Rheology da Daidaitawa naHPMC/HPSHadadden
Mabuɗin kalmomi: hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; hydroxypropyl sitaci; rheological Properties; dacewa; gyare-gyaren sinadarai.
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) polymer polysaccharide ne da aka saba amfani da shi wajen shirya fina-finai masu cin abinci. Ana amfani da shi sosai a fannin abinci da magunguna. Fim ɗin yana da kyakkyawar nuna gaskiya, kayan aikin injiniya da kaddarorin shingen mai. Duk da haka, HPMC ne mai thermally jawo gel, wanda take kaiwa zuwa ga matalauta aiki yi a low zazzabi da kuma high samar da makamashi amfani; Bugu da kari, farashin albarkatun kasa mai tsada ya iyakance aikace-aikacen sa mai fa'ida ciki har da filin magani. Hydroxypropyl sitaci (HPS) abu ne da ake iya ci da yawa a fagen abinci da magani. Yana da fadi da kewayon tushe da ƙananan farashi. Abu ne mai mahimmanci don rage farashin HPMC. Haka kuma, da sanyi gel Properties na HPS iya daidaita danko da sauran rheological Properties na HPMC. , don inganta aikin sarrafa shi a ƙananan zafin jiki. Bugu da kari, HPS edible film yana da kyau kwarai oxygen shãmaki Properties, don haka zai iya muhimmanci inganta oxygen shãmaki Properties na HPMC edible film.
An ƙara HPS cikin HPMC don haɗawa, kuma an gina tsarin haɗin gel na HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi mai juyi-lokaci. An tattauna ka'idar tasiri na kaddarorin, tsarin hulɗar tsakanin HPS da HPMC a cikin bayani, an tattauna daidaituwa da kuma sauyin lokaci na tsarin fili, kuma an kafa dangantaka tsakanin kaddarorin rheological da tsarin tsarin fili. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tsarin fili yana da mahimmanci mai mahimmanci (8%), a ƙasa mai mahimmanci, HPMC da HPS sun kasance a cikin sassan kwayoyin halitta masu zaman kansu da yankunan lokaci; sama da mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, an kafa lokaci na HPS a cikin bayani a matsayin cibiyar gel, Tsarin microgel, wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar haɗakar da sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta na HPMC, yana nuna hali mai kama da na narke polymer. Abubuwan rheological na tsarin fili da kuma mahallin mahallin sun dace da ka'idar jimlar logarithmic, kuma suna nuna wani mataki na tabbatacce da kuma mummunan karkata, yana nuna cewa sassan biyu suna da kyakkyawar dacewa. Tsarin fili shine tsarin ci gaba da watsewar lokaci na "tsibirin teku" a ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma ci gaba da sauyawa lokaci yana faruwa a 4: 6 tare da raguwar ma'auni na HPMC/HPS.
A matsayin muhimmin sashi na kayan abinci, tattara kayan abinci na iya hana abinci lalacewa da gurɓata ta abubuwan waje a cikin tsarin kewayawa da adanawa, ta yadda za a tsawaita rayuwar shiryayye da lokacin ajiyar abinci. A matsayin sabon nau'in kayan tattara kayan abinci wanda ke da aminci kuma ana iya ci, har ma yana da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, fim ɗin da ake ci yana da fa'idodin aikace-aikacen a cikin marufi da adanawa, abinci mai sauri da capsules na magunguna, kuma ya zama wurin bincike a cikin abinci na yanzu. filayen da suka danganci marufi.
An shirya membrane na HPMC/HPS ta hanyar siminti. An ci gaba da bincika daidaituwa da rabuwar lokaci na tsarin haɗin gwiwar ta hanyar duban microscopy na lantarki, nazarin kaddarorin thermomechanical mai ƙarfi da bincike na thermogravimetric, kuma an yi nazarin kaddarorin inji na membran ɗin. da oxygen permeability da sauran membrane Properties. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ba a sami madaidaicin madaidaicin lokaci biyu a cikin hotunan SEM na duk fina-finai masu haɗaka ba, akwai madaidaicin gilashin guda ɗaya kawai a cikin sakamakon DMA na yawancin fina-finai masu haɗaka, kuma kololuwar lalatawar thermal ɗaya ne kawai ya bayyana a cikin madaidaicin DTG. na yawancin fina-finan da aka haɗa. HPMC yana da takamaiman dacewa da HPS. Ƙarin HPS zuwa HPMC yana inganta ingantaccen kaddarorin shinge na iskar oxygen na membrane mai hade. Kayayyakin inji na membrane mai hade sun bambanta da yawa tare da ma'auni mai haɗawa da yanayin zafi na mahalli, kuma suna gabatar da maƙasudin tsaka-tsaki, wanda zai iya ba da ma'anar haɓaka samfuri don buƙatun aikace-aikace daban-daban.
An yi nazarin ilimin halittar ɗan adam, rarraba lokaci, canjin lokaci da sauran microstructures na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ta hanyar bincike mai sauƙi na rini na gani na gani na iodine, kuma an yi nazarin nuna gaskiya da kaddarorin inji na tsarin fili ta hanyar ultraviolet spectrophotometer da mai gwada kayan aikin injiniya. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta da ingantaccen aikin macroscopic na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa yawancin mesophases suna cikin tsarin fili, wanda ke da kyakkyawar dacewa. Akwai madaidaicin juzu'i a cikin tsarin fili, kuma wannan madaidaicin juzu'i yana da ƙayyadaddun ma'auni da kuma dogaro na maida hankali. Mafi ƙasƙanci na bayyana gaskiya na tsarin fili ya yi daidai da lokacin miƙa mulki na HPMC daga ci gaba da lokaci zuwa lokacin tarwatsawa da mafi ƙarancin madaidaicin madaidaicin modulus. Matsakaicin Matasa da elongation a lokacin hutu ya ragu tare da haɓaka ƙaddamarwar mafita, wanda ke da alaƙa mai alaƙa tare da sauyawar HPMC daga ci gaba da lokaci zuwa lokacin tarwatsewa.
An yi amfani da rheometer don nazarin tasirin gyare-gyaren sinadarai na HPS akan kaddarorin rheological da kaddarorin gel na HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi mai jujjuya lokaci gel fili. An yi nazarin iyawa da sauye-sauyen lokaci, kuma an kafa dangantaka tsakanin microstructure da rheological da gel Properties. Sakamakon bincike ya nuna cewa hydroxypropylation na HPS na iya rage danko na tsarin fili a ƙananan zafin jiki, inganta yanayin ruwa na fili, da kuma rage abin da ya faru na raguwa mai laushi; da hydroxypropylation na HPS iya kunkuntar da mikakke danko na fili tsarin. A cikin yanki na roba, yanayin canjin lokaci na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ya ragu, kuma ana inganta ingantaccen yanayin tsarin fili a ƙananan zafin jiki da kuma yawan ruwa a babban zafin jiki. HPMC da HPS suna samar da matakai masu ci gaba a ƙananan zafi da zafi, bi da bi, kuma kamar yadda matakan da aka tarwatsa ke ƙayyade kaddarorin rheological da kaddarorin gel na tsarin haɗaɗɗiyar a high da ƙananan yanayin zafi. Dukansu canje-canjen ba zato ba tsammani a cikin lanƙwan danko na tsarin da aka haɗa da kuma tan delta kololuwa a cikin madaidaicin ma'aunin hasara suna bayyana a 45 ° C, wanda ke nuna yanayin ci gaba na ci gaba da aka lura a cikin ma'aunin ma'aunin aidin a 45 ° C.
An yi nazarin tasirin gyare-gyaren sinadarai na HPS akan tsarin crystalline da tsarin micro-divisional na fim ɗin da aka haɗa ta hanyar fasahar watsawa ta synchrotron na ƙananan kusurwar X-ray, da kayan aikin injiniya, abubuwan shinge na oxygen da kwanciyar hankali na thermal na fim din. nazari akai-akai game da tasirin canjin sinadarai na sauye-sauyen abubuwan da aka gyara akan microstructure da kaddarorin macroscopic na tsarin fili. Sakamakon synchrotron radiation ya nuna cewa hydroxypropylation na HPS da kuma inganta daidaituwa na sassan biyu zai iya hana sake sakewa na sitaci a cikin membrane da kuma inganta samuwar tsari mai kama da kai a cikin membrane mai hade. The macroscopic Properties kamar inji Properties, thermal kwanciyar hankali da oxygen permeability na HPMC/HPS composite membrane suna da alaƙa da tsarin crystalline na ciki da tsarin yanki na amorphous. Haɗin tasirin tasirin biyu.
Babi Na Farko Gabatarwa
A matsayin muhimmin sashi na kayan abinci, kayan tattara kayan abinci na iya kare abinci daga lalacewa ta jiki, sinadarai da halittu da gurɓata yanayi yayin zagayawa da adanawa, kula da ingancin abinci da kansa, sauƙaƙe cin abinci, da tabbatar da abinci. Adana da adana na dogon lokaci, da ba da bayyanar abinci don jawo hankalin amfani da samun ƙima fiye da farashin kayan [1-4]. A matsayin sabon nau'in kayan tattara kayan abinci wanda ke da aminci kuma ana iya ci, har ma yana da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, fim ɗin da ake ci yana da fa'idodin aikace-aikacen a cikin marufi da adanawa, abinci mai sauri da capsules na magunguna, kuma ya zama wurin bincike a cikin abinci na yanzu. filayen da suka danganci marufi.
Fina-finan da ake ci su ne fina-finai tare da tsarin hanyar sadarwa mara kyau, yawanci ana samun su ta hanyar sarrafa polymers masu cin abinci na halitta. Yawancin polymers na halitta da ke cikin yanayi suna da kayan gel, kuma maganin su na ruwa zai iya samar da hydrogels a karkashin wasu yanayi, irin su wasu polysaccharides na halitta, sunadarai, lipids, da dai sauransu. Halitta tsarin polysaccharides kamar sitaci da cellulose, saboda su musamman kwayoyin tsarin na dogon-sarkar helix da barga sinadaran Properties, na iya zama dace da dogon lokaci da daban-daban ajiya yanayin, kuma an ko'ina karatu a matsayin edible film-kafa kayan . Fina-finan da ake ci da aka yi daga polysaccharide guda ɗaya sau da yawa suna da ƙayyadaddun iyakoki a cikin aiki. Don haka, don kawar da iyakokin fina-finai masu cin abinci na polysaccharide guda ɗaya, samun kaddarorin musamman ko haɓaka sabbin ayyuka, rage farashin samfuran, da faɗaɗa aikace-aikacen su, yawanci ana amfani da nau'ikan polysaccharides guda biyu. Ko polysaccharides na halitta na sama an haɗa su don cimma tasirin abubuwan da suka dace. Duk da haka, saboda bambancin tsarin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin polymers daban-daban, akwai wani nau'i mai kama da juna, kuma yawancin rumbun polymer sun dace da wani bangare ko rashin jituwa. Halin yanayin halittar lokaci da daidaituwar hadaddun polymer zai ƙayyade kaddarorin kayan haɗin gwiwar. Nakasar da tarihin yawo a lokacin aiki yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tsarin. Sabili da haka, ana nazarin kaddarorin macroscopic irin su rheological Properties na tsarin hadaddun polymer. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙananan ƙananan sifofi irin su ilimin halittar jiki na zamani da daidaituwa yana da mahimmanci don daidaita aiki, bincike da gyare-gyaren kayan haɗin gwiwa, fasahar sarrafa kayan aiki, ƙirar ƙira da ƙirar injin sarrafawa, da kimanta samarwa. Ayyukan sarrafawa na samfurin da haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen sababbin kayan polymer suna da mahimmanci.
A cikin wannan babi, an sake nazarin matsayin bincike da ci gaban aikace-aikacen kayan fim ɗin da ake ci dalla-dalla; yanayin bincike na hydrogels na halitta; maƙasudi da hanyar haɗin gwiwar polymer da ci gaban bincike na haɗin gwiwar polysaccharide; Hanyar bincike na rheological na tsarin hadawa; Abubuwan rheological da samfurin gina tsarin sanyi da zafi na tsarin gel an yi nazari da kuma tattauna su, da kuma mahimmancin bincike, manufar bincike da bincike na wannan takarda.
1.1 Fim mai cin abinci
Edible film yana nufin ƙari na plasticizers da giciye-linking jamiái bisa na halitta edible abubuwa (kamar tsarin polysaccharides, lipids, sunadarai), ta hanyar daban-daban intermolecular interactions, ta hanyar compounding, dumama, shafi, bushewa, da dai sauransu Fim tare da porous cibiyar sadarwa. tsarin kafa ta hanyar magani . Yana iya samar da daban-daban ayyuka kamar zažužžukan shamaki Properties to gas, danshi, abinda ke ciki da waje cutarwa abubuwa, don inganta azancika ingancin da ciki tsarin abinci, da kuma tsawanta ajiya lokaci ko shiryayye rayuwar kayayyakin abinci.
1.1.1 Tarihin Ci gaban Fina-Finan Cin Abinci
Ana iya samun ci gaban fim ɗin cin abinci tun ƙarni na 12 da 13. A wancan lokacin, Sinawa sun yi amfani da wata hanya mai sauki ta yin kakin zuma wajen shafawa 'ya'yan itatuwa citrus da lemun tsami, wanda hakan ya rage asarar ruwa a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari yadda ya kamata, ta yadda 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari suka ci gaba da haskakawa na asali, ta yadda za a tsawaita rayuwar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. kayan lambu, amma wuce kima hana aerobic numfashi na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, haifar da 'ya'yan itace fermentative deterioration . A cikin karni na 15, mutanen Asiya sun riga sun fara yin fim ɗin cin abinci daga madarar soya, kuma suna amfani da shi don kare abinci da haɓaka bayyanar abinci [20]. A karni na 16, ’yan Burtaniya sun yi amfani da kitse wajen lullube saman abinci don rage asarar danshin abinci. A cikin karni na 19, an fara amfani da sucrose azaman rufin da za'a iya ci akan kwayoyi, almonds da hazelnuts don hana iskar oxygen da rashin ƙarfi yayin ajiya. A cikin 1830s, fina-finan paraffin mai zafi-narke na kasuwanci sun fito don 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar apples and pears. A ƙarshen karni na 19, ana fesa fina-finai na Gelatin a saman samfuran nama da sauran abinci don adana abinci. A farkon 1950s, carnauba kakin zuma, da sauransu, an yi su a cikin emulsion na mai a cikin ruwa don sutura da adana sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. A ƙarshen 1950s, bincike kan fina-finai masu cin abinci da aka yi amfani da su a kan kayan nama ya fara haɓaka, kuma mafi girman misali da nasara shine samfuran enema da aka sarrafa daga ƙananan hanji na dabba zuwa cikin casings.
Tun daga shekarun 1950, ana iya cewa manufar fim ɗin da za a iya ci kawai an gabatar da shi da gaske. Tun daga wannan lokacin, yawancin masu bincike sun haɓaka sha'awar fina-finai masu cin abinci. A cikin 1991, Nisperes ya yi amfani da carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) don sutura da adana ayaba da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa, an rage yawan numfashi na 'ya'yan itace, kuma an jinkirta asarar chlorophyll. Park et al. a cikin 1994 ya ba da rahoton ingantaccen kaddarorin shinge na furotin na zein zuwa O2 da CO2, wanda ya inganta asarar ruwa, bushewa da canza launin tumatir. A cikin 1995, Lourdin ya yi amfani da maganin alkaline dilute don magance sitaci, kuma ya ƙara glycerin don shafa strawberries don sabo, wanda ya rage yawan asarar ruwa na strawberries da jinkirta lalacewa. Baberjee inganta edible film kaddarorin a 1996 da micro-liquefaction da ultrasonic jiyya na fim-kafa ruwa, don haka da barbashi girman da fim-kafa ruwa da aka muhimmanci rage da kama kwanciyar hankali na emulsion aka inganta . A cikin 1998, Padegett et al. an ƙara lysozyme ko nisin zuwa fim ɗin furotin waken soya kuma an yi amfani da shi don nannade abinci, kuma an gano cewa haɓakar ƙwayoyin lactic acid a cikin abinci an hana shi sosai [30]. A cikin 1999, Yin Qinghong et al. yi amfani da beeswax don yin wakili mai suturar fim don adanawa da adana apples da sauran 'ya'yan itatuwa, wanda zai iya hana numfashi, hana raguwa da asarar nauyi, da hana mamayewar ƙwayoyin cuta.
Shekaru da yawa, busassun busassun masara don marufi na ice cream, takardar shinkafa mai ɗanɗano don marufi na alewa, da fatun tofu don jita-jita na nama kayan abinci ne na yau da kullun. Amma aikace-aikacen tallace-tallace na fina-finai masu cin abinci kusan babu su a cikin 1967, har ma da adana 'ya'yan itace mai kakin zuma yana da iyakacin amfanin kasuwanci. Har zuwa 1986, wasu kamfanoni kaɗan sun fara samar da samfuran fina-finai masu cin abinci, kuma a shekara ta 1996, yawan kamfanonin fina-finai masu cin abinci ya karu zuwa fiye da 600. A halin yanzu, aikace-aikacen fim ɗin da ake ci a cikin adana marufi na abinci yana ƙaruwa, kuma an sami nasara mai yawa. kudaden shiga na shekara fiye da dalar Amurka miliyan 100.
1.1.2 Halaye da nau'ikan fina-finan da ake ci
Dangane da binciken da ya dace, fim ɗin da ake ci yana da fa'idodi masu zuwa: Fim ɗin da ake ci zai iya hana raguwa da tabarbarewar ingancin abinci sakamakon ƙauran juna na abubuwan abinci daban-daban; wasu abubuwan cin abinci na fim da kansu suna da ƙimar sinadirai na musamman da aikin kula da lafiya; Fim ɗin cin abinci yana da kaddarorin shinge na zaɓi zuwa CO2, O2 da sauran iskar gas; za a iya amfani da fim ɗin cin abinci don microwave, yin burodi, soyayyen abinci da fim ɗin magani da sutura; za a iya amfani da fim ɗin da za a iya amfani da shi azaman antioxidants da masu kiyayewa da sauran masu ɗaukar hoto, ta haka ne ke ƙara tsawon rayuwar abinci; za a iya amfani da fim ɗin da za a iya amfani da shi azaman mai ɗauka don masu launi da kayan abinci mai gina jiki, da dai sauransu, don inganta ingancin abinci da inganta kayan abinci; Fim ɗin cin abinci yana da lafiya kuma ana iya ci, kuma ana iya cinye shi tare da abinci; Za a iya amfani da fina-finai na marufi masu cin abinci don marufi na ƙananan adadi ko raka'a na abinci, kuma suna samar da marufi mai yawa tare da kayan marufi na gargajiya, wanda ke haɓaka aikin shinge gabaɗaya na kayan marufi.
Dalilin da ya sa fina-finan marufi masu cin abinci suna da kaddarorin ayyuka na sama ya dogara ne akan samuwar wani tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku a cikin su, don haka yana nuna wasu ƙarfi da kaddarorin shinge. Abubuwan da ke aiki na fim ɗin marufi masu cin abinci suna da tasiri sosai ta kaddarorin abubuwan da aka gyara, da kuma matakin ƙetare polymer na ciki, daidaituwa da yawa na tsarin hanyar sadarwa kuma suna shafar hanyoyin samar da fim daban-daban. Akwai bambance-bambance a bayyane a cikin aikin [15, 35]. Fina-finan da ake ci kuma suna da wasu kaddarorin kamar su narkewa, launi, bayyananniyar gaskiya, da dai sauransu. Za a iya zaɓar kayan shirya fina-finai masu dacewa masu dacewa bisa ga yanayin amfani daban-daban da bambance-bambance a cikin abubuwan samfuran da za a tattara.
Dangane da hanyar kafa fim ɗin cin abinci, ana iya raba shi zuwa fina-finai da sutura: (1) Fina-finai masu zaman kansu da aka riga aka shirya ana kiran su da fina-finai. (2) Ƙanƙarar bakin ciki da aka samar akan saman abinci ta hanyar sutura, tsomawa, da fesa ana kiransa sutura. Fina-finai ana amfani da su ne musamman ga abinci masu nau'o'i daban-daban waɗanda ke buƙatar haɗawa daban-daban (kamar fakitin kayan yaji da fakitin mai a cikin abinci masu dacewa), abinci masu sinadarai iri ɗaya amma ana buƙatar haɗa su daban (kamar ƙananan fakitin kofi, foda madara, da dai sauransu), da magunguna ko kayayyakin kiwon lafiya. Kayan capsule; Ana amfani da sutura galibi don adana sabbin abinci irin su 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, samfuran nama, suturar magunguna da taron microcapsules mai sarrafawa.
Dangane da kayan aikin fim na fim ɗin shirya abinci, ana iya raba shi zuwa: fim ɗin cin abinci na polysaccharide, fim ɗin furotin mai gina jiki, fim ɗin lipid edible, fim ɗin cin abinci na microbial da fim ɗin abinci mai haɗaka.
1.1.3 Aikace-aikacen fim ɗin da ake ci
A matsayin sabon nau'in kayan tattara kayan abinci wanda ke da aminci kuma ana iya ci, har ma yana da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, ana amfani da fim ɗin da za a iya amfani da shi sosai a cikin masana'antar shirya kayan abinci, filin magunguna, adanawa da adana 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, sarrafawa da adanawa. na nama da kayayyakin ruwa, samar da abinci mai sauri, da samar da mai. Yana da fa'idodin aikace-aikace a cikin adana abinci kamar soyayyen alewa.
1.1.3.1 Aikace-aikace a cikin marufi na abinci
Ana rufe maganin samar da fim akan abincin da za a tattara ta hanyar fesa, gogewa, tsomawa, da dai sauransu, don hana shigar da danshi, iskar oxygen da abubuwan kamshi, wanda zai iya rage asarar marufi yadda ya kamata kuma ya rage adadin marufi. ; rage girman kayan abinci da yawa Ƙunƙarar abubuwan da ke cikin marufi na filastik yana sauƙaƙe sake yin amfani da shi da sarrafa shi, kuma yana rage gurɓatar muhalli; ana amfani da shi ga keɓantaccen marufi na wasu sassa na hadaddun abinci masu yawa don rage ƙaura tsakanin sassa daban-daban, don haka rage gurɓata muhalli. Rage lalacewar abinci ko raguwar ingancin abinci. Fim ɗin da ake ci ana sarrafa shi kai tsaye a cikin takarda marufi ko jakunkuna na fakiti don kayan abinci, wanda ba kawai samun aminci, tsabta da dacewa ba, har ma yana rage matsi na gurɓataccen fari a cikin muhalli.
Yin amfani da masara, waken soya da alkama a matsayin babban kayan albarkatun kasa, ana iya shirya fina-finan hatsi kamar takarda da kuma amfani da su don tattara tsiran alade da sauran abinci. Bayan an yi amfani da su, ko da an watsar da su a cikin yanayin yanayi, suna da lalacewa kuma ana iya mayar da su takin ƙasa don inganta ƙasa. . Yin amfani da sitaci, chitosan da ɓangarorin wake a matsayin babban kayan, za a iya shirya takarda mai laushi don shirya abinci mai sauri kamar noodles na abinci mai sauri da soyayyen Faransa, wanda ya dace, lafiya kuma sanannen; ana amfani da fakitin kayan yaji, daskararrun miya Marufi na kayan abinci masu dacewa kamar kayan albarkatun ƙasa, waɗanda za a iya dafa su kai tsaye a cikin tukunya lokacin amfani da su, na iya hana gurɓataccen abinci, haɓaka abinci mai gina jiki, da sauƙaƙe tsaftacewa. Busashen avocado, dankali, da busassun shinkafa ana haɗe su zuwa polysaccharides, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don shirya sabbin kayan marufi na ciki waɗanda ba su da launi da bayyane, suna da kyawawan kaddarorin shinge na iskar oxygen da kaddarorin inji, kuma ana amfani da su don marufi na foda madara. , man salati da sauran kayayyakin [19]. Don abinci na soja, bayan an yi amfani da samfurin, ana watsar da kayan kwalliyar filastik na gargajiya a cikin yanayi kuma ya zama alama don bin diddigin abokan gaba, wanda ke da sauƙin bayyana inda yake. A cikin nau'ikan abinci na musamman masu yawa kamar pizza, irin kek, ketchup, ice cream, yogurt, da wuri da kayan zaki, kayan marufi na filastik ba za a iya ƙara su kai tsaye don amfani da su ba, kuma fim ɗin marufi da ake ci yana nuna fa'idodinsa na musamman, wanda zai iya rage yawan ƙungiyoyin Jarumi. ƙaura na abubuwan ɗanɗano yana inganta ingancin samfur da ƙayatarwa [21]. Edible marufi fim za a iya amfani da microwave abinci sarrafa batter tsarin. Kayan nama, kayan lambu, cuku da 'ya'yan itatuwa an riga an shirya su ta hanyar fesa, tsomawa ko gogewa, da sauransu, daskararre kuma a adana su, kuma kawai suna buƙatar injin microwave don cinyewa.
Ko da yake akwai takaddun fakiti da jakunkuna kaɗan na kasuwanci, yawancin haƙƙin mallaka an yi rajista akan ƙirƙira da aikace-aikacen yuwuwar kayan tattara kayan abinci. Hukumomin kula da abinci na Faransa sun amince da jakar marufi na masana'antu mai suna "SOLUPAN", wanda ya ƙunshi hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, sitaci da sodium sorbate, kuma ana samunsa ta kasuwanci.
1.1.3.2 Aikace-aikace a cikin Magunguna
Gelatin, abubuwan da suka samo asali na cellulose, sitaci da danko mai cin abinci za a iya amfani da su don shirya bawo mai laushi da wuya na magunguna da kayan kiwon lafiya, wanda zai iya tabbatar da ingancin magunguna da kayan kiwon lafiya, kuma suna da lafiya da kuma ci; wasu magunguna suna da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci, wanda ke da wahalar amfani da marasa lafiya. Karɓa, za a iya amfani da fina-finai masu cin abinci a matsayin kayan shafa mai dandano don irin waɗannan kwayoyi; wasu polymer polymers ba su narke a cikin ciki (pH 1.2) yanayi, amma suna narkewa a cikin yanayin hanji (pH 6.8) kuma za'a iya amfani da su a cikin maganin ƙwayar cuta mai ci gaba-saki; Hakanan za'a iya amfani dashi azaman mai ɗaukar magungunan da aka yi niyya.
Blanco-Fernandez et al. shirya fim ɗin haɗin gwiwar acetylated monoglyceride na chitosan kuma ya yi amfani da shi don ci gaba da sakin ayyukan antioxidant na bitamin E, kuma tasirin ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Kayan marufi na dogon lokaci antioxidant. Zhang et al. gauraye sitaci tare da gelatin, ƙara polyethylene glycol plasticizer, da kuma amfani da gargajiya. An shirya ƙananan capsules mai wuya ta hanyar tsomawa na fim ɗin da aka haɗa, kuma an yi nazarin gaskiya, kaddarorin inji, kaddarorin hydrophilic da yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin fim ɗin. kayan capsule mai kyau [52]. Lal et al. ya sanya kafirin ya zama abin da ake cin abinci don maganin ciwon ciki na paracetamol capsules, kuma ya yi nazarin kaddarorin injina, kaddarorin zafin jiki, kaddarorin shinge da kaddarorin sakin magunguna na fim ɗin da ake ci. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa rufin sorghum Daban-daban nau'ikan capsules na fim na gliadin ba a karye a cikin ciki ba, amma an saki miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin hanji a pH 6.8 . Paik et al. ta shirya barbashi phthalate na HPMC wanda aka lulluɓe da indomethacin, sannan kuma ya fesa ruwa mai samar da fim na HPMC a saman ɓangarorin miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma ya yi nazarin ƙimar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, matsakaicin girman ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, fim ɗin cin abinci sakamakon ya nuna cewa HPMCN mai rufi. Magungunan baka na indomethacin na iya cimma manufar rufe ɗanɗanon maganin da niyya isar da ƙwayoyi. Oladzadabbasabadi et al. blended modified sago sitaci tare da carrageenan shirya wani edible hada fim a matsayin madadin gargajiya gelatin capsules, da kuma nazarin ta bushewa kinetics, thermomechanical Properties, physicochemical Properties da shãmaki Properties, Sakamakon nuna cewa hadaddiyar edible film yana da kama da Properties zuwa gelatin kuma iya. za a yi amfani da shi a cikin samar da magunguna capsules .
1.1.3.3 Aikace-aikace a cikin adana 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu
A cikin sabbin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari bayan tsintar, halayen biochemical da numfashi suna ci gaba da ƙarfi, wanda zai hanzarta lalacewar nama na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, kuma yana da sauƙi don haifar da asarar ɗanɗano a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a cikin zafin jiki, wanda ke haifar da ingancin kyallen takarda na ciki da abubuwan ji na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. raguwa. Don haka, kiyayewa ya zama batu mafi mahimmanci a cikin ajiya da jigilar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari; Hanyoyin kiyayewa na al'ada suna da mummunan tasirin adanawa da tsada mai tsada. Tsare-tsare na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari a halin yanzu shine hanya mafi inganci a cikin adana zafin daki. A edible film-forming ruwa ne mai rufi a saman 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu, wanda zai iya yadda ya kamata hana mamayewa na microorganisms, rage numfashi, ruwa asarar da gina jiki asarar 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu kyallen takarda, jinkirta da physiological tsufa na 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu kyallen takarda. da kuma kiyaye kyallen jikin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari Na asali sun yi laushi da santsi. Siffar mai sheki, don cimma manufar kiyaye sabo da tsawaita lokacin ajiya. Amurkawa suna amfani da acetyl monoglyceride da cuku da aka samo daga man kayan lambu a matsayin babban kayan abinci don shirya fim ɗin cin abinci, kuma suna amfani da shi don yanke 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari don kiyaye sabo, hana bushewa, launin ruwan kasa da mamayewar ƙwayoyin cuta, ta yadda za'a iya kiyaye shi don kwana biyu. Sabuwar jiha . Japan tana amfani da siliki na sharar gida azaman ɗanyen abu don shirya fim ɗin adana dankalin turawa, wanda zai iya cimma sabon sakamako mai kama da na ajiyar sanyi. Amirkawa suna amfani da man kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace a matsayin babban kayan da za su yi ruwa mai laushi, da kuma kiyaye 'ya'yan itacen da aka yanke sabo, kuma sun gano cewa tasirin adana yana da kyau.
Marquez et al. an yi amfani da furotin whey da pectin a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa, kuma ya ƙara glutaminase don haɗin giciye don shirya fim ɗin da aka haɗa da abinci, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don suturar apples, tumatur da karas, wanda zai iya rage yawan asarar nauyi. , hana ci gaban microorganisms a saman sabo-yanke 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da kayan lambu, da kuma tsawanta shiryayye rayuwa a kan jigo na rike da dandano da dandano na sabo-yanke 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu. Shi Lei et al. inabi jajayen inabi mai rufi tare da fim ɗin cin abinci na chitosan, wanda zai iya rage asarar nauyi da jujjuyawa na inabi, kula da launi da haske na inabi, da jinkirta lalacewa na daskararru masu narkewa. Amfani da chitosan, sodium alginate, sodium carboxymethylcellulose da polyacrylate a matsayin albarkatun kasa, Liu et al. shirya edible fina-finai da multilayer shafi ga sabo-kiyaye 'ya'yan itãcen marmari da kayan lambu, da kuma nazarin ilimin halittar jiki, ruwa solubility, da dai sauransu Sakamakon ya nuna cewa sodium carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan-glycerol hada fim yana da mafi kyaun adana sakamako . Sun Qingshen et al. nazarin hada fim na waken soya gina jiki ware, wanda aka yi amfani da adana strawberries, wanda zai iya muhimmanci rage transpiration na strawberries, hana su numfashi, da kuma rage kudi na ruɓaɓɓen 'ya'yan itace. Ferreira et al. amfani da 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu ragowar foda da dankalin turawa bawo foda don shirya hadadden edible film, nazarin ruwa solubility da inji Properties na hada fim, da kuma amfani da shafi hanyar adana hawthorn. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa rayuwar rayuwar hawthorn ta tsawaita. 50%, yawan asarar nauyi ya ragu da 30-57%, kuma kwayoyin acid da danshi bai canza sosai ba. Fu Xiaowei et al. nazarin adana sabo barkono da chitosan edible film, da kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa zai iya muhimmanci rage numfashi tsanani da sabo barkono a lokacin ajiya da kuma jinkirta tsufa na barkono . Navarro-Tarazaga et al. an yi amfani da fim ɗin abinci na HPMC da aka gyara don adana plums. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙudan zuma na iya inganta iskar oxygen da kaddarorin katangar danshi da kaddarorin injina na fina-finan HPMC. Matsakaicin asarar nauyi na plums ya ragu sosai, an inganta laushi da zubar da jinin 'ya'yan itace a lokacin ajiya, kuma an tsawaita lokacin ajiya na plums. Tang Liying et al. yayi amfani da maganin shellac alkali a cikin gyare-gyaren sitaci, shirya fim ɗin shirya abinci, kuma yayi nazarin kaddarorinsa na fim; a lokaci guda, ta yin amfani da ruwa mai yin fim don sutura mango don sabo zai iya rage yawan numfashi Yana iya hana yanayin launin ruwan kasa yayin ajiya, rage yawan asarar nauyi da tsawaita lokacin ajiya.
1.1.3.4 Aikace-aikace a cikin sarrafawa da adana kayan nama
Kayan nama tare da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki da aikin ruwa mai yawa ana samun sauƙin shiga ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin aiwatar da sarrafawa, sufuri, adanawa da cinyewa, yana haifar da duhun launi da oxidation mai mai da sauran lalacewa. Don tsawaita lokacin ajiya da rayuwar rayuwar kayayyakin nama, wajibi ne a yi ƙoƙarin hana ayyukan enzymes a cikin samfuran nama da mamayewar ƙwayoyin cuta a saman, da hana lalacewar launi da wari da ke haifar da iskar oxygen. A halin yanzu, adana fina-finai masu cin abinci na ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su wajen adana nama a gida da waje. Idan aka kwatanta shi da hanyar gargajiya, an gano cewa mamayewar ƙwayoyin cuta na waje, da ƙoshin ƙoshin iskar oxygen da asarar ruwan 'ya'yan itace an inganta sosai a cikin kayan naman da aka tattara a cikin fim ɗin cin abinci, kuma an inganta ingancin kayan nama sosai. An tsawaita rayuwar tsararru.
An fara bincike kan fim ɗin cin abinci na kayan nama a ƙarshen 1950s, kuma yanayin aikace-aikacen da ya fi nasara shine fim ɗin cin abinci na collagen, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai wajen samarwa da sarrafa tsiran alade. Emiroglu et al. ƙara man sesame a fim ɗin cin furotin waken soya don yin fim ɗin kashe ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ya yi nazarin tasirinsa na ƙwayoyin cuta akan naman sa da aka daskare. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim din antibacterial zai iya hana haifuwa da girma na Staphylococcus aureus. Wuk et al. shirya fim mai cin abinci na proanthocyanidin kuma ya yi amfani da shi don sutura naman alade mai firiji don sabo. Launi, pH, TVB-N darajar, thiobarbituric acid da ƙananan ƙwayoyin naman alade na naman alade bayan ajiya na kwanaki 14 an yi nazari. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin cin abinci na proanthocyanidins zai iya rage haɓakar thiobarbituric acid yadda ya kamata, hana lalatawar fatty acid, rage mamayewa da haifuwa na ƙwayoyin cuta a saman samfuran nama, haɓaka ingancin samfuran nama, da tsawaita lokacin ajiya rayuwar shiryayye . Jiang Shaotong et al. ƙara shayi polyphenols da allicin zuwa sitaci-sodium alginate composite membrane bayani, da kuma amfani da su don adana sabo da sanyi naman alade, wanda za a iya adana a 0-4 °C fiye da kwanaki 19. Cartagena et al. ya ba da rahoton tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta na fim ɗin cin abinci na collagen da aka ƙara tare da wakili na nisin antimicrobial akan adana yankakken naman alade, yana nuna cewa fim ɗin cin abinci na collagen zai iya rage ƙaura da ɗanɗano na yankakken naman alade, jinkirta ƙarancin kayan nama, kuma ƙara 2 Fim ɗin collagen tare da % nisin yana da mafi kyawun tasirin adanawa. Wang Rui et al. yayi nazarin canje-canjen sodium alginate, chitosan da fiber carboxymethyl ta hanyar nazarin kwatancen pH, ƙarancin nitrogen mai ƙarfi, ja da jimlar adadin naman sa a cikin kwanaki 16 na ajiya. An yi amfani da nau'ikan fina-finai guda uku da ake ci na bitamin sodium don adana sabo na naman sa mai sanyi. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin da ake ci na sodium alginate yana da kyakkyawan sakamako na adana sabo. Caprioli et al. dafaffen nono na turkey tare da fim ɗin abinci na sodium caseinate sannan a sanyaya shi a 4 ° C. Nazarin ya nuna cewa fim ɗin cin abinci na sodium caseinate na iya rage naman turkey yayin firiji. na rancidity .
1.1.3.5 Aikace-aikace a cikin adana kayayyakin ruwa
Rashin ingancin samfuran ruwa yana bayyana ne a cikin raguwar danshi kyauta, lalacewar dandano da tabarbarewar nau'in samfurin ruwa. Rushewar samfuran ruwa, iskar oxygen, denaturation da bushewar amfani da ke haifar da mamayewar ƙwayoyin cuta duk mahimman abubuwan da ke shafar rayuwar samfuran ruwa. Ajiye daskararre hanya ce ta gama gari don adana samfuran ruwa, amma kuma za a sami ƙarancin ƙarancin inganci a cikin tsarin, wanda ke da haɗari musamman ga kifin ruwa.
An fara adana fim ɗin da ake ci na kayayyakin ruwa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970 kuma yanzu an yi amfani da shi sosai. Fim ɗin da za a iya ci zai iya adana samfuran ruwa masu daskarewa yadda ya kamata, rage asarar ruwa, kuma ana iya haɗa shi da antioxidants don hana iskar shaka mai mai, don haka cimma manufar tsawaita rayuwar shiryayye da rayuwar shiryayye. Meenatchisundaram et al. shirya fim ɗin da aka haɗa da sitaci ta hanyar amfani da sitaci azaman matrix da ƙara kayan yaji kamar su clove da kirfa, kuma ana amfani dashi don adana farin jatan lande. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin sitaci mai cin abinci zai iya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta yadda ya kamata, rage yawan iskar shaka, tsawaita rayuwar rayuwar farin jatan lande a 10 ° C da 4 ° C ya kasance tsawon kwanaki 14 da 12, bi da bi. Cheng Yuanyuan da sauransu sun yi nazari kan abubuwan da ake adanawa na Pululan tare da gudanar da kifin da ake samu a cikin ruwa. Kiyayewa na iya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta yadda ya kamata, rage iskar oxygen da furotin kifi da mai, kuma yana da kyakkyawan tasirin kiyayewa. Yunusa et al. Ruwan bakan gizo mai rufi tare da fim ɗin abinci na gelatin wanda aka ƙara leaf mai mahimmancin mai, kuma yayi nazarin tasirin adanawa a cikin 4 ° C. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin da ake ci na gelatin yana da tasiri wajen kiyaye ingancin bakan gizo har zuwa kwanaki 22. na dogon lokaci . Wang Siwei et al. amfani da sodium alginate, chitosan da CMC a matsayin babban kayan, ƙara stearic acid don shirya edible film ruwa, da kuma amfani da shi don sufi Penaeus vannamei don sabo. Binciken ya nuna cewa fim ɗin da aka haɗa na CMC da chitosan Ruwan yana da tasiri mai kyau na adanawa kuma yana iya tsawaita rayuwar rayuwar ta kusan kwanaki 2. Yang Shengping da sauransu sun yi amfani da fim ɗin cin abinci na chitosan-tea polyphenol don firiji da adana sabon jet ɗin gashi, wanda zai iya hana haifuwar ƙwayoyin cuta a saman wutsiya, da jinkirta samuwar hydrochloric acid mai canzawa, da kuma tsawaita rayuwar gashin gashi zuwa saman wutsiya. kamar kwanaki 12.
1.1.3.6 Aikace-aikace a cikin soyayyen abinci
Soyayyen abinci sanannen abinci ne wanda aka shirya don ci tare da babban fitarwa. An nannade shi da polysaccharide da furotin mai cin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda zai iya hana canjin launi na abinci a lokacin aikin soya kuma rage yawan amfani da mai. shigar da iskar oxygen da danshi [80]. Rufe soyayyen abinci tare da danko na Gellan na iya rage yawan amfani da mai da kashi 35% -63%, kamar lokacin soya sashimi, yana iya rage yawan mai da kashi 63%; Lokacin soya kwakwalwan dankalin turawa, yana iya rage yawan amfani da mai da kashi 35% -63%. Rage amfani da mai da kashi 60%, da sauransu [81].
Singhhong et al. sun yi fina-finan da ake ci na polysaccharides kamar su sodium alginate, carboxymethyl cellulose da pectin, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don shafan soyayyen ayaba, kuma sun yi nazarin yawan sha mai bayan an soya. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa pectin da carboxyl Tushen ayaba mai soyayyen da aka lulluɓe da methylcellulose sun nuna mafi kyawun azanci, wanda fim ɗin cin abinci na pectin ya sami sakamako mafi kyau akan rage sha mai [82]. Holownia et al. fina-finan HPMC da MC masu rufi a saman soyayyen kaji don nazarin canje-canjen da ake samu a cikin amfani da mai, abun ciki na fatty acid kyauta da darajar launi a cikin mai. Pre-rufi na iya rage sha mai da inganta rayuwar mai [83]. Sheng Meixiang et al. yi fina-finai masu cin abinci na CMC, chitosan da furotin waken soya keɓe, guntun dankalin turawa mai rufi, kuma a soya su a babban zafin jiki don nazarin shayar mai, abun ciki na ruwa, launi, abun ciki na acrylamide da ƙimar hankali na kwakwalwan dankalin turawa. , sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin keɓe furotin waken soya yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan rage yawan amfani da mai na soyayyen dankalin turawa, kuma fim ɗin cin abinci na chitosan yana da tasiri mai kyau akan rage abun ciki na acrylamide [84]. Salvador et al. lullube saman soyayyen zoben squid tare da sitacin alkama, gyaggyaran sitaci masara, dextrin da gluten, wanda zai iya inganta ƙirjin zoben squid da rage yawan sha mai [85].
1.1.3.7 Aikace-aikace a cikin kayan gasa
Za a iya amfani da fim mai cin abinci a matsayin sutura mai laushi don inganta bayyanar kayan da aka gasa; za a iya amfani da a matsayin wani shãmaki ga danshi, oxygen, maiko, da dai sauransu don inganta shiryayye rayuwa na gasa kaya, misali, chitosan edible film da ake amfani da surface shafi burodi Har ila yau, za a iya amfani da a matsayin m ga kintsattse abun ciye-ciye da kuma abun ciye-ciye. alal misali, gasasshen gyada ana yawan shafa shi da man shafawa don shafa gishiri da kayan yaji [87].
