu dakatarwa, masu watsawa da masu salo.
2.6.1 Cellulose ether
Cellulose ether ne mai matukar tasiri mai kauri a cikin tsarin tushen ruwa kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a fannoni daban-daban na kayan shafawa. Cellulose wani nau'in halitta ne na halitta, wanda ya ƙunshi raka'o'in glucoside da aka maimaita, kuma kowace rukunin glucoside tana ɗauke da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl guda 3, waɗanda ta hanyarsu za'a iya ƙirƙirar wasu abubuwan haɓaka daban-daban. Masu kauri na cellulosic suna yin kauri ta hanyar sarƙoƙi masu tsayi masu kumbura, kuma tsarin mai kauri na cellulose yana nuna zahirin ilimin halittar ɗan adam na pseudoplastic. Babban juzu'in yawan amfani shine kusan 1%.
2.6.2 Polyacrylic acid
Shekaru 40 kenan tun lokacin da Coodrich ya gabatar da Carbomer934 a cikin kasuwa a cikin 1953, kuma yanzu akwai ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka don wannan jerin masu kauri (duba Table 1). Akwai hanyoyi biyu na kauri na polyacrylic acid thickeners, wato neutralization thickening da hydrogen bond thickening. Neutralization da thickening shine don kawar da kauri na acidic polyacrylic acid don ionize kwayoyin halittarsa da haifar da caji mara kyau tare da babban sarkar polymer. Tunani tsakanin zargin jima'i yana inganta kwayoyin don daidaitawa da buɗewa don samar da hanyar sadarwa. Tsarin yana samun sakamako mai girma; Hydrogen bonding thickening shine cewa an fara haɗe daɗaɗɗen polyacrylic acid da ruwa don samar da kwayoyin hydration, sannan a haɗe shi da mai ba da gudummawar hydroxyl tare da juzu'in juzu'i na 10% -20% (kamar samun ƙungiyoyin 5 ko fiye da ethoxy) Non-ionic surfactants) a haɗe don kwance ƙwanƙwaran ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin tsarin ruwa don samar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa don cimma sakamako mai kauri. Ma'auni na pH daban-daban, masu tsaka-tsakin daban-daban da kuma kasancewar salts mai narkewa suna da tasiri mai yawa akan danko na tsarin thickening. Lokacin da ƙimar pH ta ƙasa da 5, danko yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka ƙimar pH; lokacin da darajar pH ta kasance 5-10, danko ya kusan canzawa; amma yayin da ƙimar pH ta ci gaba da ƙaruwa, ƙarfin yin kauri zai sake raguwa. Monovalent ions kawai rage kauri yadda ya dace na tsarin, yayin da divalent ko trivalent ions ba zai iya kawai bakin ciki tsarin, amma kuma samar da insoluble hazo lokacin da abun ciki ya isa.
2.6.3 roba na halitta da samfuran da aka gyara
Roba na halitta ya ƙunshi collagen da polysaccharides, amma ɗanko na halitta da ake amfani dashi azaman mai kauri galibi polysaccharides ne (duba Table 1). Hanya mai kauri shine samar da tsarin cibiyar sadarwar ruwa mai girma uku ta hanyar hulɗar ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl guda uku a cikin sashin polysaccharide tare da kwayoyin ruwa, don cimma sakamako mai kauri. Siffofin rheological na maganin ruwayensu galibi ba ruwan Newton bane, amma kaddarorin rheological na wasu hanyoyin magance su suna kusa da ruwan Newtonian. Tasirinsu na kauri yana da alaƙa da ƙimar pH, zafin jiki, maida hankali da kasancewar sauran abubuwan solutes a cikin tsarin. Wannan kauri ne mai tasiri sosai, kuma babban adadin shine 0.1% -1.0%.
2.6.4 Inorganic polymers da samfuran da aka gyara
Masu kauri na polymer inorganic gabaɗaya suna da tsari mai shimfiɗa mai Layer uku ko tsarin faɗaɗɗen lattice. Nau'o'in kasuwanci guda biyu mafi amfani sune montmorillonite da hectorite. Tsarin kauri shine lokacin da inorganic polymer ya tarwatse a cikin ruwa, ions na karfen da ke cikinsa suna yaduwa daga wafer, yayin da hydration ya ci gaba, sai ya kumbura, daga karshe kuma lu'ulu'u na lu'ulu'u sun rabu gaba daya, wanda ya haifar da samuwar tsarin lamellar anionic lamellar. lu'ulu'u. da ƙarfe ions a cikin wani m colloidal dakatar. A wannan yanayin, lamella yana da caji mara kyau, kuma ana cajin sasanninta saboda tsagewar jiragen sama.
Lokacin aikawa: Dec-26-2022