Bisa kididdigar da ba ta cika ba, yawan samar da ether maras ionic a duniya a halin yanzu ya kai ton 500,000, kuma hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ya kai kashi 80% zuwa fiye da ton 400,000, kasar Sin a cikin shekaru biyu da suka wuce, kamfanoni da yawa sun fadada samar da su cikin sauri. fadada iya aiki ya kai game da 180 000 ton, game da 60 000 ton na gida amfani, Daga cikin wannan, fiye da 550 ton miliyan ana amfani da masana'antu da kuma game da 70 bisa dari ana amfani da matsayin gine-gine Additives.
Saboda daban-daban amfani da kayayyakin, da ash index bukatun na iya zama daban-daban, don haka da samar za a iya tsara bisa ga bukatun daban-daban model a cikin samar da tsarin, wanda shi ne m ga sakamakon makamashi ceton. rage yawan amfani da rage fitar da hayaki.
1 hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ash da siffofin da ke akwai
Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) ana kiransa ash ta ma'aunin ingancin masana'antu da sulphate ko ragowar zafi ta hanyar pharmacopoeia, wanda za'a iya fahimta kawai azaman ƙarancin ƙarancin gishiri a cikin samfurin. Babban tsarin samarwa ta hanyar alkali mai ƙarfi (sodium hydroxide) ta hanyar amsawa zuwa daidaitawar ƙarshe na pH zuwa gishiri mai tsaka tsaki da albarkatun ƙasa na asali a cikin jimlar gishirin inorganic.
Hanyar don ƙayyade jimlar ash; Bayan wani adadin samfurori da aka carbonized da kuma ƙone a cikin wani babban zafin jiki tanderu, da kwayoyin abubuwa ne oxidized da bazuwa, tserewa a cikin nau'i na carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides da ruwa, yayin da inorganic abubuwa kasance a cikin nau'i na sulfate, phosphates. carbonate, chloride da sauran inorganic salts da karfe oxides. Wadannan ragowar toka ne. Ana iya ƙididdige adadin jimlar ash a cikin samfurin ta hanyar auna ragowar.
Dangane da tsari ta yin amfani da acid daban-daban kuma zai samar da gishiri daban-daban: galibi sodium chloride (wanda aka samar ta hanyar amsawar ions na chloride a cikin chloromethane da sodium hydroxide) tare da sauran tsaka tsaki na acid na iya haifar da acetate sodium, sodium sulfide ko sodium oxalate.
2. Ash bukatun na masana'antu sa hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ne yafi amfani da thickening, emulsification, film forming, m colloid, ruwa riƙewa, mannewa, anti-enzyme da kuma rayuwa inert da sauran amfani, shi ne yadu amfani a da yawa filayen masana'antu, wanda za a iya wajen zuwa kashi masu zuwa. bangarori:
(1) Gina: babban aikin shine riƙe ruwa, thickening, danko, lubrication, taimakon kwarara don inganta ciminti da gypsum machinability, famfo. Gine-ginen gine-gine, kayan kwalliyar latex ana amfani da su azaman colloid mai karewa, ƙirƙirar fim, wakili mai kauri da taimakon dakatar da pigment.
(2) Polyvinyl chloride: galibi ana amfani dashi azaman mai rarrabawa a cikin halayen polymerization na tsarin tsarin polymerization na dakatarwa.
(3) sunadarai na yau da kullun: galibi ana amfani da su azaman kayan kariya, yana iya haɓaka samfuran emulsification, anti-enzyme, watsawa, mannewa, aikin farfajiya, ƙirƙirar fim, moisturizing, kumfa, kafa, wakili na saki, softener, lubricant da sauran kaddarorin;
(4) Pharmaceutical masana'antu: a cikin Pharmaceutical masana'antu ne yafi amfani da shirye-shiryen samar, amfani da matsayin m shiri na shafi wakili, m capsule abu, daure, amfani da jinkirin saki Pharmaceutical kwarangwal, film forming, pore-forming wakili, amfani da ruwa. Semi-m shiri thickening, emulsification, dakatar, matrix aikace-aikace;
(5) Ceramics: amfani da matsayin mai ɗaure kafa wakili ga yumbu masana'antu billet, dispersing wakili ga glaze launi;
(6) yin takarda: watsawa, canza launi, wakili mai ƙarfafawa;
(7) Buga yadi da rini: ɓangaren litattafan almara, launi, shimfidar launi:
(8) Noma noma: a noma ana iya amfani da shi wajen magance irin amfanin gona, inganta yawan germination, kare danshi da hana mildew, sanya ‘ya’yan itace sabo, jinkirin sakin sinadarai da magungunan kashe qwari da sauransu.