Christos et al. yi fina-finai masu cin abinci na sodium alginate da furotin whey kuma an shafe su a saman gurasar Lactobacillus rhamnosus probiotic. Binciken ya nuna cewa an inganta yawan rayuwa na probiotics sosai, amma nau'ikan burodin biyu sun nuna hanyoyin narkewa suna kama da juna, don haka rufin fim ɗin da ake ci ba ya canza salo, dandano da kaddarorin thermophysical na burodin [88]. Panuwat et al. An ƙara fitar da guzberi na Indiya a cikin matrix methyl cellulose don shirya fim ɗin hadewar abinci, da kuma amfani da shi don adana sabo na gasasshen cashews. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin da aka haɗa da abinci zai iya hana gasasshen cashew yadda ya kamata yayin ajiya. Ingancin ya lalace kuma an tsawaita rayuwar gasasshen cashews har zuwa kwanaki 90 [89]. Schou et al. ya yi fim mai sauƙi kuma mai sassauƙa tare da sodium caseinate da glycerin, kuma ya yi nazarin kaddarorin injinsa, ƙarancin ruwa da tasirin marufi akan yankan burodin da aka gasa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin da ake ci na sodium caseinate ya nannade burodin da aka gasa. Bayan yin burodi, za a iya rage taurinsa a cikin sa'o'i 6 na ajiya a zafin jiki [90]. Du et al. an yi amfani da fim ɗin cin abinci na tuffa da kuma fim ɗin tumatur na tushen da aka ƙara tare da mahimman mai don nannade kajin gasasshen, wanda ba wai kawai ya hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta ba kafin a gasa kajin, amma kuma yana haɓaka ɗanɗanon kajin bayan gasa shi [91]. Javanmard et al. an shirya fim ɗin sitacin alkama da za a ci kuma an yi amfani da shi don nannade ƙwaya pistachio da aka gasa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin sitaci da za a iya ci zai iya hana ƙwayar cuta ta ƙwaya, inganta ingancin goro, da tsawaita rayuwarsu [92]. Majid et al. yi amfani da fim ɗin furotin na whey don shafa gasasshen gyada, wanda zai iya ƙara shingen oxygen, rage ƙarancin gyada, inganta gasasshen gyada, da tsawaita lokacin ajiyarta [93].
1.1.3.8 Aikace-aikace a cikin kayan kayan zaki
Masana'antar alewa tana da manyan buƙatu don yaduwar abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi, don haka don cakulan da alewa tare da goge goge, ya zama dole a yi amfani da fina-finai masu narkewar ruwa mai narkewa don maye gurbin ruwa mai rufi wanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi. Fim ɗin marufi da ake ci zai iya samar da fim ɗin kariya mai santsi a saman alewar don rage ƙaura na iskar oxygen da danshi [19]. Aikace-aikacen fina-finai masu cin abinci na furotin whey a cikin kayan abinci na iya rage yaduwar abubuwan da ba su da ƙarfi sosai. Lokacin da ake amfani da cakulan don ɓoye abinci mai mai irin su kukis da man gyada, man zai yi ƙaura zuwa saman cakulan na waje, yana sa cakulan ya danne kuma ya haifar da yanayin "reverse sanyi", amma abin da ke ciki zai bushe, wanda zai haifar da canza dandanonsa. Ƙara Layer na kayan shirya fina-finai masu cin abinci tare da aikin shinge na mai zai iya magance wannan matsala [94].
Nelson et al. yi amfani da fim ɗin cin abinci na methylcellulose don ɗaukar alewa mai ɗauke da lipids da yawa kuma ya nuna ƙarancin ƙarancin lipid, don haka yana hana yanayin sanyi a cikin cakulan [95]. Meyers ya yi amfani da fim ɗin hydrogel-wax bilayer edible film zuwa cingam, wanda zai iya inganta mannewa, rage jujjuyawar ruwa, da kuma tsawaita rayuwarsa [21]. Ruwan da Fadini et al. An yi nazarin fim ɗin man shanu na Decollagen-cocoa mai cin abinci don kayan aikin injinsa da ƙarancin ruwa, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman shafi don samfuran cakulan tare da kyakkyawan sakamako [96].
1.1.4 Fina-finan Cin Gindi-Tsarin Cellulose
Fim ɗin cin abinci na tushen Cellulose wani nau'in fim ne na cin abinci da aka yi daga mafi yawan ƙwayar cellulose da abubuwan da suka samo asali a cikin yanayi a matsayin babban kayan abinci. Fim ɗin cin abinci na tushen Cellulose ba shi da wari kuma mara daɗi, kuma yana da ƙarfin injina mai kyau, kaddarorin shingen mai, nuna gaskiya, sassauci da kyawawan kaddarorin shingen iskar gas. Koyaya, saboda yanayin hydrophilic na cellulose, juriya na fim ɗin cin abinci na tushen cellulose shine Ayyukan ruwa gabaɗaya mara kyau [82, 97-99].
Fim ɗin cin abinci na tushen cellulose wanda aka yi da kayan sharar gida a cikin masana'antar abinci na iya samun fina-finai na marufi masu kyau tare da kyakkyawan aiki, kuma yana iya sake amfani da kayan sharar gida don ƙara ƙimar samfuran. Ferreira et al. gauraye da 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu ragowar foda tare da dankalin turawa bawo foda don shirya wani cellulose-tushen edible film hadaddiyar giyar, da kuma shafa shi a kan shafi na hawthorn don adana sabo, da kuma samun sakamako mai kyau [62]. Tan Huizi et al. ya yi amfani da fiber na abinci da aka samo daga ɗigon wake a matsayin kayan tushe kuma ya ƙara wani adadin mai kauri don shirya fim ɗin da za a iya ci na fiber waken soya, wanda ke da kyawawan kaddarorin injina da kaddarorin shinge [100], wanda galibi ana amfani dashi don shirya kayan abinci mai sauri. , Yana da dacewa kuma mai gina jiki don narkar da kunshin kayan kai tsaye a cikin ruwan zafi.
Abubuwan da aka samo asali na cellulose na ruwa, irin su methyl cellulose (MC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) da hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), na iya samar da matrix mai ci gaba kuma ana amfani da su a cikin ci gaban fina-finai da bincike. Xiao Naiyu et al. An yi amfani da MC a matsayin babban kayan aikin fim, ƙara polyethylene glycol da calcium chloride da sauran kayan taimako, an shirya fim ɗin cin abinci na MC ta hanyar simintin gyare-gyare, sannan a shafa shi don adana olecranon, wanda zai iya tsawaita bakin olecranon. Rayuwar rayuwar peach shine kwanaki 4.5 [101]. Esmaeili et al. shirya MC edible film ta hanyar jefawa da kuma amfani da shi zuwa shafi na shuka muhimmanci man microcapsules. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fim ɗin MC yana da tasiri mai kyau na toshe mai kuma ana iya amfani dashi a cikin kayan abinci don hana lalata fatty acid [102]. Tian et al. gyare-gyaren fina-finai masu cin abinci na MC tare da acid stearic da acid fatty acid, wanda zai iya inganta kaddarorin hana ruwa na fina-finai na MC [103]. Lai Fengying et al. yayi nazarin tasirin nau'in sauran ƙarfi akan tsarin samar da fim na fim ɗin cin abinci na MC da kaddarorin shinge da kaddarorin inji na fim ɗin edible [104].
Kwayoyin CMC suna da kyawawan kaddarorin shinge ga O2, CO2 da mai, kuma ana amfani da su sosai a fagen abinci da magani [99]. Bifani et al. shirye-shiryen CMC membranes kuma yayi nazarin tasirin ganyen ganye akan kaddarorin shinge na ruwa da kaddarorin shingen gas na membranes. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙari na ganyen ganye zai iya inganta haɓakar danshi da abubuwan shinge na oxygen na membranes, amma ba don CO2 ba. Kayayyakin shinge suna da alaƙa da tattarawar abin da aka cire [105]. da Moura et al. shirye-shiryen nanoparticles na chitosan sun ƙarfafa fina-finai na CMC, kuma sun yi nazarin kwanciyar hankali na thermal, kayan aikin injiniya da ruwa mai narkewa na fina-finai masu haɗaka. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa chitosan nanoparticles na iya inganta ingantaccen kayan aikin injiniya da kwanciyar hankali na fina-finai na CMC. Jima'i [98]. Ganbarzadeh et al. shirya fina-finai masu cin abinci na CMC kuma yayi nazarin tasirin glycerol da oleic acid akan abubuwan physicochemical na fina-finan CMC. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa an inganta kaddarorin katangar fina-finan, amma kayan aikin injina da bayyana gaskiya sun ragu [99]. Cheng et al. shirya wani carboxymethyl cellulose-konjac glucomannan edible composite film, da kuma nazarin tasirin dabino a kan physicochemical Properties na hadaddun fim. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙananan ƙwayoyin lipid microspheres na iya ƙara yawan fim ɗin haɗin gwiwa. Ruwan ruwa na sama da karkatar da tashar ratsawar kwayoyin ruwa na iya inganta aikin shingen danshi na membrane [106].
HPMC tana da kyawawan kaddarorin shirya fina-finai, kuma fim ɗin nata yana da sassauƙa, bayyananne, marar launi da wari, kuma yana da kyawawan kaddarorin masu shingen mai, amma kayan injinsa da abubuwan hana ruwa suna buƙatar haɓakawa. Nazarin Zuniga et al. ya nuna cewa farkon microstructure da kwanciyar hankali na HPMC film-forming bayani na iya tasiri sosai ga farfajiya da tsarin ciki na fim ɗin, da kuma yadda ɗigon mai ya shiga yayin samuwar tsarin fim ɗin na iya tasiri sosai ga watsa haske da aikin farfajiyar. fim. Bugu da ƙari na wakili zai iya inganta kwanciyar hankali na maganin samar da fim, wanda hakan ya shafi tsarin farfajiya da kayan gani na fim din, amma kayan aikin injiniya da iska ba a rage ba [107]. Klangmuang et al. amfani organically modified yumbu da beeswax don inganta da kuma gyara HPMC edible film inganta inji Properties da shãmaki Properties na HPMC film. Binciken ya nuna cewa bayan gyaran ƙudan zuma da yumbu, kayan aikin injiniya na fim ɗin abinci na HPMC sun kasance daidai da na fim ɗin da ake ci. An inganta aikin abubuwan danshi [108]. Dogan et al. shirya fim ɗin cin abinci na HPMC, kuma yayi amfani da microcrystalline cellulose don haɓakawa da gyara fim ɗin HPMC, kuma yayi nazarin ƙarancin ruwa da kaddarorin injina na fim ɗin. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa kaddarorin shingen danshi na fim ɗin da aka gyara bai canza sosai ba. , amma kayan aikin injinsa sun inganta sosai [109]. Choi et al. kara oregano leaf da bergamot muhimmanci mai a cikin HPMC matrix shirya edible hada fim, da kuma amfani da shi zuwa shafi adana sabo plums. Nazarin ya nuna cewa fim ɗin da aka haɗa da abinci zai iya hana shakar plums yadda ya kamata, rage samar da ethylene, rage yawan asarar nauyi, da haɓaka ingancin plums [110]. Esteghlal et al. haɗe HPMC tare da gelatin don shirya fina-finai masu haɗaka masu cin abinci da kuma nazarin fina-finan da ake ci. Abubuwan physicochemical Properties, inji Properties da kuma jituwa na HPMC gelatin sun nuna cewa tensile Properties na HPMC gelatin hada fina-finan ba su canja sosai, wanda za a iya amfani da a cikin shirye-shiryen na magani capsules [111]. Villacres et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin injina, kaddarorin shingen iskar gas da kaddarorin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta na HPMC-rogo sitaci mai hadewar fina-finai. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fina-finai masu haɗaka suna da kyawawan kaddarorin shinge na oxygen da tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta [112]. Byun et al. wanda aka shirya shellac-HPMC mai hade da membranes, kuma yayi nazarin tasirin nau'ikan emulsifiers da maida hankali na shellac akan abubuwan da ke tattare da su. Emulsifier ya rage kaddarorin hana ruwa na membrane mai hade, amma kayan aikin injinsa bai ragu sosai ba; Bugu da ƙari na shellac ya inganta ingantaccen yanayin zafi na membrane na HPMC, kuma tasirinsa ya karu tare da karuwar ƙwayar shellac [113].
1.1.5 Fina-finan Cin Gindi Na Taurari
Sitaci shine polymer na halitta don shirya fina-finai masu cin abinci. Yana da fa'idodin tushe mai fa'ida, ƙarancin farashi, daidaitawa da ƙimar abinci mai gina jiki, kuma ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin masana'antar abinci da magunguna [114-117]. Kwanan nan, bincike kan fina-finai masu cin abinci na sitaci da kuma fina-finai na kayan abinci na tushen sitaci don adana abinci da adanawa sun bayyana daya bayan daya [118]. Babban sitaci amylose da sitaci da aka gyara na hydroxypropylated sune manyan kayan don shirye-shiryen fina-finai masu cin abinci na tushen sitaci [119]. Sake mayar da sitaci shine babban dalilinsa na iya samar da fim. Mafi girman abun ciki na amylose, ƙaddamar da haɗin gwiwar intermolecular, mafi sauƙi shine don samar da sake dawowa, kuma mafi kyawun kayan aikin fim, da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarshe na fim ɗin. girma. Amylose na iya yin fina-finai masu narkewar ruwa tare da ƙarancin iskar oxygen, kuma kaddarorin kaddarorin fina-finan amylose ba za su ragu ba a ƙarƙashin yanayin yanayin zafin jiki, wanda zai iya kare fakitin abinci yadda ya kamata [120].
Fim ɗin sitaci mai cin abinci, mara launi da wari, yana da kyakkyawar fa'ida, narkewar ruwa da kaddarorin shinge na iskar gas, amma yana nuna ingantacciyar hydrophilicity da ƙarancin kaddarorin danshi, don haka ana amfani dashi galibi a cikin iskar oxygen abinci da marufi mai shinge mai [121-123]. Bugu da ƙari, membranes na tushen sitaci suna da sauƙi ga tsufa da kuma sake dawowa, kuma kayan aikin su ba su da kyau [124]. Domin shawo kan gazawar da ke sama, ana iya canza sitaci ta hanyar jiki, sinadarai, enzymatic, kwayoyin halitta da hanyoyin ƙari don haɓaka kaddarorin fina-finai masu cin abinci na tushen sitaci [114].
Zhang Zhengmao et al. ya yi amfani da fim ɗin cin abinci na sitaci mai ɗorewa don ɗaukar strawberries kuma ya gano cewa yana iya rage asarar ruwa yadda ya kamata, jinkirta raguwar abun ciki mai narkewa, da tsawaita lokacin ajiyar strawberries yadda ya kamata [125]. Garcia et al. modified sitaci tare da daban-daban sarkar rabo don samun modified sitaci film-kafa ruwa, wanda aka yi amfani da sabo strawberry shafi tsare fim. Matsakaicin ƙima da lalacewa sun fi na rukunin da ba a rufe su ba [126]. Ganbarzadeh et al. gyare-gyaren sitaci ta hanyar haɗin giciye na citric acid kuma an sami ingantaccen fim ɗin sitaci mai haɗe-haɗe da sinadarai. Nazarin ya nuna cewa bayan gyare-gyaren haɗin kai, an inganta kaddarorin shingen danshi da kayan aikin injina na fina-finan sitaci [127]. Gao Qunyu et al. da za'ayi enzymatic hydrolysis jiyya na sitaci da kuma samu sitaci edible film, da kuma inji Properties kamar tensile ƙarfi, elongation da nadawa juriya ya karu, da danshi shamaki yi ya karu tare da karuwa da enzyme mataki lokaci. ya inganta sosai [128]. Parra et al. ya kara da wakili mai haɗin giciye zuwa sitaci tapioca don shirya fim ɗin da za a iya ci tare da kyawawan kaddarorin inji da ƙarancin watsawar tururin ruwa [129]. Fonseca et al. amfani da sodium hypochlorite don oxidize sitaci dankalin turawa da kuma shirya wani edible fim na oxidized sitaci. Binciken ya nuna cewa yawan watsawar tururin ruwansa da mai narkewar ruwa ya ragu sosai, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi a cikin marufi na abinci mai yawan ruwa [130].
Haɗa sitaci tare da sauran polymers ɗin da ake ci da filastik wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci don haɓaka kaddarorin fina-finai masu cin abinci na tushen sitaci. A halin yanzu, hadaddun polymers da aka saba amfani dasu sune mafi yawan colloid hydrophilic, irin su pectin, cellulose, polysaccharide ruwan teku, chitosan, carrageenan da xanthan danko [131].
Maria Rodriguez et al. amfani da sitaci dankalin turawa da plasticizers ko surfactants a matsayin manyan kayan don shirya sitaci na tushen fina-finai na cin abinci, nuna cewa plasticizers iya kara fim sassauci da kuma surfactants iya rage fim stretchability [132]. Santana et al. An yi amfani da nanofibers don haɓakawa da gyara fina-finai na sitaci na rogo, da kuma samun fina-finai masu haɗaka masu cin abinci na tushen sitaci tare da ingantattun kayan aikin injiniya, kaddarorin shinge, da kwanciyar hankali na thermal [133]. Azevedo et al. hadaddun furotin whey tare da sitaci na thermoplastic don shirya kayan fim iri ɗaya, wanda ke nuna cewa furotin na whey da sitaci na thermoplastic suna da mannewar tsaka-tsaki mai ƙarfi, kuma furotin whey na iya haɓaka samuwar sitaci sosai. Katange ruwa da kayan aikin injina na fina-finai masu cin abinci [134]. Edirej et al. shirya fim mai cin abinci na tapioca sitaci, kuma yayi nazarin tasirin filastik akan tsarin jiki da sinadarai, kayan inji da kaddarorin thermal na fim ɗin. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa nau'in da tattarawar filastik na iya tasiri sosai ga fim ɗin sitaci tapioca. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran masu amfani da filastik kamar urea da triethylene glycol, pectin yana da mafi kyawun tasirin filastik, kuma fim ɗin sitaci na pectin-plasticized yana da kyawawan kaddarorin hana ruwa [135]. Saberi et al. amfani da sitacin fis, guar danko da glycerin don shirya fina-finai masu hade da abinci. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa sitaci na fis ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kauri na fim, da yawa, haɗin kai, rashin ruwa da ƙarfi. Guar danko Yana iya shafar ƙarfin ɗaure da na roba na membrane, kuma glycerol na iya inganta sassaucin membrane [136]. Ji et al. hadaddun chitosan da sitaci na masara, da kuma ƙara nanoparticles na calcium carbonate don shirya fim ɗin rigakafin cutar sitaci. Binciken ya nuna cewa an samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen na intermolecular tsakanin sitaci da chitosan, kuma kayan aikin fim ɗin sun inganta kuma an haɓaka kaddarorin ƙwayoyin cuta [137]. Meira et al. ingantattun sitaci masara da gyaggyarawa fim ɗin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta tare da kaolin nanoparticles, da injiniyoyi da kaddarorin thermal na fim ɗin da aka haɗa sun inganta, kuma tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta bai shafi [138]. Ortega-Toro et al. ya kara HPMC zuwa sitaci kuma ya kara citric acid don shirya fim mai cin abinci. Nazarin ya nuna cewa ƙari na HPMC da citric acid na iya hana tsufa na sitaci yadda ya kamata da kuma rage ƙarancin ruwa na fim ɗin da ake ci, amma abubuwan da ke hana oxygen sun ragu [139].
1.2 Polymer hydrogel
Hydrogels wani nau'in polymers ne na hydrophilic tare da tsarin hanyar sadarwa mai fuska uku wanda ba shi da narkewa a cikin ruwa amma ruwa zai iya kumbura. Macroscopically, hydrogel yana da takamaiman siffa, ba zai iya gudana ba, kuma abu ne mai ƙarfi. A microscopically, za a iya rarraba kwayoyin ruwa mai narkewa a cikin nau'i daban-daban da girma a cikin hydrogel kuma suna yadawa a nau'o'in watsawa daban-daban, don haka hydrogel yana nuna kaddarorin bayani. Tsarin ciki na hydrogels yana da iyakacin ƙarfi kuma yana da sauƙin lalacewa. Yana cikin yanayi tsakanin m da ruwa. Yana da kwatankwacin elasticity zuwa m, kuma a fili ya bambanta da na gaske.
1.2.1 Bayani na polymer hydrogels
1.2.1.1 Rarraba na polymer hydrogels
Polymer hydrogel shine tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin kai ta zahiri ko sinadarai tsakanin ƙwayoyin polymer [143-146]. Yana sha ruwa mai yawa a cikin ruwa don kumbura kansa, kuma a lokaci guda, yana iya kiyaye tsarinsa mai girma uku kuma ya zama marar narkewa a cikin ruwa. ruwa.
Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don rarraba hydrogels. Dangane da bambanci a cikin abubuwan haɗin giciye, ana iya raba su zuwa gels na jiki da gels na sinadarai. Gel na jiki suna samuwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen mai rauni, haɗin gwiwar ionic, hulɗar hydrophobic, dakarun van der Waals da haɗin kai na jiki tsakanin sassan kwayoyin halitta na polymer da sauran sojojin jiki, kuma za'a iya canza su zuwa mafita a wurare daban-daban na waje. An kira shi gel mai juyawa; sinadaran gel yawanci tsarin cibiyar sadarwa ne na dindindin uku mai girma da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗa haɗin haɗin sinadarai irin su covalent bond a gaban zafi, haske, ƙaddamarwa, da sauransu. Don haƙiƙanin ƙazamin [147-149]. Gel na jiki gabaɗaya baya buƙatar gyare-gyaren sinadarai kuma suna da ƙarancin guba, amma kayan aikin injiniyan su ba su da ƙarancin talauci kuma yana da wahala a jure babban damuwa na waje; sinadaran gels gabaɗaya suna da mafi kyawun kwanciyar hankali da kaddarorin inji.
Dangane da tushe daban-daban, ana iya raba hydrogels zuwa polymer hydrogels na roba da kuma polymer hydrogels na halitta. Roba polymer hydrogels ne hydrogels kafa ta hanyar sinadaran polymerization na roba polymers, yafi ciki har da polyacrylic acid, polyvinyl acetate, polyacrylamide, polyethylene oxide, da dai sauransu.; na halitta polymer hydrogels ne Polymer hydrogels aka kafa ta hanyar giciye na halitta polymers kamar polysaccharides da sunadarai a cikin yanayi, ciki har da cellulose, alginate, sitaci, agarose, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, da collagen [6, 7, 150], 151. Halitta polymer hydrogels yawanci suna da halaye na tushe mai faɗi, ƙarancin farashi da ƙarancin guba, da polymer hydrogels na roba gabaɗaya suna da sauƙin sarrafawa kuma suna da yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Dangane da martani daban-daban ga yanayin waje, ana iya raba hydrogels zuwa hydrogels na gargajiya da kuma hydrogels masu hankali. Hydrogels na al'ada ba su da mahimmanci ga canje-canje a cikin yanayin waje; smart hydrogels na iya fahimtar ƙananan canje-canje a cikin yanayin waje kuma suna haifar da canje-canje masu dacewa a cikin tsarin jiki da kaddarorin sinadarai [152-156]. Don hydrogels masu zafin jiki, ƙarar yana canzawa tare da yanayin yanayin. Yawancin lokaci, irin waɗannan polymer hydrogels sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic kamar hydroxyl, ether da amide ko ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic kamar methyl, ethyl da propyl. Yanayin zafin jiki na waje zai iya rinjayar hulɗar hydrophilic ko hydrophobic tsakanin kwayoyin gel, hydrogen bonding da kuma hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin ruwa da sarƙoƙi na polymer, don haka yana rinjayar ma'auni na tsarin gel. Don hydrogels masu hankali na pH, tsarin yawanci yana ƙunshe da ƙungiyoyi masu gyara tushen acid kamar ƙungiyoyin carboxyl, ƙungiyoyin acid sulfonic ko ƙungiyoyin amino. A cikin yanayin pH mai canzawa, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi zasu iya sha ko saki protons, canza haɗin haɗin hydrogen a cikin gel da bambanci tsakanin ƙananan ion na ciki da na waje, yana haifar da canjin ƙarar gel. Don filin lantarki, filin maganadisu da hydrogels masu haske, sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi masu aiki kamar polyelectrolytes, ƙarfe oxides, da ƙungiyoyi masu ɗaukar hoto, bi da bi. A ƙarƙashin nau'ikan motsa jiki daban-daban na waje, ana canza yanayin tsarin tsarin ko digiri na ionization, sa'an nan kuma ana canza ƙarar gel ta ka'ida mai kama da zazzabi ko pH-m hydrogel.
Dangane da dabi'un gel daban-daban, ana iya raba hydrogels zuwa gels masu sanya sanyi da gels-induced thermal [157]. Cold gel, wanda ake magana da shi azaman gel mai sanyi ga gajere, wani macromolecule ne wanda ke wanzuwa a cikin nau'in coils na bazuwar a babban zafin jiki. A lokacin aiwatar da sanyaya, saboda aikin haɗin gwiwar hydrogen intermolecular, ana samun gutsutsutsun gutsuttsura a hankali, don haka ana kammala aikin daga mafita. Canji zuwa gel [158]; Gel mai haifar da thermal, wanda ake magana da shi azaman thermal gel, shine macromolecule a cikin yanayin bayani a ƙananan zafin jiki. A lokacin aikin dumama, an kafa tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku ta hanyar hulɗar hydrophobic, da dai sauransu, don haka ya kammala jigilar gelation [159], 160.
Hakanan za'a iya raba hydrogels zuwa homopolymeric hydrogels, copolymerized hydrogels da interpenetrating hydrogels cibiyar sadarwa dangane da daban-daban na cibiyar sadarwa kaddarorin, microscopic hydrogels da macroscopic hydrogels dangane daban-daban gel size, da biodegradable kaddarorin. Daban-daban sun kasu kashi-kashi hydrogels masu lalacewa da kuma hydrogels marasa lalacewa.
1.2.1.2 Aikace-aikacen na polymer hydrogels
Halitta polymer hydrogels suna da halaye na kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa, babban sassauci, maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa, hankali ga muhalli, riƙewar ruwa da ƙarancin guba, kuma ana amfani da su sosai a cikin biomedicine, sarrafa abinci, kariyar muhalli, aikin noma da samar da gandun daji kuma An yadu sosai. da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin masana'antu da sauran fannoni [142, 161-165].
Aikace-aikace na polymer hydrogels na halitta a cikin filayen da suka shafi ilimin halitta. Halittar polymer hydrogels suna da kyau biocompatibility, biodegradability, kuma babu mai guba sakamako masu illa, don haka za a iya amfani da su azaman raunuka miya da kuma kai tsaye tuntuɓar jikin mutum, wanda zai iya yadda ya kamata rage mamayewa na microorganisms a cikin vitro, hana asarar ruwa na jiki, da kuma ba da damar oxygen. wucewa. Yana inganta warkar da raunuka; ana iya amfani da su don shirya ruwan tabarau na lamba, tare da fa'idodin sawa mai daɗi, ingantaccen iskar oxygen, da ƙarin magani na cututtukan ido [166, 167]. Polymers na halitta suna kama da tsarin kyallen takarda masu rai kuma suna iya shiga cikin al'ada metabolism na jikin mutum, don haka ana iya amfani da irin waɗannan hydrogels azaman kayan aikin injiniya na nama, gyaran gyare-gyaren guringuntsi, da dai sauransu. siffa da alluran gyare-gyare. stents da aka riga aka tsara suna amfani da ruwa na musamman tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku na gel yana ba shi damar taka wani matsayi na tallafi a cikin kyallen jikin halitta yayin samar da takamaiman kuma isasshen sararin ci gaba ga sel, kuma yana iya haifar da haɓakar tantanin halitta, rarrabuwa, da lalacewa sha da jikin mutum [168]. Abubuwan da aka ƙera allura suna amfani da yanayin canjin lokaci na hydrogels don samar da gels da sauri bayan an yi musu allurar a cikin yanayin mafita mai gudana, wanda zai iya rage zafin marasa lafiya [169]. Wasu nau'ikan polymer hydrogels na halitta suna da kula da muhalli, don haka ana amfani da su sosai azaman kayan sakin da ake sarrafa su da magunguna, ta yadda za a iya fitar da magungunan da ke cikin su zuwa sassan da ake buƙata na jikin ɗan adam cikin lokaci da ƙima, yana rage guba da gefe. illar magungunan a jikin mutum [170].
Aikace-aikacen polymer hydrogels na halitta a cikin filayen abinci. Halitta polymer hydrogels wani muhimmin bangare ne na abinci uku na mutane a rana, kamar wasu kayan zaki, alewa, maye gurbin nama, yogurt da ice cream. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da shi azaman ƙari na abinci a cikin kayan abinci, wanda zai iya inganta halayensa na zahiri kuma ya ba shi ɗanɗano mai laushi. Misali, ana amfani da shi azaman mai kauri a cikin miya da miya, azaman emulsifier a cikin ruwan 'ya'yan itace, kuma azaman wakili mai dakatarwa. A cikin abubuwan sha na madara, azaman wakili na gelling a cikin puddings da aspics, azaman wakili mai bayyanawa da mai daidaita kumfa a cikin giya, azaman mai hanawa syneresis a cikin cuku, azaman mai ɗaure a cikin tsiran alade, kamar yadda ake amfani da Inhibitors retrogradation Inhibitors a cikin burodi da man shanu [171-174] ]. Daga Littafin Hannun Abubuwan Abinci, ana iya ganin cewa ɗimbin adadin polymer hydrogels an yarda da su azaman ƙari na abinci don sarrafa abinci [175]. Ana amfani da hydrogels na polymer na halitta azaman ƙarfafa abinci mai gina jiki a cikin haɓaka samfuran kiwon lafiya da abinci mai aiki, irin su fiber na abinci, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin samfuran asarar nauyi da samfuran hana maƙarƙashiya [176, 177]; a matsayin prebiotics, ana amfani da su a cikin samfuran kula da lafiya na colonic da samfuran don hana ciwon daji na hanji [178]; polymer hydrogels na halitta za a iya sanya su a cikin abin da ake ci ko masu lalacewa ko kuma fina-finai, waɗanda za a iya amfani da su a fagen kayan abinci na abinci, irin su adana 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu, ta hanyar shafa su a kan 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari A saman, yana iya tsawaita rayuwar shiryayye. na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da kiyaye 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari sabo da taushi; Hakanan za'a iya amfani dashi azaman kayan tattarawa don dacewa abinci kamar tsiran alade da kayan abinci don sauƙaƙe tsaftacewa [179, 180].
Aikace-aikace na halitta polymer hydrogels a wasu filayen. Dangane da abubuwan buƙatun yau da kullun, ana iya ƙara shi zuwa kulawar fata mai laushi ko kayan kwalliya, wanda ba zai iya hana samfurin daga bushewa kawai a cikin ajiya ba, har ma da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da ɗanɗano fata; ana iya amfani da shi don salo, m da jinkirin sakin turare a cikin kayan shafa mai kyau; Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin buƙatun yau da kullun kamar tawul ɗin takarda da diapers [181]. A cikin aikin noma, ana iya amfani da shi don tsayayya da fari da kare shuka da rage ƙarfin aiki; a matsayin wakili mai sutura don tsaba na shuka, yana iya haɓaka ƙimar germination na tsaba sosai; lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin dashen seedling, zai iya ƙara yawan rayuwa na seedlings; magungunan kashe qwari, inganta amfani da rage gurɓatawa [182, 183]. Dangane da yanayi, ana amfani da shi azaman flocculant da adsorbent don maganin najasa wanda sau da yawa ya ƙunshi ions ƙarfe mai nauyi, mahadi masu ƙanshi da rini don kare albarkatun ruwa da haɓaka yanayi [184]. A cikin masana'antu, ana amfani da shi azaman wakili na bushewa, mai mai hakowa, kayan nade na USB, kayan rufewa da wakili na ajiyar sanyi, da sauransu [185].
1.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose thermogel
Cellulose wani fili ne na macromolecular na halitta wanda aka yi nazari tun farko, yana da dangantaka mafi kusa da mutane, kuma shine mafi girma a yanayi. Ya yadu a cikin shuke-shuke mafi girma, algae da microorganisms [186, 187]. Cellulose a hankali ya jawo hankalin jama'a saboda fa'idansa mai fa'ida, ƙarancin farashi, sabuntawa, mai yuwuwa, mai lafiya, mara guba, da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa [188].
1.2.2.1 Cellulose da ether abubuwan da suka samo asali
Cellulose shine polymer mai tsayi mai tsayi madaidaiciya wanda aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin D-anhydroglucose tsarin raka'a ta hanyar β-1,4 glycosidic bonds [189-191]. Mara narkewa. Sai dai ƙungiya ta ƙarshe a kowane ƙarshen sarkar kwayoyin halitta, akwai ƙungiyoyin polar hydroxyl guda uku a cikin kowace rukunin glucose, waɗanda zasu iya samar da adadin adadin hydrogen na intramolecular da intermolecular a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi; kuma cellulose shine tsarin polycyclic, kuma sarkar kwayoyin halitta ba ta da ƙarfi. Sarkar, high crystallinity, kuma sosai na yau da kullum a cikin tsari, don haka yana da halaye na babban digiri na polymerization, kyakkyawan tsarin kwayoyin halitta, da kwanciyar hankali na sinadarai [83, 187]. Tun da sarkar cellulose ya ƙunshi babban adadin ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl, ana iya canza shi ta hanyar sinadarai ta hanyoyi daban-daban kamar esterification, oxidation, da etherification don samun abubuwan da suka samo asali na cellulose tare da kyawawan kaddarorin aikace-aikacen [192, 193].
Abubuwan da ake samu na Cellulose suna ɗaya daga cikin farkon bincike da samar da samfuran a fagen sinadarai na polymer. Su ne kayan sinadarai masu kyau na polymer tare da fa'idar amfani da yawa, waɗanda aka canza su ta hanyar sinadarai daga cellulose polymer na halitta. Daga cikin su, ana amfani da ethers na cellulose sosai. Yana daya daga cikin mahimman kayan albarkatun sinadarai a aikace-aikacen masana'antu [194].
Akwai nau'ikan ethers na cellulose da yawa, waɗanda gabaɗaya suna da na musamman da kyawawan kaddarorinsu, kuma an yi amfani da su sosai a fannoni da yawa kamar abinci da magani [195]. MC shine mafi sauƙi nau'in ether cellulose tare da ƙungiyar methyl. Tare da haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin, ana iya narkar da shi a cikin maganin alkaline mai tsarma, ruwa, barasa da sauran ƙamshi na hydrocarbon bi da bi, yana nuna kaddarorin gel ɗin thermal na musamman. [196]. CMC ne anionic cellulose ether samu daga halitta cellulose ta alkalization da acidification.
Ita ce mafi yawan amfani da ether cellulose, wanda ke narkewa cikin ruwa [197]. HPC, wani hydroxyalkyl cellulose ether samu ta hanyar alkalizing da etherifying cellulose, yana da kyau thermoplasticity da kuma nuna thermal gel Properties, da kuma gel zafin jiki yana da matukar tasiri da matakin hydroxypropyl maye gurbin [198]. HPMC, wani muhimmin ether mai gauraye, shima yana da kaddarorin gel na thermal, kuma abubuwan gel ɗin sa suna da alaƙa da madogara biyu da ƙimar su [199].
1.2.2.2 Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose tsarin
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), tsarin kwayoyin da aka nuna a cikin Hoto 1-3, shi ne na hali mara-ionic ruwa-soluble cellulose gauraye ether. Ana aiwatar da halayen etherification na methyl chloride da propylene oxide don samun [200,201], kuma ana nuna ma'auni na sinadarai a cikin Hoto 1-4.
Akwai hydroxy propoxy (-[OCH2CH (CH3)] n OH), methoxy (-OCH3) da kuma unreacted hydroxyl kungiyoyin a kan tsarin naúrar na HPMC a lokaci guda, da kuma yi shi ne nuni na hadin gwiwa mataki na daban-daban kungiyoyin. [202]. Matsakaicin da ke tsakanin abubuwan maye biyu an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar yawan adadin wakilai biyu na etherifying, taro da taro na sodium hydroxide, da kuma yawan adadin etherifying wakilai a kowace naúrar cellulose [203]. Hydroxy propoxy rukuni ne mai aiki, wanda za'a iya ƙara alkylated da hydroxy alkylated; wannan rukuni rukuni ne na hydrophilic tare da sarkar rassa mai tsawo, wanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin filastik a cikin sarkar. Methoxy ƙungiya ce ta ƙarshe, wanda ke haifar da rashin kunna wannan rukunin martani bayan amsawa; wannan rukuni rukuni ne na hydrophobic kuma yana da ɗan gajeren tsari [204, 205]. Ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl waɗanda ba a amsa ba kuma waɗanda aka gabatar za a iya ci gaba da maye gurbinsu, wanda ke haifar da tsarin sinadari na ƙarshe mai rikitarwa, kuma kaddarorin HPMC sun bambanta a cikin wani takamaiman kewayon. Ga HPMC, ƙaramin adadin maye zai iya sanya kaddarorin physicochemical ɗin sa ya bambanta [206], alal misali, kaddarorin physicochemical na high methoxy da low hydroxypropyl HPMC suna kusa da MC; Ayyukan HPMC yana kusa da na HPC.
1.2.2.3 Abubuwan da ke cikin hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
(1) Thermogelability na HPMC
Sarkar HPMC tana da halaye na hydration-dehydration na musamman saboda gabatarwar ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic-methyl da hydrophilic-hydroxypropyl. A hankali yana jujjuya gelation lokacin da aka yi zafi, kuma yana komawa zuwa yanayin bayani bayan sanyaya. Wato yana da kaddarorin gel na thermally induced, kuma lamarin gelation abu ne mai jujjuyawa amma ba iri ɗaya ba.
Game da tsarin gelation na HPMC, an yarda da shi sosai cewa a ƙananan yanayin zafi (a ƙasa da zafin jiki na gelation), HPMC a cikin bayani da kwayoyin ruwa na polar suna hade tare da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen don samar da tsarin da ake kira "tsuntsaye" kamar supramolecular tsarin. Akwai wasu sassauƙan haɗe-haɗe tsakanin sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta na HPMC mai ruwa, ban da wannan, akwai wasu 'yan hulɗa. Lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya ƙaru, HPMC ta fara ɗaukar makamashi don karya haɗin haɗin hydrogen na intermolecular tsakanin kwayoyin ruwa da kwayoyin HPMC, yana lalata tsarin keji mai kama da kwayoyin halitta, a hankali ya rasa ruwan da aka daure akan sarkar kwayoyin, da kuma fallasa kungiyoyin hydroxypropyl da methoxy. Yayin da yawan zafin jiki ya ci gaba da karuwa (don isa ga zafin jiki), kwayoyin HPMC a hankali suna samar da tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar hydrophobic, HPMC gels ƙarshe ya zama [160, 207, 208].
Bugu da kari na inorganic salts yana da wani tasiri a kan gel zafin jiki na HPMC, wasu rage gel zafin jiki saboda salting fitar sabon abu, wasu kuma ƙara da gel zafin jiki saboda gishiri rushe sabon abu [209]. Tare da ƙari na gishiri irin su NaCl, abin mamaki na salting fita yana faruwa kuma gel zafin jiki na HPMC yana raguwa [210, 211]. Bayan an saka gishiri a cikin HPMC, kwayoyin ruwa sun fi son hadawa da ions gishiri, don haka haɗin hydrogen tsakanin kwayoyin ruwa da HPMC ya lalace, ruwan da ke kewaye da kwayoyin HPMC yana cinye, kuma kwayoyin HPMC za a iya saki da sauri don hydrophobicity. Ƙungiyar, yawan zafin jiki na gel samuwar sannu a hankali yana raguwa. Akasin haka, lokacin da aka ƙara gishiri irin su NaSCN, abin da ke faruwa na rushewar gishiri yana faruwa kuma zafin gel na HPMC yana ƙaruwa [212]. Tsarin rage tasirin anions akan zafin gel shine: SO42-> S2O32−> H2PO4−> F-> Cl−> Br−> NO3−> I-> ClO4−> SCN-, tsari na cations akan Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na gel shine: Li+> Na+> K+> Mg2+> Ca2+> Ba2+ [213].
Lokacin da aka ƙara wasu ƙananan kwayoyin halitta irin su monohydric alcohols dauke da kungiyoyin hydroxyl, yawan zafin jiki na gel yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar adadin adadin, yana nuna matsakaicin darajar sa'an nan kuma ya ragu har sai lokacin rabuwa ya faru [214, 215]. Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda ƙananan nauyin kwayoyin halitta, wanda yayi daidai da na kwayoyin ruwa a cikin tsari mai girma, kuma yana iya samun rashin daidaituwa a matakin kwayoyin bayan haɗuwa.
(2) Solubility na HPMC
HPMC yana da kaddarorin masu narkewar ruwan zafi da ruwan sanyi mai kama da MC, amma ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'in watsawar sanyi da nau'in watsawa mai zafi gwargwadon narkewar ruwa daban-daban [203]. HPMC mai sanyi yana iya watsewa cikin ruwa da sauri cikin ruwan sanyi, kuma dankon sa yana karuwa bayan wani lokaci, kuma da gaske yana narkar da shi cikin ruwa; HPMC da aka watsar da zafi, akasin haka, yana nuna haɓaka lokacin ƙara ruwa a ƙananan zafin jiki, amma yana da wahala a ƙara. A cikin ruwan zafi mai zafi, ana iya tarwatsa HPMC da sauri, kuma danko yana ƙaruwa bayan da zafin jiki ya ragu, ya zama ainihin maganin ruwa na HPMC. Solubility na HPMC a cikin ruwa yana da alaƙa da abun ciki na ƙungiyoyin methoxy, waɗanda ba su iya narkewa a cikin ruwan zafi sama da 85 ° C, 65 ° C da 60 ° C daga babba zuwa ƙasa. Gabaɗaya magana, HPMC ba shi da narkewa a cikin abubuwan kaushi na halitta kamar acetone da chloroform, amma mai narkewa a cikin maganin ethanol mai ruwa-ruwa da kuma gaurayewar ƙwayoyin halitta.
(3) Haƙurin gishiri na HPMC
Halin da ba na ionic na HPMC ba ya sa ba za a iya yin ion a cikin ruwa ba, don haka ba zai amsa da ion karfe don hazo ba. Koyaya, ƙari na gishiri zai shafi yanayin zafin da aka kafa gel na HPMC. Lokacin da maida hankali gishiri ya karu, yawan zafin jiki na gel na HPMC ya ragu; lokacin da gishiri maida hankali ne m fiye da flocculation batu, da danko na HPMC bayani za a iya ƙara, don haka a aikace-aikace, da manufar thickening za a iya cimma ta ƙara daidai adadin gishiri [210, 216].
