Cellulose ether

Cellulose etherAn yi daga cellulose ta hanyar etherification dauki daya ko da yawa etherification jamiái da bushe nika. Dangane da tsarin sinadarai daban-daban na masu maye gurbin ether, ana iya raba ethers cellulose zuwa anionic, cationic da nonionic ethers. Ionic cellulose ethers yafi hada da carboxymethyl cellulose ether (CMC); wadanda ba ionic cellulose ethers yafi hada da methyl cellulose ether (MC), hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose ether (HPMC) da kuma hydroxyethyl cellulose ether. Chlorine ether (HC) da sauransu. An raba ethers marasa ionic zuwa ethers masu narkewa da ruwa da ethers masu narkewar mai, kuma ethers masu narkewar ruwa ba na ionic galibi ana amfani da su a samfuran turmi. A gaban ions calcium, ionic cellulose ether ba shi da kwanciyar hankali, don haka da wuya a yi amfani da shi a cikin busassun busassun kayan turmi masu amfani da siminti, lemun tsami, da dai sauransu a matsayin kayan siminti. Nonionic ruwa-soluble cellulose ethers ana amfani da ko'ina a cikin ginin kayan masana'antu saboda su dakatar da kwanciyar hankali da kuma ruwa riƙe.
 
1. Chemical Properties na cellulose ethers
Kowane ether cellulose yana da ainihin tsarin cellulose - tsarin anhydroglucose. A cikin aiwatar da samar da ether cellulose, za a fara mai da fiber cellulose a cikin wani bayani na alkaline, sa'an nan kuma a bi da shi tare da wani etherifying wakili. Samfurin dauki na fibrous yana tsarkakewa kuma an niƙasa don samar da foda iri ɗaya tare da ɗanɗano.
 
A cikin tsarin samar da MC, kawai methyl chloride ana amfani dashi azaman wakili na etherification; baya ga methyl chloride, ana kuma amfani da propylene oxide don samun ƙungiyoyin maye gurbin hydroxypropyl a cikin samar da HPMC. Daban-daban ethers cellulose suna da daban-daban methyl da hydroxypropyl maye rabo, wanda rinjayar da kwayoyin jituwa da thermal gelation zafin jiki na cellulose ether mafita.
 
2. Aikace-aikacen Yanayin Cellulose Ether
Cellulose ether shine polymer Semi-synthetic wanda ba na ionic ba, wanda yake da ruwa mai narkewa kuma mai narkewa. Yana da tasiri daban-daban a masana'antu daban-daban. Misali, a cikin kayan gini na sinadarai, yana da abubuwa masu yawa masu zuwa:
①Wakilin riqewar ruwa ②Kauri
A cikin masana'antar polyvinyl chloride, yana da emulsifier da watsawa; a cikin masana'antar harhada magunguna, yana da ɗaure da jinkirin da sarrafa kayan tsarin sakin kayan aiki, da dai sauransu Saboda cellulose yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan abubuwan da aka haɗa, aikace-aikacen sa Filin kuma shine mafi fa'ida. Mai zuwa yana mai da hankali kan amfani da aikin ether cellulose a cikin kayan gini daban-daban.
 
(1) A cikin fenti na latex:
A cikin masana'antar fenti na latex, don zaɓar hydroxyethyl cellulose, ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun daidaitaccen danko shine RT30000-50000cps, wanda yayi daidai da ƙayyadaddun HBR250, kuma ƙimar tunani gabaɗaya kusan 1.5‰-2‰. Babban aikin hydroxyethyl a cikin fenti na latex shine yin kauri, hana gelation na pigment, taimakawa watsawar pigment, kwanciyar hankali na latex, da haɓaka danko na abubuwan da aka gyara, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka aikin ginin: Hydroxyethyl cellulose ya fi dacewa don amfani. Ana iya narkar da shi a cikin ruwan sanyi da ruwan zafi, kuma ƙimar pH ba ta shafe shi ba. Ana iya amfani dashi tare da kwanciyar hankali lokacin da darajar PI ta kasance tsakanin 2 da 12. Hanyoyin amfani sune kamar haka: I. Kai tsaye Ƙarawa a cikin samarwa: Don wannan hanya, hydroxyethyl cellulose jinkirta nau'in ya kamata a zaba, da kuma hydroxyethyl cellulose tare da ana amfani da lokacin narkar da fiye da mintuna 30. Matakan sune kamar haka: ① Sanya shi a cikin akwati da aka yi da babban mai tayar da hankali. Quantitative pure water ②Fara motsawa akai-akai a cikin ƙananan gudu, kuma a lokaci guda a hankali ƙara hydroxyethyl a cikin maganin daidai ③Ci gaba da motsawa har sai an jika duk kayan granular , sa'an nan kuma ƙara wasu abubuwan da ke cikin dabarar, kuma a niƙa har sai samfurin ya ƙare. Ⅱ. An sanye shi da giya na uwa don amfani daga baya: Wannan hanyar za ta iya zaɓar cellulose nan take, wanda ke da tasirin anti-mildew. Amfanin wannan hanyar shine yana da mafi girman sassauci kuma ana iya ƙara shi kai tsaye zuwa fenti na latex. Hanyar shirye-shiryen iri ɗaya ce da matakan ①-④. Ⅲ. Shirya porridge don amfani daga baya: Tun da kwayoyin kaushi sune rashin ƙarfi (marasa iya narkewa) don hydroxyethyl, ana iya amfani da waɗannan kaushi don shirya porridge. Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su na kwayoyin halitta sune ruwayen ruwa a cikin kayan fenti na latex, irin su ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, da masu yin fim (irin su diethylene glycol butyl acetate). Ana iya ƙara porridge hydroxyethyl cellulose kai tsaye zuwa fenti. Ci gaba da motsawa har sai an narkar da gaba daya.
 