Dangane da ra'ayoyin abubuwan da ke sama na dogon lokaci na aikace-aikacen aikace-aikacen da taƙaitaccen ka'idodin kulawa na ciki na wasu masana'antun waje da na cikin gida, kawai wasu samfuran polyvinyl chloride polymerization da sinadarai na yau da kullun ana buƙata don sarrafa gishirin ƙasa da 0.010, da pharmacopoeia. na ƙasashe daban-daban na buƙatar sarrafa gishirin ƙasa da 0.015. Kuma sauran amfani na sarrafa gishiri na iya zama mafi faɗi, musamman kayan gini ban da samar da putty, gishirin fenti yana da wasu buƙatu, sauran na iya sarrafa gishiri <0.05 na iya cika amfani.
3 tsarin hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose da hanyar kawar da gishiri
Babban hanyoyin samar da hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose a gida da waje sune kamar haka:
(1) Hanyar lokaci mai ruwa (hanyar slurry): kyakkyawan foda na cellulose da za a murkushe yana tarwatsawa a cikin kusan sau 10 na maganin kwayoyin halitta a cikin a tsaye ko a kwance reactor tare da tashin hankali mai karfi, sa'an nan kuma an ƙara yawan lye da etherifying wakili don amsawa. Bayan abin da ya faru, an wanke samfurin, bushe, murƙushewa da kuma zubar da ruwan zafi.
(2) Hanyar gas-lokaci (hanyar iskar gas): Ana kammala amsawar foda na cellulose foda da za a murkushe shi a cikin yanayin bushewa ta hanyar ƙara yawan lye da etherifying kai tsaye da ƙaramin adadin ƙananan abubuwan tafasa. a kwance reactor tare da tashin hankali mai ƙarfi. Ba a buƙatar ƙarin kaushi na halitta don amsawa. Bayan abin da ya faru, an wanke samfurin, bushe, murƙushewa da kuma zubar da ruwan zafi.
(3) Hanyar gama gari (hanyar rushewa): Ana iya ƙara a kwance kai tsaye bayan murkushe cellulose tare da reactor mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda aka warwatse a cikin naoh/urea (ko sauran kaushi na cellulose) kusan sau 5 ~ 8 na daskarewar ruwa a cikin sauran ƙarfi, sannan ƙara yawan lye da etherifying wakili a kan dauki, bayan amsa tare da acetone hazo dauki mai kyau cellulose ether, An wanke shi a cikin ruwan zafi, bushe, crushed da sieved don samun ƙãre samfurin. (Har yanzu bai kasance cikin samar da masana'antu ba).
Ƙarshen amsawa ko da kuwa amfani da irin hanyoyin da aka ambata a sama suna da gishiri mai yawa, bisa ga tsari daban-daban na iya samar da su: sodium chloride da sodium acetate, sodium sulfide, sodium oxalate, da sauransu, hada gishiri, bukata ta hanyar desalination, amfani da gishiri a cikin ruwa mai narkewa, gabaɗaya tare da yawan wanke ruwan zafi, yanzu babban kayan aiki da hanyar wankewa sune:
(1) bel vacuum tace; Ana yin haka ne ta hanyar shafa ɗanyen da aka gama da ruwan zafi sannan a wanke gishirin ta hanyar watsa slurry ɗin daidai a kan bel ɗin tacewa ta hanyar fesa ruwan zafi a shafe shi a ƙasa.
(2) Horizontal centrifuge: shi ta ƙarshen amsawar da ɗanyen abu a cikin slurry tare da ruwan zafi don diluted gishiri narkar da a cikin ruwan zafi, sa'an nan ta hanyar centrifugation rabuwa zai zama ruwa-m rabuwa don cire gishiri.