(4) Acid da alkali juriya na HPMC
Gabaɗaya, HPMC yana da ƙaƙƙarfan kwanciyar hankali na tushen acid kuma pH bai shafe shi ba a pH 2-12. HPMC yana nuna juriya zuwa wani nau'i na dilute acid, amma yana nuna hali na raguwa a cikin danko don tattara acid; alkalis ba su da ɗan tasiri akansa, amma yana iya ƙaruwa kaɗan sannan sannu a hankali rage dankon maganin [217, 218].
(5) Abubuwan Tasiri na dankowar HPMC
HPMC pseudoplastic ne, maganin sa yana da ƙarfi a cikin zafin jiki, kuma danko yana shafar nauyin kwayoyin halitta, maida hankali da zafin jiki. A daidai wannan maida hankali, mafi girman nauyin kwayoyin HPMC, mafi girman danko; don nau'in nau'in nau'in kwayoyin halitta, mafi girman ƙaddamarwar HPMC, mafi girma da danko; Dankowar samfurin HPMC yana raguwa tare da haɓakar zafin jiki, kuma ya kai ga yanayin ƙirar gel, tare da haɓaka kwatsam a cikin danko saboda gelation [9, 219, 220].
(6) Sauran kaddarorin HPMC
HPMC yana da ƙarfin juriya ga enzymes, kuma juriya ga enzymes yana ƙaruwa tare da matakin maye gurbin. Don haka, samfurin yana da ingantaccen inganci yayin ajiya fiye da sauran samfuran sukari [189, 212]. HPMC yana da wasu kaddarorin emulsifying. Hydrophobic methoxy kungiyoyin za a iya adsorbed a kan surface na man lokaci a cikin emulsion samar da wani lokacin farin ciki adsorption Layer, wanda zai iya aiki a matsayin m Layer; Ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl masu narkewar ruwa za a iya haɗa su tare da ruwa don inganta ci gaba da ci gaba. Dankowa, yana hana haɗin kai na lokacin tarwatsewa, yana rage tashin hankali, kuma yana daidaita emulsion [221]. Ana iya haxa HPMC da polymers masu narkewa kamar su gelatin, methylcellulose, farar wake, carrageenan da gum arabic don samar da tsari na uniform kuma a bayyane, kuma ana iya haɗa su da filastik kamar glycerin da polyethylene glycol. [200, 201, 214].
1.2.2.4 Matsalolin da ke cikin aikace-aikacen hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
Na farko, babban farashi yana iyakance fa'idar aikace-aikacen HPMC. Ko da yake HPMC fim yana da kyau nuna gaskiya, maiko shamaki Properties da inji Properties. Koyaya, babban farashin sa (kimanin 100,000/ton) yana iyakance aikace-aikacen sa mai fa'ida, har ma a cikin aikace-aikacen magunguna masu ƙima kamar capsules. Dalilin da ya sa HPMC ke da tsada shi ne na farko saboda albarkatun da ake amfani da su don shirya HPMC yana da tsada. Bugu da ƙari, ƙungiyoyi biyu masu maye gurbin, ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl da ƙungiyar methoxy, ana grafted akan HPMC a lokaci guda, wanda ke sa tsarin shirye-shiryensa yana da wahala. Complex, don haka samfuran HPMC sun fi tsada.
Na biyu, da low danko da low gel ƙarfi Properties na HPMC a low yanayin zafi rage ta processability a daban-daban aikace-aikace. HPMC shine gel na thermal, wanda ke wanzuwa a cikin yanayin bayani tare da ƙarancin danko a ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma yana iya samar da gel mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi a yanayin zafin jiki, don haka hanyoyin sarrafawa kamar shafi, spraying da tsomawa dole ne a aiwatar da su a babban zafin jiki. . In ba haka ba, maganin zai sauƙaƙa ƙasa, yana haifar da samar da kayan fim marasa daidaituwa, wanda zai shafi inganci da aikin samfurin. Irin wannan babban aikin zafin jiki yana ƙara yawan ƙarfin aiki na aiki, yana haifar da yawan samar da makamashi da yawan farashin samarwa.
1.2.3 Hydroxypropyl sitaci sanyi gel
Sitaci wani fili ne na polymer na halitta wanda aka haɗa ta hanyar photosynthesis na tsire-tsire a cikin yanayin yanayi. Abubuwan polysaccharides yawanci ana adana su a cikin tsaba da tubers na tsire-tsire a cikin nau'in granules tare da sunadarai, fibers, mai, sukari da ma'adanai. ko a cikin tushen [222]. Sitaci ba kawai babban tushen makamashi ga mutane ba, har ma da mahimman albarkatun masana'antu. Saboda faffadan tushen sa, ƙarancin farashi, kore, na halitta da sabuntawa, an yi amfani da shi sosai a abinci da magani, fermentation, yin takarda, masana'anta da masana'antar mai [223].
1.2.3.1 Taurari da abubuwan da suka samo asali
Sitaci babban polymer ne na halitta wanda sashin tsarin sa shine naúrar α-D-anhydroglucose. An haɗa raka'a daban-daban ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar glycosidic, kuma tsarin kwayoyin halittarsa shine (C6H10O5) n. Wani ɓangare na sarkar kwayoyin a cikin sitaci granules an haɗa shi ta hanyar α-1,4 glycosidic bonds, wanda shine amylose na layi; wani bangare na sarkar kwayoyin yana haɗe ta hanyar α-1,6 glycosidic bonds akan wannan, wanda ke da rassa amylopectin [224]. A cikin granules na sitaci, akwai yankuna na crystalline waɗanda aka tsara kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsari mai tsari da yankuna masu amorphous waɗanda aka tsara kwayoyin halitta ba tare da matsala ba. abun da ke ciki. Babu wata madaidaicin iyaka tsakanin yankin crystalline da yankin amorphous, kuma kwayoyin amylopectin na iya wucewa ta yankuna da yawa na crystalline da yankuna amorphous. Dangane da yanayin halittar sitaci, tsarin polysaccharide a cikin sitaci ya bambanta da nau'in shuka da wuraren tushen [225].
Ko da yake sitaci ya zama daya daga cikin muhimman albarkatun kasa don samar da masana'antu saboda da fadi da tushen da sabunta kaddarorin, 'yan qasar sitaci gaba ɗaya yana da disadvantages kamar matalauta ruwa solubility da film-forming Properties, low emulsifying da gelling damar iya yin komai, da kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali. Don faɗaɗa kewayon aikace-aikacen sa, sitaci yawanci ana canza shi ta hanyar physicochemically don daidaita shi zuwa buƙatun aikace-aikacen daban-daban [38, 114]. Akwai ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl kyauta guda uku akan kowace rukunin tsarin glucose a cikin ƙwayoyin sitaci. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl suna aiki sosai kuma suna ba da sitaci tare da kaddarorin kama da polyols, waɗanda ke ba da yuwuwar ɗaukar sitaci denaturation.
Bayan gyare-gyare, an inganta wasu kaddarorin sitaci na asali zuwa babban matsayi, shawo kan lahani na amfani da sitaci na asali, don haka sitaci da aka gyara yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin masana'antu na yanzu [226]. Sitaci Oxidized yana ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren sitaci da aka fi amfani da shi tare da ingantacciyar fasaha. Idan aka kwatanta da sitaci na asali, sitaci oxidized ya fi sauƙi don gelatinize. Amfanin babban mannewa. Esterified sitaci wani nau'in sitaci ne wanda aka samar ta hanyar esterification na ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl a cikin ƙwayoyin sitaci. Matsakaicin ƙarancin canji na iya canza kaddarorin sitaci na asali. A bayyane yake an inganta halayen sitaci da samar da fim. Etherified sitaci shine halayen etherification na ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl a cikin kwayoyin sitaci don samar da ether na polystarch, kuma sake dawowa ya raunana. Ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan yanayin alkaline wanda ba za a iya amfani da sitaci mai oxidized da sitaci mai esterified ba, haɗin ether ɗin kuma zai iya zama ɗan kwanciyar hankali. mai yiwuwa ga hydrolysis. Acid-gyara sitaci, sitaci ana bi da acid don ƙara amylose abun ciki, haifar da inganta retrogradation da sitaci manna. Yana da ɗan haske kuma yana samar da ingantaccen gel akan sanyaya [114].
1.2.3.2 Tsarin sitaci na Hydroxypropyl
Hydroxypropyl sitaci (HPS), wanda tsarin kwayoyinsa aka nuna a Figures 1-4, shi ne wanda ba ionic sitaci ether, wanda aka shirya da etherification dauki na propylene oxide tare da sitaci a karkashin alkaline yanayi [223, 227, 228], da kuma ta. Ana nuna ma'aunin halayen sinadaran a cikin hoto 1-6.
A lokacin haɗin HPS, baya ga amsawa da sitaci don samar da sitaci na hydroxypropyl, propylene oxide kuma na iya amsawa tare da sitaci na hydroxypropyl da aka samar don samar da sarƙoƙin gefe na polyoxypropyl. digiri na maye gurbin. Matsayin maye gurbin (DS) yana nufin matsakaicin adadin ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl da aka maye gurbinsu da rukunin glucosyl. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin glucosyl na sitaci sun ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl 3 waɗanda za a iya maye gurbinsu, don haka matsakaicin DS shine 3. Matsakaicin matakin maye gurbin (MS) yana nufin matsakaicin adadin abubuwan maye da mole na rukunin glucosyl [223, 229]. Yanayin tsari na amsawar hydroxypropylation, sitaci granule ilimin halittar jiki, da rabon amylose zuwa amylopectin a cikin sitaci na asali duk suna shafar girman MS.
1.2.3.3 Abubuwan sitaci na hydroxypropyl
(1) Cold Gelation na HPS
Domin zafi HPS sitaci manna, musamman tsarin tare da babban amylose abun ciki, a lokacin sanyaya tsari, da amylose kwayoyin sarƙoƙi a cikin sitaci manna entangle da juna don samar da wani uku-girma cibiyar sadarwa tsarin, da kuma nuna a fili m-kamar hali. Ya zama elastomer, yana samar da gel, kuma yana iya komawa zuwa yanayin warwarewa bayan ya sake zafi, wato yana da kayan gel mai sanyi, kuma wannan al'amari na gel yana da kaddarorin masu juyawa [228].
Gelatinized amylose yana ci gaba da murɗa don samar da tsari na coaxial guda ɗaya. A waje na waɗannan sifofin helical guda ɗaya rukuni ne na hydrophilic, kuma ciki shine rami na hydrophobic. A babban zafin jiki, HPS yana samuwa a cikin bayani mai ruwa kamar yadda bazuwar coils wanda wasu sassan helical guda ɗaya ke shimfiɗa. Lokacin da aka saukar da zafin jiki, haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin HPS da ruwa ya karye, ruwa na tsarin ya ɓace, kuma haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin sarƙoƙi na ƙwayoyin cuta suna ci gaba da kafawa, a ƙarshe ya samar da tsarin gel mai girma uku. Lokacin cikawa a cikin hanyar sadarwar gel na sitaci shine ragowar sitaci granules ko gutsuttsura bayan gelatinization, kuma haɗin gwiwar wasu amylopectin shima yana ba da gudummawa ga samuwar gel [230-232].
(2) Halittar HPS
Gabatar da ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl hydrophilic yana raunana ƙarfin haɗin gwiwar hydrogen tsakanin ƙwayoyin sitaci, yana haɓaka motsi na sitaci ko sassan, kuma yana rage zafin narkewa na sitaci microcrystals; tsarin sitaci granules yana canza, kuma saman sitaci granules yana da wahala Yayin da zafin jiki ya karu, wasu fasa ko ramuka suna bayyana, ta yadda kwayoyin ruwa zasu iya shiga cikin ciki na sitaci granules, yana sa sitaci ya fi sauƙi don kumbura da gelatinize. don haka yawan zafin jiki na gelatinization na sitaci yana raguwa. Yayin da matakin maye gurbin ya karu, yawan zafin jiki na gelatinization na sitaci hydroxypropyl yana raguwa, kuma a ƙarshe zai iya kumbura a cikin ruwan sanyi. Bayan hydroxypropylation, da kwarara, low zafin jiki kwanciyar hankali, nuna gaskiya, solubility, da kuma samar da fim Properties na sitaci manna an inganta [233-235].
(3) Kwanciyar HPS
HPS ne mara sitaci ether tare da babban kwanciyar hankali. A lokacin halayen sinadarai irin su hydrolysis, oxidation, da haɗin kai, haɗin ether ba zai karye ba kuma masu maye gurbin ba za su faɗi ba. Sabili da haka, kaddarorin HPS ba su da ɗanɗanar tasiri ta hanyar electrolytes da pH, tabbatar da cewa ana iya amfani da shi a cikin kewayon acid-base pH [236-238].
1.2.3.4 Aikace-aikacen HPS a fagen abinci da magani
HPS ba mai guba ba ne kuma mara ɗanɗano, tare da kyakkyawan aikin narkewar abinci da ƙarancin danko na hydrolyzate. An gane shi azaman ingantaccen sitaci da za a iya ci a gida da waje. Tun farkon shekarun 1950, Amurka ta amince da sitaci na hydroxypropyl don amfani kai tsaye a cikin abinci [223, 229, 238]. HPS sitaci ne da aka gyara wanda aka yadu ana amfani dashi a fagen abinci, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman wakili mai kauri, wakili mai dakatarwa da daidaitawa.
Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin abinci masu dacewa da abinci mai daskarewa kamar abubuwan sha, ice cream, da jam; zai iya maye gurbin ɗanɗano mai tsada mai tsada kamar gelatin; ana iya yin shi cikin fina-finai masu cin abinci kuma a yi amfani da shi azaman suturar abinci da marufi [229, 236].
Ana yawan amfani da HPS a fagen magani a matsayin filler, masu ɗaure don amfanin gona na magani, masu rarrabuwa ga allunan, kayan aikin magunguna masu laushi da ƙarfi, kayan kwalliyar ƙwayoyi, abubuwan hana kwantar da ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayoyin jini na wucin gadi da masu kauri na plasma, da sauransu [239]. .
1.3 Polymer Compounding
Ana amfani da kayan polymer ko'ina a kowane fanni na rayuwa kuma suna da makawa kuma kayan mahimmanci. Ci gaba da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha yana sa buƙatun mutane suna ƙara bambanta, kuma gabaɗaya yana da wahala ga kayan polymer guda ɗaya don biyan buƙatun aikace-aikacen ɗan adam daban-daban. Haɗa nau'ikan polymers guda biyu ko fiye shine hanya mafi tattalin arziki da tasiri don samun kayan polymer tare da ƙananan farashi, kyakkyawan aiki, aiki mai dacewa da aikace-aikace mai fadi, wanda ya jawo hankalin masu bincike da yawa kuma an biya su da hankali [240-242]. .
1.3.1 Manufar da kuma hanyar haɗin polymer
Babban maƙasudin haɗaɗɗen polymer: (l) Don haɓaka cikakkun kaddarorin kayan. Ana haɗa nau'ikan polymers daban-daban, don haka fili na ƙarshe yana riƙe da kyawawan kaddarorin macromolecule guda ɗaya, koya daga ƙarfin juna kuma ya cika rauninsa, kuma yana haɓaka cikakkun kaddarorin kayan polymer. (2) Rage farashin kayan aiki. Wasu kayan polymer suna da kyawawan kaddarorin, amma suna da tsada. Sabili da haka, ana iya haɗa su tare da wasu polymers marasa tsada don rage farashin ba tare da shafar amfani ba. (3) Inganta kayan sarrafa kayan aiki. Wasu kayan suna da kyawawan kaddarorin amma suna da wahalar sarrafawa, kuma ana iya ƙara wasu polymers masu dacewa don haɓaka abubuwan sarrafa su. (4) Don ƙarfafa wani abu na kayan. Don inganta aikin kayan aiki a cikin wani yanki na musamman, ana amfani da wani polymer don gyara shi. (5) Haɓaka sabbin ayyuka na kayan.
Hanyoyin hadawa na polymer gama gari: (l) Haɗaɗɗen narkewa. Ƙarƙashin aikin sassauƙa na kayan aiki masu haɗawa, nau'in polymers daban-daban suna mai zafi zuwa sama da zafin jiki na viscous don haɓakawa, sa'an nan kuma sanyaya da granulated bayan haɗuwa. (2) Gyaran Magani. Ana zuga sassan biyu da kuma haɗa su ta hanyar yin amfani da wani abu na yau da kullun, ko kuma narkar da maganin polymer daban-daban ana motsa su daidai, sa'an nan kuma a cire sauran ƙarfi don samun fili na polymer. (3) Emulsion hadaddun. Bayan motsawa da haɗuwa daban-daban emulsions na polymer na nau'in emulsifier iri ɗaya, ana ƙara coagulant don haɗakar da polymer don samun fili na polymer. (4) Copolymerization da hadawa. Ciki har da copolymerization graft, toshe copolymerization da reactive copolymerization, da hadawa tsari yana tare da sinadaran dauki. (5) Sadarwar Sadarwa [10].
1.3.2 Haɗin polysaccharides na halitta
Polysaccharides na halitta rukuni ne na gama gari na kayan polymer a cikin yanayi, waɗanda galibi ana gyara su da sinadarai kuma suna nuna kyawawan kaddarorin iri-iri. Duk da haka, kayan polysaccharides guda ɗaya sau da yawa suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ayyuka, don haka polysaccharides daban-daban sau da yawa ana haɗa su don cimma manufar ƙaddamar da fa'idodin aikin kowane bangare da faɗaɗa iyakokin aikace-aikacen. Tun farkon shekarun 1980, bincike kan haɗakar polysaccharides daban-daban na halitta ya karu sosai [243]. Binciken da aka yi a kan tsarin fili na polysaccharide na halitta a gida da waje yawanci ya fi mayar da hankali ne akan tsarin mahadi na curdlan da wadanda ba na curdlan da tsarin fili na nau'i biyu na polysaccharide maras curd.
1.3.2.1 Rarraba na halitta polysaccharide hydrogels
Ana iya raba polysaccharides na halitta zuwa curdlan da wadanda ba curdlan ba bisa ga ikon su na samar da gels. Wasu polysaccharides na iya samar da gels da kansu, don haka ana kiran su curdlan, irin su carrageenan, da dai sauransu; wasu ba su da kayan gelling da kansu, kuma ana kiran su polysaccharides marasa curd, irin su xanthan danko.
Ana iya samun hydrogels ta hanyar narkar da curdlan na halitta a cikin maganin ruwa mai ruwa. Dangane da yanayin zafi na gel ɗin da aka samu da kuma dogaro da yanayin zafi, ana iya raba shi zuwa nau'ikan nau'ikan guda huɗu masu zuwa [244]:
(1) Cryogel, bayani na polysaccharide zai iya samun gel kawai a ƙananan zafin jiki, irin su carrageenan.
(2) Gel da aka haifar da thermally, maganin polysaccharide zai iya samun gel kawai a babban zafin jiki, irin su glucomannan.
(3) Maganin polysaccharide ba zai iya samun gel kawai a ƙananan zafin jiki ba, amma kuma ya sami gel a zafin jiki mafi girma, amma ya gabatar da yanayin bayani a matsakaicin zafin jiki.
(4) Maganin zai iya samun gel kawai a wani zazzabi a tsakiya. Curdlan na halitta daban-daban yana da nasa mahimmanci (mafi ƙarancin) maida hankali, sama da abin da za a iya samun gel. Matsayi mai mahimmanci na gel yana da alaƙa da ci gaba da tsayin sarkar kwayoyin polysaccharide; Ƙarfin gel ɗin yana tasiri sosai ta hanyar tattarawa da nauyin kwayoyin halitta na maganin, kuma gabaɗaya, ƙarfin gel yana ƙaruwa yayin da maida hankali ya karu [245].
1.3.2.2 Tsarin mahaɗa na curdlan da waɗanda ba na curdlan
Haɗa maras curdlan tare da curdlan gabaɗaya yana haɓaka ƙarfin gel na polysaccharides [246]. Haɗin haɗin konjac da carrageenan yana haɓaka kwanciyar hankali da haɓakar gel na tsarin cibiyar sadarwar gel ɗin da aka haɗa, kuma yana haɓaka ƙarfin gel ɗinsa sosai. Wei Yu et al. hadaddun carrageenan da konjac gum, kuma sun tattauna tsarin gel bayan haɗuwa. Binciken ya gano cewa bayan da aka hada carrageenan da konjac gum, an samar da wani sakamako na daidaitawa, kuma an kafa tsarin cibiyar sadarwa wanda carrageenan ya mamaye, konjac gum yana tarwatse a cikinsa, kuma hanyar sadarwar gel ta fi girma fiye da na carrageenan mai tsabta [247]. Kohyama et al. yayi nazarin tsarin fili na carrageenan / konjac danko, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa tare da ci gaba da haɓakar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta ci gaba da karuwa; konjac danko tare da daban-daban kwayoyin nauyi ya nuna irin wannan gel samuwar. zafin jiki. A cikin wannan tsarin fili, samar da hanyar sadarwa na gel ana gudanar da shi ta hanyar carrageenan, kuma hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin curdlan guda biyu yana haifar da samuwar yankuna masu rauni na giciye [248]. Nishinari et al. yayi nazarin tsarin haɗin ginin gellan gum/konjac gum, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa tasirin cations na monovalent akan gel ɗin fili ya fi fitowa fili. Yana iya ƙara yawan tsarin tsarin da zafin samuwar gel. Divalent cations na iya haɓaka samuwar gels ɗin da aka haɗa zuwa wani ɗan lokaci, amma adadin da ya wuce kima zai haifar da rabuwar lokaci kuma ya rage yanayin tsarin [246]. Breneer et al. yayi nazarin hadaddun carrageenan, danko danko da konjac danko, kuma ya gano cewa carrageenan, farar wake da konjac danko na iya haifar da tasirin daidaitawa, kuma mafi kyawun rabo shine fara bean gum/carrageenan 1:5.5, konjac gum/carrageenan 1:7 , kuma lokacin da ukun suka haɗu tare, tasirin synergistic daidai yake da na carrageenan / konjac gum, yana nuna cewa babu wani abu na musamman na uku. hulda [249].
1.3.2.2 Tsarukan mahadi marasa curdlan guda biyu
Polysaccharides na halitta guda biyu waɗanda ba su da kayan gel na iya nuna abubuwan gel ta hanyar haɗawa, haifar da samfuran gel [250]. Haɗa ɗan ɗanko fari tare da xanthan danko yana haifar da tasiri mai ƙarfi wanda ke haifar da samuwar sabbin gels [251]. Hakanan ana iya samun sabon samfurin gel ta ƙara xanthan gum zuwa konjac glucomannan don haɓakawa [252]. Wei Yanxia et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin rheological na hadadden danko na fari da xanthan danko. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa fili na danko na fari da xanthan danko yana haifar da sakamako mai tasiri. Lokacin da mahaɗin ƙarar mahaɗin shine 4:6, mafi ƙarfi tasirin haɗin gwiwa [253]. Fitzsimons et al. hade konjac glucomannan tare da xanthan danko a dakin da zafin jiki da kuma karkashin dumama. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa duk mahadi sun nuna abubuwan gel, suna nuna tasirin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin su biyun. Haɗin zafin jiki da yanayin tsarin xanthan danko bai shafi hulɗar tsakanin su biyu ba [254]. Guo Shoujun da sauransu sun yi nazarin asalin haɗin alade na ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da xanthan danko, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa naman alade da ɗanɗano da xanthan gum yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi. Mafi kyawun mahaɗin haɗaɗɗen alade na ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da xanthan gum ɗin fili shine 6/4 (w/w). Yana da sau 102 na maganin guda ɗaya na danko waken soya, kuma gel ɗin yana samuwa lokacin da ƙaddamar da ƙwayar fili ya kai 0.4%. Manne abun da ke ciki yana da ɗanko mai yawa, kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali da kaddarorin rheological, kuma kyakkyawan abinci ne mai ɗanɗano [255].
1.3.3 Daidaituwar ƙwayoyin polymer
Daidaituwa, daga mahangar ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, yana nufin cimma daidaiton matakin matakin kwayoyin halitta, wanda kuma aka sani da narkewar juna. Bisa ga ka'idar samfurin Flory-Huggins, canjin makamashi na kyauta na tsarin fili na polymer yayin tsarin hadawa ya dace da tsarin makamashi na kyauta na Gibbs:
△���= △���-T△S (1-1)
Daga cikinsu akwai △���shine hadadden makamashi na kyauta, △���shine hadadden zafi, shine hadadden entropy; shine cikakken zafin jiki; tsarin hadaddun tsarin tsari ne mai jituwa kawai lokacin da makamashi na kyauta ya canza △���a lokacin hadaddun tsari [256].
Ma'anar rashin kuskure ya taso daga gaskiyar cewa ƙananan tsarin zai iya cimma daidaituwar yanayin zafi. Rashin kuskure yana nufin iyawar abubuwa daban-daban don samar da hadaddun gidaje, kuma ma'auni da aka saba amfani da shi shine cewa rukunin suna nuna madaidaicin gilashin guda ɗaya.
Bambance-bambancen dacewar thermodynamic, daidaitaccen daidaituwa yana nufin iyawar kowane bangare a cikin tsarin fili don ɗaukar juna, wanda aka gabatar daga mahangar aiki [257].
Dangane da dacewa gabaɗaya, tsarin hadaddiyar giyar polymer za a iya raba su zuwa gabaɗaya masu jituwa, juzu'i da tsarin da ba su dace ba. Cikakken tsarin da ya dace yana nufin cewa fili yana da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a matakin kwayoyin; tsarin da ya dace da wani sashi yana nufin cewa fili ya dace a cikin takamaiman yanayin zafi ko kewayon abun ciki; tsarin da bai dace da shi ba yana nufin cewa fili shine rashin daidaituwa na matakin kwayoyin halitta ba za a iya cimma shi a kowane zafin jiki ko abun da ke ciki ba.
Saboda wasu bambance-bambancen tsari da entropy mai daidaitawa tsakanin polymers daban-daban, yawancin tsarin hadaddun polymer sun dace da wani bangare ko rashin jituwa [11, 12]. Ya danganta da lokacin rabuwar tsarin fili da matakin hadawa, dacewa da tsarin da ya dace da wani bangare shima zai bambanta sosai [11]. Abubuwan macroscopic na abubuwan haɗin polymer suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin su na ciki da kuma abubuwan zahiri da sinadarai na kowane bangare. 240], don haka yana da mahimmanci don nazarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma dacewa da tsarin fili.
Hanyoyin Bincike da Halaye don Daidaituwar Haɗin Binary:
(1) Gilashin canjin yanayi T���hanyar kwatanta. Kwatanta T���abun ciki tare da T���na abubuwan da ke tattare da shi, idan T���ya bayyana a cikin fili, tsarin fili shine tsarin da ya dace; idan akwai T���, da kuma T���Matsayin fili yana cikin rukunoni biyu Tsakanin maki T���yana nuna cewa tsarin fili shine tsarin da ya dace da wani bangare; idan akwai T���, kuma suna a matsayi na bangarorin biyu na T���, yana nuna cewa tsarin fili shine tsarin da bai dace ba.
T���Na'urorin gwajin da ake amfani da su a cikin hanyar kwatanta su ne masu nazarin thermomechanical mai ƙarfi (DMA) da calorimeter na sikanin bambancin (DSC). Wannan hanyar na iya yin hukunci da sauri da dacewa da tsarin fili, amma idan T���daga cikin bangarorin biyu suna kama da juna, guda T���Hakanan zai bayyana bayan haɗuwa, don haka wannan hanya tana da wasu kurakurai [10].
(2) Hanyar lura da dabi'a. Na farko, lura da macroscopic ilimin halittar jiki na fili. Idan fili yana da bayyananniyar rabuwar lokaci, ana iya yanke hukunci da farko cewa tsarin fili tsarin tsarin da bai dace ba. Abu na biyu, ana lura da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da tsarin lokaci na fili ta hanyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa. Abubuwan biyu da suka dace gaba daya zasu samar da yanayi iri daya. Saboda haka, fili tare da mai kyau karfinsu iya tsayar uniform lokaci rarraba da kananan tarwatsa lokaci barbashi size. da blurry dubawa.
Na'urorin gwajin da ake amfani da su a cikin hanyar lura da yanayin yanayi sune microscope na gani da na'urar duba microscope (SEM). Ana iya amfani da hanyar lura da yanayin yanayin azaman hanyar taimako tare da sauran hanyoyin siffantawa.
(3) Hanyar bayyana gaskiya. A cikin tsarin fili mai jituwa na ɗan lokaci, abubuwan biyu za su iya dacewa a cikin takamaiman yanayin zafi da kewayon abun ciki, kuma rabuwar lokaci zai faru fiye da wannan kewayon. A yayin da ake aiwatar da sauye-sauyen tsarin mahadi daga tsari mai kama da juna zuwa tsarin kashi biyu, haskensa zai canza, don haka ana iya yin nazarin dacewarsa ta hanyar nazarin gaskiyar fili.
Wannan hanya za a iya amfani da ita azaman hanyar taimako kawai, saboda lokacin da fihirisa masu jujjuyawa na polymers guda biyu suka kasance iri ɗaya, fili da aka samu ta hanyar haɗa nau'ikan polymers guda biyu waɗanda ba su dace ba shima yana bayyana.
(4) Hanyar Rheological. A cikin wannan hanyar, ana amfani da canjin kwatsam na ma'aunin viscoelastic na fili a matsayin alamar rabuwar lokaci, alal misali, ana amfani da canjin kwatsam na ma'aunin zafi-zazzabi don nuna alamar rabuwar lokaci, da canji kwatsam na bayyane. Ana amfani da lanƙwan yanayin zafin jiki azaman alamar rabuwar lokaci. Tsarin haɓakawa ba tare da rabuwar lokaci ba bayan haɓakawa yana da dacewa mai kyau, kuma waɗanda ke da rabuwar lokaci ba su dace ba ko tsarin da ya dace da wani bangare [258].
(5) Hanyar lankwasa Han. Han ta lankwasa lg���'(���) lg G”, idan madaidaicin Han na tsarin fili ba shi da dogaro da zafin jiki, kuma madaidaicin Han a yanayin zafi daban-daban ya zama babban lanƙwasa, tsarin fili ya dace; idan tsarin fili ya dace da Hannun Hannun ya dogara da zafin jiki. Idan lanƙwan Han ya rabu da juna a yanayin zafi daban-daban kuma ba zai iya samar da babban lanƙwasa ba, tsarin fili bai dace ba ko kuma ya dace. Sabili da haka, ana iya yin la'akari da dacewa da tsarin fili bisa ga rabuwa na Han's curve.
(6) Hanyar danko mafita. Wannan hanyar tana amfani da canjin danƙon bayani don kwatanta dacewa da tsarin fili. A ƙarƙashin nau'o'in bayani daban-daban, an tsara danko na fili a kan abun da ke ciki. Idan dangantaka ce ta madaidaiciya, yana nufin cewa tsarin fili ya dace sosai; idan yana da dangantaka maras kyau, yana nufin cewa tsarin fili ya dace da wani bangare; idan mai lankwasa S-dimbin yawa ne, to yana nuna cewa tsarin fili bai dace ba [10].
(7) Infrared spectroscopy. Bayan da aka haɗa nau'in polymers guda biyu, idan dacewa yana da kyau, za'a sami hulɗar kamar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen, kuma matsayi na rukuni na ƙungiyoyin dabi'un akan nau'in infrared na kowane rukuni akan sarkar polymer zai canza. Matsakaicin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan rukuni na hadaddun da kowane bangare na iya yin hukunci da dacewa da tsarin hadaddun.
Bugu da ƙari, ana iya nazarin daidaituwar ɗakunan gidaje ta hanyar masu nazarin thermogravimetric, rarrabuwar X-ray, watsawar ƙananan kusurwa na X-ray, watsawar haske, watsawar wutar lantarki na neutron, resonance na nukiliya da fasaha na ultrasonic [10].
1.3.4 Ci gaban bincike na hydroxypropyl methylcellulose/hydroxypropyl sitaci hadaddun
1.3.4.1 Haɗaɗɗen hydroxypropyl methylcellulose da sauran abubuwa
Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na HPMC da sauran abubuwa galibi ana amfani da su a cikin tsarin sakin da ke sarrafa muggan ƙwayoyi da kayan marufi na cin abinci ko lalatacce. A cikin aikace-aikacen sakin da aka sarrafa da miyagun ƙwayoyi, ƙwayoyin polymer sau da yawa suna haɗuwa tare da HPMC sun haɗa da polymers na roba irin su polyvinyl barasa (PVA), lactic acid-glycolic acid copolymer (PLGA) da polycaprolactone (PCL), da sunadarai, polymers na halitta kamar su. polysaccharides. Abdel-Zaher et al. yayi nazarin tsarin tsarin, kwanciyar hankali na thermal da dangantakar su tare da aikin HPMC / PVA composites, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa akwai rashin kuskure a gaban polymers guda biyu [259]. Zabihi et al. yi amfani da hadaddun HPMC/PLGA don shirya microcapsules don sarrafawa da dorewar sakin insulin, wanda zai iya samun ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin ciki da hanji [260]. Javed et al. haɗaɗɗen hydrophilic HPMC da hydrophobic PCL kuma sun yi amfani da ɗakunan HPMC/PCL azaman kayan microcapsule don sarrafa magunguna da ci gaba da fitarwa, waɗanda za'a iya saki a sassa daban-daban na jikin ɗan adam ta hanyar daidaita ma'auni mai haɗawa [261]. Ding et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin rheological kamar danko, viscoelasticity mai ƙarfi, farfadowa mai raɗaɗi, da thixotropy na rukunin HPMC / collagen da aka yi amfani da su a fagen sakin magunguna masu sarrafawa, suna ba da jagorar ka'idar don aikace-aikacen masana'antu [262]. Arthanari, Cai da Rai et al. [263-265] Rukunin HPMC da polysaccharides irin su chitosan, xanthan gum, da sodium alginate an yi amfani da su a cikin tsarin maganin alurar riga kafi da ci gaba da saki, kuma sakamakon ya nuna tasirin sakin miyagun ƙwayoyi [263-265].
A cikin haɓaka kayan marufi na cin abinci ko lalatacce, polymers galibi ana haɗa su tare da HPMC galibi polymers ne na halitta kamar lipids, sunadarai da polysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes, Contreras-Oliva et al. shirya membrane composites masu cin abinci tare da rukunin HPMC/lipid, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen adana plums, tumatir ceri da citrus, bi da bi. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa HPMC / lipid hadaddun membranes suna da kyakkyawan tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta na sabo-sabo [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, da Ding et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin inji, kwanciyar hankali na thermal, microstructure, da kuma hulɗar tsakanin abubuwan da aka haɗa na fina-finai da aka shirya daga HPMC, furotin siliki, keɓancewar furotin whey, da collagen, bi da bi [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. ƙera HPMC tare da gelatin don shirya fina-finai masu cin abinci don amfani a cikin kayan marufi na tushen halittu [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata and Ortega-Toro et al. shirya HPMC/chitosan HPMC/xyloglucan, HPMC/ethyl cellulose da HPMC/sitaci edible composite films, bi da bi, da kuma nazarin su thermal kwanciyar hankali, inji Properties, microstructure da antibacterial Properties [139, 272-274]. Hakanan ana iya amfani da fili na HPMC/PLA azaman marufi don kayan abinci, yawanci ta extrusion [275].
A cikin haɓaka kayan marufi na cin abinci ko lalatacce, polymers galibi ana haɗa su tare da HPMC galibi polymers ne na halitta kamar lipids, sunadarai da polysaccharides. Karaca, Fagundes, Contreras-Oliva et al. shirya membrane composites masu cin abinci tare da rukunin HPMC/lipid, kuma an yi amfani da su wajen adana plums, tumatir ceri da citrus, bi da bi. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa HPMC / lipid hadaddun membranes suna da kyakkyawan tasirin ƙwayoyin cuta na sabo-sabo [266-268]. Shetty, Rubilar, da Ding et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin inji, kwanciyar hankali na thermal, microstructure, da kuma hulɗar tsakanin abubuwan da aka haɗa na fina-finai da aka shirya daga HPMC, furotin siliki, keɓancewar furotin whey, da collagen, bi da bi [269-271]. Esteghlal et al. ƙera HPMC tare da gelatin don shirya fina-finai masu cin abinci don amfani a cikin kayan marufi na tushen halittu [111]. Priya, Kondaveeti, Sakata and Ortega-Toro et al. shirya HPMC/chitosan HPMC/xyloglucan, HPMC/ethyl cellulose da HPMC/sitaci edible composite films, bi da bi, da kuma nazarin su thermal kwanciyar hankali, inji Properties, microstructure da antibacterial Properties [139, 272-274]. Hakanan ana iya amfani da fili na HPMC/PLA azaman marufi don kayan abinci, yawanci ta extrusion [275].
1.3.4.2 Haɗin sitaci da sauran abubuwa
Binciken da aka yi a kan haɗakar da sitaci da sauran abubuwa da farko ya mayar da hankali kan nau'o'in polyester na hydrophobic aliphatic, ciki har da polylactic acid (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL), polybutene succinic acid (PBSA), da dai sauransu 276. Muller et al. yayi nazarin tsari da kaddarorin abubuwan sitaci/PLA da kuma hulɗar da ke tsakanin su biyun, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa hulɗar da ke tsakanin su biyu ba ta da ƙarfi kuma kayan aikin injiniyoyin ba su da kyau [277]. Correa, Komur da Diaz-Gomez et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin injiniyoyi, kaddarorin rheological, kaddarorin gel da daidaituwa na bangarorin biyu na sitaci / PCL complexes, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don haɓaka abubuwan da ba za a iya lalata su ba, Material Biomedical da Tissue Engineering Scaffolding Materials [278-280]. Ohkika et al. gano cewa haɗakar masarar masara da PBSA na da matukar ban sha'awa. Lokacin da abun ciki na sitaci ya kasance 5-30%, haɓaka abun ciki na granules sitaci na iya ƙara haɓakar modules kuma rage yawan damuwa da haɓakawa a hutu [281,282]. Hydrophobic aliphatic polyester ne thermodynamically m tare da hydrophilic sitaci, kuma daban-daban compatibilizers da Additives yawanci ƙara don inganta lokaci dubawa tsakanin sitaci da polyester. Szadkowska, Ferri, da Li et al. yayi nazarin tasirin silanol na tushen filastik, man linseed na maleic anhydride, da kayan aikin mai na kayan lambu akan tsari da kaddarorin sitaci / PLA, bi da bi [283-285]. Ortega-Toro, Yu et al. amfani da citric acid da diphenylmethane diisocyanate don daidaita sitaci / PCL fili da sitaci / PBSA fili, bi da bi, don inganta kayan abu da kwanciyar hankali [286, 287].
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an ƙara ƙarin bincike game da haɗakar da sitaci tare da polymers na halitta irin su sunadarai, polysaccharides da lipids. Teklehaimanot, Sahin-Nadeen da Zhang et al sun yi nazarin kaddarorin sunadarai na sitaci / zein, sitaci / whey protein da sitaci / geltin, bi da bi, kuma sakamakon duk sun sami sakamako mai kyau, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi ga kayan abinci na abinci da capsules [52, 288, 289]. Lozanno-Navarro, Talon da Ren et al. yayi nazarin watsawar haske, kayan aikin injiniya, abubuwan kashe kwayoyin cuta da kuma tattarawar chitosan na sitaci / chitosan hada fina-finai, bi da bi, da kuma kara abubuwan da ake samu na halitta, polyphenols shayi da sauran magungunan kashe kwayoyin cuta na halitta don inganta tasirin cutar antibacterial na fim din. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa fim ɗin sitaci / chitosan mai hadewa yana da babban tasiri a cikin fakitin abinci da magani [290-292]. Kaushik, Ghanbarzadeh, Arvanitoyannis, da Zhang et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin sitaci / cellulose nanocrystals, sitaci / carboxymethylcellulose, sitaci / methylcellulose, da sitaci / hydroxypropylmethylcellulose fina-finai, bi da bi, da kuma manyan aikace-aikace a cikin edible / biodegradable marufi kayan [293-295]. Dafe, Jumaidin, Lascombes et al. yayi nazarin abubuwan sitaci/abinci kamar sitaci/pectin, sitaci/agar da sitaci/carrageenan, galibi ana amfani dasu a fagen abinci da kayan abinci [296-298]. Perez, De et al., An yi nazarin kaddarorin physicochemical na tapioca sitaci / man masara, sitaci / lipid hadaddun da Perez, De et al., Akasari don jagorantar tsarin samar da abinci da aka fitar [299, 300].
1.3.4.3 Haɗin hydroxypropyl methylcellulose da sitaci
A halin yanzu, ba a yi nazari da yawa a kan tsarin sitaci na HPMC da sitaci a gida da waje ba, kuma galibinsu suna ƙara ƙaramin adadin HPMC a cikin matrix ɗin sitaci don inganta yanayin tsufa na sitaci. Jimenez et al. yi amfani da HPMC don rage tsufa na sitaci na asali don inganta haɓakar ƙwayoyin sitaci. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa ƙari na HPMC ya rage tsufa na sitaci kuma ya kara daɗaɗɗen ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta. Rashin iskar oxygen na membrane mai hade ya karu sosai, amma aikin hana ruwa bai yi ba. Nawa ya canza [301]. Villacres, Basch et al. hade HPMC da tapioca sitaci don shirya HPMC / sitaci hada fim marufi kayan, da kuma nazarin plasticizing tasirin glycerin a kan hada fim da kuma sakamakon potassium sorbate da nisin a kan antibacterial Properties na hada fim. Sakamakon Ya nuna cewa tare da haɓakar abun ciki na HPMC, haɓakar haɓakawa da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin fim ɗin da aka haɗa ya karu, haɓakawa a lokacin hutu yana raguwa, kuma ƙarancin ruwa na ruwa yana da ƙananan tasiri; potassium sorbate da nisin duka na iya inganta fim ɗin da aka haɗa. Tasirin maganin kashe kwayoyin cuta guda biyu yana da kyau idan aka yi amfani da su tare [112, 302]. Ortega-Toro et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin HPMC/sitaci zafi-matse mai hade-hade, kuma yayi nazarin tasirin citric acid akan kaddarorin masu hadewa. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa HPMC ya tarwatse a cikin ci gaba na sitaci, kuma duka citric acid da HPMC suna da tasiri akan tsufa na sitaci. zuwa wani mataki na hanawa [139]. Ayorinde et al. ya yi amfani da fim ɗin HPMC/starch composite film don shafan amlodipine na baka, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa lokacin rarrabuwar kawuna da adadin sakin fim ɗin ya kasance mai kyau sosai [303].
Zhao Ming et al. yayi nazari akan tasirin sitaci akan adadin rikon ruwa na fina-finan HPMC, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa sitaci da HPMC suna da wani tasiri na daidaitawa, wanda ya haifar da karuwar yawan adadin ruwa [304]. Zhang et al. yayi nazarin kaddarorin fina-finai na fili na HPMC/HPS da abubuwan rheological na maganin. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS yana da ƙayyadaddun daidaituwa, aikin membrane na fili yana da kyau, kuma kaddarorin rheological na HPS zuwa HPMC Yana da sakamako mai kyau na daidaitawa [305, 306]. Akwai ƴan karatu a kan tsarin HPMC/sitaci mai babban abun ciki na HPMC, kuma yawancinsu suna cikin bincike mara zurfi, kuma binciken ka'idar akan tsarin fili yana da ƙarancin ƙaranci, musamman ma gel na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi juyawa. - lokaci hada gel. Har yanzu karatun injina yana cikin wani yanayi mara kyau.
1.4 Rheology na hadaddun polymer
A cikin aiwatar da sarrafa kayan polymer, kwarara da nakasawa ba makawa za su faru, kuma rheology shine kimiyyar da ke nazarin kwarara da ƙa'idodin ka'idojin kayan [307]. Gudun ruwa mallakar kayan ruwa ne, yayin da nakasawa dukiya ce ta kayan ƙarfi (crystalline). Gabaɗaya kwatancen kwararar ruwa da ƙaƙƙarfan nakasar shine kamar haka:
A cikin aikace-aikacen masana'antu masu amfani na kayan polymer, danko da danko suna ƙayyade aikin sarrafa su. A cikin aiwatar da sarrafawa da gyare-gyare, tare da canjin canjin shear, danko na kayan polymer na iya samun babban girma na umarni da yawa. Canji [308]. Kayayyakin rheological kamar danko da ɓacin rai kai tsaye suna shafar ikon sarrafa famfo, turawa, watsawa da fesa yayin sarrafa kayan polymer, kuma sune mahimman kaddarorin kayan polymer.
1.4.1 Viscoelasticity na polymers
A ƙarƙashin ƙarfin waje, ruwa na polymer ba zai iya gudana kawai ba, amma kuma yana nuna nakasawa, yana nuna nau'in aikin "viscoelasticity", kuma ainihinsa shine haɗin kai na "m-ruwa biyu-lokaci" [309]. Duk da haka, wannan viscoelasticity ba na layi na layi ba ne a ƙananan nakasassu, amma rashin daidaituwa mara kyau inda kayan ke nuna manyan nakasawa da damuwa mai tsawo [310].
Maganin ruwa na polysaccharide na halitta kuma ana kiransa hydrosol. A cikin maganin dilution, polysaccharide macromolecules suna cikin nau'i na coils da aka rabu da juna. Lokacin da maida hankali ya karu zuwa wani ƙima, macromolecular coils suna shiga tsakani kuma suna haɗuwa da juna. Ana kiran ƙimar ƙima mai mahimmanci [311]. Ƙarƙashin ƙaddamarwa mai mahimmanci, danko na maganin yana da ƙananan ƙananan, kuma ba shi da tasiri ta hanyar raguwa, yana nuna hali na ruwa na Newtonian; lokacin da aka kai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, macromolecules waɗanda ke motsawa a asali sun fara haɗuwa da juna, kuma dankon bayani yana ƙaruwa sosai. karuwa [312]; yayin da lokacin da maida hankali ya zarce mahimmancin maida hankali, ana lura da raguwar juzu'i kuma maganin yana nuna halin ruwa maras Newton [245].
Wasu hydrosols na iya samar da gels a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kuma kayan aikin viscoelastic nasu galibi ana siffanta su da modulus G', modulus asarar G” da kuma dogaro da mitar su. Ma'aunin ajiya ya yi daidai da elasticity na tsarin, yayin da Ma'aunin asarar ya dace da danko na tsarin [311]. A cikin mafita mai nisa, babu wani hatsaniya tsakanin kwayoyin halitta, don haka sama da mitoci masu yawa, G′ ya fi G″ ƙanƙanta, kuma ya nuna dogaro mai ƙarfi. Tun da G' da G″ sun yi daidai da mitar ω da ma'auninsa, bi da bi, lokacin da mitar ta yi girma, G′> G″. Lokacin da maida hankali ya fi girma mai mahimmanci, G' da G″ har yanzu suna da dogaro da mitar. Lokacin da mitar ta yi ƙasa, G′ <G″, kuma mitar ta ƙaru a hankali, su biyun za su haye, su koma G′> a cikin babban yanki G”.
Mahimmin mahimmancin abin da polysaccharide hydrosol na halitta ya canza zuwa gel ana kiransa ma'anar gel. Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na gel batu, kuma mafi yawan amfani da ita shine ma'anar viscoelasticity mai ƙarfi a cikin rheology. Lokacin da ma'aunin ajiya G' na tsarin yayi daidai da asarar modules G″, shine ma'aunin gel, da G'> G″ Samuwar Gel [312, 313].
Wasu kwayoyin polysaccharide na halitta suna samar da ƙungiyoyi masu rauni, kuma tsarin gel ɗin su yana da sauƙi a lalata, kuma G' ya fi girma girma fiye da G", yana nuna ƙananan dogara; yayin da wasu kwayoyin polysaccharide na halitta zasu iya samar da tsayayyen yankuna masu haɗin kai, wanda Tsarin gel ya fi ƙarfi, G' ya fi girma girma fiye da G″, kuma ba shi da dogaro da mitar [311].
1.4.2 Rheological hali na polymer complexes
Don tsarin fili na polymer mai cikakken jituwa, fili shine tsarin kamanni, kuma ɗanɗanonsa gabaɗaya shine jimlar kaddarorin polymer guda ɗaya, kuma ana iya bayyana viscoelasticity ta hanyar ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi [314]. Aiki ya tabbatar da cewa tsarin kamanni bai dace da haɓaka kayan aikin injin sa ba. Sabanin haka, wasu hadaddun tsarin tare da tsarin da aka raba lokaci suna da kyakkyawan aiki [315].
Daidaitawar tsarin fili mai dacewa da sashi zai shafi abubuwa kamar tsarin tsarin tsarin, ƙimar ƙarfi, zafin jiki da tsarin tsarin, yana nuna daidaituwa ko rabuwar lokaci, kuma sauyawa daga daidaitawa zuwa rabuwar lokaci ba makawa. haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin viscoelasticity na tsarin [316, 317]. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, an yi nazari da yawa game da halayen viscoelastic na tsarin hadaddun polymer da suka dace. Binciken ya nuna cewa dabi'ar rheological na tsarin fili a cikin yankin daidaitawa yana ba da halaye na tsarin daidaitawa. A cikin lokaci rabuwa zone, da rheological hali ne gaba daya daban-daban daga kama zone kuma musamman hadaddun.
Fahimtar kaddarorin rheological na tsarin haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin ƙima daban-daban, ƙimar haɓakawa, ƙimar ƙarfi, yanayin zafi, da sauransu yana da mahimmanci ga ingantaccen zaɓi na fasahar sarrafa kayan aiki, ƙirar ƙira na ƙira, tsananin kulawa da ingancin samfur, da rage yawan samarwa. amfani da makamashi. [309]. Alal misali, don kayan da ke da zafin jiki, ana iya canza danko na kayan ta hanyar daidaita yanayin zafi. Kuma inganta aikin sarrafawa; fahimtar yanki mai laushi mai laushi na kayan, zaɓi ƙimar da aka dace don sarrafa aikin sarrafa kayan, da kuma inganta haɓakar samarwa.
1.4.3 Abubuwan da ke shafar abubuwan rheological na fili
1.4.3.1 Haɗawa
Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da na sinadarai da tsarin ciki na tsarin fili sune cikakken nuni na gudummawar da aka haɗa na kaddarorin kowane bangare da kuma hulɗar tsakanin sassan. Sabili da haka, abubuwan da ke cikin jiki da sinadarai na kowane sashi da kansa yana da muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tsarin fili. Matsayin daidaitawa tsakanin polymers daban-daban ya bambanta sosai, wasu suna dacewa sosai, wasu kuma kusan ba su dace ba.
1.4.3.2 Rabo na fili tsarin
Viscoelasticity da kayan aikin injiniya na tsarin fili na polymer zai canza mahimmanci tare da canji na fili. Wannan shi ne saboda ma'auni na fili yana ƙayyade gudunmawar kowane bangare ga tsarin mahadi, kuma yana rinjayar kowane bangare. hulɗa da rarraba lokaci. Xie Yajie et al. nazarin chitosan/hydroxypropyl cellulose kuma ya gano cewa danko na fili ya karu sosai tare da karuwar abun ciki na hydroxypropyl cellulose [318]. Zhang Yaya et al. yayi nazarin hadaddun xanthan danko da sitaci masara kuma ya gano cewa lokacin da rabon xanthan danko ya kasance 10%, daidaituwar daidaituwa, yawan damuwa da ƙididdigar ruwa na tsarin hadaddun ya karu sosai. Babu shakka [319].
1.4.3.3 Ƙimar Ƙarshe
Yawancin ruwaye na polymer ruwaye ne na pseudoplastic, waɗanda ba su dace da dokar kwararar Newton ba. Babban fasalin shi ne cewa danko ba ya canzawa a ƙarƙashin ƙananan shear, kuma danko yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar ƙimar shear [308, 320]. Za'a iya raba madaidaicin ruwa na polymer zuwa yankuna uku: ƙananan yanki na Newtonian, yanki mai laushi mai ƙarfi da yankin kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi. Lokacin da adadin shear ya kasance ba zero, damuwa da damuwa sun zama layi-layi, kuma yanayin tafiyar ruwa yayi kama da na ruwan Newtonian. A wannan lokacin, danko yana kula da wani ƙima, wanda ake kira danko-shear viscosity η0. η0 yana nuna matsakaicin lokacin hutu na kayan aiki kuma shine muhimmin ma'auni na kayan polymer, wanda ke da alaƙa da matsakaicin nauyin kwayoyin halitta na polymer da ƙarfin kunnawa na kwararar viscous. A cikin yanki mai laushi mai laushi, danko a hankali yana raguwa tare da haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayar cuta, kuma abin da ya faru na "ƙwanƙwasawa" yana faruwa. Wannan yanki shine yanki na yau da kullun a cikin sarrafa kayan polymer. A cikin babban yankin kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi, yayin da adadin kuzari ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, danko yana kula da wani akai-akai, ƙarancin ƙarfi mara iyaka η∞, amma wannan yanki yawanci yana da wahalar isa.
1.4.3.4 Zazzabi
Zazzabi kai tsaye yana rinjayar ƙarfin motsin zafin jiki na bazuwar, wanda zai iya yin tasiri sosai akan hulɗar tsakanin kwayoyin halitta kamar yadawa, daidaitawar sarkar kwayoyin halitta, da kuma haɗuwa. Gabaɗaya, a lokacin kwararar kayan polymer, ana yin motsi na sarƙoƙi na ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin sassan; yayin da yawan zafin jiki ya karu, ƙarar kyauta yana ƙaruwa, kuma juriya na juriya na sassan ya ragu, don haka danko ya ragu. Duk da haka, ga wasu polymers, yayin da yawan zafin jiki ya karu, ƙungiyar hydrophobic yana faruwa a tsakanin sarƙoƙi, don haka danko yana ƙaruwa maimakon.
Daban-daban na polymers suna da digiri daban-daban na hankali ga zafin jiki, kuma babban polymer iri ɗaya yana da tasiri daban-daban akan aikin na'urar sa a cikin jeri daban-daban na zafin jiki.
1.5 Muhimmancin bincike, manufar bincike da abubuwan bincike na wannan batu
1.5.1 Muhimmancin Bincike
Ko da yake HPMC wani abu ne mai aminci da kuma abin ci wanda ake amfani da shi sosai a fagen abinci da magani, yana da kyawawan kaddarorin fim, tarwatsawa, kauri, da kaddarorin daidaitawa. Har ila yau, fim ɗin HPMC yana da kyakkyawar nuna gaskiya, kaddarorin shingen mai, da kaddarorin inji. Koyaya, babban farashin sa (kimanin 100,000/ton) yana iyakance aikace-aikacen sa mai fa'ida, har ma a cikin aikace-aikacen magunguna masu ƙima kamar capsules. Bugu da kari, HPMC ne mai therally jawo gel, wanda ya wanzu a cikin wani bayani jihar tare da low danko a low zafin jiki, kuma zai iya samar da danko mai ƙarfi-kamar gel a high zafin jiki, don haka aiki tafiyar matakai kamar shafi, spraying da dipping dole ne An ɗauke shi. fita a babban zafin jiki, yana haifar da yawan amfani da makamashi mai yawa da farashin samar da kayayyaki. Properties kamar ƙananan danko da gel ƙarfi na HPMC a low yanayin zafi rage processability na HPMC a da yawa aikace-aikace.
Sabanin haka, HPS abu ne mai arha (kimanin 20,000/ton) kayan cin abinci wanda kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a fagen abinci da magani. Dalilin da ya sa HPMC ke da tsada shi ne, kayan da ake amfani da su don shirya HPMC ya fi tsada fiye da sitaci da ake amfani da shi wajen shirya HPS. Bugu da kari, HPMC an grafted da biyu madadin, hydroxypropyl da methoxy. A sakamakon haka, tsarin shirye-shiryen yana da rikitarwa sosai, don haka farashin HPMC ya fi na HPS. Wannan aikin yana fatan maye gurbin wasu HPMCs masu tsada tare da HPS masu rahusa, da rage farashin samfur bisa tushen kiyaye ayyuka iri ɗaya.
Bugu da ƙari, HPS shine gel mai sanyi, wanda yake samuwa a cikin yanayin gel na viscoelastic a ƙananan zafin jiki kuma ya samar da bayani mai gudana a babban zafin jiki. Sabili da haka, ƙara HPS zuwa HPMC na iya rage yawan zafin jiki na HPMC kuma ƙara danko a ƙananan zafin jiki. da ƙarfin gel, inganta haɓaka aiki a ƙananan yanayin zafi. Haka kuma, HPS edible film yana da kyawawan kaddarorin shinge na oxygen, don haka ƙara HPS cikin HPMC na iya haɓaka kaddarorin shingen iskar oxygen na fim ɗin da ake ci.
A taƙaice, haɗin HPMC da HPS: Na farko, yana da mahimmancin ka'idar mahimmanci. HPMC gel ne mai zafi, kuma HPS gel ne mai sanyi. Ta hanyar haɗa su biyun, akwai ƙayyadaddun yanayin canji tsakanin ruwan zafi da sanyi. Kafa HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi gel fili tsarin da tsarin bincike na iya samar da wata sabuwar hanya domin bincike na irin wannan sanyi da zafi juye lokaci gel fili tsarin ， kafa ka'idar jagora. Abu na biyu, zai iya rage farashin samarwa da inganta ribar samfur. Ta hanyar haɗin HPS da HPMC, ana iya rage farashin samarwa ta fuskar albarkatun ƙasa da samar da makamashi, kuma za a iya inganta ribar samfurin sosai. Na uku, zai iya inganta aikin sarrafawa da fadada aikace-aikacen. Bugu da ƙari na HPS na iya ƙara haɓakawa da ƙarfin gel na HPMC a ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma inganta aikin sarrafa shi a ƙananan zafin jiki. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya inganta aikin samfur. Ta ƙara HPS don shirya fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen abinci na HPMC/HPS, ana iya inganta kaddarorin shingen iskar oxygen na fim ɗin da ake ci.
Daidaituwar tsarin mahallin polymer zai iya ƙayyade kai tsaye da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma cikakkun kaddarorin fili, musamman ma kayan aikin injiniya. Saboda haka, yana da matukar muhimmanci a yi nazarin dacewa da tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS. Dukansu HPMC da HPS sune polysaccharides na hydrophilic tare da rukunin tsarin guda ɗaya-glucose kuma an gyara su ta hanyar rukunin aikin hydroxypropyl iri ɗaya, wanda ke haɓaka daidaituwar tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS. Koyaya, HPMC shine gel mai sanyi kuma HPS shine gel mai zafi, kuma yanayin rarrabuwar gel ɗin biyu yana kaiwa ga yanayin rabuwa na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS. A taƙaice, tsarin tsarin halittar lokaci da sauye-sauyen lokaci na tsarin haɗin gwal na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi suna da rikitarwa sosai, don haka daidaituwa da rabuwar lokaci na wannan tsarin zai zama mai ban sha'awa sosai.
Tsarin ilimin halittar jiki da halayen rheological na tsarin hadaddun polymer suna da alaƙa. A gefe guda, halayen rheological a lokacin aiki zai yi tasiri sosai akan tsarin tsarin tsarin; a gefe guda, halayen rheological na tsarin na iya nuna daidaitattun canje-canje a cikin tsarin tsarin tsarin. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci don nazarin kaddarorin rheological na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS don jagorantar samarwa, sarrafawa da sarrafa inganci.
Abubuwan macroscopic irin su tsarin ilimin halittar jiki, daidaitawa da rheology na tsarin tsarin sanyi na HPMC/HPS da zafi mai zafi suna da ƙarfi, kuma suna da tasiri ta hanyar jerin abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da su kamar haɓakar bayani, haɓaka haɓaka, ƙimar ƙarfi da zafin jiki. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na tsarin haɗin gwiwar za a iya daidaita su ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin kwayoyin halitta da kuma dacewa da tsarin haɗin gwiwar.
1.5.2 Manufar Bincike
HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi juye-lokaci gel fili fili tsarin da aka gina, da rheological Properties da aka binciko, da kuma sakamakon da jiki da kuma sinadaran tsarin na sassa, mahadi rabo da kuma aiki yanayi a kan rheological Properties na tsarin da aka binciko. An shirya fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen kayan abinci na HPMC/HPS, kuma an yi nazarin kaddarorin macroscopic kamar kayan aikin injiniya, iyawar iska da abubuwan gani na fim ɗin, kuma an bincika abubuwan da ke tasiri da dokoki. Yi nazarin tsarin lokaci na tsari, dacewa da rabuwar lokaci na tsarin HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi mai jujjuyawa-lokaci gel hadaddun tsarin, bincika abubuwan da ke haifar da tasiri da hanyoyin, da kafa alaƙa tsakanin tsarin ƙirar ƙwayoyin cuta na microscopic da kaddarorin macroscopic. Ana amfani da tsarin ilimin halittar jiki da daidaituwa na tsarin haɗin gwiwar don sarrafa kaddarorin kayan haɗin gwiwa.
1.5.3 Abubuwan bincike
Domin cimma manufar bincike da ake sa ran, wannan takarda za ta yi bincike kamar haka:
(1) Gina HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi juye-lokaci gel fili fili tsarin, da kuma amfani da wani rheometer don nazarin rheological Properties na fili bayani, musamman sakamakon maida hankali, mahadi rabo da karfi kudi a kan danko da kwarara index na tsarin mahadi. An bincika tasiri da ka'idar kaddarorin rheological irin su thixotropy da thixotropy, kuma an fara bincikar tsarin halittar sanyi da zafi mai hadewar gel.
(2) HPMC/HPS edible composite film da aka shirya, da kuma scanning electron microscope da aka yi amfani da nazarin tasiri na asali kaddarorin kowane bangaren da abun da ke ciki rabo a kan microscopic ilimin halittar jiki na halittar fim; an yi amfani da ma'aunin kayan aikin injiniya don nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da kowane nau'i, abubuwan da ke tattare da fim din da ke tattare da tasirin tasiri da yanayin yanayin muhalli akan kayan aikin injiniya na fim din; Yin amfani da ma'aunin isar da iskar oxygen da kuma UV-Vis spectrophotometer don nazarin tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan abubuwan da aka gyara da mahallin mahallin akan iskar oxygen da kaddarorin watsa haske na fim ɗin hadewar Daidaitawa da rabuwa lokaci na HPMC/HPS sanyi- An yi nazarin tsarin hada-hadar gel mai zafi ta hanyar bincikar microscopy na lantarki, bincike na thermogravimetric da bincike mai ƙarfi na thermomechanical.
(3) An kafa dangantaka tsakanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kayan aikin injiniya na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi inverse gel composite system. An shirya fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen abinci na HPMC/HPS, kuma tasirin tasirin mahalli da mahallin fili akan rarraba lokaci da canjin lokaci na samfurin an yi nazarin ta hanyar microscope na gani da hanyar rini na aidin; An kafa tsarin tasiri na ƙaddamarwa na fili da mahallin mahallin akan kayan aikin injiniya da kaddarorin watsa haske na samfurori. An bincika alaƙar da ke tsakanin microstructure da kaddarorin inji na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi inverse gel composite system.
(4) Tasirin digiri na maye gurbin HPS akan kaddarorin rheological da kaddarorin gel na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi mai jujjuya-lokaci gel hadewar tsarin. Sakamakon digiri na maye gurbin HPS, ƙimar ƙarfi da zafin jiki akan danko da sauran kaddarorin rheological na tsarin fili, da madaidaicin canjin gel, dogaro da mitar modulus da sauran kaddarorin gel da dokokin su an yi nazari ta hanyar amfani da rheometer. An yi nazarin rarraba lokaci mai dogaro da zafin jiki da canjin lokaci na samfuran ta hanyar lalata aidin, kuma an kwatanta tsarin gelation na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi mai jujjuya tsarin gel mai rikitarwa.
(5) Tasirin tsarin sinadarai na gyare-gyare na HPS akan kaddarorin macroscopic da kuma dacewa da tsarin haɗin gwal na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi mai juyi-lokaci. An shirya fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen kayan abinci na HPMC/HPS, kuma tasirin HPS hydroxypropyl maye gurbin digiri akan tsarin crystal da tsarin micro-domain na fim ɗin haɗin gwiwar an yi nazarin fasahar watsawa ta synchrotron radiation ƙaramin kusurwa na X-ray. Dokokin tasiri na HPS hydroxypropyl digiri na maye gurbin akan kayan aikin injiniya na membrane mai hade an yi nazari ta mai gwada kayan aikin injiniya; An yi nazarin dokar tasiri na digiri na maye gurbin HPS akan iskar oxygen na membrane mai hadewa ta hanyar gwajin iskar oxygen; da HPS hydroxypropyl Tasirin digiri na maye gurbin rukuni akan kwanciyar hankali na thermal na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS.
Babi na 2 Nazarin Rheological na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin
Ana iya shirya fina-finai na tushen polymer na halitta ta hanyar rigar mai sauƙi mai sauƙi [321]. Na farko, ana narkar da polymer ko tarwatsa a cikin ruwa lokaci don shirya wani edible film-forming ruwa ko film-forming dakatar, sa'an nan mayar da hankali ta hanyar cire sauran ƙarfi. A nan, yawanci ana yin aikin ta hanyar bushewa a ɗan ƙaramin zafi. Ana amfani da wannan tsari don ƙirƙirar fina-finai masu cin abinci da aka riga aka shirya, ko don shafa samfurin kai tsaye tare da maganin samar da fim ta hanyar tsomawa, gogewa ko fesa. Zane-zanen sarrafa fim ɗin da ake ci yana buƙatar samun ingantattun bayanan rheological na ruwa mai yin fim, wanda ke da mahimmanci ga sarrafa ingancin samfuran fina-finai da kayan kwalliyar abinci [322].
HPMC wani manne ne na thermal, wanda ke samar da gel a babban zafin jiki kuma yana cikin yanayin bayani a ƙananan zafin jiki. Wannan kayan gel na thermal yana sa danko a ƙananan zafin jiki ya ragu sosai, wanda ba shi da amfani ga ƙayyadaddun tsarin samarwa kamar dipping, gogewa da dipping. aiki, haifar da matalauta processability a low yanayin zafi. Sabanin haka, HPS shine gel mai sanyi, yanayin gel mai danko a ƙananan zafin jiki, da zafin jiki mai girma. Yanayin maganin ƙarancin danko. Sabili da haka, ta hanyar haɗuwa da su biyu, rheological Properties na HPMC irin su danko a ƙananan zafin jiki za a iya daidaita su zuwa wani matsayi.
Wannan babi yana mai da hankali kan tasirin maida hankali na bayani, rabo mai haɗawa da zafin jiki akan kaddarorin rheological irin su danko mai ƙarfi, fihirisar kwarara da thixotropy na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi inverse gel. Ana amfani da ƙa'idar ƙarawa don tattaunawa da farko don dacewa da tsarin fili.
2.2 Hanyar gwaji
2.2.1 Shiri na HPMC/HPS fili bayani
Da farko auna HPMC da HPS busassun foda, da kuma haɗuwa bisa ga 15% (w / w) maida hankali da ma'auni daban-daban na 10: 0, 7: 3, 5: 5, 3: 7, 0:10; sa'an nan kuma ƙara 70 ° C A cikin ruwan C, motsawa da sauri don 30 min a 120 rpm/min don tarwatsa HPMC gaba ɗaya; sa'an nan kuma zafi bayani zuwa sama da 95 ° C, motsawa da sauri don 1 h a cikin sauri guda don gelatinize HPS gaba daya; An kammala gelatinization Bayan haka, an rage yawan zafin jiki na maganin da sauri zuwa 70 ° C, kuma HPMC ya narkar da shi ta hanyar motsawa a jinkirin gudun 80 rpm / min na 40 min. (Duk w / w a cikin wannan labarin sune: busassun tushen taro na samfurin/ jimlar yawan bayani).
2.2.2 Rheological Properties na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin
2.2.2.1 Ka'idar nazarin rheological
Rotational rheometer sanye take da biyu sama da ƙasa a layi daya clamps, kuma sauki juzu'i kwarara za a iya samu ta hanyar zumunta motsi tsakanin clamps. Ana iya gwada rheometer a cikin yanayin mataki, yanayin kwarara da yanayin oscillation: a cikin yanayin mataki, rheometer na iya amfani da danniya na wucin gadi zuwa samfurin, wanda aka fi amfani dashi don gwada amsawar halayen wucin gadi da kwanciyar hankali lokaci na samfurin. kimantawa da amsawar viscoelastic kamar shakatawa na danniya, creep da farfadowa; a cikin yanayin kwarara, rheometer na iya yin amfani da danniya na layi zuwa samfurin, wanda aka fi amfani dashi don gwada dogara da danko na samfurin akan ƙimar girma da kuma dogara da danko akan zafin jiki da thixotropy; a cikin yanayin oscillation, rheometer na iya haifar da sinusoidal alternating oscillating danniya, wanda aka fi amfani dashi don ƙayyade yanki na viscoelastic na layi, ƙimar kwanciyar hankali na thermal da gelation zazzabi na samfurin.
2.2.2.2 Hanyar gwajin yanayin gudana
An yi amfani da madaidaicin farantin karfe tare da diamita na 40 mm, kuma an saita tazarar farantin zuwa 0.5 mm.
1. Danko yana canzawa tare da lokaci. Gwajin gwajin ya kasance 25 ° C, ƙimar juzu'i ya kasance 800 s-1, kuma lokacin gwajin ya kasance 2500 s.
2. Danko ya bambanta tare da ƙimar ƙarfi. Gwajin zafin jiki 25 ° C, pre-shear rate 800 s-1, pre-shear lokaci 1000 s; Ƙimar shear 10²-10³s.
Ƙimar shear (τ) da ƙimar shear (γ) suna bin dokar ikon Ostwald-de Waele:
̇τ=K.γ n (2-1)
inda τ shine damuwa mai ƙarfi, Pa;
γ shine ƙimar juzu'i, s-1;
n shine ma'aunin ruwa;
K shine ma'aunin danko, Pa·sn.
Alakar da ke tsakanin danko (ŋ) na maganin polymer da ƙimar shear (γ) za a iya haɗa su ta hanyar modules na carren:
Tsakanin su,ŋ0shear danko, Pa s;
ŋ∞shine danko mara iyaka mara iyaka, Pa s;
λ shine lokacin hutu, s;
n shine ma'anar bakin ciki mai ƙarfi;
3. Hanyar gwajin thixotropy mataki uku. Gwajin zafin jiki shine 25 ° C, a. Matsayin tsaye, ƙimar ƙarfi shine 1 s-1, kuma lokacin gwajin shine 50 s; b. Matsayin shear, ƙimar raguwa shine 1000 s-1, kuma lokacin gwajin shine 20 s; c. Tsarin dawo da tsarin , ƙimar raguwa shine 1 s-1, kuma lokacin gwajin shine 250 s.
A cikin tsarin dawo da tsarin, matakin dawo da tsarin bayan lokaci daban-daban yana bayyana ta hanyar dawo da danko:
DSR=ŋt ⁄ ŋ╳100%
Tsakanin su,ŋt shine danko a lokacin dawo da tsarin ts, Pa s;
hŋshine danko a karshen matakin farko, Pa s.
2.3 Sakamako da Tattaunawa
2.3.1 Sakamakon lokaci mai ƙarfi akan abubuwan rheological na tsarin fili
A matsakaicin juzu'i na yau da kullun, danƙon da ke bayyane na iya nuna yanayi daban-daban tare da ƙara lokacin juzu'i. Hoto na 2-1 yana nuna madaidaicin lanƙwasa na danko tare da lokaci a cikin tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa tare da tsawaita lokacin raguwa, bayyanar danko yana raguwa ci gaba. Lokacin da lokacin yankewa ya kai kimanin 500 s, danko ya kai ga kwanciyar hankali, wanda ke nuna cewa danko na tsarin fili a karkashin babban saurin shear yana da wani darajar. Dogarowar lokaci na, wato, thixotropy yana nunawa a cikin kewayon lokaci.
Sabili da haka, lokacin nazarin ka'idar bambancin tsarin danko na tsarin fili tare da raguwar raguwa, kafin gwajin gwaji na ainihi, ana buƙatar wani lokaci na tsayin daka mai sauri don kawar da tasirin thixotropy akan tsarin fili. . Don haka, ana samun ka'idar bambancin danko tare da ƙima kamar yadda aka samu guda ɗaya. A cikin wannan gwaji, danko na duk samfurori ya kai matsayi mai tsayi kafin 1000 s a babban adadin 800 1 / s tare da lokaci, wanda ba a tsara shi ba a nan. Sabili da haka, a cikin ƙirar gwaji na gaba, an ƙaddamar da riga-kafi don 1000 s a babban adadin 800 1 / s don kawar da tasirin thixotropy na duk samfurori.
2.3.2 Sakamakon maida hankali akan kaddarorin rheological na tsarin fili
Gabaɗaya, danko na mafita na polymer yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka maida hankali. Hoto 2-2 yana nuna tasirin maida hankali akan dogaro da ƙimar juzu'i na ɗankowar ƙirar HPMC/HPS. Daga adadi, za mu iya ganin cewa a daidai wannan nau'i na raguwa, danko na tsarin fili yana karuwa a hankali tare da karuwar ƙaddamarwar bayani. Dankowar mafita na fili na HPMC/HPS tare da ƙima daban-daban ya ragu sannu a hankali tare da haɓakar ƙimar juzu'i, yana nuna sabon abu na ƙarar ƙarfi, wanda ya nuna cewa mafita na fili tare da yawa daban-daban na ruwan pseudoplastic ne. Duk da haka, yawan dogara da ƙima na danko ya nuna wani yanayi daban-daban tare da canji na maida hankali. Lokacin da ƙaddamarwar bayani ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, abin da ya faru na ɓacin rai na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta yana da ƙananan; tare da karuwar ƙaddamarwar bayani, abin da ke daɗaɗɗen ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ya fi bayyana.
2.3.2.1 Tasirin maida hankali akan sifili mai ƙarfi danko na tsarin fili
Matsakaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin tsarin fili a wurare daban-daban an daidaita su ta hanyar ƙirar Carren, kuma an fitar da dankon sifili-shear na maganin fili (0.9960 <R₂< 0.9997). Za'a iya kara nazarin tasirin maida hankali akan danko na maganin fili ta hanyar nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin sifili mai danko da maida hankali. Daga Hoto 2-3, ana iya ganin cewa dangantakar dake tsakanin sifili-shear danko da maida hankali na fili bayani ya bi ka'idar iko:
inda k da m suke akai-akai.
A cikin daidaitawar logarithmic sau biyu, dangane da girman gangara m, ana iya ganin cewa dogaro da tattarawa yana gabatar da abubuwa daban-daban guda biyu. Bisa ga ka'idar Dio-Edwards, a ƙananan ƙaddamarwa, gangaren ya fi girma (m = 11.9, R2 = 0.9942), wanda ke da maganin dilute; yayin da yake a babban taro, gangaren yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi (m = 2.8, R2 = 0.9822), wanda ke cikin bayani mai mahimmanci. Sabili da haka, za'a iya ƙayyade mahimmancin ƙaddamarwa C * na tsarin fili don zama 8% ta hanyar haɗin waɗannan yankuna biyu. Dangane da alaƙar gama gari tsakanin jihohi daban-daban da ƙima na polymers a cikin mafita, ana ba da shawarar tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS a cikin ƙaramin zafin jiki, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2-3.
HPS shine gel mai sanyi, yanayin gel ne a ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma yanayin bayani ne a babban zafin jiki. A zazzabi na gwaji (25 ° C), HPS shine yanayin gel, kamar yadda aka nuna a yankin cibiyar sadarwa mai shuɗi a cikin adadi; akasin haka, HPMC shine gel mai zafi, A gwajin zafin jiki, yana cikin yanayin bayani, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kwayoyin layin ja.
A cikin bayani mai tsarma na C <C*, sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta na HPMC galibi suna kasancewa azaman sifofin sarkar masu zaman kansu, kuma ƙarar da aka cire ta ke sa sarƙoƙi su rabu da juna; Bugu da ƙari, lokacin gel na HPS yana hulɗa tare da ƴan kwayoyin HPMC don samar da gabaɗaya Tsarin tsari da sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta masu zaman kansu na HPMC sun kasance dabam da juna, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2-2a.
Tare da karuwar maida hankali, nisa tsakanin sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta masu zaman kansu da yankuna na zamani ya ragu sannu a hankali. Lokacin da aka kai mahimmancin maida hankali C *, ƙwayoyin HPMC da ke hulɗa tare da lokaci na gel na HPS sannu a hankali suna ƙaruwa, kuma sarƙoƙi masu zaman kansu na HPMC sun fara haɗawa da juna, suna samar da lokaci na HPS a matsayin cibiyar gel, kuma sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta na HPMC suna haɗuwa da juna. da alaka da juna. Ana nuna yanayin microgel a cikin hoto 2-2b.
Tare da ƙarin haɓakar haɓakawa, C> C *, nisa tsakanin matakan gel na HPS yana ƙara raguwa, kuma sarƙoƙin polymer na HPMC da ke da alaƙa da yankin lokaci na HPS ya zama mafi rikitarwa kuma hulɗar ta fi ƙarfi, don haka maganin yana nuna hali. kama da na polymer narke, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 2-2c.
2.3.2.2 Tasirin maida hankali akan halayen ruwa na tsarin fili
Ana amfani da ka'idar wutar lantarki ta Ostwald-de Waele (duba dabara (2-1)) don dacewa da matsananciyar ƙarfi da ƙwanƙwasa ƙima (ba a nuna a cikin rubutu ba) na tsarin fili tare da ƙima daban-daban, da madaidaicin madaidaicin n da coefficient na danko. K za a iya samu. , sakamakon dacewa kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 2-1.
Tebur 2-1 Fihirisar dabi'a ta gudana (n) da ma'aunin daidaiton ruwa (K) na maganin HPS/HPMC tare da maida hankali daban-daban a 25 °C
Matsalolin ruwa na Newtonian shine n = 1, ma'aunin ma'aunin ruwa na pseudoplastic shine n <1, kuma mafi nisa n ya karkata daga 1, zai fi ƙarfin pseudoplasticity na ruwa, kuma maɓuɓɓugar ruwan dilatant shine n> 1. Ana iya gani daga Tebu 2-1 cewa n ƙimar abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da ƙididdiga daban-daban duk sun kasance ƙasa da 1, yana nuna cewa mafita na fili duk ruwan pseudoplastic ne. A low maida hankali, n darajar mai warware shi yana kusa da 0, wanda ke nuna cewa mafita mai rauni mafita yana kusa da jeri na Newymer da juna daban-daban. Tare da haɓaka ƙaddamarwar bayani, ƙimar n na tsarin fili ya ragu a hankali, wanda ya nuna cewa haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar haɓakar halayen pseudoplastic na maganin fili. Ma'amala kamar haɗaɗɗiyar ta faru tsakanin da tare da lokaci na HPS, kuma yanayin tafiyar sa ya fi kusa da na narke polymer.
A low maida hankali, danko coefficient K na fili tsarin ne kananan (C <8%, K <1 Pa·sn), kuma tare da karuwa da maida hankali, da K darajar da fili tsarin a hankali yana ƙaruwa, yana nuna cewa danko na tsarin mahadi ya ragu, wanda ya yi daidai da dogaro da maida hankali na danko shear sifili.
2.3.3 Tasirin rabo mai haɗawa akan kaddarorin rheological na tsarin haɓakawa
Hoto 2-4 Danko vs. Ƙimar ƙarfi na maganin HPMC/HPS tare da nau'in haɗakarwa daban-daban a 25 °C
Tebura 2-2 Fihirisar dabi'a ta gudana (n) da ma'aunin daidaiton ruwa (K) na maganin HPS/HPMC tare da nau'ikan gauraya daban-daban a 25 °
Figures 2-4 suna nuna tasirin haɗaɗɗiyar rabo akan dogaron ƙimar ƙarfi na HPMC/HPS haɗaɗɗen bayani danko. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa danko na tsarin fili tare da ƙananan abun ciki na HPS (HPS <20%) ba ya canzawa sosai tare da karuwar adadin shear, yafi saboda a cikin tsarin fili tare da ƙananan abun ciki na HPS, HPMC a cikin bayani. a ƙananan zafin jiki shine ci gaba da lokaci; Dankowar tsarin fili tare da babban abun ciki na HPS sannu a hankali yana raguwa tare da haɓakar ƙimar ƙarfi, yana nuna sabon abu mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, wanda ke nuna cewa maganin fili shine ruwan pseudoplastic. A daidai wannan juzu'i, danko na fili bayani yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS, wanda shine yafi saboda HPS yana cikin yanayin gel mai danko a ƙananan zafin jiki.
Yin amfani da ka'idar wutar lantarki ta Ostwald-de Waele (duba dabara (2-1)) don dacewa da madaidaicin juzu'i mai ƙarfi (ba a nuna a cikin rubutu ba) na tsarin fili tare da ma'auni daban-daban, madaidaicin ma'aunin n da ma'aunin danko. K, an nuna sakamakon dacewa a cikin Tebur 2-2. Ana iya gani daga tebur cewa 0.9869 <R2 <0.9999, sakamakon dacewa ya fi kyau. Matsakaicin kwarara n na tsarin fili yana raguwa sannu a hankali tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS, yayin da ma'aunin danko K yana nuna haɓakar haɓakawa a hankali tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS, yana nuna cewa ƙari na HPS yana sa maganin fili ya zama mai ɗanɗano da wahala. . Wannan yanayin ya yi daidai da sakamakon binciken da Zhang ya yi, amma ga ma'auni guda ɗaya, ƙimar da aka haɗe da ita ta fi sakamakon Zhang [305], wanda ya fi dacewa saboda an yi riga-kafi a wannan gwaji don kawar da tasirin thixotropy. an kawar da shi; Sakamakon Zhang shine sakamakon haɗin gwiwar aiki na thixotropy da raguwa; Za a yi magana dalla-dalla a babi na 5 dalla-dalla yadda za a raba waɗannan hanyoyin biyu.
2.3.3.1 Tasirin rabo mai haɗawa akan sifili mai ƙarfi danko na tsarin haɓakawa.
Dangantakar da ke tsakanin kaddarorin rheological na tsarin hadaddiyar giyar polymer mai kama da rheological kaddarorin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin sun dace da ka'idar taƙaitaccen logarithmic. Don tsarin mahalli guda biyu, alakar da ke tsakanin tsarin fili da kowane bangare ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar ma'auni mai zuwa:
Daga cikin su, F shine ma'aunin kaddarorin rheological na tsarin hadaddun;
F1, F2 sune sigogin rheological na bangaren 1 da bangaren 2, bi da bi;
∅1 da ∅2 su ne yawan juzu'i na sassa na 1 da 2, bi da bi, da ∅1 ∅2.
Sabili da haka, dankon sifili-shear na tsarin fili bayan haɗawa tare da ma'auni daban-daban za a iya ƙididdige shi bisa ga ka'idar taƙaitaccen logarithmic don ƙididdige ƙimar da aka kwatanta daidai. Ƙimar gwaji ta mahallin mahalli tare da ma'auni daban-daban har yanzu an fitar da su ta hanyar dacewa da madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin madaidaicin shear. Ƙimar da aka annabta na sifilin danko mai ƙarfi na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS tare da ma'auni daban-daban yana kwatanta da ƙimar gwaji, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 2-5.
Sashin layi mai dige-ɗige a cikin adadi shine ƙimar da aka annabta na ɗan ɗanyen ɗanyen sifili na mahallin da aka samu ta hanyar jimlar logarithmic, kuma jadawali mai dige-gefe shine ƙimar gwaji na tsarin fili tare da ma'auni daban-daban. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa ƙimar gwaji na bayani na fili yana nuna wani tabbatacce-marasa kyau-raguwa dangane da ka'idar hadawa, yana nuna cewa tsarin fili ba zai iya cimma daidaituwar thermodynamic ba, kuma tsarin fili yana ci gaba da watsawa lokaci-lokaci a. ƙananan zafin jiki Tsarin "tsibirin teku" na tsarin matakai biyu; kuma tare da ci gaba da raguwa na rabon haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS, ci gaba da tsarin tsarin haɓakawa ya canza bayan haɗin haɗin gwiwa shine 4: 6. Babin yayi magana akan binciken daki-daki.
Ana iya gani a fili daga adadi cewa lokacin da rabon fili na HPMC/HPS ya yi girma, tsarin fili yana da ɓacin rai, wanda zai iya zama saboda an rarraba babban danko HPS a cikin yanayin tarwatsawa a cikin ƙananan danko HPMC ci gaba da lokaci na tsakiya. . Tare da haɓakar abun ciki na HPS, akwai ɓata mai kyau a cikin tsarin fili, yana nuna cewa ci gaba da ci gaba da canzawa yana faruwa a cikin tsarin fili a wannan lokacin. HPS tare da babban danko zama ci gaba da lokaci na fili tsarin, yayin da HPMC aka tarwatsa a cikin ci gaba lokaci na HPS a mafi uniform jihar.