(3) tare da tace matsi, shi da karshen amsawar da danyen abu a cikin slurry da ruwan zafi, shi a cikin matsa lamba tace, da farko da tururi hurawa ruwa sa'an nan da ruwan zafi fesa N sau tare da tururi hura ruwa zuwa ware kuma cire gishiri.
Ana wanke ruwan zafi don cire gishiri mai narkewa, saboda buƙatar shiga cikin ruwan zafi, wankewa, yawancin abin da ke cikin toka yana raguwa, kuma akasin haka, don haka tokarsa yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da yawan adadin ruwan zafi, masana'antu gabaɗaya. samfur idan sarrafa toka a ƙarƙashin 1% AMFANIN ruwan zafi ton 10, idan iko a ƙarƙashin 5% zai buƙaci kusan tan 6 na ruwan zafi.
Cellulose ether sharar ruwa yana da sinadarin oxygen bukatar (COD) fiye da 60 000 mg/L da gishiri fiye da 30 000 mg/l, don haka yana da tsada sosai don magance irin wannan sharar ruwa, saboda yana da wuya a kai tsaye. Biochemical irin wannan gishiri mai girma, kuma ba a yarda ya tsoma baki bisa ga bukatun kare muhalli na kasa na yanzu. Babban bayani shine cire gishiri ta hanyar distillation. Don haka, karin ton daya na tafasasshen ruwa zai samar da karin najasa ton daya. Dangane da fasahar MUR na yanzu tare da ingancin makamashi mai yawa, jimlar farashin kowane tan na ruwan da aka tattara ya kai kusan yuan 80, kuma babban farashi shine cikakken amfani da makamashi.
Tasirin ash 4 akan ƙimar riƙe ruwa na masana'antu hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose
HPMC galibi yana taka rawa guda uku wajen riƙe ruwa, kauri da kuma dacewar gini a cikin kayan gini.
Riƙewar ruwa: don ƙara lokacin buɗewa na riƙewar ruwa, don taimakawa aikin hydration ɗinsa cikakke.
Kauri: Za a iya kauri cellulose don kunna dakatarwa, ta yadda mafita don kiyaye uniform sama da ƙasa iri ɗaya rawa, juriya ga kwararar rataye.
Gina: Lubrication Cellulose, na iya samun kyakkyawan gini. HPMC baya shiga cikin yadda halayen sinadarai suke, kawai suna taka rawar taimako. Ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci shine riƙewar ruwa, riƙewar ruwa na turmi yana rinjayar homogenization na turmi, sa'an nan kuma yana rinjayar kayan aikin injiniya da kuma dorewa na turmi mai tauri. Turmi na katako da turmi plaster sassa biyu ne masu mahimmanci na kayan turmi, kuma muhimmin filin aikace-aikacen turmi da turmi mai filasta shine tsarin mason. Kamar yadda block a cikin aikace-aikace a cikin aiwatar da kayayyakin ne a cikin bushe jihar, domin rage bushe block na karfi da ruwa sha turmi, gini rungumi dabi'ar toshe kafin prewetting, toshe wani danshi abun ciki, kiyaye danshi a cikin turmi. don toshe abin da ya wuce kima, zai iya kula da hydration na yau da kullun na kayan gelling na ciki kamar turmi siminti. Koyaya, abubuwa kamar bambancin nau'in toshewa da digiri na pre-wetting na yanar gizo za su yi tasiri akan asarar ruwa da asarar turmi, wanda zai kawo haɗarin ɓoye ga ɗaukacin ingancin ginin masonry. Turmi tare da kyakkyawan tanadin ruwa na iya kawar da tasirin toshe kayan aiki da abubuwan ɗan adam, da tabbatar da daidaituwar turmi.
Tasirin riƙon ruwa akan aikin tauraruwar turmi yana nunawa a cikin tasirin da ke tsakanin turmi da toshewa. Tare da saurin asarar ruwa na turmi tare da rashin riƙe ruwa mara kyau, abun ciki na ruwa na turmi a ɓangaren haɗin yanar gizon ba shi da isasshen isa, kuma simintin ba zai iya zama cikakke ba, wanda ke rinjayar ci gaban ƙarfin al'ada. Ƙarfin haɗin kayan da aka dogara da siminti ana samar da shi ne ta hanyar angarin samfuran hydration na siminti. Rashin isassun ruwan siminti a cikin wurin mu'amala yana rage ƙarfin haɗin haɗin gwiwa, da faɗuwar faɗuwar turmi.
Don haka, zabar mafi mahimmancin buƙatun riƙewar ruwa gini K alama batches uku na danko daban-daban, ta hanyoyi daban-daban na wankewa don bayyana adadin adadin guda biyu da ake tsammani ash abun ciki, sannan kuma bisa ga hanyar gwajin riƙe ruwa na yau da kullun (hanyar tace takarda). ) a kan lambar batch iri ɗaya daban-daban abun ciki na toka na ajiyar ruwa na rukuni uku na samfurori na musamman kamar haka:
4.1 Hanyar gwaji don gano ƙimar riƙe ruwa (hanyar takarda tace)
4.1.1 Aikace-aikacen kayan aiki da kayan aiki
Siminti slurry mahautsini, aunawa Silinda, balance, agogon gudu, bakin karfe ganga, cokali, bakin karfe zobe mutu (ciki diamita φ100 mm × m diamita φ110 mm × high 25 mm, azumi tace takarda, jinkirin tace takarda, gilashin farantin.
4.1.2 Materials da reagents
Siminti na Portland na yau da kullun (425 #), STANDARD Sand (Yashi BA TARE DA RUWAN RUWAN WANKE BA), SAMUN KYAUTA (HPMC), RUWA MAI TSARKI DON GWAJI (RUWAN TOP, RUWAN MINERAL).
4.1.3 Yanayin nazarin gwaji
Yanayin zafin jiki: 23± 2 ℃; Dangin zafi: ≥ 50%; Zafin ruwan dakin gwaje-gwaje iri daya ne da zafin dakin 23 ℃.
4.1.4 Hanyoyin gwaji
Saka farantin gilashin a kan dandamalin aiki, sanya takarda mai nauyi mai nauyi (nauyi: M1) a kai, sannan a sanya takarda mai sauri a kan takarda mai jinkirin, sannan a sanya nau'in zobe na karfe a kan takarda mai sauri. ƙirar zobe ba za ta wuce takarda mai saurin madauwari ba).
Auna daidai (425#) siminti 90 g; Standard yashi 210 g; Samfurin (samfurin) 0.125g; Zuba cikin kwandon bakin karfe sannan a gauraya da kyau (bushe mix).
Yi amfani da mahaɗin siminti (cakuda tukunya da ganye suna da tsabta kuma sun bushe, tsafta sosai kuma sun bushe bayan kowace gwaji, a ajiye a gefe). Yi amfani da silinda mai aunawa don auna 72 ml na ruwa mai tsabta (23 ℃), da farko zuba cikin tukunyar motsawa, sa'an nan kuma zuba kayan da aka shirya, shiga cikin 30 s; A lokaci guda, ɗaga tukunyar zuwa wuri mai haɗuwa, fara mahaɗin, da motsawa a cikin ƙananan gudu (watau jinkirin motsawa) na 60 s; Tsaya don 15 s kuma goge slurry a bango da ruwa a cikin tukunya; Ci gaba da motsawa da sauri don 120 s don tsayawa. Zuba (Lokaci) duk turmi mai gauraya cikin ƙirar zoben bakin karfe da sauri, da lokaci daga lokacin da turmi ya taɓa takarda mai sauri (latsa agogon gudu). Bayan minti 2, an juyar da ƙirar zobe kuma an fitar da takarda mai tsauri kuma an auna (nauyi: M2). Yi gwajin babu komai bisa ga hanyar da ke sama (nauyin takardar tacewa na yau da kullun kafin da bayan awo shine M3, M4)
Hanyar lissafin ita ce kamar haka:
(1)
Inda, M1 - nauyin nauyin takarda na yau da kullum kafin gwajin samfurin; M2 - nauyin nauyin takarda na yau da kullum bayan gwajin samfurin; M3 - nauyin takarda mai tsabta na yau da kullum kafin gwaji mara kyau; M4 - nauyi na na kullum tace takarda bayan blank gwaji.