2.3.3.2 Tasirin rabo mai haɗawa akan halayen ruwa na tsarin hadawa
Figures 2-6 suna nuna ma'aunin kwarara n na tsarin da aka haɗa a matsayin aikin abun ciki na HPS. Tunda fihirisar kwarara n ta dace daga madaidaicin log-logarithmic, n ga jimlar layi. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa tare da haɓakar abun ciki na HPS, ma'aunin kwararar n na tsarin fili yana raguwa a hankali, yana nuna cewa HPS yana rage kaddarorin ruwa na Newtonian na maganin fili kuma yana inganta halayen ruwa na pseudoplastic. Ƙananan ɓangaren shine jihar gel tare da mafi girman danko. Hakanan za'a iya gani daga adadi cewa alaƙar da ke tsakanin madaidaicin madaidaicin tsarin fili da abun ciki na HPS ya dace da alaƙar layi (R2 shine 0.98062), wannan yana nuna cewa tsarin fili yana da dacewa mai kyau.
2.3.3.3 Tasirin rabo mai haɗawa akan ɗanko coefficient na tsarin hadawa
Hoto 2-7 yana nuna ma'aunin danko K na haɗe-haɗen bayani azaman aikin abun ciki na HPS. Za a iya gani daga wannan adadi cewa ƙimar K na HPMC mai tsabta ba ta da yawa, yayin da ƙimar K na HPS mai tsabta ita ce mafi girma, wanda ke da alaka da kayan gel na HPMC da HPS, wanda ke cikin bayani da gel state bi da bi a. ƙananan zafin jiki. Lokacin da abun ciki na ɓangaren ƙananan ƙarancin ya yi girma, wato, lokacin da abun ciki na HPS ya yi ƙasa, ma'auni na ma'auni na mahallin mahaɗin yana kusa da na HPMC mai ƙananan danko; yayin da abun ciki na babban ma'aunin danko yana da girma, ƙimar K na haɗin ginin yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS ya karu sosai, wanda ya nuna cewa HPS ya karu da danko na HPMC a ƙananan zafin jiki. Wannan yafi nuna gudummawar danko na ci gaba da ci gaba zuwa danko na tsarin fili. A cikin lokuta daban-daban inda ƙananan ƙarancin ɗanɗano shine ci gaba mai ci gaba kuma babban ɓangaren ɗanɗano shine ci gaba mai ci gaba, gudummawar ci gaba da ɗanɗanowar lokaci zuwa danko na tsarin fili ya bambanta a fili. Lokacin da ƙananan danko HPMC shine ci gaba na lokaci, danko na tsarin fili ya fi nuna gudunmawar danko na ci gaba da lokaci; kuma lokacin da babban danko HPS shine ci gaba mai ci gaba, HPMC a matsayin lokacin da aka tarwatsa zai rage danko na HPS mai girma. tasiri.
2.3.4 Thixotropy
Za a iya amfani da Thixotropy don kimanta kwanciyar hankali na abubuwa ko tsarin da yawa, saboda thixotropy na iya samun bayanai game da tsarin ciki da kuma girman lalacewa a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin shearing [323-325]. Ana iya danganta Thixotropy tare da tasirin ɗan lokaci da tarihin juzu'i wanda ke haifar da canje-canjen microstructural [324, 326]. An yi amfani da hanyar thixotropic mataki uku don nazarin tasirin nau'i-nau'i daban-daban akan abubuwan thixotropic na tsarin hadawa. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga Figures 2-5, duk samfurori sun nuna digiri daban-daban na thixotropy. A ƙananan ƙananan ƙima, danko na mahaɗin bayani ya karu da yawa tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS, wanda ya dace da canjin sifili-shear danko tare da abun ciki na HPS.
Digiri na farfadowa na tsarin DSR na samfurori masu haɗaka a lokacin dawowa daban-daban ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar dabara (2-3), kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Table 2-1. Idan DSR <1, samfurin yana da ƙananan juriya, kuma samfurin shine thixotropic; Sabanin haka, idan DSR> 1, samfurin yana da anti-thixotropy. Daga teburin, za mu iya ganin cewa darajar DSR na HPMC mai tsabta yana da girma sosai, kusan 1, wannan saboda kwayar cutar ta HPMC sarkar ce mai tsauri, kuma lokacin hutunsa yana da gajeren lokaci, kuma tsarin yana dawowa da sauri a karkashin karfi mai karfi. Ƙimar DSR na HPS yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, wanda ke tabbatar da ƙaƙƙarfan kaddarorin thixotropic, musamman saboda HPS sarkar sassauƙa ce kuma lokacin hutunta yana da tsayi. Tsarin bai gama murmurewa ba cikin lokacin gwaji.
Don bayani na fili, a cikin lokacin dawo da lokaci, lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya fi 70%, DSR yana raguwa da sauri tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS, saboda HPS kwayoyin sarkar sarkar sassauƙa ce, da kuma adadin sarƙoƙi mai tsauri. a cikin tsarin fili yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙari na HPS. Idan an rage shi, lokacin shakatawa na dukkanin sassan kwayoyin halitta na tsarin fili yana dadewa, kuma ba za a iya dawo da thixotropy na tsarin fili ba da sauri a karkashin aikin babban karfi. Lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya kasance ƙasa da 70%, DSR yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai hulɗar tsakanin sassan kwayoyin HPS da HPMC a cikin tsarin fili, wanda ke inganta gaba ɗaya rigidity na kwayoyin halitta. sassan a cikin tsarin fili kuma yana rage lokacin shakatawa na tsarin fili yana raguwa, kuma an rage thixotropy.
Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar DSR na tsarin da aka haɗa ya kasance ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da na HPMC mai tsabta, wanda ya nuna cewa thixotropy na HPMC ya inganta ta hanyar haɓakawa. Ƙimar DSR na yawancin samfurori a cikin tsarin fili sun fi na HPS mai tsabta, yana nuna cewa an inganta kwanciyar hankali na HPS zuwa wani matsayi.
Hakanan za'a iya gani daga tebur cewa a lokuta daban-daban na dawowa, ƙimar DSR duk suna nuna mafi ƙasƙanci lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya kasance 70%, kuma lokacin da abun ciki na sitaci ya fi 60%, ƙimar DSR na hadaddun ya fi girma. na tsarkakakken HPS. Ƙimar DSR a cikin 10 s na duk samfurori suna kusa da ƙimar DSR na ƙarshe, wanda ke nuna cewa tsarin tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kammala yawancin ayyuka na farfadowa a cikin 10 s. Ya kamata a lura da cewa samfurori masu haɗaka tare da babban abun ciki na HPS sun nuna yanayin haɓakawa da farko sannan kuma ragewa tare da tsawaita lokacin dawowa, wanda ya nuna cewa samfurori na samfurori sun nuna wani digiri na thixotropy a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙananan ƙarfi, kuma tsarin su ya fi rashin kwanciyar hankali.
Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na thixotropy mataki uku ya dace da sakamakon gwajin zobe na thixotropic da aka ruwaito, amma sakamakon ƙididdigar ƙididdiga ba su dace da sakamakon gwajin zobe na thixotropic ba. An auna thixotropy na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ta hanyar zoben thixotropic tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS [305]. Ragewa ya fara raguwa sannan ya karu. Gwajin zobe na thixotropic na iya yin hasashe ne kawai na wanzuwar al'amari na thixotropic, amma ba zai iya tabbatar da shi ba, saboda zoben thixotropic shine sakamakon aikin lokaci guda na lokaci mai ƙarfi da juzu'i [325-327].
2.4 Takaitacciyar wannan babin
A cikin wannan babi, an yi amfani da gel HPMC na thermal da sanyi gel HPS a matsayin babban kayan albarkatun ƙasa don gina tsarin haɗaɗɗen nau'i biyu na sanyi da gel mai zafi. Tasirin kaddarorin rheological kamar danko, tsarin kwarara da thixotropy. Dangane da alakar gama gari tsakanin jihohi daban-daban da yawan adadin polymers a cikin mafita, ana ba da shawarar ƙirar yanayin yanayin ƙwayar cuta ta HPMC/HPS a cikin mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki. Bisa ga ka'idar taƙaitaccen logarithmic na kaddarorin sassa daban-daban a cikin tsarin fili, an yi nazarin dacewa da tsarin fili. Babban binciken shine kamar haka:
- Samfurori masu haɗaka tare da nau'i daban-daban duk sun nuna wani nau'i na ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, kuma matakin ƙaddamarwa ya karu tare da haɓakawa.
- Tare da karuwar ƙaddamarwa, ma'auni na ma'auni na tsarin fili ya ragu, kuma sifili-shear viscosity da danko coefficient ya karu, yana nuna cewa an inganta ingantaccen hali na tsarin fili.
- Akwai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci (8%) a cikin tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS, a ƙasa mai mahimmanci, sarƙoƙi na kwayoyin halitta na HPMC da yankin lokaci na gel na HPS a cikin bayani na fili sun rabu da juna kuma sun kasance da kansu; lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙaddamarwa mai mahimmanci, a cikin bayani mai mahimmanci An kafa jihar microgel tare da lokaci na HPS a matsayin cibiyar gel, da kuma sassan kwayoyin HPMC suna haɗuwa da juna; sama da mahimmancin maida hankali, sarƙoƙin macromolecular na HPMC cunkoson da haɗarsu da yankin lokaci na HPS sun fi rikitarwa, kuma hulɗar ta fi rikitarwa. mafi tsanani, don haka maganin yana aiki kamar narke polymer.
- Matsakaicin haɓakawa yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kaddarorin rheological na maganin fili na HPMC/HPS. Tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS, abin da ya faru na raguwar juzu'i na tsarin fili ya fi fitowa fili, ma'aunin yawo a hankali yana raguwa, kuma ma'aunin sifili da ɗanƙoƙi yana ƙaruwa a hankali. yana ƙaruwa, yana nuna cewa ƙaƙƙarfan hali na hadaddun yana inganta sosai.
- Danganin sifili-shear na tsarin fili yana nuna wani tabbatacce-kowa-kowa-dangi dangane da ƙa'idar taƙaitaccen logarithmic. Tsarin fili shine tsarin tsari guda biyu tare da ci gaba da tarwatsa lokaci na "tsibirin-tsibirin" a ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma, Kamar yadda tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC / HPS ya ragu bayan 4: 6, ci gaba da ci gaba na tsarin haɓakawa ya canza.
- Akwai ma'auni na layi tsakanin ma'auni mai gudana da kuma haɓakar haɓakar abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban, wanda ke nuna cewa tsarin haɗin gwiwar yana da kyakkyawar dacewa.
- Don tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS, lokacin da ƙananan ƙarancin ɗanɗano shine ci gaba mai ci gaba kuma babban ɓangaren haɓaka shine ci gaba mai ci gaba, gudummawar ɗanɗanowar ci gaba da ɗanɗano na tsarin fili ya bambanta sosai. Lokacin da ƙananan danko na HPMC shine ci gaba na lokaci, danko na tsarin fili ya fi nuna gudunmawar danko mai ci gaba; yayin da HPS mai girma-danko shine ci gaba na lokaci, HPMC a matsayin lokacin watsawa zai rage danko na HPS mai girma. tasiri.
- An yi amfani da thixotropy-mataki uku don nazarin tasirin haɗin kai akan thixotropy na tsarin da aka haɗa. Tsarin thixotropy na tsarin da aka haɗa ya nuna yanayin raguwa na farko sannan kuma ya karu tare da raguwar haɗin haɗin HPMC/HPS.
- Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da ke sama ya nuna cewa ta hanyar haɗakarwar HPMC da HPS, rheological Properties na sassa biyu, kamar danko, shear thinning sabon abu da thixotropy, an daidaita su zuwa wani matsayi.
Babi na 3 Shirye-shirye da Kaddarorin Fina-finan Haɗin Gindi na HPMC/HPS
Ƙunƙarar polymer shine hanya mafi inganci don cimma daidaituwar kayan aiki masu yawa, haɓaka sabbin kayan aiki tare da kyakkyawan aiki, rage farashin samfur, da faɗaɗa kewayon kayan aiki [240-242, 328]. Sa'an nan, saboda wasu bambance-bambancen tsarin kwayoyin halitta da entropy mai daidaitawa tsakanin polymers daban-daban, yawancin tsarin hada-hadar polymer ba su dace ba ko kuma sun dace da wani bangare [11, 12]. Kayayyakin inji da sauran macroscopic Properties na tsarin hadaddiyar giyar polymer suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da kaddarorin physicochemical na kowane nau'in, haɓakar haɓakar kowane ɓangaren, daidaituwa tsakanin abubuwan da aka gyara, da tsarin microscopic na ciki da sauran dalilai [240, 329].
Daga mahangar tsarin sinadarai, duka HPMC da HPS sune hydrophilic curdlan, suna da rukunin tsarin guda ɗaya - glucose, kuma rukunin aiki iri ɗaya ne aka gyara su - ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl, don haka HPMC da HPS yakamata su sami lokaci mai kyau. Capacitance. Duk da haka, HPMC wani gel ne na thermally induced, wanda yake a cikin yanayin bayani tare da ƙananan danko a ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma yana samar da colloid a babban zafin jiki; HPS shine gel mai sanyi, wanda shine ƙananan zafin jiki kuma yana cikin yanayin bayani a babban zafin jiki; yanayin gel da halayen gaba ɗaya sun saba. Haɗin kai na HPMC da HPS ba su da tasiri ga samuwar tsarin kamanni tare da dacewa mai kyau. Yin la'akari da tsarin sinadarai da thermodynamics, yana da babban mahimmancin ka'ida da ƙimar aiki don haɗa HPMC tare da HPS don kafa tsarin fili mai sanyi mai sanyi.
Wannan babi yana mai da hankali kan nazarin abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi gel fili, ma'auni mai haɗawa da yanayin zafi na mahalli akan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, daidaitawa da rabuwar lokaci, kaddarorin injiniyoyi, kaddarorin gani. , da thermal drop Properties na fili tsarin. Kuma tasirin macroscopic Properties kamar oxygen shãmaki Properties.
3.1 Kayayyaki da Kayayyaki
3.1.1 Babban kayan gwaji
3.1.2 Manyan kayan aiki da kayan aiki
3.2 Hanyar gwaji
3.2.1 Shiri na HPMC/HPS edible composite film
15% (w / w) busassun foda na HPMC da HPS an haɗe shi da 3% (w / w) An haɗa polyethylene glycol plasticizer a cikin ruwa mai ɗorewa don samun ruwa mai haɓakar fim, da fim ɗin kumshin abinci na HPMC / An shirya HPS ta hanyar simintin gyare-gyare.
Hanyar shiri: da farko auna HPMC da HPS busassun foda, kuma a haɗa su bisa ga ma'auni daban-daban; sa'an nan kuma ƙara a cikin ruwa 70 ° C, da kuma motsawa da sauri a 120 rpm/min na 30 min don cika HPMC; sa'an nan kuma zafi da bayani zuwa Sama da 95 ° C, motsawa da sauri a cikin sauri guda ɗaya don 1 h don cikakken gelatinize HPS; bayan kammala gelatinization, yawan zafin jiki na maganin yana raguwa da sauri zuwa 70 ° C, kuma ana zuga maganin a jinkirin saurin 80 rpm / min na 40 min. Cikakken narkar da HPMC. Zuba 20 g na gauraye na samar da fim ɗin a cikin kwanon polystyrene petri mai diamita na 15 cm, jefa shi lebur, sannan a bushe a 37 ° C. Fim ɗin busasshen ana cire shi daga faifan don samun membrane mai hade da abinci.
Fina-finan da ake ci duk an daidaita su a zafi 57% na fiye da kwanaki 3 kafin gwaji, kuma ɓangaren fim ɗin da ake ci da ake amfani da shi don gwajin kadarorin inji an daidaita shi da zafi 75% na fiye da kwanaki 3.
3.2.2 Micromorphology na fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen abinci na HPMC/HPS
3.2.2.1 Ka'idar nazari na duba microscope na lantarki
Bindigan lantarki da ke saman na'urar duban Electron microscopic (SEM) na iya fitar da adadi mai yawa na electrons. Bayan an rage shi da mai da hankali, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki tare da wani ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Kere da filin maganadisu na na'urar dubawa, bisa ga wani takamaiman lokaci da odar sararin samaniya Yi duba saman samfurin batu da aya. Saboda bambancin halaye na ƙananan yanki, hulɗar da ke tsakanin samfurin da katako na lantarki zai haifar da siginar lantarki na biyu tare da nau'i daban-daban, wanda mai ganowa ya tattara kuma ya canza zuwa siginonin lantarki, wanda aka haɓaka ta hanyar bidiyo. da shigarwa zuwa Grid na bututun hoto, bayan daidaita haske na bututun hoto, ana iya samun hoton lantarki na biyu wanda zai iya nuna yanayin yanayin halitta da halayen ƙananan yanki a saman samfurin. Idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin na gani na gargajiya na gargajiya, ƙudurin SEM yana da tsayi sosai, game da 3nm-6nm na saman Layer na samfurin, wanda ya fi dacewa da lura da ƙananan siffofi a saman kayan.
3.2.2.2 Hanyar gwaji
An sanya fim ɗin da ake ci a cikin na'urar bushewa don bushewa, kuma an zaɓi girman da ya dace na fim ɗin da za a iya ci, an liƙa a kan matakin samfurin musamman na SEM tare da manne mai ɗaukar hoto, sa'an nan kuma an yi masa zinari tare da ɗigon ruwa. A lokacin gwajin, an sanya samfurin a cikin SEM, kuma an lura da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na samfurin kuma an dauki hoto a sau 300 da 1000 sau girma a ƙarƙashin ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki na katako na 5 kV.
3.2.3 Hasken watsawa na HPMC/HPS edible composite film
3.2.3.1 Ka'idar nazari na UV-Vis spectrophotometry
UV-Vis spectrophotometer na iya fitar da haske tare da tsawon tsayin 200 ~ 800nm kuma ya haskaka shi akan abu. Wasu takamaiman tsayin haske na haske a cikin hasken abin da ya faru ana ɗauka ta kayan abu, kuma canjin matakin makamashi na kwayoyin halitta da canjin matakin makamashi na lantarki suna faruwa. Tunda kowane abu yana da nau'ikan sifofi daban-daban, atomic da molecular spatial structures, kowane abu yana da takamaiman yanayin sha, kuma ana iya tantance abubuwan da ke cikin abun gwargwadon matakin sha a wasu takamaiman tsayin daka akan bakan sha. Saboda haka, UV-Vis spectrophotometric bincike yana daya daga cikin ingantattun hanyoyi don nazarin abun da ke ciki, tsari da hulɗar abubuwa.
Lokacin da hasken da ya samu ya afkawa wani abu, wani bangare na hasken da abin ya faru yakan kama shi, sannan kuma wani bangaren hasken da ya faru yakan shiga ta cikin abin; rabon ƙarfin hasken da aka watsa zuwa abin da ya faru ƙarfin hasken shine watsawa.
Dabarar dangantakar dake tsakanin sha da watsawa shine:
Daga cikin su, A shine abin sha;
T shine watsawa, %.
Ƙarshe na ƙarshe an gyara shi daidai ta hanyar sha × 0.25 mm / kauri.
3.2.3.2 Hanyar gwaji
Shirya 5% HPMC da HPS mafita, haxa su bisa ga ma'auni daban-daban, zuba 10 g na maganin samar da fim a cikin kwanon polystyrene petri tare da diamita na 15 cm, kuma bushe su a 37 ° C don samar da fim. Yanke fim ɗin da ake ci a cikin ɗigon rectangular 1mm × 3mm, saka shi a cikin cuvette, sa'annan ku sanya fim ɗin da ake ci kusa da bangon ciki na cuvette. An yi amfani da WFZ UV-3802 UV-vis spectrophotometer don duba samfuran a cikakken tsayin 200-800 nm, kuma kowane samfurin an gwada sau 5.
3.2.4 Dynamic thermomechanical Properties na HPMC/HPS edible composite films
3.2.4.1 Ƙa'idar nazarin thermomechanical mai ƙarfi
Dynamic Thermomechanical Analysis (DMA) wani kayan aiki ne wanda zai iya auna dangantaka tsakanin taro da zafin jiki na samfurin a ƙarƙashin wani nau'in girgiza da zafin jiki da aka tsara, kuma zai iya gwada kayan aikin injiniya na samfurin a ƙarƙashin aikin musanya na lokaci-lokaci da lokaci, zafin jiki da zafin jiki. dangantakar mitar.
Manyan polymers na kwayoyin halitta suna da kaddarorin viscoelastic, wanda zai iya adana makamashin injiniya kamar elastomer a gefe guda, kuma yana cinye makamashi kamar gamsai a daya bangaren. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ƙarfin musanya na lokaci-lokaci, ɓangaren na roba yana canza makamashi zuwa makamashi mai yuwuwa kuma yana adana shi; yayin da bangaren danko yakan mayar da makamashin zuwa makamashin zafi ya kuma rasa shi. Kayan polymer gabaɗaya suna nuna jihohi biyu na yanayin gilashin ƙarancin zafin jiki da yanayin roba mai zafi, kuma yanayin canjin yanayi tsakanin jihohin biyu shine zafin canjin gilashin. Gilashin canjin zafin jiki kai tsaye yana rinjayar tsari da kaddarorin kayan, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman yanayin yanayin yanayin polymers.
Ta hanyar nazarin kaddarorin thermomechanical masu ƙarfi na polymers, ana iya lura da viscoelasticity na polymers, kuma ana iya samun mahimman sigogi waɗanda ke ƙayyade aikin polymers, ta yadda za a iya amfani da su da kyau ga ainihin yanayin amfani. Bugu da ƙari, nazarin thermomechanical mai ƙarfi yana da matukar damuwa ga canjin gilashi, rabuwa lokaci, haɗin giciye, crystallization da motsi na kwayoyin halitta a duk matakan sassan kwayoyin halitta, kuma yana iya samun bayanai da yawa akan tsari da kaddarorin polymers. Ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don nazarin kwayoyin halitta na polymers. halin motsi. Yin amfani da yanayin share zafin jiki na DMA, ana iya gwada faruwar sauye-sauyen lokaci kamar canjin gilashin. Idan aka kwatanta da DSC, DMA tana da mafi girman hankali kuma ya fi dacewa da nazarin kayan simintin amfani na ainihi.
3.2.4.2 Hanyar gwaji
Zaɓi samfura masu tsabta, uniform, lebur da marasa lahani, kuma a yanka su cikin filaye na 10mm × 20mm. An gwada samfuran a cikin yanayin ɗaure ta amfani da Pydris Diamond dynamic thermomechanical analyzer daga PerkinElmer, Amurka. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na gwaji shine 25 ~ 150 ° C, ƙimar dumama shine 2 ° C / min, mitar ta kasance 1 Hz, kuma an maimaita gwajin sau biyu ga kowane samfurin. A yayin gwajin, an yi rikodin ma'aunin ma'auni (E') da ma'aunin hasara (E") na samfurin, kuma ana iya ƙididdige adadin ma'aunin asarar da ma'aunin ajiya, wato tangent angle tan δ.
3.2.5 Thermal kwanciyar hankali na HPMC/HPS edible composite films
3.2.5.1 Ka'idar nazarin thermogravimetric
Thermal Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) na iya auna canjin adadin samfurin tare da zafin jiki ko lokaci a yanayin da aka tsara, kuma ana iya amfani dashi don nazarin yiwuwar evaporation, narkewa, sublimation, bushewa, bazuwar da iskar shaka na abubuwa yayin aikin dumama. . da sauran al'amura na zahiri da na sinadarai. Matsakaicin dangantaka tsakanin yawan kwayoyin halitta da zafin jiki (ko lokaci) da aka samu kai tsaye bayan an gwada samfurin ana kiransa thermogravimetric (TGA curve). asarar nauyi da sauran bayanai. Za'a iya samun madaidaicin Thermogravimetric curve (DTG curve) bayan ƙaddamar da tsari na farko na madaidaicin TGA, wanda ke nuna canjin asarar nauyi na samfurin da aka gwada tare da zafin jiki ko lokaci, kuma mafi girman matsayi shine matsakaicin matsayi na akai-akai. ƙimar.
3.2.5.2 Hanyar gwaji
Zaɓi fim ɗin da ake ci tare da kauri iri ɗaya, yanke shi a cikin da'irar da diamita iri ɗaya da faifan gwajin thermogravimetric, sa'an nan kuma shimfiɗa shi a kan faifan gwajin, sannan a gwada shi a cikin yanayi na nitrogen tare da ƙimar 20 ml / min. . Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 30-700 ° C, ƙimar dumama shine 10 ° C / min, kuma an gwada kowane samfurin sau biyu.
3.2.6.1 Ka'idar nazarin dukiya mai ƙarfi
3.2.6 Kaddarorin Tensile na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS masu cin abinci
Mai gwada kadarorin inji na iya amfani da madaidaicin kaya mai tsayi zuwa spline tare da axis na tsaye ƙarƙashin takamaiman zafin jiki, zafi da yanayin saurin har sai spline ya karye. A lokacin gwajin, nauyin da aka yi amfani da shi a kan spline da adadin nakasar sa an rubuta shi ta hanyar mai gwada kayan aikin injiniya, kuma an zana maɗaukakiyar damuwa a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da nakasar spline. Daga madaidaicin matsananciyar damuwa, ƙarfin ƙarfi (ζt), elongation a hutu (εb) da kuma na roba (E) ana iya ƙididdige su don kimanta abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin.
Dangantakar damuwa-dangi na kayan gabaɗaya za a iya kasu kashi biyu: yankin nakasar naƙasa da yanki na lalata filastik. A cikin yankin nakasa na roba, damuwa da damuwa na kayan aiki suna da dangantaka ta layi, kuma za a iya dawo da nakasar a wannan lokacin gaba daya, wanda ya dace da dokar Cook; a cikin yankin nakasar filastik, damuwa da damuwa na kayan ba su da layi, kuma nakasar da ke faruwa a wannan lokaci ba za ta sake dawowa ba, a ƙarshe kayan sun karya.
Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfafawa:
Inda: shine ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi, MPa;
p shine matsakaicin nauyi ko raguwa, N;
b shine girman samfurin, mm;
d shine kauri na samfurin, mm.
Dalili don ƙididdige elongation a lokacin hutu:
Inda: εb shine elongation a karya,%;
L shine nisa tsakanin layin alamar lokacin da samfurin ya karye, mm;
L0 shine ainihin ma'aunin ma'auni na samfurin, mm.
Ƙididdigar ƙididdiga na ma'auni na roba:
Daga cikin su: E shine ma'auni na roba, MPa;
ζ damuwa ne, MPa;
ε shine iri.
3.2.6.2 Hanyar gwaji
Zaɓi samfurori masu tsabta, uniform, lebur da marasa lalacewa, koma ga daidaitattun GB13022-91 na ƙasa, kuma a yanka su cikin splines masu siffar dumbbell tare da tsayin tsayin 120mm, nisa ta farko tsakanin kayan aiki na 86mm, nisa tsakanin alamomi na 40mm, da nisa na 10mm. An sanya splines a 75% da 57% (a cikin yanayi na cikakken sodium chloride da sodium bromide bayani) zafi, kuma an daidaita shi fiye da kwanaki 3 kafin aunawa. A cikin wannan gwaji, ana amfani da ASTM D638, 5566 mai gwada kaddarorin kayan inji na Instron Corporation na Amurka da 2712-003 mai ɗaukar numfashin sa don gwaji. Matsakaicin saurin ya kasance 10 mm / min, kuma an maimaita samfurin sau 7, kuma an ƙididdige matsakaicin ƙimar.
3.2.7 Oxygen permeability na HPMC/HPS edible composite film
3.2.7.1 Ka'idar nazarin ƙwayar iskar oxygen
Bayan an shigar da samfurin gwajin, an raba ramin gwajin zuwa sassa biyu, A da B; Haske na oxygen yana gudana tare da wani ƙimar kwarara mai gudana a cikin rami, kuma yana gudana cikin nitrogen tare da takamaiman farashin kwarara; A lokacin gwajin, A cavity Oxygen ya ratsa ta cikin samfurin zuwa cikin rami na B, kuma iskar oxygen da ke shiga cikin rami na B yana gudana ta hanyar nitrogen kuma ya bar rami B don isa ga firikwensin oxygen. Na'urar firikwensin iskar oxygen yana auna abun da ke cikin iskar oxygen a cikin kwararar nitrogen kuma yana fitar da siginar lantarki daidai, ta haka yana ƙididdige samfurin oxygen. watsawa.
3.2.7.2 Hanyar gwaji
Zabi fina-finai masu haɗaka masu cin abinci marasa lalacewa, yanke su cikin samfuran lu'u-lu'u 10.16 x 10.16 cm, rufe saman gefen ƙuƙuman tare da man shafawa, da matsa samfuran zuwa shingen gwaji. An gwada bisa ga ASTM D-3985, kowane samfurin yana da yanki na gwaji na 50 cm2.
3.3 Sakamako da Tattaunawa
3.3.1 Nazari na ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na fina-finai masu haɗaka da abinci
Ma'amala tsakanin abubuwan da ke tattare da ruwa mai samar da fim da yanayin bushewa-yana ƙayyade tsarin fim ɗin na ƙarshe kuma yana da matukar tasiri ga abubuwa na zahiri da sinadarai na fim ɗin [330, 331]. Abubuwan da ke cikin gel ɗin da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da kowane bangare na iya shafar tsarin halittar mahallin, wanda ya kara shafar tsarin farfajiya da kaddarorin karshe na membrane [301, 332]. Saboda haka, nazarin microstructural na fina-finai na iya samar da bayanai masu dacewa game da sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na kowane bangare, wanda hakan zai iya taimaka mana mu fahimci kaddarorin shinge, kayan aikin injiniya, da kayan gani na fina-finai.
Ana nuna saman sikanin microscope microscope na fina-finai masu cin abinci na HPS/HPMC tare da ma'auni daban-daban a cikin hoto 3-1. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga Hoto na 3-1, wasu samfurori sun nuna ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a saman, wanda ƙila ya faru ta hanyar rage danshi a cikin samfurin yayin gwajin, ko kuma ta hanyar harin wutar lantarki a cikin rami na microscope [122] , 139]. A cikin adadi, tsaftataccen membrane na HPS da HPMC mai tsabta. Membran sun nuna filaye masu santsi masu santsi, kuma ƙananan tsarin membranes na HPS masu kyau sun fi kamanni kuma sun fi santsi fiye da macromolecules na sitaci (amylose molecules da amylopectin molecules) yayin aiwatar da sanyaya. a cikin ruwa bayani. Yawancin karatu sun nuna cewa tsarin amylose-amylopectin-ruwa a cikin tsarin sanyaya
Za a iya samun hanyar gasa tsakanin samuwar gel da rabuwa lokaci. Idan adadin rabuwar lokaci ya kasance ƙasa da ƙimar samuwar gel, rabuwar lokaci ba zai faru a cikin tsarin ba, in ba haka ba, rabuwar lokaci zai faru a cikin tsarin [333, 334]. Haka kuma, lokacin da abun cikin amylose ya wuce 25%, gelatinization na amylose da ci gaba da tsarin cibiyar sadarwa na amylose na iya hana bayyanar rabuwar lokaci [334]. Abubuwan da ke cikin amylose na HPS da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan takarda shine 80%, mafi girma fiye da 25%, don haka mafi kyawun kwatanta al'amarin cewa tsarkakakkun membranes na HPS sun fi kamanni da santsi fiye da maɓallan HPMC masu tsabta.
Ana iya ganin idan aka kwatanta alkaluman cewa saman dukkan fina-finan da aka haxa sun yi muni sosai, kuma wasu guraren da ba a saba gani ba sun warwatse, wanda ke nuni da cewa akwai wani mataki na rashin daidaito tsakanin HPMC da HPS. Bugu da ƙari, haɗe-haɗen membranes tare da babban abun ciki na HPMC sun nuna tsarin kamanni fiye da waɗanda ke da babban abun ciki na HPS. Ƙunƙarar tushen HPS a zazzabi na samuwar fim 37 °C
Dangane da kaddarorin gel, HPS ya gabatar da yanayin gel mai danko; yayin da ya dogara da kaddarorin gel na thermal na HPMC, HPMC ya gabatar da yanayin maganin ruwa kamar ruwa. A cikin membrane composite tare da babban abun ciki na HPS (7: 3 HPS / HPMC), da danko HPS ne ci gaba lokaci, da ruwa-kamar HPMC aka tarwatsa a cikin high-dankowar HPS ci gaba lokaci a matsayin tarwatsa lokaci, wanda ba conducive. zuwa daidaitattun rarraba lokaci na tarwatsa; A cikin fim ɗin da aka haɗa tare da babban abun ciki na HPMC (3: 7 HPS/HPMC), HPMC mai ƙarancin danko yana canzawa zuwa ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma HPS ɗin viscous yana tarwatsewa a cikin ƙaramin danko na HPMC azaman lokacin tarwatsewa, wanda yake dacewa da shi. samuwar lokaci mai kama da juna. mahadi tsarin.
Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa duk da cewa duk fina-finan da aka haɗe suna nuna tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma ba su dace ba, ba a sami fayyace madaidaicin lokaci ba, wanda ke nuni da cewa HPMC da HPS suna da dacewa mai kyau. Fina-finan na HPMC/sitaci ba tare da masu yin filastik kamar PEG sun nuna rabuwar lokaci na bayyane [301], don haka yana nuna cewa duka gyare-gyaren hydroxypropyl na sitaci da PEG plasticizers na iya inganta daidaituwar tsarin tsarin.
3.3.2 Binciken kaddarorin gani na fina-finai masu hade da abinci
An gwada kaddarorin watsa haske na fina-finai masu hade da abinci na HPMC/HPS tare da ma'auni daban-daban ta UV-vis spectrophotometer, kuma ana nuna bakan UV a cikin Hoto 3-2. Mafi girman darajar watsa haske, mafi yawan nau'in fim din shine; akasin haka, ƙarami darajar watsa haske, mafi ƙarancin daidaituwa da ƙarancin fim ɗin. Ana iya gani daga Hoto na 3-2(a) cewa duk fina-finan da aka haɗe suna nuna irin wannan yanayin tare da haɓaka tsayin sikanin a cikin cikakken kewayon na'urar daukar hoto, kuma watsa hasken yana ƙaruwa sannu a hankali tare da haɓaka tsayin raƙuman ruwa. A 350nm, masu lanƙwasa suna son zuwa fili.
Zaɓi hanyar watsawa a tsayin 500nm don kwatanta, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 3-2 (b), watsawar fim ɗin HPS mai tsabta ya yi ƙasa da na fim ɗin HPMC mai tsabta, kuma tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPMC, ƙaddamarwa yana raguwa da farko. sannan kuma ya karu bayan ya kai mafi ƙarancin ƙima. Lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya karu zuwa 70%, watsawar haske na fim ɗin da aka haɗa ya fi na HPS mai tsabta. Sanannen abu ne cewa tsarin kamanni zai nuna mafi kyawun isar da haske, kuma ƙimar watsawar UV ta gabaɗaya ta fi girma; Abubuwan da ba su dace da juna ba gabaɗaya sun fi-boko kuma suna da ƙananan ƙimar watsawar UV. Ƙimar watsawa na fina-finai masu haɗaka (7: 3, 5: 5) sun kasance ƙasa da na fina-finai na HPS da HPMC masu tsabta, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai wani mataki na rabuwa tsakanin sassa biyu na HPS da HPMC.
Hoto 3-2 UV spectra a duk tsawon raƙuman ruwa (a), kuma a 500 nm (b), don fina-finai na HPS/HPMC. Bar yana wakiltar ma'anar ± daidaitattun sabani. ac: haruffa daban-daban sun bambanta da yawa tare da rabon gauraya daban-daban (p <0.05), ana amfani da su a cikin cikakken karatun.
3.3.3 Nazari mai ƙarfi na thermomechanical na fina-finai masu haɗaka masu cin abinci
Hoto na 3-3 yana nuna ƙwaƙƙwaran kaddarorin thermomechanical na fina-finai masu cin abinci na HPMC/HPS tare da tsari daban-daban. Ana iya gani daga siffa 3-3(a) cewa ma'aunin ajiya (E') yana raguwa tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPMC. Bugu da kari, ma'aunin ajiya na duk samfurori ya ragu sannu a hankali tare da karuwar zafin jiki, sai dai cewa ma'aunin ajiya na fim din HPS (10: 0) ya karu kadan bayan an ƙara yawan zafin jiki zuwa 70 ° C. A babban zafin jiki, don fim ɗin da aka haɗa tare da babban abun ciki na HPMC, ma'aunin ajiya na fim ɗin da aka haɗa yana da yanayin ƙasa a bayyane tare da karuwar zafin jiki; yayin da samfurin tare da babban abun ciki na HPS, ma'aunin ajiya yana raguwa kaɗan tare da karuwar zafin jiki.
Hoto 3-3 Ma'ajiyar Module (E') (a) da tangent hasara (tan δ) (b) na fina-finai na HPS/HPMC.
Ana iya gani daga Hoto 3-3 (b) cewa samfurori tare da abun ciki na HPMC sama da 30% (5: 5, 3: 7, 0: 10) duk suna nuna kololuwar canjin gilashi, kuma tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPMC, canjin gilashin zafin jiki na canji ya canza zuwa babban zafin jiki, yana nuna cewa sassaucin sarkar polymer na HPMC ya ragu. A gefe guda, membrane na HPS mai tsabta yana nuna babban kololuwar ambulan a kusa da 67 ° C, yayin da membrane mai hade da 70% abun ciki na HPS ba shi da wani canji na gilashi. Wannan yana iya zama saboda akwai takamaiman ma'amala tsakanin HPMC da HPS, don haka yana iyakance motsin sassan kwayoyin halitta na HPMC da HPS.
3.3.4 Binciken kwanciyar hankali na thermal na fina-finai masu hade da abinci
Hoto 3-4 TGA masu lankwasa (a) da nasu (DTG) masu lankwasa (b) na fina-finai na HPS/HPMC.
An gwada kwanciyar hankali na thermal na fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen abinci na HPMC/HPS ta mai nazarin thermogravimetric. Hoto na 3-4 yana nuna ma'aunin thermogravimetric (TGA) da ma'aunin asarar nauyi (DTG) na fim ɗin haɗin gwiwa. Daga madaidaicin TGA a cikin Hoto 3-4(a), ana iya ganin cewa samfuran membrane masu haɗaka tare da ma'auni daban-daban suna nuna matakan canjin thermogravimetric guda biyu a bayyane tare da haɓakar zafin jiki. Ƙunƙarar ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi ta hanyar polysaccharide macromolecule yana haifar da ƙananan asarar nauyi a 30-180 ° C kafin ainihin lalacewar thermal ya faru. Daga baya, akwai mafi girma lokaci na nauyi asara a 300 ~ 450 °C, a nan thermal lalata lokaci na HPMC da HPS.
Daga DTG masu lankwasa a cikin Hoto 3-4(b), ana iya ganin cewa yanayin zafi mafi ƙasƙanci na thermal na HPS da HPMC mai tsafta shine 338 ° C da 400 ° C, bi da bi, kuma ƙarancin ƙarancin zafin jiki na HPMC mai tsabta shine sama da na HPS, yana nuna cewa HPMC Mafi kyawun yanayin zafi fiye da HPS. Lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya kasance 30% (7: 3), kololuwa ɗaya ya bayyana a 347 ° C, wanda yayi daidai da ƙimar ƙimar HPS, amma zafin jiki ya kasance mafi girma daga kololuwar lalatawar thermal na HPS; lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya kasance 70% ( 3: 7), kawai ƙimar halayyar HPMC ta bayyana a 400 ° C; lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya kasance 50%, kololuwar lalatawar thermal biyu sun bayyana akan madaidaicin DTG, 345 °C da 396 °C, bi da bi. Kololuwar sun yi daidai da halayen kololuwar HPS da HPMC, bi da bi, amma ƙarancin ƙarancin zafi da ya yi daidai da HPS ya fi ƙanƙanta, kuma duka kololuwar suna da ɗan canji. Ana iya ganin cewa galibin ƙunƙun ƙumburi kawai suna nuna halayen kololuwa guda ɗaya daidai da wani yanki, kuma ana kashe su idan aka kwatanta da membrane mai tsabta, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai bambanci tsakanin abubuwan HPMC da HPS. mataki na dacewa. Matsakaicin ƙoƙon ƙazamar zafi na membrane mai hade ya fi na HPS mai tsafta, yana nuni da cewa HPMC na iya inganta kwanciyar hankali na maɓalli na HPS zuwa wani ɗan lokaci.
3.3.5 Binciken kaddarorin injina na fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen abinci
An auna kaddarorin masu ƙarfi na fina-finai masu haɗakarwa na HPMC/HPS tare da ma'auni daban-daban ta mai nazarin kayan aikin injiniya a 25 ° C, dangi zafi na 57% da 75%. Hoto na 3-5 yana nuna ma'auni na roba (a), haɓakawa a lokacin hutu (b) da ƙarfin ƙarfi (c) na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS tare da ma'auni daban-daban a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi daban-daban. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa lokacin da yanayin zafi ya kasance 57%, ƙarfin roba da ƙarfi na fim ɗin HPS mai tsabta shine mafi girma, kuma HPMC mai tsabta shine mafi ƙanƙanta. Tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS, maɗaukaki na roba da ƙarfin juzu'i na fina-finai masu haɗaka sun karu ci gaba. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwanƙwasa mai tsaftar membrane na HPMC ya fi girma fiye da na membrane na HPS mai tsafta, kuma duka biyun sun fi na membrane mai hade.
Lokacin da yanayin zafi ya kasance mafi girma (75%) idan aka kwatanta da 57% zafi na dangi, modules na roba da ƙarfin juriya na duk samfuran sun ragu, yayin da tsayin daka a hutu ya karu sosai. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda ruwa, a matsayin filastik na gabaɗaya, na iya tsarma HPMC da matrix HPS, rage ƙarfi tsakanin sarƙoƙin polymer, da haɓaka motsin sassan polymer. A matsanancin zafi na dangi, ƙarfin roba da ƙarfin ɗaure na fina-finai na HPMC masu tsabta sun fi na fina-finai na HPS masu kyau, amma tsayin daka a lokacin hutu ya kasance ƙasa, sakamakon da ya bambanta da sakamakon a ƙananan zafi. Ya kamata a lura da cewa bambancin kayan aikin injiniya na fina-finai masu haɗaka tare da rabon kayan aiki a wani babban zafi na 75% gaba ɗaya ya saba wa wancan a cikin ƙananan zafi idan aka kwatanta da yanayin a yanayin zafi na 57%. A karkashin babban zafi, damshin abun ciki na fim yana ƙaruwa, kuma ruwa ba wai kawai yana da wani tasiri na filastik akan matrix polymer ba, amma kuma yana inganta recrystallization na sitaci. Idan aka kwatanta da HPMC, HPS yana da ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi don sake recrystallize, don haka tasirin yanayin zafi akan HPS ya fi na HPMC girma.