4.1.5 Hattara
(1) zafin ruwa mai tsabta dole ne ya zama 23 ℃, kuma dole ne auna shi daidai;
(2) bayan an motsa, sai a cire tukunyar da ke motsawa da kuma motsawa daidai da cokali;
(3) ya kamata a shigar da gyaggyarawa da sauri, kuma turmi za a yi laushi da ƙarfi yayin shigarwa;
(4) Tabbatar da lokacin da turmi ya taɓa takarda mai sauri, kuma kada a zuba turmi a kan takardar tace waje.
4.2 samfurin
An zaɓi lambobi guda uku tare da viscosities daban-daban na nau'in K iri ɗaya kamar: 201302028 danko 75 000 mPa·s, 20130233 danko 150 000 mPa·s, 20130236 danko 200 000 mPa·s don samun lambar wanki daban-daban 200 000 mPa·s daban-daban. ash (duba Table 3.1). Tsayawa sarrafa danshi da pH na nau'ikan samfuran daidai gwargwado, sannan aiwatar da gwajin adadin ruwa bisa ga hanyar da ke sama (hanyar takarda tace).
4.3 Sakamakon Gwaji
Ana nuna sakamakon bincike na index na samfurori guda uku a cikin Table 1, an nuna sakamakon gwajin yawan ruwa na danko daban-daban a cikin Hoto 1, kuma an nuna sakamakon gwajin ruwa na ash da pH daban-daban a cikin Hoto 2. .
(1) Sakamakon bincike na index na batches uku na samfurori an nuna su a cikin Table 1
Table 1 Sakamakon nazari na batches uku na samfurori
aikin
Batch no.
Ash %
pH
Dankowa/mPa, s
Ruwa / %
Riƙewar ruwa
201302028
4.9
4.2
75,000,
6
76
0.9
4.3
74, 500,
5.9
76
20130233
4.7
4.0
150,000,
5.5
79
0.8
4.1
140,000,
5.4
78
20130236
4.8
4.1
200,000,
5.1
82
0.9
4.0
195,000,
5.2
81
(2) Sakamakon gwajin riƙe ruwa na batches uku na samfurori tare da viscosities daban-daban ana nuna su a cikin Hoto 1.
FIG. 1 Sakamakon gwaji na riƙewar ruwa na batches uku na samfurori tare da viscosities daban-daban
(3) Sakamakon gano adadin riƙe ruwa na batches uku na samfurori tare da abun ciki na ash daban-daban da pH an nuna su a cikin Hoto 2.
FIG. 2 Sakamakon gano yawan adadin ruwa na batches uku na samfurori tare da abun ciki na ash daban-daban da pH
Ta hanyar sakamakon gwajin da ke sama, tasirin riƙewar ruwa ya fi fitowa daga danko, babban danko dangane da yawan riƙewar ruwa zai zama matalauta akasin haka. Canjin abun ciki na toka a cikin kewayon 1% ~ 5% kusan baya shafar yawan riƙewar ruwa, don haka ba zai shafi aikin riƙewar ruwa ba.
5 ƙarshe
Domin a sa mizanin ya fi dacewa da gaskiya kuma ya dace da yanayin kiyaye makamashi da kare muhalli, ana ba da shawarar cewa:
Ma'auni na masana'antu na masana'antu hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose an tsara shi a cikin ash iko ta maki, kamar: matakin 1 iko ash <0.010, matakin 2 sarrafa ash <0.050. Ta wannan hanyar, mai samarwa zai iya zaɓar barin mai amfani kuma ya sami ƙarin zaɓuɓɓuka. A lokaci guda kuma, ana iya saita farashin bisa ka'idar inganci da tsada mai tsada don hana rikicewar kasuwa. Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa kiyaye makamashi da kare muhalli ya sa samar da kayayyaki ya zama abokantaka da jituwa da muhalli.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-09-2022