Hoto 3-5 Tensile Properties na HPS/HPMC fina-finai tare da daban-daban HPS/HPMC rabo daidaita a karkashin daban-daban dangi tawali'u (RH). *: haruffan lamba daban-daban sun bambanta sosai tare da RH daban-daban, ana amfani da su a cikin cikakken karatun
3.3.6 Nazari na Isar Oxygen na Fina-Finan Haɗaɗɗen Abinci
Ana amfani da fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen abinci azaman kayan tattara kayan abinci don tsawaita rayuwar abinci, kuma aikin shingen iskar oxygen yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman alamomi. Sabili da haka, an auna yawan watsa iskar oxygen na fina-finai masu cin abinci tare da ma'auni daban-daban na HPMC/HPS a zazzabi na 23 ° C, kuma an nuna sakamakon a cikin Hoto 3-6. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa iskar iskar oxygen na membrane na HPS mai tsabta yana da ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da na membrane na HPMC mai tsabta, yana nuna cewa membrane na HPS yana da kyawawan kaddarorin shinge na oxygen fiye da membrane na HPMC. Saboda ƙananan danko da kasancewar yankunan amorphous, HPMC yana da sauƙi don samar da tsarin cibiyar sadarwa maras kyau a cikin fim; idan aka kwatanta da HPS, yana da mafi girman hali don sake sakewa, kuma yana da sauƙi don samar da tsari mai yawa a cikin fim din. Yawancin karatu sun nuna cewa fina-finan sitaci suna da kyawawan kaddarorin shinge na oxygen idan aka kwatanta da sauran polymers [139, 301, 335, 336].
Hoto 3-6 Oxygen permeability na HPS/HPMC fina-finan gauraya
Bugu da ƙari na HPS na iya rage yawan iskar oxygen na membranes na HPMC, kuma iskar oxygen na membranes masu hade suna raguwa sosai tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS. Bugu da ƙari na HPS-wanda ba shi da iskar oxygen zai iya ƙara yawan karfin tashar oxygen a cikin membrane mai hade, wanda hakan zai haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙwayar iskar oxygen kuma a ƙarshe ƙananan ƙarancin iskar oxygen. An bayar da rahoton irin wannan sakamakon ga sauran tauraro na asali [139,301].
3.4 Takaitacciyar wannan babin
A cikin wannan babi, ta yin amfani da HPMC da HPS a matsayin manyan kayan albarkatun ƙasa, da kuma ƙara polyethylene glycol azaman filastik, fina-finai masu haɗaɗɗun abinci na HPMC/HPS tare da ma'auni daban-daban an shirya su ta hanyar simintin gyare-gyare. An yi nazarin tasirin abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da su a kan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar duban ƙananan ƙwayoyin lantarki; na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa an yi nazarin kaddarorin na'ura mai hade da membrane. An yi nazarin tasirin abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan da ke cikin abubuwan da ke tattare da abubuwan da ke tattare da su a kan kaddarorin shinge na iskar oxygen da watsawar haske na fim ɗin da aka haɗa ta hanyar gwajin isar da iskar oxygen da UV-vis spectrophotometer. An yi amfani da duban ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin lantarki, bincike na thermogravimetric da nazarin zafin jiki mai ƙarfi. An yi amfani da bincike na injiniya da sauran hanyoyin bincike don nazarin daidaituwa da rabuwa na lokaci na tsarin gel mai sanyi mai zafi. Babban binciken shine kamar haka:
- Idan aka kwatanta da tsantsar HPMC, HPS mai tsafta ya fi sauƙi don samar da kamanni da santsin yanayin yanayin yanayin ƙasa. Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda ingantaccen tsarin kwayoyin halitta na sitaci macromolecules (amylose molecules da amylopectin molecules) a cikin maganin sitaci mai ruwa a lokacin aikin sanyaya.
- Abubuwan da ke da babban abun ciki na HPMC suna da yuwuwar samar da sifofin membrane iri ɗaya. Wannan ya dogara ne akan abubuwan gel na HPMC da HPS. A zafin jiki na fim, HPMC da HPS suna nuna yanayin maganin rashin danko da yanayin gel mai girma, bi da bi. Babban danko mai tarwatsewa yana tarwatsewa a cikin ci gaba mai ƙarancin danko. , yana da sauƙi don samar da tsarin kamanni.
- Dangantakar zafi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kayan aikin injiniya na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS, kuma matakin tasirinsa yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS. A ƙananan ƙarancin dangi, duka nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan roba da ƙarfin ƙarfi na fina-finai masu haɗaka sun karu tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS, kuma tsayin daka a lokacin hutun fina-finai masu haɗaka ya ragu sosai fiye da na fina-finai masu tsafta. Tare da haɓakar zafi na dangi, ƙarfin na roba da ƙarfin ƙarfi na fim ɗin da aka haɗa ya ragu, kuma elongation a hutu ya karu sosai, kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin kayan aikin injiniya na fim ɗin da aka haɗa da ma'aunin haɓaka ya nuna gaba ɗaya sabanin canjin canji a ƙarƙashin daban-daban. dangi zafi. Kayan aikin injiniya na membranes masu hade tare da ma'auni daban-daban suna nuna tsaka-tsaki a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi daban-daban, wanda ke ba da damar haɓaka aikin samfurin bisa ga bukatun aikace-aikace daban-daban.
- Bugu da ƙari na HPS ya inganta ingantaccen kaddarorin shinge na iskar oxygen na membrane mai hade. Rashin isashshen iskar oxygen na membrane mai hade ya ragu sosai tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS.
- A cikin tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi mai zafi, akwai ƙayyadaddun dacewa tsakanin abubuwan biyu. Ba a sami madaidaicin madaidaicin lokaci biyu ba a cikin hotunan SEM na dukkan fina-finai masu haɗaka, yawancin fina-finai masu haɗaka suna da madaidaicin gilashin guda ɗaya kawai a cikin sakamakon DMA, kuma kololuwar lalatawar thermal ɗaya kawai ya bayyana a cikin madaidaicin DTG na mafi yawan abubuwan haɗin gwiwar. fina-finai. Ya nuna cewa akwai takamaiman siffa tsakanin HPMC da HPS.
Sakamakon gwaji na sama ya nuna cewa haɗakarwar HPS da HPMC ba kawai zai iya rage farashin samarwa na fim ɗin abinci na HPMC ba, har ma inganta ayyukansa. Kayan aikin injiniya, kaddarorin shinge na oxygen da kaddarorin gani na fim ɗin hadewar abinci za'a iya samun su ta hanyar daidaita ma'auni mai haɗaɗɗiyar abubuwa biyu da ƙarancin ƙarancin yanayi na waje.
Babi na 4 Dangantaka tsakanin Micromorphology da Kayayyakin Injini na Tsarin Haɗin HPMC/HPS
Idan aka kwatanta da mafi girma hadawa entropy a lokacin karfe gami hadawa, da hadawa entropy a lokacin polymer compounding yawanci kadan ne, kuma zafi na compounding a lokacin compounding yawanci tabbatacce, sakamakon polymer compounding tafiyar matakai. Canjin makamashi kyauta na Gibbs yana da inganci (���>), don haka, ƙirar polymer sun kasance suna samar da tsarin tsarin lokaci-lokaci biyu, kuma cikakkun hanyoyin ƙirar polymer suna da wuya sosai [242].
Tsarukan mahadi masu ɓarna yawanci suna iya cimma rashin daidaituwa na matakin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ma'aunin zafi da sanyio da samar da mahadi masu kama da juna, don haka yawancin tsarin fili na polymer ba su da misaltuwa. Koyaya, yawancin tsarin fili na polymer na iya isa ga yanayi mai jituwa a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi kuma su zama tsarin fili tare da wasu dacewa [257].
Abubuwan macroscopic kamar kayan aikin injiniya na tsarin haɗin gwiwar polymer sun dogara da yawa akan hulɗar da tsarin halittar lokaci na abubuwan da aka gyara su, musamman dacewa tsakanin abubuwan da aka gyara da abun da ke ciki na ci gaba da tarwatsa matakai [301]. Sabili da haka, yana da mahimmanci don nazarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma macroscopic Properties na tsarin haɗin gwiwar da kuma kafa dangantaka a tsakanin su, wanda ke da mahimmanci don sarrafa kaddarorin kayan haɗin gwiwar ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin lokaci da kuma dacewa da tsarin tsarin.
A cikin aiwatar da nazarin ilimin halittar jiki da zane-zane na tsarin hadaddun, yana da matukar muhimmanci a zabi hanyoyin da suka dace don rarrabe sassa daban-daban. Duk da haka, bambanci tsakanin HPMC da HPS yana da wuyar gaske, saboda dukansu suna da kyakkyawar fahimta da kuma ma'anar refractive iri ɗaya, don haka yana da wuya a bambanta sassan biyu ta hanyar duban dan tayi; Bugu da kari, saboda duka biyun kwayoyin halitta ne na tushen carbon, don haka su biyun suna da irin wannan kuzarin makamashi, don haka yana da wahala don bincika microscope na lantarki don bambanta daidaitattun abubuwan biyu. Fourier canza infrared spectroscopy na iya nuna canje-canje a cikin ilimin halittar jiki da zane-zane na tsarin hadaddun furotin-sitaci ta hanyar yanki na rukunin polysaccharide a 1180-953 cm-1 da band amide a 1750-1483 cm-1 [52, 337]. Har ila yau, akwai hanyoyin da za a iya cimma wannan rarrabuwar kayyakin, kamar watsawa ta hanyar microscopy na lantarki da kuma tarwatsewar X-ray na ƙananan kusurwa, amma waɗannan fasahohin galibi suna da rikitarwa [338]. A cikin wannan batu, ana amfani da hanyar nazarin microscope mai sauƙi mai sauƙi na iodine, kuma ka'idar cewa ƙungiyar ƙarshe na tsarin amylose helical na iya amsawa tare da aidin don samar da hadaddun hadawa ana amfani da shi don rina tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ta hanyar rini na iodine, don haka. HPS Abubuwan da aka bambanta sun bambanta daga abubuwan HPMC ta launuka daban-daban a ƙarƙashin ma'aunin haske. Don haka, hanyar bincike na gani na gani na gani na iodine hanya ce mai sauƙi kuma mai inganci don ƙirar halitta da zane na tsarin hadaddun tushen sitaci.
A cikin wannan babi, an yi nazarin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, rarraba lokaci, sauyin lokaci da sauran ƙananan tsarin tsarin mahalli na HPMC/HPS ta hanyar nazarin microscope na gani na iodine; da kayan aikin injiniya da sauran kaddarorin macroscopic; kuma ta hanyar nazarin daidaituwa na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da kuma macroscopic Properties na daban-daban bayani maida hankali da kuma hadaddun rabo, da dangantaka tsakanin microstructure da macroscopic Properties na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin da aka kafa, domin sarrafa HPMC/HPS. Samar da tushe don kaddarorin kayan haɗin gwiwa.
4.1 Kayayyaki da Kayayyaki
4.1.1 Babban kayan gwaji
4.2 Hanyar gwaji
4.2.1 Shiri na HPMC/HPS fili bayani
Shirya maganin HPMC da maganin HPS a 3%, 5%, 7% da 9% maida hankali, duba 2.2.1 don hanyar shiri. Haxa maganin HPMC da maganin HPS bisa ga 100:0, 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 45:55, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 0: 100 nau'i-nau'i daban-daban sun haɗu a cikin sauri na 250 rmp / min a 21 ° C don 30 min, kuma an samo hanyoyin da aka haɗe tare da nau'i daban-daban da nau'i daban-daban.
4.2.2 Shiri na HPMC/HPS hadadden membrane
Duba 3.2.1.
4.2.3 Shiri na HPMC/HPS composite capsules
Koma zuwa maganin da aka shirya ta hanyar a cikin 2.2.1, yi amfani da ƙirar bakin karfe don tsomawa, kuma bushe shi a 37 ° C. Ciro busassun capsules, yanke abin da ya wuce, kuma a haɗa su tare don samar da nau'i biyu.
4.2.4 HPMC/HPS hada fim na gani na gani microscope
4.2.4.1 Ka'idojin Binciken Ma'aunin gani
Na'urar duban gani na gani tana amfani da ka'idar haɓaka hoto ta hanyar lens mai dunƙulewa, kuma yana amfani da ruwan tabarau biyu masu haɗawa don faɗaɗa kusurwar buɗewar ƙananan abubuwan da ke kusa zuwa idanu, da kuma ƙara girman ƙananan abubuwan da idanun ɗan adam ba zai iya gane su ba. har sai an iya gane girman abubuwan da idon ɗan adam.
4.2.4.2 Hanyar gwaji
An fitar da mafita na fili na HPMC/HPS na ma'auni daban-daban da ma'auni masu haɗawa a 21 ° C, an jefar da su a kan faifan gilashi, a jefa a cikin ƙaramin bakin ciki, kuma a bushe a cikin zafin jiki guda. An lalata fina-finai tare da 1% iodine bayani (1 g na aidin da 10 g na potassium iodide an sanya su a cikin 100-mL volumetric flask, kuma an narkar da su a cikin ethanol), an sanya su a cikin filin na'urar microscope don kallo da daukar hoto.
4.2.5 Hasken watsawa na HPMC/HPS hada fim
4.2.5.1 Ka'idar nazari na UV-vis spectrophotometry
Daidai da 3.2.3.1.
4.2.5.1 Hanyar gwaji
Duba 3.2.3.2.
4.2.6 Tensile Properties na HPMC/HPS hada fina-finai
4.2.6.1 Ka'idar nazarin dukiya mai ƙarfi
Daidai da 3.2.3.1.
4.2.6.1 Hanyar gwaji
An gwada samfuran bayan daidaitawa a 73% zafi na sa'o'i 48. Duba 3.2.3.2 don hanyar gwaji.
4.3 Sakamako da Tattaunawa
4.3.1 Samfuran lura da gaskiya
Hoto na 4-1 yana nuna fina-finai masu cin abinci da capsules da aka shirya ta hanyar haɗa HPMC da HPS a cikin rabo mai haɗawa na 70:30. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga wannan adadi, samfuran suna da fa'ida mai kyau, wanda ke nuna cewa HPMC da HPS suna da alamomi iri ɗaya, kuma ana iya samun fili mai kama da juna bayan haɗa su biyun.
4.3.2 Hoton microscope na gani na rukunin HPMC/HPS kafin da bayan tabo
Hoto na 4-2 yana nuna nau'in halittar jiki na yau da kullun kafin da bayan rini na rukunin HPMC/HPS tare da ma'auni daban-daban da aka lura a ƙarƙashin ma'aunin gani. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga adadi, yana da wuya a rarrabe lokaci na HPMC da lokacin HPS a cikin adadi maras kyau; HPMC da aka yi rina da su da tsantsar HPS suna nuna nasu launuka na musamman, wanda shi ne saboda yadda HPS da aidin ke yi ta hanyar tabon aidin Launin sa ya yi duhu. Saboda haka, matakai guda biyu a cikin tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS suna da sauƙi kuma a fili an bambanta su, wanda ke ƙara tabbatar da cewa HPMC da HPS ba su da kuskure kuma ba za su iya samar da fili mai kama da juna ba. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga adadi, yayin da abun ciki na HPS ya karu, yanki na yankin duhu (HPS lokaci) a cikin adadi yana ci gaba da karuwa kamar yadda ake tsammani, don haka tabbatar da cewa sake tsarawa mataki biyu yana faruwa yayin wannan tsari. Lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya fi 40%, HPMC yana gabatar da yanayin ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma HPS yana tarwatsewa a cikin ci gaba da lokaci na HPMC azaman lokacin tarwatsewa. Sabanin haka, lokacin da abun ciki na HPMC ya yi ƙasa da 40%, HPS yana gabatar da yanayin ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma HPMC yana tarwatsewa a cikin ci gaba da lokaci na HPS azaman lokacin tarwatsewa. Saboda haka, a cikin 5% HPMC/HPS fili bayani, tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS, akasin haka ya faru lokacin da mahallin mahallin shine HPMC/HPS 40:60. Ci gaba da lokaci yana canzawa daga farkon lokaci na HPMC zuwa na gaba na HPS. Ta hanyar lura da sifar lokaci, ana iya ganin cewa lokaci na HPMC a cikin matrix na HPS yana da zagaye bayan tarwatsewa, yayin da tarwatsawar yanayin lokacin HPS a cikin matrix na HPMC ya fi sabani.
Haka kuma, ta hanyar ƙididdige rabon yanki na yanki mai launin haske (HPMC) zuwa yanki mai launin duhu (HPS) a cikin hadaddun HPMC/HPS bayan rini (ba tare da la'akari da yanayin mesophase ba), an gano cewa yankin. HPMC (launi mai haske)/HPS (launi mai duhu) a cikin adadi Rabon ko da yaushe yana girma fiye da ainihin mahaɗin mahaɗin HPMC/HPS. Alal misali, a cikin zane mai launi na fili na HPMC/HPS tare da ma'auni na 50:50, ba a ƙididdige yanki na HPS a cikin tsaka-tsakin yanki ba, kuma rabon haske / duhu wuri shine 71/29. Wannan sakamakon yana tabbatar da kasancewar ɗimbin adadin mesophases a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS.
Sanannen abu ne cewa cikakken tsarin haɗin gwiwar polymer masu jituwa ba su da yawa saboda a lokacin aikin haɓakar polymer, zafi na haɗawa yawanci yana da kyau kuma entropy na haɗawa yakan canza kaɗan, don haka yana haifar da kuzarin kyauta yayin haɓaka haɓakawa zuwa ƙimar inganci. Koyaya, a cikin tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS, HPMC da HPS har yanzu suna yin alƙawarin nuna babban matakin dacewa, saboda HPMC da HPS duka polysaccharides ne na hydrophilic, suna da rukunin tsarin guda ɗaya - glucose, kuma sun wuce rukunin aiki iri ɗaya an canza su tare da. hydroxypropyl. Lamarin na mesophases da yawa a cikin tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS kuma yana nuna cewa HPMC da HPS a cikin fili suna da ƙayyadaddun daidaito, kuma irin wannan abu yana faruwa a cikin tsarin gauraya barasa na sitaci-polyvinyl tare da ƙara filastik. kuma ya bayyana [339].
4.3.3 Alakar da ke tsakanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin macroscopic na tsarin fili
An yi nazari dalla-dalla dalla-dalla alakar da ke tsakanin ilimin halittar jiki, yanayin rabuwar lokaci, bayyana gaskiya da kaddarorin injina na tsarin hadawa na HPMC/HPS. Hoto na 4-3 yana nuna tasirin abun ciki na HPS akan kaddarorin macroscopic kamar nuna gaskiya da ma'auni mai ƙarfi na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS. Za a iya gani daga cikin adadi cewa gaskiyar HPMC mai tsabta ta fi na HPS mai tsabta, musamman saboda recrystallization na sitaci yana rage gaskiyar HPS, kuma gyaran hydroxypropyl na sitaci shi ma wani muhimmin dalili ne na raguwar gaskiyar. HPS [340, 341]. Ana iya samuwa daga adadi cewa watsawar tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS zai sami ƙaramin ƙima tare da bambancin abun ciki na HPS. Watsawa na tsarin fili, a cikin kewayon abun ciki na HPS da ke ƙasa da 70%, yana ƙaruwa tare dait yana raguwa tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS; lokacin da abun cikin HPS ya wuce 70%, yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS. Wannan al'amari yana nufin cewa tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ba shi da iyaka, saboda yanayin rabuwar lokaci na tsarin yana haifar da raguwar watsa haske. Sabanin haka, tsarin samari na tsarin fili shima ya bayyana mafi ƙarancin ma'ana tare da mabanbantan ma'auni, kuma yanayin matashin ya ci gaba da raguwa tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS, kuma ya kai mafi ƙasƙanci lokacin da abun ciki na HPS ya kai 60%. Modul ɗin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, kuma yanayin ya ƙaru kaɗan. Matsakaicin Matasa na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ya nuna ƙaramin ƙima, wanda kuma ya nuna cewa tsarin fili wani tsari ne mara misaltuwa. Mafi ƙasƙanci na watsa haske na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ya yi daidai da yanayin canjin lokaci na ci gaba da lokaci na HPMC zuwa lokacin tarwatsewa da mafi ƙasƙanci na ƙimar modulus na Matasa a cikin Hoto 4-2.
4.3.4 Tasirin maida hankali na bayani akan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na tsarin fili
Hoto na 4-4 yana nuna tasirin mayar da hankali kan tsarin halittar jini da canjin lokaci na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS. Kamar yadda za a iya gani daga adadi, ƙananan ƙaddamarwa na 3% HPMC/HPS fili tsarin, a cikin ma'auni na HPMC/HPS shine 40: 60, ana iya ganin bayyanar tsarin haɗin gwiwa; yayin da a cikin babban taro na 7% bayani, ana lura da wannan tsari mai ci gaba a cikin adadi tare da haɓakar haɓakar 50:50. Wannan sakamakon yana nuna cewa madaidaicin lokaci na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS yana da ƙayyadaddun dogaro da hankali, kuma madaidaicin ma'aunin HPMC/HPS na sauye-sauyen lokaci yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka haɓakar mahallin fili, kuma HPS yana kula da samar da ci gaba lokaci. . . Bugu da ƙari, yankunan HPS da suka watse a cikin ci gaba da ci gaba na HPMC sun nuna nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da nau'i-nau'i tare da canji na maida hankali; yayin da HPMC tarwatsa matakan tarwatsewa a cikin ci gaba na HPS ya nuna nau'i daban-daban da sifofi daban-daban a adadi daban-daban. kuma tare da karuwar maida hankali na bayani, yanki na tarwatsewar HPMC ya zama mafi rashin daidaituwa. Babban dalilin wannan al'amari shi ne, dankowar maganin HPS ya fi na maganin HPMC a dakin da zafin jiki, kuma yanayin yanayin HPMC na samar da yanayi mai kyau yana danne saboda tashin hankali.
4.3.5 Tasirin maida hankali akan abubuwan inji na tsarin fili
Daidai da sifofi na siffa 4-4, Fig. 4-5 yana nuna abubuwan da suka dace na fina-finai na fina-finai da aka kafa a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin magance daban-daban. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa ma'auni na Matasa da elongation a karya na tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS yakan ragu tare da karuwar taro na bayani, wanda ya yi daidai da sauyi a hankali na HPMC daga ci gaba da lokaci zuwa tarwatsa lokaci a cikin hoto 4. -4. Ƙwararren ƙwayoyin halitta yana da daidaituwa. Tunda ma'aunin Matasa na HPMC homopolymer ya fi na HPS, ana hasashen cewa za a inganta modul ɗin Matasa na tsarin haɗaɗɗiyar HPMC/HPS lokacin da HPMC ke ci gaba da kasancewa.
4.4 Takaitacciyar wannan babin
A cikin wannan babi, HPMC/HPS fili mafita da kuma edible composite fina-finai tare da daban-daban taro da mahadi rabo da aka shirya, da microscopic ilmin halittar jiki da kuma lokaci canji na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin da aka lura da na gani na'urar duban dan tayi na iodine tabon don bambanta sitaci matakai. Abubuwan watsa haske da kaddarorin inji na fim ɗin haɗaɗɗen abinci na HPMC/HPS an yi nazarin su ta UV-vis spectrophotometer da mai gwada kayan aikin injiniya, kuma an yi nazarin tasirin ƙira daban-daban da ƙimar haɓakawa akan kaddarorin gani da kaddarorin inji na tsarin haɓakawa. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin microstructure da macroscopic Properties na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin da aka kafa ta hanyar hada microstructure na composite tsarin, kamar microstructure, lokaci mika mulki da kuma lokaci rabuwa, da macroscopic Properties kamar na gani Properties da inji Properties. Babban binciken shine kamar haka:
- Hanyar nazarin microscope na gani don bambance matakan sitaci ta hanyar tabon aidin ita ce hanya mafi sauƙi, kai tsaye kuma mai tasiri don nazarin ilimin halittar jiki da canjin lokaci na tsarin fili na tushen sitaci. Tare da tabon aidin, lokacin sitaci ya bayyana ya yi duhu da duhu a ƙarƙashin haske mai haske, yayin da HPMC ba ta da tabo don haka ya bayyana haske cikin launi.
- Tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ba shi da misaltuwa, kuma akwai madaidaicin juzu'i a cikin tsarin fili, kuma wannan madaidaicin juzu'i yana da ƙayyadaddun dogaro na mahallin mahalli da dogaro na maida hankali.
- Tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS yana da dacewa mai kyau, kuma yawancin mesophases suna cikin tsarin fili. A cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin, ci gaba da ci gaba yana tarwatsewa a cikin lokaci mai tarwatsewa a cikin yanayin barbashi.
- Matsayin da aka tarwatsa na HPS a cikin matrix na HPMC ya nuna irin wannan sifa mai siffar zobe a wurare daban-daban; HPMC ya nuna ilimin halittar jiki mara daidaituwa a cikin matrix na HPS, kuma rashin daidaituwa na ilimin halittar jiki ya karu tare da karuwar maida hankali.
- Dangantakar da ke tsakanin microstructure, canjin lokaci, bayyana gaskiya da kaddarorin inji na tsarin hada-hadar HPMC/HPS. a. Mafi ƙasƙanci na nuna gaskiya na tsarin fili ya yi daidai da lokacin miƙa mulki na HPMC daga ci gaba da lokaci zuwa lokaci mai tarwatsewa da mafi ƙarancin maƙasudin raguwar modules na tensile. b. Matsakaicin Matasa da elongation a lokacin hutu yana raguwa tare da haɓaka ƙaddamarwar bayani, wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayin halittar HPMC daga ci gaba da lokaci zuwa tarwatsa lokaci a cikin tsarin fili.
A taƙaice, ƙayyadaddun macroscopic na tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS suna da alaƙa da kusancin tsarin halittar ɗan adam, canjin lokaci, rabuwar lokaci da sauran abubuwan mamaki, kuma ana iya daidaita kaddarorin abubuwan haɗin gwiwar ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin lokaci da daidaituwar abubuwan haɗin gwiwar. tsarin.
Babi na 5 Tasirin Digiri na maye gurbin HPS Hydroxypropyl akan Halayen Rheological na Tsarin Haɗin HPMC/HPS
Sanannen abu ne cewa ƙananan canje-canje a cikin tsarin sinadarai na sitaci na iya haifar da canje-canje masu ban mamaki a cikin halayen rheological. Don haka, gyare-gyaren sinadarai yana ba da damar haɓakawa da sarrafa abubuwan rheological na samfuran tushen sitaci [342]. Hakanan, ƙware tasirin tsarin sinadarai na sitaci akan kaddarorin sa na rheological zai iya ƙara fahimtar tsarin kaddarorin samfuran sitaci, da kuma samar da tushe don ƙirar sitaci da aka gyara tare da ingantattun kayan aikin sitaci [235]. Hydroxypropyl sitaci kwararren ƙwararren sitaci ne wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai a fagen abinci da magani. Yawancin lokaci ana shirya shi ta hanyar etherification dauki na sitaci na asali tare da propylene oxide a ƙarƙashin yanayin alkaline. Hydroxypropyl rukuni ne na hydrophilic. Gabatar da waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a cikin sarkar sitaci na iya karya ko raunana haɗin haɗin hydrogen na intramolecular wanda ke kula da tsarin sitaci. Saboda haka, physicochemical Properties na hydroxypropyl sitaci suna da alaƙa da matakin maye gurbin ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl akan sarkar kwayoyin halitta [233, 235, 343, 344].
Yawancin karatu sun binciki tasirin digirin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl akan abubuwan physicochemical na sitaci hydroxypropyl. Han et al. yayi nazarin illolin sitaci na hydroxypropyl waxy da sitaci na masarar hydroxypropyl akan tsari da sake fasalin fasalin biredin shinkafa na Koriya. Binciken ya gano cewa hydroxypropylation na iya rage yawan zafin jiki na gelatinization na sitaci kuma ya inganta karfin rike ruwa na sitaci. aiki, kuma yana hana haɓakar tsufa na sitaci a cikin kek ɗin shinkafa na Koriya [345]. Kaur et al. nazarin sakamakon hydroxypropyl maye a kan physicochemical Properties na daban-daban irin dankalin turawa sitaci, da kuma gano cewa mataki na hydroxypropyl maye gurbin dankalin turawa sitaci bambanta da daban-daban iri, da kuma tasiri a kan kaddarorin sitaci da manyan barbashi size More gagarumin; Halin hydroxypropylation yana haifar da gutsutsutsu da tsagi a saman sitaci granules; maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na iya inganta haɓakar haɓakar kumburi, mai narkewar ruwa da solubility na sitaci a cikin dimethyl sulfoxide, da haɓaka sitaci bayyananniyar liƙa [346]. Lawal et al. yayi nazarin tasirin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl akan kaddarorin sitacin dankalin turawa. Binciken ya nuna cewa bayan gyare-gyare na hydroxypropyl, an inganta ƙarfin kumburin kyauta da ruwa na sitaci; an hana recrystallization da retrogradation na sitaci na asali; An inganta narkewa [347]. Schmitz et al. shirya hydroxypropyl tapioca sitaci kuma ya same shi yana da ƙarfin kumburi da danko, ƙarancin tsufa, da kwanciyar hankali daskarewa [344].
Duk da haka, akwai 'yan karatu a kan rheological Properties na hydroxypropyl sitaci, da kuma sakamakon hydroxypropyl gyare-gyare a kan rheological Properties da gel Properties na sitaci tushen fili tsarin da aka wuya ba a ruwaito ya zuwa yanzu. Chun et al. yayi nazarin rheology na low-concentration (5%) hydroxypropyl shinkafa sitaci bayani. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa tasirin gyaran gyare-gyare na hydroxypropyl a kan tsayayyen yanayi da kuma viscoelasticity na sitaci mai tsauri yana da alaƙa da matakin maye gurbin, kuma ƙaramin adadin hydroxypropyl Propyl maye gurbin zai iya canza yanayin rheological na sitaci mafita; Matsakaicin danko na sitaci mafita yana raguwa tare da haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin, kuma dogaro da zafin jiki na kaddarorin rheological yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl. Adadin yana raguwa tare da ƙara darajar canji [342]. Lee et al. nazarin tasirin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl akan kaddarorin jiki da kaddarorin rheological na sitaci dankalin turawa, kuma sakamakon ya nuna cewa ikon kumburi da solubility na ruwa na sitaci ya karu tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl; Ƙimar enthalpy yana raguwa tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl; da danko coefficient, hadaddun danko, samar da danniya, hadaddun danko da kuma tsauri Module na sitaci bayani duk sun ragu tare da karuwa da hydroxypropyl maye gurbin, index ruwa da kuma asarar factor Yana ƙaruwa tare da mataki na hydroxypropyl maye gurbin; Ƙarfin gel na manne sitaci yana raguwa, kwanciyar hankali-narke yana ƙaruwa, kuma tasirin syneresis yana raguwa [235].
A cikin wannan babi, an yi nazarin tasirin HPS hydroxypropyl maye gurbin digiri akan kaddarorin rheological da kayan gel na HPMC/HPS sanyi da tsarin fili na gel mai zafi. Halin canjin yanayi yana da mahimmanci ga zurfin fahimtar dangantakar dake tsakanin tsarin tsari da kaddarorin rheological. Bugu da kari, an riga an tattauna tsarin gelation na tsarin mahalli na HPMC/HPS na juye sanyi, don samar da wasu jagorar ka'idoji don sauran tsarin gel na juye-zafi mai kama da haka.
5.1 Kayayyaki da Kayayyaki
5.1.1 Babban kayan gwaji
5.1.2 Manyan kayan aiki da kayan aiki
5.2 Hanyar gwaji
5.2.1 Shiri na fili mafita
15% HPMC/HPS fili mafita tare da daban-daban mahadi rabo (100/0, 50/50, 0/100) da kuma HPS tare da daban-daban hydroxypropyl maye digiri (G80, A939, A1081) aka shirya. Hanyoyin shirye-shirye na A1081, A939, HPMC da mafitacin su an nuna su a cikin 2.2.1. G80 da fili mafita tare da HPMC suna gelatinized ta hanyar motsawa a karkashin yanayin 1500psi da 110 ° C a cikin autoclave, saboda G80 Native sitaci ne high amylose (80%), da gelatinization zafin jiki ne mafi girma fiye da 100 ° C, wanda ba zai iya zama. ya kai ta hanyar asalin hanyar gelatinization na ruwa-ruwa [348].
5.2.2 Rheological Properties na HPMC/HPS fili mafita tare da daban-daban digiri na HPS hydroxypropyl musanya
5.2.2.1 Ka'idar nazarin rheological
Daidai da 2.2.2.1
5.2.2.2 Hanyar gwajin yanayin gudana
An yi amfani da madaidaicin farantin karfe tare da diamita na 60 mm, kuma an saita tazarar farantin zuwa 1 mm.
- Akwai hanyar gwajin kwararawar rigar shear da thixotropy mataki uku. Daidai da 2.2.2.2.
- Hanyar gwajin gudana ba tare da pre-shear da zoben thixotropic thixotropy ba. Gwajin zafin jiki shine 25 ° C, a. Shearing a saurin haɓaka, kewayon ƙima na 0-1000 s-1, lokacin yankewa 1 min; b. Juyawa na yau da kullun, ƙimar raguwa 1000 s-1, lokacin yankewa 1 min; c. Rage raguwar saurin gudu, ƙimar juzu'i shine 1000-0s-1, kuma lokacin yanke shi ne 1 min.
5.2.2.3 Hanyar gwajin yanayin Oscillation
An yi amfani da madaidaicin farantin karfe tare da diamita na 60 mm, kuma an saita tazarar farantin zuwa 1 mm.
- Nakasu mai canzawa. Gwajin zafin jiki 25 °C, mita 1 Hz, nakasawa 0.01-100%.
- Duban zafin jiki. Mitar 1 Hz, nakasawa 0.1%, a. Tsarin dumama, zazzabi 5-85 ° C, ƙimar dumama 2 ° C / min; b. Tsarin sanyaya, zazzabi 85-5 ° C, ƙimar sanyaya 2 ° C / min. Ana amfani da hatimin mai siliki a kusa da samfurin don guje wa asarar danshi yayin gwaji.
- Shawarwarin mita. Bambancin 0.1%, mitar 1-100 rad/s. An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a 5 ° C da 85 ° C, bi da bi, kuma an daidaita su a zafin gwajin na mintuna 5 kafin gwaji.
Dangantaka tsakanin modules na ajiya G' da asarar modules G ″ na maganin polymer da mitar angular ω yana bin dokar iko:
inda n' da n″ sune gangara na log G'-log ω da log G″-log ω, bi da bi;
G0′ da G0″ su ne intercepts na log G'-log ω da log G″-log ω, bi da bi.
5.2.3 Microscope na gani
5.2.3.1 Ka'idodin kayan aiki
Daidai da 4.2.3.1
5.2.3.2 Hanyar gwaji
An fitar da maganin 3% 5: 5 HPMC/HPS a yanayin zafi daban-daban na 25 °C, 45 °C, da 85 °C, an jefar da shi akan faifan gilashin da aka ajiye a zafin jiki iri ɗaya, kuma a jefa shi cikin fim na bakin ciki. Layer bayani da kuma bushe a wannan zafin jiki. An lalatar da fina-finai tare da maganin iodine na 1%, an sanya su a cikin filin na'urar microscope don kallo da daukar hoto.
5.3 Sakamako da Tattaunawa
5.3.1 Danko da kwararar ƙirar ƙira
5.3.1.1 Hanyar gwajin kwarara ba tare da pre-shear da thixotropic zobe thixotropy
Yin amfani da hanyar gwajin kwarara ba tare da riga-kafi ba da hanyar thixotropic zobe thixotropic, an yi nazarin danko na maganin fili na HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS na hydroxypropyl. Ana nuna sakamakon a hoto na 5-1. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa danko na duk samfurori yana nuna raguwar raguwa tare da haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayar cuta a ƙarƙashin aikin ƙarfin ƙarfi, yana nuna wani nau'i na abin da ya faru na raguwa. Yawancin mafita na polymer mai girma ko narke suna jurewa mai ƙarfi da gyare-gyaren ƙwayoyin cuta a ƙarƙashin ƙarfi, don haka suna nuna halayen ruwa na pseudoplastic [305, 349, 350]. Koyaya, madaidaitan matakan rage ƙarfi na HPMC/HPS fili na HPS tare da nau'ikan maye gurbin hydroxypropyl daban-daban sun bambanta.
Hoto 5-1 Viscosities vs. Shear rate na HPS/HPMC bayani tare da daban-daban hydropropyl maye digiri na HPS (ba tare da pre-shearing, da m da m alamomi gabatar da karuwa kudi da kuma rage kudi tsari, bi da bi)
Ana iya gani daga siffa cewa danko da shear thinning digiri na samfurin HPS mai tsabta sun fi na samfurin fili na HPMC/HPS, yayin da matakin ƙarar ƙarfi na maganin HPMC shine mafi ƙanƙanta, musamman saboda danko na HPS. a ƙananan zafin jiki yana da girma fiye da na HPMC. Bugu da kari, don maganin fili na HPMC/HPS tare da ma'aunin fili iri ɗaya, danko yana ƙaruwa tare da digirin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Wannan yana iya zama saboda ƙari na ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl a cikin ƙwayoyin sitaci yana karya haɗin haɗin hydrogen na intermolecular kuma ta haka yana haifar da rushewar sitaci granules. Hydroxypropylation ya rage mahimmancin yanayin sitaci mai ƙarfi, kuma yanayin sitaci na ƙasa ya fi bayyana. Tare da ci gaba da karuwa na digirin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, matakin ƙarar ƙarfi na HPS a hankali ya ragu.
Duk samfuran suna da zoben thixotropic akan madaidaicin juzu'i mai ƙarfi-ƙara, yana nuna cewa duk samfuran suna da takamaiman matakin thixotropy. Ƙarfin thixotropic yana wakiltar girman yankin zobe na thixotropic. Mafi yawan thixotropic samfurin shine [351]. Za'a iya ƙididdige fihirisar kwarara n da ɗanƙoƙi coefficient K na samfurin maganin ta hanyar dokar wutar lantarki ta Ostwald-de Waele (duba lissafin (2-1)).
Tebura 5-1 Ma'aunin halayen kwarara (n) da ma'aunin daidaiton ruwa (K) yayin haɓaka ƙima da rage ƙimar tsari da yankin madauki na thixotropy na maganin HPS/HPMC tare da digirin maye gurbin hydropropyl daban-daban na HPS a 25 °C
Tebur 5-1 yana nuna ma'aunin kwararar n, danko coefficient K da yankin zobe na thixotropic na HPMC/HPS fili mafita tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS na hydroxypropyl a cikin aiwatar da ƙara shear da rage sausaya. Ana iya gani daga tebur cewa madaidaicin madaidaicin n na duk samfuran bai wuce 1 ba, yana nuna cewa duk samfuran mafita sune ruwan ruwa na pseudoplastic. Don tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS tare da digirin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl iri ɗaya, ma'aunin kwararar n yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPMC, yana nuna cewa ƙari na HPMC yana sa maganin mahaɗar ya nuna mafi ƙarfi halaye na ruwa na Newton. Duk da haka, tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPMC, ma'auni na danko K ya rage ci gaba, yana nuna cewa ƙarar HPMC ya rage danko na maganin fili, saboda ma'aunin danko K ya yi daidai da danko. Ƙimar n da K darajar HPS mai tsabta tare da nau'o'in maye gurbin hydroxypropyl daban-daban a cikin matakan haɓakar haɓaka duka biyu sun ragu tare da karuwa na hydroxypropyl maye gurbin, yana nuna cewa gyaran hydroxypropylation na iya inganta pseudoplasticity na sitaci kuma ya rage danko na sitaci mafita. Akasin haka, ƙimar n yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka digiri na maye gurbin a cikin raguwar matakin ƙarar ƙarfi, yana nuna cewa hydroxypropylation yana inganta yanayin ruwa na Newtonian na maganin bayan tsagewar sauri. Ƙimar n da ƙimar K na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS duka biyun HPS hydroxypropylation da HPMC sun shafe su, waɗanda sakamakon haɗin gwiwar aikinsu ne. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙarar matakin shearing, n ƙimar duk samfuran a cikin raguwar raguwar matakin ya zama mafi girma, yayin da ƙimar K ta zama ƙanƙanta, yana nuna cewa an rage danko na maganin fili bayan babban saurin sausaya, kuma Halin ruwan Newtonian na maganin fili ya inganta. .
Yankin zoben thixotropic ya ragu tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPMC, yana nuna cewa ƙari na HPMC ya rage thixotropy na maganin fili kuma ya inganta kwanciyar hankali. Don maganin fili na HPMC/HPS tare da nau'in haɗakarwa iri ɗaya, yanki na zoben thixotropic yana raguwa tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl, yana nuna cewa hydroxypropylation yana inganta kwanciyar hankali na HPS.
5.3.1.2 Hanyar Shearing tare da riga-kafi da hanyar thixotropic mataki uku
An yi amfani da hanyar shear tare da riga-kafi don nazarin canjin danko na maganin fili na HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS tare da ƙimar ƙarfi. Ana nuna sakamakon a hoto na 5-2. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa maganin HPMC ya nuna kusan babu raguwa mai laushi, yayin da sauran samfurori suna nuna raguwa. Wannan ya dace da sakamakon da aka samu tare da hanyar yankewa ba tare da riga-kafi ba. Hakanan za'a iya gani daga adadi cewa a ƙananan ƙarancin ƙarfi, samfurin da aka maye gurbinsa da hydroxypropyl sosai yana nuna yankin plateau.
Hoto 5-2 Viscosities vs. Shear rate na HPS/HPMC bayani tare da daban-daban hydropropyl maye gurbin HPS (tare da pre-shearing)
Ana nuna dankon sifili-shear (h0), ma'aunin kwarara (n) da ma'aunin danko (K) da aka samu ta hanyar dacewa a cikin Table 5-2. Daga teburin, zamu iya ganin cewa don samfuran HPS masu tsabta, ƙimar n da aka samu ta hanyoyi biyu suna ƙaruwa tare da matakin maye gurbin, yana nuna cewa ƙaƙƙarfan hali na maganin sitaci yana raguwa yayin da matakin maye gurbin ya karu. Tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPMC, ƙimar n duk sun nuna yanayin ƙasa, yana nuna cewa HPMC ta rage ƙaƙƙarfan hali na mafita. Wannan yana nuna cewa sakamakon bincike na inganci na hanyoyin biyu sun daidaita.
Idan aka kwatanta bayanan da aka samu don samfurin guda ɗaya a ƙarƙashin hanyoyin gwaji daban-daban, an gano cewa ƙimar n da aka samu bayan an riga an riga an yi shi ya fi girma fiye da yadda aka samu ta hanyar ba tare da riga-kafi ba, wanda ke nuna cewa tsarin tsarin da aka samu ta hanyar pre-shearing. -Hanyar yanke shi ne mai ƙarfi-kamar halin yana ƙasa da wanda aka auna ta hanyar ba tare da riga-kafi ba. Wannan shi ne saboda sakamakon karshe da aka samu a cikin gwajin ba tare da pre-shear ba shine ainihin sakamakon aikin haɗin gwiwa na raguwa da lokaci, yayin da hanyar gwaji tare da pre-shear ta farko ta kawar da tasirin thixotropic ta hanyar haɓaka mai girma na wani lokaci. lokaci. Saboda haka, wannan hanya za ta iya mafi daidai ƙayyade abin da ya faru na shear thinning da kuma kwarara halaye na fili tsarin.
Daga teburin, za mu iya ganin cewa don daidaitattun haɗin kai (5: 5), ƙimar n na tsarin haɓakawa yana kusa da 1, kuma pre-sheared n yana ƙaruwa tare da digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl Yana nuna cewa HPMC shine. ci gaba da lokaci a cikin tsarin fili, kuma HPMC yana da tasiri mai karfi akan samfurori na sitaci tare da ƙananan digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, wanda ya dace da sakamakon cewa n darajar yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin ba tare da riga-kafi ba a akasin haka. Ƙimar K na tsarin fili tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin a cikin hanyoyi guda biyu suna kama da juna, kuma babu wani yanayi na musamman na musamman, yayin da dankon sifili yana nuna yanayin ƙasa a fili, saboda dankon sifili ya kasance mai zaman kanta daga shear. ƙimar. Dankin ciki na iya yin daidai daidai da kaddarorin abin da kansa.
Hoto 5-3 thixotropy tazara guda uku na maganin gaurayawar HPS/HPMC tare da digirin maye gurbin hydropropyl daban-daban na HPS.
An yi amfani da hanyar thixotropic mataki uku don nazarin tasirin digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na sitaci na hydroxypropyl akan abubuwan thixotropic na tsarin fili. Ana iya gani daga Hoto na 5-3 cewa a cikin ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayar cuta, ƙarancin bayani yana raguwa tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPMC, kuma yana raguwa tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin, wanda ya dace da ka'idar sifili danko.
Matsayin dawo da tsarin bayan lokaci daban-daban a cikin matakin farfadowa yana bayyana ta hanyar ƙimar dawowar danko DSR, kuma ana nuna hanyar lissafin a cikin 2.3.2. Ana iya gani daga tebur na 5-2 cewa a cikin lokaci guda na farfadowa, DSR na HPS mai tsabta ya ragu sosai fiye da na HPMC mai tsabta, wanda ya fi dacewa saboda kwayoyin HPMC sarkar ce mai tsauri, kuma lokacin hutawa ya yi takaice, kuma za a iya dawo da tsarin a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. murmurewa. Yayin da HPS sarkar sassauƙa ce, lokacin hutunta yana da tsayi, kuma tsarin dawo da shi yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo. Tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin, DSR na HPS mai tsabta yana raguwa tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin, yana nuna cewa hydroxypropylation yana inganta sassaucin sarkar sitaci kuma yana sa lokacin hutu na HPS ya fi tsayi. A DSR na fili bayani ne m fiye da na tsarki HPS da tsarki HPMC samfurori, amma tare da karuwa na musanya digiri na HPS hydroxypropyl, da DSR na fili samfurin yana ƙaruwa, wanda ya nuna cewa thixotropy na fili tsarin yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwa a maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Yana raguwa tare da ƙara darajar canji mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ya dace da sakamakon ba tare da riga-kafi ba.
Tebur 5-2 Sifili danko mai ƙarfi (h0), ma'aunin halayen kwarara (n), ma'aunin daidaiton ruwa (K) yayin haɓaka ƙimar da matakin dawo da tsarin (DSR) bayan wani lokaci mai murmurewa don maganin HPS/HPMC tare da hydropropyl daban-daban. canjin yanayin HPS a 25 ° C
A taƙaice, gwajin da aka yi a tsaye ba tare da riga-kafi ba da kuma gwajin thixotropic zobe na thixotropy na iya yin nazarin samfurori tare da manyan bambance-bambancen aiki, amma ga mahaɗan da ke da digiri daban-daban na HPS hydroxypropyl maye gurbin tare da ƙananan bambance-bambancen aiki Sakamakon bincike na mafita ya saba wa. sakamako na ainihi, saboda bayanan da aka auna sune cikakkun sakamakon tasirin tasirin raguwa da lokaci, kuma ba za su iya nuna tasirin tasiri guda ɗaya ba.
5.3.2 Yankin viscoelastic na layi
Sanannen abu ne cewa ga hydrogels, ma'aunin ajiya G' yana ƙayyade ta taurin, ƙarfi da adadin ingantattun sarƙoƙi na ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma ƙarancin G′′ yana ƙaddara ta ƙaura, motsi da gogayya na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙungiyoyi masu aiki. . An ƙaddara ta hanyar amfani da makamashi mai jujjuyawa kamar girgiza da juyawa. Alamar wanzuwar madaidaicin ma'auni na G' da asara modules G″ (watau tan δ = 1). Sauye-sauye daga bayani zuwa gel ana kiransa alamar gel. Akan yi amfani da modules na ajiya G' da modules asara G″ galibi don nazarin halayen gelation, ƙimar samuwar da kaddarorin tsarin tsarin hanyar sadarwa na gel [352]. Hakanan za su iya yin nuni da haɓakar tsarin ciki da tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin ƙirƙirar tsarin hanyar sadarwa na gel. hulda [353].
Hoto na 5-4 yana nuna ƙwanƙolin ɓarna na mafita na fili na HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS a mitar 1 Hz da kewayon nau'in 0.01%-100%. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa a cikin ƙananan nakasa (0.01-1%), duk samfurori banda HPMC sune G'> G ″, suna nuna yanayin gel. Ga HPMC, G' yana cikin duka siffa Madaidaicin kewayon koyaushe yana ƙasa da G”, yana nuna cewa HPMC yana cikin yanayin mafita. Bugu da kari, nakasawa dogara na viscoelasticity na daban-daban samfurori ya bambanta. Don samfurin G80, yawan dogaro na viscoelasticity ya fi bayyane: lokacin da nakasawa ya fi 0.3%, ana iya ganin cewa G' sannu a hankali yana raguwa, tare da haɓakar G. karuwa, da kuma karuwa mai yawa a cikin tan δ; kuma suna haɗuwa lokacin da adadin nakasar ya kasance 1.7%, wanda ke nuna cewa tsarin hanyar sadarwa na gel na G80 ya lalace sosai bayan adadin lalacewa ya wuce 1.7%, kuma yana cikin yanayin mafita.
Hoto 5-4 Ma'ajiyar Ma'ajiyar Module (G') da Matsalolin asara (G″) vs. iri don HPS/HPMC suna haɗe tare da nau'in maye gurbin hydroypropyl daban-daban na HPS (alamomi masu ƙarfi da fa'ida suna gabatar da G' da G″, bi da bi)
Hoto 5-5 tan δ vs. iri don maganin gaurayawar HPMC/HPS tare da nau'in maye gurbin hydropropyl daban-daban na HPS
Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa yankin viscoelastic na madaidaiciyar HPS a fili yana raguwa tare da raguwar digirin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl. A wasu kalmomi, yayin da HPS hydroxypropyl digiri na maye gurbin ke ƙaruwa, manyan canje-canje a cikin tan δ curve suna nunawa a cikin mafi girman adadin nakasar. Musamman, yankin viscoelastic na layin G80 shine mafi ƙarancin duk samfuran. Saboda haka, ana amfani da yankin viscoelastic na layi na G80 don ƙayyade
Ma'auni don tantance ƙimar canjin nakasar a cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje masu zuwa. Don tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS tare da nau'in haɓaka iri ɗaya, yanki na viscoelastic na linzamin shima yana raguwa tare da raguwar matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na HPS, amma tasirin tasirin canjin hydroxypropyl akan yanki na viscoelastic na madaidaiciya ba a bayyane yake ba.
5.3.3 Viscoelastic Properties a lokacin dumama da sanyaya
Ƙaƙƙarfan kaddarorin viscoelastic na HPMC/HPS fili na HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl an nuna su a cikin hoto 5-6. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga adadi, HPMC yana nuna matakai guda huɗu yayin aikin dumama: yanki na farko na faranti, matakai guda biyu na tsari, da yanki na ƙarshe. A matakin farko na plateau, G′ <G″, ƙimar G' da G ƴan ƙanana ne, kuma suna da ɗan rage kaɗan tare da haɓakar zafin jiki, yana nuna halayen viscoelastic na ruwa gama gari. Thermal gelation na HPMC yana da matakai daban-daban na samuwar tsari guda biyu waɗanda ke daure ta hanyar haɗin G' da G ″ (wato, madaidaicin mafita-gel, a kusa da 49 °C), wanda ya yi daidai da rahotannin baya. Daidaitawa [160, 354]. A babban zafin jiki, saboda ƙungiyar hydrophobic da ƙungiyar hydrophilic, HPMC a hankali ya samar da tsarin hanyar sadarwa [344, 355, 356]. A cikin yankin plateau na wutsiya, ƙimar G' da G ″ suna da girma, wanda ke nuna cewa tsarin cibiyar sadarwar gel na HPMC ya cika.
Waɗannan matakai guda huɗu na HPMC suna bayyana a jere a jere yayin da zafin jiki ke raguwa. Matsakaicin G' da G ″ yana jujjuyawa zuwa yankin ƙananan zafin jiki a kusan 32 ° C yayin lokacin sanyaya, wanda zai iya zama saboda hysteresis [208] ko tasirin sarkar a ƙananan zafin jiki [355]. Hakazalika da HPMC, wasu samfurori yayin aikin dumama Har ila yau, akwai matakai hudu a ciki, kuma abin da zai iya canzawa yana faruwa a lokacin aikin sanyaya. Duk da haka, ana iya gani daga adadi cewa G80 da A939 suna nuna tsari mai sauƙi ba tare da wata hanya tsakanin G' da G "ba, kuma madaidaicin G80 bai bayyana ba. Yankin dandamali a baya.
Don tsantsar HPS, babban mataki na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na iya canza yanayin yanayin farko da na ƙarshe na samuwar gel, musamman ma zafin farko, wanda shine 61 ° C don G80, A939, da A1081, bi da bi. , 62 ° C da 54 ° C. Bugu da ƙari, don samfuran HPMC/HPS tare da nau'in haɗakarwa iri ɗaya, yayin da ƙimar canji ke ƙaruwa, ƙimar G' da G″ duka suna raguwa, wanda ya yi daidai da sakamakon binciken da ya gabata [357, 358]. Yayin da matakin maye gurbin ya karu, rubutun gel ya zama mai laushi. Saboda haka, hydroxypropylation yana karya tsarin da aka ba da umarni na sitaci na asali kuma yana inganta haɓakarsa [343].
Don samfuran fili na HPMC/HPS, duka G' da G″ sun ragu tare da haɓaka ƙimar maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl, wanda ya yi daidai da sakamakon HPS mai tsabta. Bugu da ƙari, tare da ƙari na HPMC, digirin maye gurbin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan G' Tasirin G" ya zama ƙasa da furci.
Hannun viscoelastic na duk samfuran haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS sun nuna yanayin iri ɗaya, wanda ya dace da HPS a ƙananan zafin jiki da HPMC a babban zafin jiki. A wasu kalmomi, a ƙananan zafin jiki, HPS yana mamaye kaddarorin viscoelastic na tsarin da aka haɗa, yayin da a babban zafin jiki HPMC yana ƙayyade kaddarorin viscoelastic na tsarin da aka haɗa. Wannan sakamakon galibi ana danganta shi ga HPMC. Musamman, HPS shine gel mai sanyi, wanda ke canzawa daga yanayin gel zuwa yanayin bayani lokacin zafi; akasin haka, HPMC shine gel mai zafi, wanda a hankali ya samar da gel tare da haɓaka tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai zafi. Don tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS, a ƙananan zafin jiki, kayan gel na tsarin fili sun fi ba da gudummawa ta hanyar HPS sanyi gel, kuma a babban zafin jiki, a yanayin zafi, gelation na HPMC ya mamaye tsarin fili.
Hoto 5-6 Ma'ajiyar Ma'auni (G'), Modules asarar (G″) da tan δ vs. zafin jiki don maganin gaurayawar HPS/HPMC tare da nau'in maye gurbin hydroypropyl daban-daban na HPS.
Matsakaicin tsarin hadawa na HPMC/HPS, kamar yadda aka zata, yana tsakanin moduli na HPMC mai tsafta da kuma tsantsar HPS. Haka kuma, hadadden tsarin yana nuna G′> G″ a cikin dukkan kewayon duba yanayin zafin jiki, wanda ke nuna cewa duka HPMC da HPS na iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen na intermolecular tare da kwayoyin ruwa, bi da bi, kuma suna iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen na intermolecular da juna. Bugu da ƙari, A kan madaidaicin ma'aunin hasara, duk tsarin hadaddun yana da tan δ kololuwa a kusan 45 ° C, yana nuna cewa ci gaba da canjin lokaci ya faru a cikin tsarin hadaddun. Za a tattauna wannan sauyin lokaci a cikin 5.3.6 na gaba. ci gaba da tattaunawa.
5.3.4 Tasirin zafin jiki akan ɗankowar fili
Fahimtar tasirin zafin jiki akan abubuwan rheological na kayan yana da mahimmanci saboda yanayin yanayin zafi da yawa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa yayin sarrafawa da adanawa [359, 360]. A cikin kewayon 5 ° C - 85 ° C, ana nuna tasirin zafin jiki akan hadaddun danko na HPMC/HPS fili mafita tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS a cikin Hoto 5-7. Daga Hoto 5-7 (a), ana iya ganin cewa hadadden danko na HPS mai tsabta yana raguwa sosai tare da karuwar zafin jiki; Dankowar HPMC mai tsabta yana raguwa kaɗan daga farko zuwa 45 ° C tare da karuwar zafin jiki. inganta.
Matsakaicin danko na duk samfurori na fili sun nuna irin wannan yanayin tare da zafin jiki, da farko yana raguwa tare da yawan zafin jiki sannan kuma yana karuwa tare da yawan zafin jiki. Bugu da ƙari, danko na samfurori masu haɗaka sun fi kusa da na HPS a ƙananan zafin jiki kuma kusa da na HPMC a babban zafin jiki. Hakanan wannan sakamakon yana da alaƙa da halayen gelation na musamman na HPMC da HPS. Matsakaicin danko na samfurin da aka haɗa ya nuna saurin canji a 45 ° C, mai yiwuwa saboda sauyin lokaci a cikin tsarin haɗin HPMC/HPS. Duk da haka, yana da kyau a lura cewa danko na G80/HPMC 5: 5 samfurin fili a babban zafin jiki ya fi na HPMC mai tsabta, wanda ya fi girma saboda mafi girma na ciki na G80 a babban zafin jiki [361]. Ƙarƙashin ma'auni guda ɗaya, madaidaicin fili na tsarin hadawa yana raguwa tare da karuwar digirin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Don haka, shigar da ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl cikin ƙwayoyin sitaci na iya haifar da karyewar haɗin gwiwar hydrogen na intramolecular a cikin ƙwayoyin sitaci.
Hoto 5-7 Complex danko vs. zafin jiki don HPS/HPMC yana haɗe tare da nau'in maye gurbin hydroypropyl daban-daban na HPS.
Tasirin zafin jiki akan hadadden danko na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ya dace da dangantakar Arrhenius a cikin wani takamaiman yanayin zafi, kuma hadadden danko yana da alaƙa mai ma'ana tare da zafin jiki. Ma'anar Arrhenius shine kamar haka:
Daga cikin su, η * shine hadadden danko, Pa s;
A ne akai-akai, Pa s;
T shine cikakken zafin jiki, K;
R shine kullun gas, 8.3144 J·mol–1·K–1;
E shine makamashin kunnawa, J·mol–1.
An daidaita shi bisa ga ma'auni (5-3), za'a iya raba ma'aunin danko-zazzabi na tsarin fili zuwa sassa biyu bisa ga tan δ ganiya a 45 ° C; tsarin fili a 5 ° C - 45 ° C da 45 ° C - 85 ° Ma'aunin kuzarin kunnawa E da akai-akai A da aka samu ta hanyar dacewa a cikin kewayon C an nuna su a cikin Table 5-3. Ƙimar ƙididdiga na makamashin kunnawa E tsakanin -174 kJ·mol-1 da 124 kJ·mol-1, kuma ƙimar madaidaicin A tsakanin 6.24 × 10−11 Pa·s da 1.99 × 1028 Pa·s. A cikin kewayon dacewa, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun daidaituwa sun fi girma (R2 = 0.9071 -0.9892) ban da samfurin G80/HPMC. Samfurin G80/HPMC yana da ƙananan daidaituwa (R2 = 0.4435) a cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 45 ° C - 85 ° C, wanda zai iya kasancewa saboda tsananin ƙarfin G80 da sauri da nauyi idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙimar HPS Crystallization [ 362]. Wannan kadarar ta G80 tana sa ya zama mai yuwuwar samar da mahadi marasa daidaituwa lokacin da aka haɗa su da HPMC.
A cikin kewayon zafin jiki na 5 °C - 45 °C, ƙimar E na samfurin haɗe-haɗe na HPMC/HPS ya ɗan yi ƙasa da na HPS mai tsabta, wanda zai iya zama saboda hulɗar tsakanin HPS da HPMC. Rage dogaro da zafin jiki na danko. Darajar E na tsantsar HPMC ya fi na sauran samfuran. Ƙarfin kunnawa ga duk samfuran da ke ɗauke da sitaci sun kasance ƙananan ƙima masu kyau, yana nuna cewa a ƙananan yanayin zafi, raguwar danko tare da zafin jiki ba a bayyana shi ba kuma ƙirar ta nuna nau'i mai kama da sitaci.
Table 5-3 Arrhenius sigogi sigogi (E: kunnawa makamashi; A: akai-akai; R 2: ƙayyadaddun ƙididdiga) daga Eq. (1) don HPS / HPMC yana haɗuwa tare da digiri daban-daban na hydroxypropylation na HPS.
Koyaya, a cikin kewayon zafin jiki mafi girma na 45 °C - 85 °C, ƙimar E ta canza da kyau tsakanin samfuran HPS masu tsabta da HPMC/HPS masu haɗaka, kuma ƙimar E na HPS mai tsabta shine 45.6 kJ · mol-1 - A cikin kewayon 124 kJ·mol-1, ƙimar E na rukunin gidaje suna cikin kewayon -3.77 kJ·mol-1- -72.2 kJ·mol-1. Wannan canji yana nuna tasiri mai ƙarfi na HPMC akan ƙarfin kunnawa na tsarin hadaddun, kamar yadda ƙimar E na HPMC mai tsabta shine -174 kJ mol-1. Ma'auni na E na HPMC mai tsabta da tsarin da aka haɗa ba su da kyau, wanda ke nuna cewa a yanayin zafi mafi girma, danko yana ƙaruwa tare da yawan zafin jiki, kuma fili yana nuna nau'in hali irin na HPMC.
Sakamakon HPMC da HPS akan hadaddun danko na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS a babban zafin jiki da ƙananan zafin jiki sun yi daidai da abubuwan da aka tattauna.
5.3.5 Dynamic inji Properties
Figures 5-8 suna nuna mitar share lambobi a 5 °C na HPMC/HPS fili mafita na HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa HPS mai tsabta yana nuna hali mai ƙarfi-kamar (G′> G″), yayin da HPMC dabi'a ce mai kama da ruwa (G′ <G″). Duk tsarin HPMC/HPS sun nuna ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi. Ga yawancin samfuran, duka G' da G″ suna haɓaka tare da haɓaka mitar, yana nuna cewa ƙaƙƙarfan hali na kayan yana da ƙarfi.
Tsabtace HPMCs suna nuna tabbataccen dogaron mitar wanda ke da wahalar gani a cikin samfuran HPS masu tsabta. Kamar yadda aka zata, tsarin hadadden tsarin HPMC/HPS ya nuna wani matakin dogaro da mitoci. Ga duk samfuran da ke ɗauke da HPS, n' koyaushe yana ƙasa da n″, kuma G″ yana nuna dogaro mai ƙarfi fiye da G', yana nuna cewa waɗannan samfuran sun fi na ɗanɗanowa [352, 359, 363]. Sabili da haka, aikin samfuran da aka haɗa galibi ana ƙaddara ta HPS, wanda galibi saboda HPMC yana gabatar da yanayin maganin ƙarancin danko a ƙananan zafin jiki.
Tebur 5-4 n', n″, G0' da G0″ don HPS/HPMC tare da nau'ikan maye gurbin hydropropyl na HPS a 5 °C kamar yadda aka ƙaddara daga Eqs. (5-1) da (5-2)
Hoto 5-8 Matsakaicin Ma'ajiya (G') da Matsalolin asara (G″) vs. Mitar don HPS/HPMC suna haɗe tare da nau'ikan maye gurbin hydroypropyl na HPS a 5 °C
Tsabtace HPMCs suna nuna tabbataccen dogaron mitar wanda ke da wahalar gani a cikin samfuran HPS masu tsabta. Kamar yadda ake tsammani don hadaddun HPMC/HPS, tsarin ligand ya nuna wani matakin dogaro da mitar. Ga duk samfuran da ke ɗauke da HPS, n' koyaushe yana ƙasa da n″, kuma G″ yana nuna dogaro mai ƙarfi fiye da G', yana nuna cewa waɗannan samfuran sun fi na ɗanɗanowa [352, 359, 363]. Sabili da haka, aikin samfuran da aka haɗa galibi ana ƙaddara ta HPS, wanda galibi saboda HPMC yana gabatar da yanayin maganin ƙarancin danko a ƙananan zafin jiki.
Figures 5-9 suna nuna mitar share lankwasa na HPMC/HPS fili na HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl a 85°C. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga adadi, duk sauran samfuran HPS ban da A1081 sun nuna halaye masu ƙarfi irin na yau da kullun. Don A1081, ƙimar G' da G" suna kusa sosai, kuma G' ya ɗan ƙanƙanta da G", wanda ke nuna cewa A1081 yana nuna halin ruwa.
Wannan yana iya zama saboda A1081 gel ne mai sanyi kuma yana jure wa canjin gel-zuwa-mafi zafi a babban zafin jiki. A gefe guda, don samfuran da ke da rabo iri ɗaya, ƙimar n', n″, G0' da G0″ (Table 5-5) duk sun ragu tare da haɓaka ƙimar maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, yana nuna cewa hydroxypropylation ya rage ƙarfi. kamar halayyar sitaci a babban zafin jiki (85 ° C). Musamman, n' da n″ na G80 suna kusa da 0, suna nuna ɗabi'a mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi; akasin haka, ƙimar n' da n″ na A1081 suna kusa da 1, suna nuna halayen ruwa mai ƙarfi. Waɗannan ƙimar n' da n" sun yi daidai da bayanan G' da G". Bugu da kari, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga Figures 5-9, matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na iya inganta yawan dogaro da HPS a babban zafin jiki.
Hoto 5-9 Ma'ajiyar Ajiye (G') da Matsalolin asara (G″) vs. mita don HPS/HPMC suna haɗe tare da nau'in maye gurbin hydroypropyl na HPS a 85 °C
Figures 5-9 sun nuna cewa HPMC tana nuna halaye masu ƙarfi irin na yau da kullun (G′> G″) a 85°C, wanda galibi ana danganta shi da abubuwan thermogel ɗin sa. Bugu da ƙari, G' da G ″ na HPMC sun bambanta da mitar Ƙaruwar bai canza da yawa ba, yana nuna cewa ba shi da tabbataccen dogaron mitar.
Don tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS, ƙimar n ′ da n″ duk suna kusa da 0, kuma G0′ yana da girma sosai fiye da G0 (Table″ 5-5), yana mai tabbatar da ƙaƙƙarfan halayensa. A gefe guda, maye gurbin hydroxypropyl mafi girma na iya canza HPS daga m-kamar hali mai kama da ruwa, lamarin da baya faruwa a cikin hanyoyin da aka haɗa. Bugu da kari, don tsarin fili da aka ƙara tare da HPMC, tare da haɓaka mitar, duka G' da G” sun kasance da ƙarfi, kuma ƙimar n' da n” sun kasance kusa da na HPMC. Duk waɗannan sakamakon suna ba da shawarar cewa HPMC ta mamaye viscoelasticity na tsarin da aka haɗa a babban zafin jiki na 85 ° C.
Tebur 5-5 n', n″, G0' da G0″ don HPS/HPMC tare da maye gurbin hydropropyl daban-daban na HPS a 85 °C kamar yadda aka ƙaddara daga Eqs. (5-1) da (5-2)
5.3.6 Ilimin Halittar Halittar Halittar Halitta na HPMC/HPS
An yi nazarin canjin lokaci na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS ta hanyar maƙiyin gani na gani na aidin. An gwada tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS tare da ma'auni na 5:5 a 25 °C, 45 °C da 85 °C. Hotunan da aka tabo na haske da ke ƙasa ana nuna su a Figures 5-10. Ana iya gani daga wannan adadi cewa bayan rini da aidin, ana yin rina yanayin HPS zuwa launi mai duhu, kuma lokacin HPMC yana nuna launi mai sauƙi saboda ba za a iya rina shi da aidin ba. Don haka, ana iya bambanta matakai biyu na HPMC/HPS. A yanayin zafi mafi girma, yankin yankunan duhu (HPS lokaci) yana ƙaruwa kuma yankin yankuna masu haske (lokacin HPMC) yana raguwa. Musamman, a 25 °C, HPMC (launi mai haske) shine ci gaba a cikin tsarin haɗin HPMC/HPS, kuma ƙaramin lokaci na HPS (launi mai duhu) ya tarwatse a cikin ci gaba na HPMC. Sabanin haka, a 85 °C, HPMC ya zama ƙanƙara da siffa mara kyau da aka tarwatsa a cikin ci gaba na HPS.
Hoto 5-8 Halittu na rini 1: 1 HPMC/HPS yana haɗuwa a 25 ° C, 45 ° C da 85 ° C
Tare da haɓakar zafin jiki, yakamata a sami wurin miƙa mulki na tsarin halittar lokaci na ci gaba da lokaci daga HPMC zuwa HPS a cikin tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS. A ka'idar, ya kamata ya faru lokacin da danko na HPMC da HPS iri ɗaya ne ko kama sosai. Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga micrographs 45 °C a cikin Figures 5-10, zane-zane na "tsibirin teku" na al'ada ba ya bayyana, amma ana lura da lokaci mai ci gaba. Wannan kallo kuma yana tabbatar da gaskiyar cewa sauyin lokaci na ci gaba da ci gaba na iya faruwa a cikin tan δ kololuwa a cikin ma'aunin zafi-zazzabi da aka tattauna a cikin 5.3.3.
Hakanan za'a iya gani daga adadi cewa a cikin ƙananan zafin jiki (25 ° C), wasu sassan duhu na HPS da aka tarwatsa suna nuna wani nau'i na launi mai haske, wanda zai iya zama saboda wani ɓangare na lokaci na HPMC ya kasance a cikin lokaci na HPS a cikin nau'in lokaci mai tarwatsewa. tsakiya. Ba zato ba tsammani, a babban zafin jiki (85 ° C), wasu ƙananan ɓangarorin duhu suna rarraba a cikin lokaci mai haske na HPMC, kuma waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin duhu sune ci gaba na HPS. Waɗannan abubuwan lura suna ba da shawarar cewa wani takamaiman matakin mesophase yana wanzuwa a cikin tsarin fili na HPMC-HPS, don haka kuma yana nuna cewa HPMC yana da ƙayyadaddun dacewa da HPS.
5.3.7 Tsarin tsari na tsaka-tsakin lokaci na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS
Dangane da dabi'ar rheological na gargajiya na mafita na polymer da abubuwan gel ɗin da aka haɗa [216, 232] da kwatankwacin ka'idodin da aka tattauna a cikin takarda, ana ba da shawarar ƙirar ƙirar tsarin tsarin HPMC/HPS tare da zazzabi, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig. 5-11.
Hoto 5-11 Tsarin tsari na sol-gel mika mulki na HPMC (a); HPS (b); da HPMC/HPS (c)
An yi nazarin halayen gel na HPMC da tsarin sauyawa-gel mai alaƙa da shi da yawa [159, 160, 207, 208]. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka yarda da su shine cewa sarƙoƙin HPMC suna wanzuwa a cikin bayani a cikin nau'i na tara tarin. Waɗannan gungu suna haɗe-haɗe ta hanyar naɗe wasu sifofi na cellulose marasa ƙarfi ko kaɗan, kuma ana haɗa su zuwa yankuna masu yawa ta hanyar haɗuwar hydrophobic na ƙungiyoyin methyl da ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl. A ƙananan zafin jiki, ƙwayoyin ruwa suna samar da sifofin keji a waje da ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic na methyl da tsarin harsashi na ruwa a waje da ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic kamar ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl, suna hana HPMC ƙirƙirar haɗin haɗin hydrogen a cikin ƙananan yanayin zafi. Yayin da yawan zafin jiki ya karu, HPMC yana ɗaukar makamashi kuma waɗannan kejin ruwa da tsarin harsashi na ruwa sun karye, wanda shine motsin motsi-gel. Rushewar kejin ruwa da harsashi na ruwa yana fallasa ƙungiyoyin methyl da hydroxypropyl zuwa yanayin ruwa, yana haifar da haɓakar ƙarar kyauta. A mafi yawan zafin jiki, saboda ƙungiyar hydrophobic na ƙungiyoyin hydrophobic da ƙungiyar hydrophilic na ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic, an kafa tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku na gel, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 5-11 (a).
Bayan sitaci gelatinization, amylose narke daga sitaci granules don samar da wani m guda helical tsarin, wanda ci gaba da rauni da kuma a karshe gabatar da wani yanayin bazuwar coils. Wannan tsari guda-helix yana samar da rami na hydrophobic a ciki da kuma farfajiyar hydrophilic a waje. Wannan tsari mai yawa na sitaci yana ba shi kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali [230-232]. Saboda haka, HPS yana wanzuwa a cikin nau'i na nau'i na nau'i na nau'i na bazuwar tare da wasu shimfiɗaɗɗen sassan helical a cikin bayani mai ruwa a babban zafin jiki. Yayin da zafin jiki ya ragu, haɗin hydrogen tsakanin HPS da kwayoyin ruwa ya karye kuma ruwan da aka daure ya ɓace. A ƙarshe, an kafa tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai girma uku saboda samuwar haɗin hydrogen tsakanin sarƙoƙi na kwayoyin halitta, kuma an samar da gel, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto 5-11 (b).
Yawancin lokaci, lokacin da aka haɗa abubuwa biyu masu mabambantan viscosities, babban ɓangaren danko yana ƙoƙarin samar da lokaci mai tarwatsewa kuma yana tarwatsewa a cikin ci gaba na ɓangaren ƙananan danko. A ƙananan yanayin zafi, dankowar HPMC yana da ƙasa da na HPS. Saboda haka, HPMC yana samar da ci gaba mai ci gaba da ke kewaye da babban lokaci na gel na HPS. A gefuna na matakai biyu, ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl a kan sarƙoƙin HPMC sun rasa wani ɓangare na ruwan da aka ɗaure kuma su samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen na intermolecular tare da sarƙoƙi na kwayoyin HPS. A lokacin aikin dumama, sassan kwayoyin HPS sun motsa saboda shayar da isasshen makamashi kuma sun kafa haɗin hydrogen tare da kwayoyin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da rushewar tsarin gel. A lokaci guda kuma, tsarin kejin ruwa da tsarin harsashi na ruwa akan sarkar HPMC sun lalace kuma a hankali sun rushe don fallasa ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic da gungu na hydrophobic. A high zafin jiki, HPMC Forms wani gel cibiyar sadarwa tsarin saboda intermolecular hydrogen bonds da hydrophobic ƙungiya, kuma ta haka ne ya zama wani high- danko tarwatsa lokaci tarwatsa a cikin HPS m lokaci na bazuwar coils, kamar yadda aka nuna a Figure 5-11 (c). Sabili da haka, HPS da HPMC sun mamaye kaddarorin rheological, kayan gel da tsarin halittar lokaci na gels ɗin da aka haɗa a ƙasa da yanayin zafi, bi da bi.
Gabatar da ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl a cikin ƙwayoyin sitaci suna karya tsarin haɗin gwiwa na intramolecular na ciki wanda aka ba da umarnin su, ta yadda kwayoyin amylose na gelatinized suna cikin kumbura da miƙewa, wanda ke ƙara ingantaccen ƙarar hydration na kwayoyin kuma yana hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin sitaci don haɗawa da kayyade. a cikin maganin ruwa [362]. Saboda haka, ƙaƙƙarfan kaddarorin hydrophilic na hydroxypropyl suna sa sake haɗuwa da sarƙoƙi na amylose da samuwar yankuna masu haɗin gwiwa da wahala [233]. Sabili da haka, tare da raguwar zafin jiki, idan aka kwatanta da sitaci na asali, HPS yana kula da samar da tsarin cibiyar sadarwa mai sauƙi da taushi.
Tare da haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, akwai ƙarin gutsutsutsun guntun helical a cikin maganin HPS, wanda zai iya samar da ƙarin haɗin gwiwar hydrogen intermolecular tare da sarkar kwayoyin halitta ta HPMC a iyakar matakan biyu, don haka samar da tsari iri ɗaya. Bugu da ƙari, hydroxypropylation yana rage danko na sitaci, wanda ke rage danko tsakanin HPMC da HPS a cikin tsari. Don haka, madaidaicin juzu'i a cikin hadadden tsarin HPMC/HPS yana canzawa zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Ana iya tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar canjin batsa a cikin danko tare da zafin jiki na samfuran da aka sake ginawa a cikin 5.3.4.
5.4 Takaitaccen Babi
A cikin wannan babi, HPMC/HPS fili mafita tare da daban-daban HPS hydroxypropyl maye digiri da aka shirya, da kuma sakamakon HPS hydroxypropyl maye digiri a kan rheological Properties da gel Properties na HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi gel fili fili tsarin da aka bincika ta rheometer. An yi nazarin rarraba lokaci na tsarin HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi mai hade da gel mai hade da aidin tabo na gani na gani na gani. Babban binciken shine kamar haka:
- A yanayin zafi na ɗaki, ɗanƙoƙi da ɓacin rai na maganin fili na HPMC/HPS ya ragu tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda shigar da ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl a cikin kwayoyin sitaci yana lalata tsarin haɗin haɗin intramolecular na hydrogen kuma yana inganta hydrophilicity na sitaci.
- A dakin da zafin jiki, da sifili-shear danko h0, kwarara index n, da danko coefficient K na HPMC/HPS fili mafita suna shafar duka HPMC da hydroxypropylation. Tare da haɓakar abun ciki na HPMC, sifili mai ƙarfi danko h0 yana raguwa, ma'aunin kwararar n yana ƙaruwa, kuma ma'aunin danko K yana raguwa; da sifili shear danko h0, kwarara index n da danko coefficient K na tsarki HPS duk ya karu tare da hydroxyl Tare da karuwa da mataki na propyl maye gurbin, ya zama karami; amma ga tsarin fili, sifili mai danko h0 yana raguwa tare da karuwan digiri na maye gurbin, yayin da ma'aunin ruwa na n da danko akai-akai K yana karuwa tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin.
- Hanyar shearing tare da riga-kafi da thixotropy mataki uku na iya zama daidai daidai da danko, kaddarorin kwarara da thixotropy na maganin fili.
- Yankin viscoelastic na layi na tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS yana raguwa tare da raguwar matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na HPS.
- A cikin wannan tsarin mahallin gel mai sanyi-zafi, HPMC da HPS na iya samar da matakai masu ci gaba a ƙananan yanayi da yanayin zafi, bi da bi. Wannan canjin tsarin tsarin zai iya tasiri sosai ga hadadden danko, kaddarorin viscoelastic, dogaro da mitar da kayan gel na hadadden gel.
- Kamar yadda tarwatsa matakai, HPMC da HPS iya ƙayyade rheological Properties da gel Properties na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin a high da low yanayin zafi, bi da bi. Wuraren viscoelastic na samfuran haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS sun yi daidai da HPS a ƙananan zafin jiki da HPMC a babban zafin jiki.
- Matsayi daban-daban na gyare-gyaren sinadarai na tsarin sitaci kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan abubuwan gel. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa hadadden danko, ma'ajin ajiya, da ma'aunin asara duk suna raguwa tare da karuwar digirin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Sabili da haka, hydroxypropylation na sitaci na asali na iya rushe tsarin da aka ba da umurni da kuma ƙara yawan sitaci na sitaci, wanda ya haifar da rubutun gel mai laushi.
- Hydroxypropylation na iya rage m-kamar hali na sitaci mafita a low zazzabi da kuma ruwa-kamar hali a high zafin jiki. A ƙananan zafin jiki, ƙimar n' da n″ sun zama mafi girma tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl; a babban zafin jiki, n' da n″ dabi'u sun zama ƙanƙanta tare da haɓakar matakin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl.
- An kafa dangantaka tsakanin microstructure, rheological Properties da gel Properties na HPMC/HPS composite system. Dukansu canje-canjen ba zato ba tsammani a cikin madaidaicin danko na tsarin da aka haɗa da kuma tan δ kololuwa a cikin ma'aunin asarar hasara suna bayyana a 45 ° C, wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin ci gaba na ci gaba da aka lura a cikin micrograph (a 45 ° C).
A taƙaice, tsarin haɗin gel na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi yana nuna yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin zafi na musamman da kaddarorin. Ta hanyar gyare-gyaren sinadarai daban-daban na sitaci da cellulose, ana iya amfani da tsarin sanyi na HPMC/HPS mai sanyi da gel mai zafi don haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen manyan kayan wayo.
Babi na 6 Tasirin Digiri na Sauya HPS akan Kayayyaki da Daidaituwar Tsari na HPMC/HPS Composite Membranes
Ana iya gani daga Babi na 5 cewa canjin tsarin sinadarai na abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin fili yana ƙayyade bambanci a cikin abubuwan rheological, gel Properties da sauran kayan aiki na tsarin fili. Gabaɗaya aikin yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci.
Wannan babin yana mai da hankali kan tasirin tsarin sinadarai na abubuwan da aka haɗa akan ƙananan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun abubuwa na maɓalli na HPMC/HPS. Haɗe da tasirin Babi na 5 akan abubuwan rheological na tsarin haɗin gwiwar, an kafa kaddarorin rheological na tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS- dangantaka tsakanin abubuwan fim.
6.1 Kayayyaki da Kayayyaki
6.1.1 Babban kayan gwaji
6.1.2 Manyan kayan aiki da kayan aiki
6.2 Hanyar gwaji
6.2.1 Shiri na HPMC/HPS hadadden membranes tare da daban-daban HPS hydroxypropyl maye digiri
Jimlar taro na fili bayani shine 8% (w / w), HPMC / HP fili rabo shine 10: 0, 5: 5, 0: 10, filastik shine 2.4% (w / w) polyethylene glycol, Edible Kundin fim na HPMC/HPS an shirya shi ta hanyar simintin gyare-gyare. Don takamaiman hanyar shiri, duba 3.2.1.
6.2.2 Tsarin microdomain na HPMC/HPS haɗe-haɗe membranes tare da daban-daban HPS hydroxypropyl maye digiri
6.2.2.1 Ka'idar nazarin microstructure na synchrotron radiation kananan-kwana X-ray watsawa
Ƙananan Mala'ikan X-ray Scattering (SAXS) yana nufin abin da ya faru na watsawa ta hanyar X-ray beam yana haskaka samfurin a karkashin gwaji a cikin wani karamin kusurwa kusa da katako na X-ray. Dangane da bambancin nanoscale electron density bambance-bambancen tsakanin mai watsawa da matsakaicin kewaye, ana amfani da ƙananan ɓangarorin X-ray a cikin nazarin m, colloidal, da kayan polymer na ruwa a cikin kewayon nanoscale. Idan aka kwatanta da fasahar diffraction X-ray mai faɗi, SAXS na iya samun bayanan tsari akan sikelin da ya fi girma, wanda za'a iya amfani da shi don nazarin daidaituwar sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na polymer, tsarin dogon lokaci, da tsarin lokaci da rarraba lokaci na tsarin hadaddun polymer. . Synchrotron X-ray tushen hasken haske sabon nau'in tushen haske ne mai girma, wanda ke da fa'idodin babban tsabta, babban polarization, kunkuntar bugun jini, babban haske, da babban haɗuwa, don haka zai iya samun bayanan tsarin nanoscale na kayan da sauri. kuma daidai. Yin nazarin bakan SAXS na abin da aka auna zai iya samun daidaitaccen daidaiton girman girgijen lantarki, daidaiton girman girman gajimare na lantarki guda ɗaya (tabbatacciyar karkata daga Porod ko ka'idar Debye), da fayyace yanayin mu'amala mai kashi biyu (raɓawa mara kyau daga Porod). ko ka'idar Debye). ), Kwatankwacin kai na watsawa (ko yana da siffofi na fractal), rarrabawar watsawa (monodispersity ko polydispersity wanda Guinier ya ƙaddara) da sauran bayanai, da kuma ma'aunin rarrabuwa, radius gyration, da matsakaicin Layer na maimaita raka'a kuma za'a iya samu da yawa. Kauri, matsakaita girman, juzu'in ƙarar mai watsawa, takamaiman yanki da sauran sigogi.
6.2.2.2 Hanyar gwaji
A Cibiyar Radiation ta Synchrotron ta Australiya (Clayton, Victoria, Ostiraliya), an yi amfani da tushen hasken synchrotron na ƙarni na uku na duniya (flux 1013 photons/s, wavelength 1.47 Å). fim. An tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan gwaji guda biyu ta hanyar mai ganowa ta Pilatus 1M (yankin 169 × 172 μm, girman pixel 172 × 172 μm), kuma samfurin da aka auna yana cikin kewayon 0.015 <q <0.15 Å−1 ( q shine mai watsawa mai watsawa) Ana samun madaidaicin ƙarami-ɗana X-ray na ciki daga tsarin ɓoyayyen nau'i biyu ta software na ScatterBrain, kuma ana canza vector q da kusurwar watsawa 2 ta hanyar dabara i / , ina tsawon zangon X-ray yake. Duk bayanan an riga an daidaita su kafin nazarin bayanai.
6.2.3 Thermogravimetric bincike na HPMC/HPS haɗe membranes tare da daban-daban digiri na HPS hydroxypropyl maye gurbin.
6.2.3.1 Ka'idar nazarin thermogravimetric
Daidai da 3.2.5.1
6.2.3.2 Hanyar gwaji
Duba 3.2.5.2
6.2.4 Tensile Properties na HPMC/HPS hada fina-finan tare da daban-daban digiri na HPS hydroxypropyl musanya
6.2.4.1 Ka'idar nazarin dukiya mai ƙarfi
Daidai da 3.2.6.1
6.2.4.2 Hanyar gwaji
Duba 3.2.6.2
Yin amfani da daidaitattun ISO37, an yanke shi cikin splines mai siffar dumbbell, tare da jimlar tsawon 35mm, nisa tsakanin layin alamar 12mm, da nisa na 2mm. Duk samfuran gwajin an daidaita su a 75% zafi fiye da 3 d.
6.2.5 Oxygen permeability na HPMC/HPS composite membranes tare da daban-daban digiri na HPS hydroxypropyl maye gurbin.
6.2.5.1 Ka'idar bincike na iskar oxygen
Daidai da 3.2.7.1
6.2.5.2 Hanyar gwaji
Duba 3.2.7.2
6.3 Sakamako da Tattaunawa
6.3.1 Binciken tsarin Crystal na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl.
Hoto na 6-1 yana nuna ƙaramin kusurwar X-ray na watsa shirye-shiryen fina-finai na HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa a cikin ƙananan girman kewayon q> 0.3 Å (2θ> 40), ƙayyadaddun halayen halayen suna bayyana a cikin duk samfuran membrane. Daga tsarin watsawa na X-ray na fim din mai tsabta mai tsabta (Fig. 6-1a), HPMC mai tsabta yana da ƙarfin halayen halayen halayen X-ray a 0.569 Å, yana nuna cewa HPMC yana da girman girman girman X-ray a cikin kusurwa mai fadi. yanki na 7.70 (2θ> 50). Halayen Crystal kololuwa, yana nuna cewa HPMC yana da takamaiman tsari na crystalline anan. Dukansu samfuran fina-finai na sitaci na A939 da A1081 sun baje kololuwa na watsawa na X-ray a 0.397 Å, yana nuna cewa HPS yana da kololuwar sifa a cikin yanki mai faɗin kusurwa na 5.30, wanda yayi daidai da kololuwar sitaci na nau'in B. Ana iya gani a fili daga adadi cewa A939 tare da ƙananan maye gurbin hydroxypropyl yana da yanki mafi girma fiye da A1081 tare da babban canji. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda shigar da ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl a cikin sarkar sitaci ta karya asalin tsarin da aka ba da umarnin sitaci, yana ƙara wahalar sake tsarawa da haɗin kai tsakanin sarƙoƙi na sitaci, kuma yana rage ƙimar sitaci recrystallization. Tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl, tasirin hanawa na ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl akan recrystallization sitaci ya fi bayyane.
Ana iya gani daga ƙananan ɓangarorin ɓangarorin X-ray na samfurori masu haɗaka (Fig. 6-1b) cewa fina-finai na HPMC-HPS masu haɗakarwa duk sun nuna alamun halayen halayen a 0.569 Å da 0.397 Å, daidai da 7.70 HPMC crystal crystal. halayen kololuwa, bi da bi. Mafi girman yanki na crystallization na HPS na fim ɗin haɗe-haɗe na HPMC/A939 ya fi girma fiye da na fim ɗin haɗin gwiwar HPMC/A1081. An dakatar da sake tsarawa, wanda ya yi daidai da bambancin wurin kololuwar kristal na HPS tare da matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl a cikin fina-finai masu tsabta. Yankin kololuwar lu'ulu'u wanda ya yi daidai da HPMC a 7.70 don mahaɗar membranes tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl bai canza sosai ba. Idan aka kwatanta da bakan na samfurori masu tsabta (Fig. 5-1a), yankunan HPMC crystallization kololuwa da kuma HPS crystallization kololuwa na composite samfurori sun ragu, wanda ya nuna cewa ta hanyar hade da biyu, da HPMC da HPS na iya zama tasiri ga. sauran group din. Abubuwan da aka sake yin recrystallization na kayan rabuwar fim suna taka rawar hanawa.
Hoto 6-1 SAXS na fina-finan gauraya na HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na HPS.
A ƙarshe, haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl da haɗa abubuwan haɗin biyu na iya hana sabon abu na sake fasalin membrane na HPMC/HPS zuwa wani ɗan lokaci. Haɓaka digirin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na HPS ya hana sake sakewa na HPS a cikin membrane mai hade, yayin da fili mai kashi biyu ya taka wata rawa mai hanawa a cikin sake sakewa na HPS da HPMC a cikin membrane mai hade.
6.3.2 Binciken tsarin fractal mai kama da kai na HPMC/HPS membran composite with HPS hydroxypropyl digiri daban-daban
Matsakaicin tsayin sarkar (R) na kwayoyin polysaccharide irin su sitaci da kwayoyin cellulose yana cikin kewayon 1000-1500 nm, kuma q yana cikin kewayon 0.01-0.1 Å-1, tare da qR >> 1. A cewar Tsarin Porod, ana iya ganin samfuran fina-finai na polysaccharide Dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙananan ɓangarorin X-ray da kuma kusurwar watsawa shine:
Daga cikin wannan, I (q) shine ƙananan ɓangarorin X-ray mai ƙarfi;
q shine kusurwar watsawa;
α shine gangaren Porod.
gangaren Porod α yana da alaƙa da tsarin fractal. Idan α <3, yana nuna cewa tsarin kayan abu yana da ƙananan sako-sako, farfajiyar mai watsawa yana da santsi, kuma yana da ƙima mai yawa, da ƙananan ƙwayar D = α; idan 3 <α <4, yana nuna cewa tsarin kayan abu yana da yawa kuma mai watsawa yana da tsayin daka, wanda yake da ƙananan sassa, da ƙananan ƙananan D = 6 - α.
Hoto 6-2 yana nuna makircin lnI(q) -lnq na HPMC/HPS haɗe-haɗe tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa duk samfurori suna gabatar da tsarin fractal mai kama da kai a cikin wani yanki na musamman, kuma Porod slope α bai wuce 3 ba, yana nuna cewa fim ɗin da aka haɗa ya ba da ƙananan fractal, kuma fuskar fim ɗin yana da ɗanɗano. santsi. Matsakaicin ɗimbin ɓangarorin ɓangarorin ɓangarorin HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl ana nuna su a cikin Tebur 6-1.
Tebu na 6-1 yana nuna juzu'in ɓarna na HPMC/HPS haɗe-haɗe tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Ana iya gani daga tebur cewa don samfurori na HPS masu tsabta, ƙananan ƙananan A939 da aka maye gurbinsu da ƙananan hydroxypropyl ya fi girma fiye da na A1081 wanda aka maye gurbinsa da babban hydroxypropyl, wanda ke nuna cewa tare da karuwa na matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, a cikin membrane. Girman tsarin kama da kai yana raguwa sosai. Wannan shi ne saboda gabatarwar ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl akan sarkar sitaci suna hana haɗin gwiwar juna na sassan HPS, wanda ke haifar da raguwar girman tsarin kamannin kansa a cikin fim ɗin. Ƙungiyoyin Hydrophilic hydroxypropyl na iya samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen na intermolecular tare da kwayoyin ruwa, rage hulɗar tsakanin sassan kwayoyin; Ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl mafi girma suna iyakance haɗuwa da haɗin kai tsakanin sassan sitaci na kwayoyin halitta, don haka tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, HPS yana samar da tsari mai kama da kai.
Don tsarin fili na HPMC/A939, girman fractal na HPS ya fi na HPMC, wanda shine saboda sitaci ya sake yin recrystallizes, kuma an samar da tsarin da ya fi ba da izini tsakanin sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke kaiwa ga tsarin kamanni na kansa a cikin membrane. . Babban yawa. Matsakaicin juzu'i na samfurin fili ya yi ƙasa da na nau'ikan tsarkakakkun abubuwa guda biyu, saboda ta hanyar haɗawa, haɗin haɗin gwiwar sassan kwayoyin halitta na sassan biyu yana hana junan su, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin sifofi masu kama da kai. Sabanin haka, a cikin tsarin fili na HPMC/A1081, girman juzu'i na HPS ya yi ƙasa da na HPMC. Wannan shi ne saboda gabatarwar kungiyoyin hydroxypropyl a cikin kwayoyin sitaci yana hana sake sake sakewa na sitaci. Tsarin irin na kansa a cikin itace ya fi sako-sako. A lokaci guda kuma, girman juzu'in samfurin fili na HPMC/A1081 ya fi na HPS mai tsafta, wanda kuma ya bambanta da tsarin fili na HPMC/A939. Tsarin kama-da-wane, ƙwayoyin sarkar-kamar HPMC na iya shiga cikin ramin tsarin sa na kwance, don haka inganta girman tsarin tsarin kansa na HPS, wanda kuma ke nuna cewa HPS tare da babban maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na iya samar da ƙarin hadaddun gama gari bayan haɗawa. da HPMC. sinadaran. Daga bayanan Properties na rheological, ana iya ganin cewa hydroxypropylation na iya rage danko na sitaci, don haka a lokacin da ake hadawa, an rage bambancin danko tsakanin sassan biyu a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwar, wanda ya fi dacewa da samuwar nau'i mai kama. fili.
Hoto 6-2 lnI(q) -lnq alamu da madaidaitan madaidaicin sa don fina-finai na HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na HPS
Table 6-1 Fractal tsarin sigogi na HPS/HPMC fina-finai gauraye tare da daban-daban hydroxypropyl maye gurbin HPS
Ga ƙunƙun membranes tare da rabo mai haɗawa iri ɗaya, girman fractal shima yana raguwa tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl. Gabatar da hydroxypropyl a cikin kwayoyin HPS na iya rage haɗin gwiwar juna na sassan polymer a cikin tsarin fili, ta haka ne rage yawan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta; HPS tare da babban maye gurbin hydroxypropyl yana da mafi kyawun dacewa tare da HPMC, Mafi Sauƙi don samar da uniform da fili mai yawa. Sabili da haka, girman tsarin kama da kai a cikin membrane mai hade yana raguwa tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin HPS, wanda shine sakamakon tasirin haɗin gwiwa na matakin maye gurbin na HPS hydroxypropyl da daidaituwar abubuwan biyu a cikin abubuwan haɗin gwiwa. tsarin.
6.3.3 Binciken kwanciyar hankali na thermal na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS tare da matakan maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl daban-daban.
An yi amfani da na'urar nazari na Thermogravimetric don gwada kwanciyar hankali na thermal na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS masu cin abinci tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl. Hoto na 6-3 yana nuna madaidaicin thermogravimetric (TGA) da madaidaicin ƙimar asarar nauyi (DTG) na fina-finai masu haɗaka tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS na hydroxypropyl. Ana iya gani daga madaidaicin TGA a cikin hoto na 6-3(a) cewa samfuran membrane mai hade tare da nau'ikan maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl daban-daban. Akwai madaidaitan matakan canjin thermogravimetric guda biyu tare da haɓakar zafin jiki. Na farko, akwai ƙananan matakan asarar nauyi a 30 ~ 180 ° C, wanda akasari ya haifar da rashin daidaituwa na ruwa da aka yi ta hanyar polysaccharide macromolecule. Akwai babban lokacin asarar nauyi a 300 ~ 450 ° C, wanda shine ainihin lokacin lalatawar thermal, galibi lalacewa ta hanyar thermal na HPMC da HPS. Hakanan za'a iya gani daga adadi cewa maƙallan asarar nauyi na HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl suna kama da na HPMC. Tsakanin nau'ikan asarar nauyi mai nauyi don tsarkakakken HPMC da kuma samfuran HPS.
Daga DTG masu lankwasa a cikin Hoto na 6-3(b), ana iya ganin cewa yanayin zafi na lalatawar zafi na HPS mai tsafta tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl yana da kusanci sosai, kuma yanayin zafi mafi ƙarancin zafi na samfuran A939 da A081 sune 310 ° C. da 305 °C, bi da bi The thermal deradaration kololuwa zafin jiki na samfurin HPMC zalla yana da girma fiye da na HPS, kuma mafi girman zafinsa shine 365 °C; Fim ɗin haɗe-haɗe na HPMC/HPS yana da kololuwar ɓarnawar thermal biyu akan madaidaicin DTG, daidai da lalatawar thermal na HPS da HPMC, bi da bi. Halaye kololuwa, wanda ke nuna cewa akwai wani mataki na rabuwar lokaci a cikin tsarin haɗin gwiwa tare da 5: 5 mai mahimmanci, wanda ya dace da sakamakon lalatawar thermal na fim ɗin da aka haɗa tare da 5: 5 a cikin Babi na 3. Zazzabi kololuwar yanayin zafi na samfuran fina-finai na HPMC/A939 sun kasance 302 ° C da 363 ° C, bi da bi; yanayin zafi mafi ƙasƙanci na thermal na HPMC/A1081 haɗe-haɗen samfuran fim sun kasance 306 ° C da 363 ° C, bi da bi. An canza yanayin zafi mafi girma na samfuran fina-finai masu haɗaka zuwa ƙananan yanayin zafi fiye da samfurori masu tsabta, wanda ya nuna cewa an rage kwanciyar hankali na thermal na samfurori. Ga samfuran da ke da ma'aunin haɓaka iri ɗaya, ƙarancin ƙarancin zafin jiki na thermal ya ragu tare da haɓakar matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, yana nuna cewa kwanciyar hankali na thermal na fim ɗin ya ragu tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl. Wannan shi ne saboda shigar da ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl cikin ƙwayoyin sitaci yana rage hulɗar tsakanin sassan kwayoyin kuma yana hana tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta. Ya yi daidai da sakamakon cewa yawancin sifofi masu kama da kai suna raguwa tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl.
Hoto 6-3 TGA masu lankwasa (a) da masu lanƙwasa (DTG) (b) na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na HPS.
6.3.4 Binciken kaddarorin injina na HPMC/HPS haɗe-haɗe membranes tare da daban-daban HPS hydroxypropyl maye digiri
Hoto. 6-5 Tensile Properties na HPMC/HPS fina-finai tare da daban-daban hydroxypropyl maye digiri na HPS
Abubuwan da ke da ƙarfi na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS tare da daban-daban na HPS hydroxypropyl an gwada su ta mai nazarin kadarori a 25 °C da 75% zafi dangi. Figures 6-5 suna nuna modul na roba (a), tsawo a lokacin hutu (b) da ƙarfin ƙarfi (c) na fina-finai masu haɗaka tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa don tsarin haɗin HPMC / A1081, tare da haɓakar abun ciki na HPS, ƙarfin na roba da ƙarfin ƙarfi na fim ɗin da aka haɗa a hankali ya ragu, kuma elongation a karya ya karu sosai, wanda ya dace da 3.3. 5 matsakaici da zafi mai girma. Sakamakon abubuwan da aka haɗa tare da ma'auni daban-daban sun kasance daidai.
Don tsaftataccen membranes na HPS, duka modules na roba da ƙarfin tensile sun ƙaru tare da raguwar digiri na HPS hydroxypropyl, yana ba da shawarar cewa hydroxypropylation yana rage taurin membrane mai haɗawa kuma yana haɓaka sassauci. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda tare da haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, hydrophilicity na HPS yana ƙaruwa, kuma tsarin membrane ya zama mafi sako-sako, wanda ya yi daidai da sakamakon cewa girman fractal yana raguwa tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin a cikin ƙananan kusurwar X- gwajin watsawa na ray. Koyaya, elongation a lokacin hutu yana raguwa tare da raguwar matakin maye gurbin ƙungiyar HPS hydroxypropyl, wanda galibi saboda shigar da rukunin hydroxypropyl a cikin kwayar sitaci na iya hana recrystallization na sitaci. Sakamakon ya yi daidai da karuwa da raguwa.
Don ƙunshewar membrane na HPMC/HPS tare da nau'in fili iri ɗaya, modules na roba na kayan membrane yana ƙaruwa tare da raguwar digirin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl, da ƙarfi da tsayin daka a hutu duka suna raguwa tare da raguwar digirin maye gurbin. Ya kamata a lura da cewa kayan aikin injiniya na membranes masu haɗawa sun bambanta gaba ɗaya tare da haɗin haɗin gwiwa tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda kayan aikin injiniya na membran composite ba kawai tasirin HPS ya canza akan tsarin membrane ba, har ma da dacewa tsakanin abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin fili. Dankowar HPS yana raguwa tare da haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, ya fi dacewa don samar da fili mai daidaituwa ta hanyar haɗawa.
6.3.5 Oxygen permeability analysis na HPMC/HPS composite membranes tare da daban-daban HPS hydroxypropyl maye digiri
Oxidation da oxygen ke haifarwa shine matakin farko ta hanyoyi da yawa na haifar da lalacewar abinci, don haka fina-finai masu haɗaka da abinci tare da wasu kaddarorin shinge na oxygen na iya haɓaka ingancin abinci da tsawaita rayuwar shiryayyen abinci [108, 364]. Sabili da haka, an auna yawan watsa iskar oxygen na HPMC/HPS masu haɗakarwa tare da daban-daban na HPS hydroxypropyl maye gurbin, kuma an nuna sakamakon a cikin Hoto 5-6. Ana iya gani daga adadi cewa iskar iskar oxygen na dukkanin membranes na HPS mai tsabta ya fi ƙasa da na HPMC membranes masu tsabta, yana nuna cewa membranes na HPS yana da mafi kyawun abubuwan shinge na oxygen fiye da na HPMC, wanda ya dace da sakamakon baya. Don tsaftataccen membranes na HPS tare da digiri daban-daban na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, iskar oxygen yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓakar matakin maye gurbin, wanda ke nuna cewa yankin da iskar oxygen ke ratsawa a cikin kayan membrane yana ƙaruwa. Wannan ya yi daidai da nazarin microstructure na ƙananan kusurwar X-ray na watsawa cewa tsarin membrane ya zama sako-sako tare da karuwa da digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, don haka tashar iskar oxygen a cikin membrane ya zama mafi girma, kuma iskar oxygen a cikin membrane. ratsawa Yayin da wurin ke ƙaruwa, iskar oxygen shima yana ƙaruwa a hankali.
Hoto 6-6 Oxygen permeability na HPS/HPMC fina-finai tare da daban-daban hydroxypropyl maye digiri na HPS
Don haɗe-haɗe tare da matakan maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl daban-daban, ƙimar isashshen iskar oxygen yana raguwa tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda a cikin tsarin hadawa na 5: 5, HPS yana wanzuwa a cikin nau'i na tarwatsa lokaci a cikin ƙananan danko na HPMC ci gaba da lokaci, kuma danko na HPS yana raguwa tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl. Karamin bambance-bambancen danko, zai fi dacewa da samuwar fili mai kama da juna, mafi tsananin karfin tashar iskar iskar oxygen a cikin kayan membrane, kuma mafi karancin iskar iskar oxygen.
6.4 Takaitaccen Babi
A cikin wannan babi, an shirya fina-finai masu haɗakar abinci na HPMC/HPS ta hanyar jefa HPS da HPMC tare da matakan maye gurbin hydroxypropyl daban-daban, da ƙara polyethylene glycol azaman filastik. Tasirin digiri daban-daban na HPS hydroxypropyl maye gurbin akan tsarin crystal da tsarin microdomain na membran composite an yi nazari ne ta hanyar fasahar watsawa ta ƙaramin kusurwar X-ray na synchrotron. Tasirin digiri daban-daban na HPS hydroxypropyl na maye gurbin akan kwanciyar hankali na thermal, kayan inji da iskar oxygen na membran composite da dokokin su an yi nazarin su ta hanyar mai nazarin thermogravimetric, mai gwada kayan aikin injiniya da kuma gwajin iskar oxygen. Babban binciken shine kamar haka:
- Ga HPMC/HPS composite membrane tare da wannan mahadi rabo, tare da karuwa na hydroxypropyl maye gurbinsu digiri, crystallization kololuwa yanki daidai da HPS a 5.30 ragewa, yayin da crystallization kololuwa yanki m HPMC a 7.70 ba ya canzawa da yawa, yana nuna cewa hydroxypropylation na sitaci na iya hana recrystallization na sitaci a cikin fim ɗin da aka haɗa.
- Idan aka kwatanta da maɓuɓɓuga masu tsabta na HPMC da HPS, ƙananan wuraren crystallization na HPS (5.30) da HPMC (7.70) na membranes masu hade sun ragu, wanda ke nuna cewa ta hanyar haɗuwa da biyu, duka HPMC da HPS na iya zama tasiri a da hadadden membranes. Recrystallization na wani sashi yana taka wata rawa mai hanawa.
- Duk nau'ikan membranes na HPMC/HPS sun nuna tsarin juzu'i mai kama da kai. Don abubuwan haɗin gwiwa tare da ma'auni guda ɗaya, ƙarancin kayan membrane ya ragu sosai tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl; low HPS hydroxypropyl maye gurbin da yawa daga cikin hadadden membrane abu ne da muhimmanci ƙasa da na na biyu-tsabta bangaren kayan, yayin da yawa daga cikin hadaddun abu na membrane tare da babban HPS hydroxypropyl musanyi digiri ya fi na m HPS membrane, wanda yake shi ne mafi girma fiye da na m HPS membrane. yafi saboda yawan abin da ke tattare da membrane yana tasiri a lokaci guda. Tasirin HPS hydroxypropylation akan rage ɗaurin juzu'i na polymer da daidaituwa tsakanin sassan biyu na tsarin fili.
- Hydroxypropylation na HPS na iya rage kwanciyar hankali na thermal na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS, kuma ƙarancin ƙarancin zafin jiki na fina-finai na fina-finai yana canzawa zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki tare da haɓaka digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, wanda shine saboda ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl a cikin ƙwayoyin sitaci. Gabatarwa yana rage hulɗar tsakanin sassan kwayoyin halitta kuma yana hana tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta.
- Modules na roba da ƙarfin tensile na membrane na HPS mai tsafta ya ragu tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl, yayin da tsayin daka a lokacin hutu ya karu. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda hydroxypropylation yana hana recrystallization na sitaci kuma yana sa fim ɗin da aka haɗa ya zama tsari mai sauƙi.
- Module na roba na fim ɗin haɗin gwiwa na HPMC/HPS ya ragu tare da haɓaka digiri na maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl, amma ƙarfin tensile da haɓakawa a lokacin hutu ya karu, saboda ƙimar injin ɗin na fim ɗin ba ta shafi matakin maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl ba. Bugu da ƙari ga tasirin, yana da tasiri ta hanyar dacewa da sassan biyu na tsarin fili.
- Rashin isashshen iskar oxygen na HPS mai tsabta yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, saboda hydroxypropylation yana rage girman HPS amorphous yankin kuma yana ƙara yanki na iskar oxygen a cikin membrane; HPMC/HPS composite membrane The oxygen permeability na raguwa tare da karuwa na hydroxypropyl maye gurbin digiri, wanda shi ne yafi saboda hyperhydroxypropylated HPS yana da mafi dacewa da HPMC, wanda zai haifar da ƙara yawan tortuosity na tashar iskar oxygen a cikin membrane composite. Rage iskar oxygen.
Sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da ke sama ya nuna cewa kaddarorin macroscopic kamar kayan aikin injiniya, kwanciyar hankali na thermal da iskar oxygen na HPMC/HPS composite membranes suna da alaƙa da tsarin kristal ɗin su na ciki da tsarin yanki na amorphous, waɗanda ba kawai maye gurbin HPS hydroxypropyl ya shafa ba, amma kuma ta hadaddun. Tasirin daidaituwar sassa biyu na tsarin ligand.
Kammalawa da Outlook
- Kammalawa
A cikin wannan takarda, thermal gel HPMC da sanyi gel HPS an haɗa su, kuma an gina tsarin HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi mai juyawa gel. The bayani maida hankali, compounding rabo da shearing sakamako a kan fili tsarin ana tsare-tsaren nazari da tasiri na rheological Properties kamar danko, kwarara index da thixotropy, a hade tare da inji Properties, m thermomechanical Properties, oxygen permeability, haske watsa Properties da thermal kwanciyar hankali na hada fina-finai da aka shirya ta hanyar jefawa. M kaddarorin, da iodin ruwan inabi rini da jituwa, lokaci sauye-sauye da kuma tsarin halittar jiki na tsarin hadawa da aka yi nazari ta hanyar duban dan tayi, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin microstructure da macroscopic Properties na HPMC/HPS aka kafa. Don sarrafa kaddarorin abubuwan da aka haɗa ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin lokaci da kuma dacewa da tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS bisa ga alaƙar da ke tsakanin kaddarorin macroscopic da tsarin micromorphological na tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS. Ta hanyar nazarin tasirin HPS da aka gyara tare da digiri daban-daban akan kaddarorin rheological, gel Properties, microstructure da macroscopic Properties na membranes, dangantakar da ke tsakanin microstructure da macroscopic Properties na HPMC/HPS sanyi da zafi inverse gel tsarin an kara bincike. Alakar da ke tsakanin su biyu, da kuma samfurin jiki an kafa shi don bayyana tsarin gelation da abubuwan da ke da tasiri da kuma ka'idojin sanyi da zafi a cikin tsarin fili. Nazarin da suka dace sun zana sakamako masu zuwa.
- Canza mahadi rabo na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin iya muhimmanci inganta rheological Properties kamar danko, fluidity da thixotropy na HPMC a low zazzabi. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin kaddarorin rheological da microstructure na tsarin fili an kara yin nazari. Sakamakon takamaiman sune kamar haka:
(1) A ƙananan zafin jiki, tsarin fili shine tsarin ci gaba na lokaci-lokaci-watse lokaci "tsibirin-tsibirin", kuma ci gaba da sauyawa lokaci yana faruwa a 4: 6 tare da raguwar ma'auni na HPMC / HPS. Lokacin da haɓakar haɓakawa ya yi girma (ƙarin abun ciki na HPMC), HPMC tare da ƙarancin danko shine ci gaba da lokaci, kuma HPS shine lokacin tarwatsewa. Don tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS, lokacin da ƙananan ƙarancin ɗanɗano shine ci gaba mai ci gaba kuma babban ɓangaren haɓaka shine ci gaba mai ci gaba, gudummawar ɗanɗanowar ci gaba da ɗanɗano na tsarin fili ya bambanta sosai. Lokacin da ƙananan danko na HPMC shine ci gaba na lokaci, danko na tsarin fili ya fi nuna gudunmawar danko mai ci gaba; lokacin da babban danko HPS shine ci gaba mai ci gaba, HPMC a matsayin lokacin da aka tarwatsa zai rage danko na HPS mai girma. tasiri. Tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS da ƙaddamarwar bayani a cikin tsarin fili, danko da yanayin ɓacin rai na tsarin fili ya karu a hankali, yawan ruwa ya ragu, kuma an inganta ingantaccen hali na tsarin fili. An daidaita danko da thixotropy na HPMC ta tsari tare da HPS.
(2) Don tsarin haɗawa na 5: 5, HPMC da HPS na iya samar da ci gaba da matakai a ƙananan yanayin zafi, bi da bi. Wannan canjin tsarin tsarin zai iya tasiri sosai ga hadadden danko, kaddarorin viscoelastic, dogaro da mitar da kayan gel na hadadden gel. Kamar yadda tarwatsa matakai, HPMC da HPS iya ƙayyade rheological Properties da gel Properties na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin a high da low yanayin zafi, bi da bi. Wuraren viscoelastic na samfuran haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS sun yi daidai da HPS a ƙananan zafin jiki da HPMC a babban zafin jiki.
(3) An kafa dangantaka tsakanin microstructure, rheological Properties da gel Properties na HPMC/HPS composite system. Dukansu canje-canjen ba zato ba tsammani a cikin madaidaicin danko na tsarin da aka haɗa da tan delta kololuwa a cikin ma'aunin asarar hasara suna bayyana a 45 ° C, wanda ya yi daidai da yanayin ci gaba na ci gaba da aka lura a cikin micrograph (a 45 ° C).
- Ta hanyar nazarin microstructure da kaddarorin injiniyoyi, kaddarorin thermomechanical mai ƙarfi, watsa haske, iskar oxygen da kwanciyar hankali na thermal membranes da aka shirya a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan mahaɗa daban-daban da ƙididdigar bayani, haɗe tare da fasahar rini na gani na gani na gani na iodine, bincike Tsarin ilimin halittar jiki, canjin lokaci da daidaituwa. An bincikar ɗakunan gine-ginen, kuma an kafa dangantaka tsakanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da macroscopic Properties na ɗakunan. Sakamakon takamaiman sune kamar haka:
(1) Babu bayyananniyar mu'amala ta fuska biyu a cikin hotunan SEM na fina-finai masu haɗaka tare da nau'ikan haɓaka daban-daban. Yawancin fina-finai masu haɗaka suna da madaidaicin gilashin gilashi ɗaya kawai a cikin sakamakon DMA, kuma yawancin fina-finai masu haɗaka suna da kololuwar lalatawar thermal guda ɗaya kawai a cikin madaidaicin DTG. Waɗannan tare suna nuna cewa HPMC yana da takamaiman dacewa da HPS.
(2) Dangantakar zafi yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan kayan aikin injiniya na fina-finai na HPMC/HPS, kuma matakin tasirinsa yana ƙaruwa tare da karuwar abun ciki na HPS. A ƙananan ƙarancin dangi, duka nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan roba da ƙarfin ƙarfi na fina-finai masu haɗaka sun karu tare da haɓaka abun ciki na HPS, kuma tsayin daka a lokacin hutun fina-finai masu haɗaka ya ragu sosai fiye da na fina-finai masu tsafta. Tare da haɓakar zafi na dangi, ƙarfin na roba da ƙarfin ƙarfi na fim ɗin da aka haɗa ya ragu, kuma elongation a hutu ya karu sosai, kuma dangantakar da ke tsakanin kayan aikin injiniya na fim ɗin da aka haɗa da ma'aunin haɓaka ya nuna gaba ɗaya sabanin canjin canji a ƙarƙashin daban-daban. dangi zafi. Kayan aikin injiniya na membranes masu hade tare da ma'auni daban-daban suna nuna tsaka-tsaki a ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi daban-daban, wanda ke ba da damar haɓaka aikin samfurin bisa ga bukatun aikace-aikace daban-daban.
(3) An kafa dangantakar dake tsakanin microstructure, canjin lokaci, nuna gaskiya da kayan aikin injiniya na tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC/HPS. a. Mafi ƙasƙanci na nuna gaskiya na tsarin fili ya yi daidai da lokacin miƙa mulki na HPMC daga ci gaba da lokaci zuwa lokaci mai tarwatsewa da mafi ƙarancin maƙasudin raguwar modules na tensile. b. Matsakaicin Matasa da elongation a lokacin hutu yana raguwa tare da haɓaka ƙaddamarwar bayani, wanda ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayin halittar HPMC daga ci gaba da lokaci zuwa tarwatsa lokaci a cikin tsarin fili.
(4) Bugu da ƙari na HPS yana ƙara haɓakar tashar iskar oxygen a cikin membrane mai hade, yana rage yawan iskar oxygen na membrane, kuma yana inganta aikin shinge na oxygen na HPMC membrane.
- An yi nazarin tasirin gyare-gyaren sinadarai na HPS akan kaddarorin rheological na tsarin haɗin gwiwar da kuma cikakkun kaddarorin da ke tattare da membrane kamar tsarin crystal, tsarin yanki na amorphous, kaddarorin inji, iskar oxygen da kwanciyar hankali na thermal. Sakamakon takamaiman sune kamar haka:
(1) A hydroxypropylation na HPS iya rage danko na fili tsarin a low zazzabi, inganta fluidity na fili bayani, da kuma rage sabon abu na karfi thinning; da hydroxypropylation na HPS iya kunkuntar da mikakke viscoelastic yankin na fili tsarin , rage lokaci mika zafin jiki na HPMC/HPS fili tsarin, da kuma inganta m-kamar hali na fili tsarin a low zazzabi da kuma fluidity a high zafin jiki.
(2) Tsarin hydroxypropylation na HPS da haɓaka daidaituwa na abubuwan biyu na iya hana sake sake fasalin sitaci a cikin membrane, kuma yana haɓaka samuwar tsari mai kama da kai a cikin membrane mai hade. Gabatar da manyan ƙungiyoyin hydroxypropyl akan sarkar sitaci tana iyakance ɗaurin juna da kuma daidaita tsarin sassan kwayoyin HPS, wanda ya haifar da samuwar tsari mai kama da kai na HPS. Don tsarin hadaddun, haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl yana ba da damar sarkar-kamar kwayoyin HPMC su shiga cikin yanki mara kyau na HPS, wanda ke inganta daidaituwar tsarin tsarin kuma yana inganta girman tsarin tsarin HPS mai kama da kai. Daidaitawar tsarin fili yana ƙaruwa tare da haɓaka matakin maye gurbin ƙungiyar hydroxypropyl, wanda ya dace da sakamakon abubuwan rheological.
(3) The macroscopic Properties kamar inji Properties, thermal kwanciyar hankali da kuma oxygen permeability na HPMC/HPS composite membrane suna a hankali da alaka da ciki crystalline tsarin da amorphous yankin tsarin. Haɗaɗɗen tasirin tasirin biyu na dacewa da sassan biyu.
- Ta hanyar nazarin tasirin maganin maida hankali, zafin jiki da gyare-gyaren sinadarai na HPS akan abubuwan rheological na tsarin fili, an tattauna tsarin gelation na HPMC/HPS sanyi-zafi inverse gel fili fili. Sakamakon takamaiman sune kamar haka:
(1) Akwai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci (8%) a cikin tsarin fili, a ƙasa da mahimmanci, HPMC da HPS sun kasance a cikin sassan kwayoyin halitta masu zaman kansu da yankunan lokaci; lokacin da aka kai matsayi mai mahimmanci, an kafa lokaci na HPS a cikin bayani a matsayin condensate. Cibiyar gel ita ce tsarin microgel da aka haɗa ta hanyar haɗakar da sarƙoƙi na kwayoyin HPMC; sama da mahimmanci mai mahimmanci, haɗin kai ya fi rikitarwa kuma hulɗar ya fi karfi, kuma bayani yana nuna hali irin na narke polymer.
(2) Tsarin hadaddun yana da madaidaicin matsayi na ci gaba da ci gaba tare da canjin yanayin zafi, wanda ke da alaƙa da halayen gel na HPMC da HPS a cikin tsarin hadaddun. A ƙananan yanayin zafi, dankowar HPMC yana da ƙasa da na HPS sosai, don haka HPMC yana samar da wani ci gaba mai ci gaba da ke kewaye da babban lokaci na gel na HPS. A gefuna na matakan biyu, ƙungiyoyin hydroxyl akan sarkar HPMC sun rasa wani ɓangare na ruwan ɗaurinsu kuma suna samar da haɗin gwiwar hydrogen na intermolecular tare da sarkar kwayoyin HPS. A lokacin aikin dumama, sassan kwayoyin HPS sun motsa saboda shayar da isasshen makamashi kuma sun kafa haɗin hydrogen tare da kwayoyin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da rushewar tsarin gel. A lokaci guda kuma, an lalata tsarin kejin ruwa da harsashi na ruwa akan sarƙoƙi na HPMC, kuma a hankali ya fashe don fallasa ƙungiyoyin hydrophilic da gungu na hydrophobic. A high zafin jiki, HPMC Forms wani gel cibiyar sadarwa tsarin saboda intermolecular hydrogen shaidu da hydrophobic ƙungiya, kuma ta haka ne ya zama wani high- danko tarwatsa lokaci tarwatsa a cikin HPS m lokaci na bazuwar coils.
(3) Tare da haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl na HPS, dacewa da tsarin fili na HPMC/HPS yana inganta, kuma yanayin canjin lokaci a cikin tsarin fili yana motsawa zuwa ƙananan zafin jiki. Tare da haɓakar digiri na maye gurbin hydroxypropyl, akwai ƙarin gutsutsutsun guntun helical a cikin maganin HPS, wanda zai iya samar da ƙarin haɗin gwiwar hydrogen intermolecular tare da sarkar kwayoyin halitta ta HPMC a iyakar matakan biyu, don haka samar da tsari iri ɗaya. Hydroxypropylation yana rage danko na sitaci, ta yadda bambancin danko tsakanin HPMC da HPS a cikin fili ya ragu, wanda ke haifar da samuwar fili mai kama da juna, kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙimar bambancin danko tsakanin sassan biyu yana motsawa zuwa ƙasa. yankin zafin jiki.
2. Mahimman ƙima
1. Zane da gina HPMC / HPS sanyi da zafi reverse-lokaci gel fili fili tsarin, da kuma tsare-tsare nazarin musamman rheological Properties na wannan tsarin, musamman da taro na fili bayani, fili rabo, zafin jiki da kuma sinadaran gyara na aka gyara. An ci gaba da nazarin tasirin tasirin ka'idojin rheological, kayan gel da kuma dacewa da tsarin fili, kuma an kara nazarin yanayin yanayin yanayi da canjin lokaci na tsarin fili a hade tare da lura da microscope na gani na iodine, da kuma micro-morphological. An kafa tsarin tsarin fili- Rheological Properties-gel Properties dangantaka. A karo na farko, an yi amfani da samfurin Arrhenius don dacewa da ka'idar samar da gel na sanyi da zafi mai jujjuya lokaci-lokaci a cikin jeri daban-daban na zafin jiki.
2. An lura da rarraba lokaci, canjin lokaci da kuma dacewa na tsarin haɗin gwiwar HPMC / HPS ta hanyar fasahar bincike na iodin dyeing optical microscope, kuma an kafa kaddarorin na'urori masu nuna gaskiya ta hanyar hada kayan aikin gani da kayan aikin injiniya na fina-finai masu haɗaka. Dangantaka tsakanin microstructure da macroscopic Properties kamar kaddarorin-lokaci ilimin halittar jiki da maida hankali-mechanical Properties-phase morphology. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da za a bi kai tsaye ga canjin ka'idar tsarin halittar lokaci na wannan tsarin fili tare da haɓakar rabo, zafin jiki da maida hankali, musamman yanayin canjin lokaci da tasirin canjin lokaci akan kaddarorin tsarin fili.
3. Tsarin crystalline da tsarin amorphous na m membranes tare da daban-daban HPS hydroxypropyl canje-canje digiri an yi nazari ta SAXS, da kuma gelation inji da kuma tasiri na composite gels an tattauna a hade tare da rheological sakamakon da macroscopic Properties kamar oxygen permeability na composite membranes. Dalilai da dokoki, an samo shi a karon farko cewa danko na tsarin haɗin gwiwar yana da alaƙa da yawa na tsarin kama da juna a cikin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, kuma kai tsaye yana ƙayyade kaddarorin macroscopic irin su iskar oxygen da kaddarorin inji na haɗin gwiwar. membrane, da kuma kafa rheological Properties-microstructure-membrane alala tsakanin abu Properties.
3. Outlook
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, haɓaka amintattun kayan tattara kayan abinci da ake ci ta amfani da polymers na halitta da ake sabunta su kamar yadda albarkatun ƙasa ya zama wurin bincike a fagen tattara kayan abinci. A cikin wannan takarda, ana amfani da polysaccharide na halitta azaman babban albarkatun ƙasa. Ta hanyar haɗa HPMC da HPS, ana rage farashin albarkatun ƙasa, ana inganta aikin sarrafa HPMC a ƙananan zafin jiki, kuma ana inganta aikin shingen iskar oxygen na membran composite. Ta hanyar haɗuwa da nazarin rheological, an yi nazari na iodin dyeing optical microscope bincike da kuma hadaddiyar microstructure na fim da kuma cikakken aikin bincike, tsarin tsarin tsarin lokaci, sauyin lokaci, rabuwa lokaci da kuma dacewa da tsarin tsarin gel mai juyayi mai sanyi-zafi. An kafa dangantaka tsakanin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da macroscopic Properties na tsarin haɗin gwiwar. Dangane da dangantakar da ke tsakanin macroscopic Properties da micromorphological tsarin na HPMC/HPS tsarin hadawa, za a iya sarrafa tsarin lokaci da kuma dacewa da tsarin haɗin gwiwar don sarrafa kayan haɗin gwiwar. Binciken da ke cikin wannan takarda yana da mahimmancin jagora don ainihin tsarin samarwa; an tattauna tsarin da aka samu, abubuwan da ke da tasiri da kuma dokokin sanyi da zafi masu ƙera gels masu haɗaka, wanda shine irin wannan tsarin haɗin gwiwar sanyi da zafi. Binciken wannan takarda yana ba da samfurin ka'idar don samar da jagorar ka'idar don haɓakawa da aikace-aikacen kayan fasaha na musamman masu sarrafa zafin jiki. Sakamakon bincike na wannan takarda yana da kyakkyawar ƙima. Binciken wannan takarda ya haɗa da haɗuwa da abinci, kayan aiki, gel da haɗuwa da sauran fannoni. Saboda ƙayyadaddun lokaci da hanyoyin bincike, binciken wannan batu har yanzu yana da abubuwa da yawa waɗanda ba a gama ba, waɗanda za a iya zurfafa su da inganta su daga waɗannan abubuwan. fadada:
Fassarorin ka'idar:
- Don bincika tasirin ma'auni na reshe daban-daban, ma'aunin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da nau'ikan HPS akan kaddarorin rheological, kaddarorin membrane, yanayin yanayin lokaci, da daidaituwa na tsarin fili, da kuma bincika dokar tasirin sa akan tsarin samar da gel na fili. tsarin.
- Bincika sakamakon digiri na maye gurbin HPMC hydroxypropyl, digiri na maye gurbin methoxyl, nauyin kwayoyin halitta da tushe akan kaddarorin rheological, kaddarorin gel, kaddarorin membrane da tsarin dacewa na tsarin fili, da kuma nazarin tasirin gyare-gyaren sinadarai na HPMC akan haɓakar fili. Tasirin mulkin tsarin samar da gel.
- An yi nazarin tasirin gishiri, pH, filastik, wakili mai haɗin gwiwa, wakili na rigakafi da sauran tsarin fili akan kaddarorin rheological, kayan gel, tsarin membrane da kaddarorin da dokokin su.
Aikace-aikace:
- Haɓaka dabara don aikace-aikacen marufi na fakitin kayan yaji, fakitin kayan lambu da miya mai ƙarfi, da kuma nazarin tasirin adana kayan yaji, kayan lambu da miya yayin lokacin ajiya, ƙayyadaddun kayan injin, da canje-canje a cikin aikin samfur lokacin da aka yi wa sojojin waje. , da ruwa mai narkewa da ma'aunin tsabta na kayan. Hakanan za'a iya shafa shi ga kayan abinci masu granulated kamar kofi da shayi na madara, da kuma marufi na biredi, cuku, kayan zaki da sauran abinci.
- Haɓaka ƙirar ƙira don aikace-aikacen capsules na magani na tsirrai, ƙara nazarin yanayin sarrafawa da zaɓi mafi kyau na wakilai, da shirya samfuran capsule mara kyau. An gwada alamun jiki da sinadarai kamar friability, lokacin tarwatsewa, abun cikin ƙarfe mai nauyi, da abun cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.
- Domin adana sabo-sabo na 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari, kayan nama, da dai sauransu, bisa ga hanyoyin sarrafawa daban-daban na feshi, tsomawa, da fenti, zaɓi dabarar da ta dace, da yin nazarin rubabben 'ya'yan itace, asarar danshi, cin abinci mai gina jiki, tauri. na kayan lambu bayan marufi a lokacin lokacin ajiya, mai sheki da dandano da sauran alamomi; da launi, pH, TVB-N darajar, thiobarbituric acid da adadin microorganisms na nama kayayyakin bayan marufi.
Lokacin aikawa: Oktoba-17-2022