(2) A cikin bangon goge baki:
A halin yanzu, a mafi yawan biranen ƙasara, ɗigon ruwa mai jure ruwa da kuma goge-goge da ke da alaƙa da muhalli mutane sun sami ƙimar gaske. An samar da shi ta hanyar amsawar acetal na barasa vinyl da formaldehyde. Sabili da haka, mutane suna kawar da wannan abu a hankali, kuma ana amfani da samfuran ether na cellulose don maye gurbin wannan abu. Wato don haɓaka kayan gini masu dacewa da muhalli, a halin yanzu cellulose shine abu ɗaya kawai. A cikin ruwa mai jure ruwa, an raba shi zuwa nau'i biyu: busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun busassun ruwa da kuma man da aka saka. Daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan putty guda biyu, methyl cellulose da aka gyara da hydroxypropyl methyl yakamata a zaɓi. Ƙididdigar danko gabaɗaya tsakanin 30000-60000cps. Babban ayyuka na cellulose a cikin putty shine riƙewar ruwa, haɗin gwiwa da lubrication. Tun da putty dabara na daban-daban masana'antun ne daban-daban, wasu su ne launin toka alli, haske alli, farin ciminti, da dai sauransu, da kuma wasu su ne gypsum foda, launin toka alli, haske alli, da dai sauransu, don haka dalla-dalla, danko da shigar azzakari cikin farji na cellulose a cikin . dabaru guda biyu kuma sun bambanta. Adadin da aka ƙara shine kusan 2‰-3‰. A cikin gina bango scraping putty, tun da tushe surface na bango yana da wani mataki na ruwa sha (yawan sha ruwa bangon tubali ne 13%, da kuma ruwa sha ruwa na kankare ne 3-5%). haɗe tare da ƙawancen waje na waje, idan putty ya rasa ruwa da sauri , Zai haifar da raguwa ko cire foda, wanda zai raunana ƙarfin putty. Saboda haka, ƙara cellulose ether zai magance wannan matsala. Amma ingancin filler, musamman ingancin ash calcium shima yana da mahimmanci. Saboda yawan dankowar cellulose, an kuma inganta buoyancy na putty, kuma ana guje wa abubuwan da ke faruwa a lokacin gini, kuma yana da kyau da kuma ceton aiki bayan gogewa. Ya fi dacewa don ƙara ether cellulose a cikin foda. Samuwarta da amfaninta sun fi dacewa. Za a iya haɗa filler da ƙari a ko'ina cikin busassun foda.
 
(3) Turmi Kankare:
A cikin kankare turmi, don cimma ƙarfin ƙarshe, simintin dole ne ya cika ruwa sosai. Musamman a lokacin aikin rani, turmi na kankare yana asarar ruwa da sauri, kuma ana amfani da matakan cikakken hydration don kula da yayyafa ruwa. Almubazzaranci da aiki maras dacewa, mabuɗin shine ruwan yana saman ƙasa ne kawai, kuma ruwa na cikin gida bai cika ba, don haka maganin wannan matsalar shine a ƙara ma'aunin ruwa guda takwas a cikin simintin turmi, gaba ɗaya zaɓi hydroxypropyl methyl. ko methyl Cellulose, ƙayyadaddun danko yana tsakanin 20000-60000cps, kuma adadin ƙari shine 2% -3%. Ana iya ƙara yawan riƙe ruwa zuwa fiye da 85%. Hanyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin simintin turmi shine a haɗa busasshen foda daidai gwargwado a zuba a cikin ruwa.
 
(4) A cikin plastering gypsum, gypsum bonded, gypsum caulking:
Tare da saurin bunƙasa masana'antar gine-gine, buƙatun mutane na sabbin kayan gini kuma yana ƙaruwa kowace rana. Saboda karuwar wayar da kan mutane game da kare muhalli da ci gaba da inganta ingantaccen gini, samfuran gypsum siminti sun haɓaka cikin sauri. A halin yanzu, samfuran gypsum na yau da kullun sune plaster gypsum, gypsum bonded, gypsum inlaid, da tile m. Gilashin gypsum abu ne mai inganci don bangon ciki da rufi. Fuskar bangon da aka shafa da shi yana da kyau da santsi. Sabuwar manne allon haske na ginin wani abu ne mai ɗorewa da aka yi da gypsum azaman kayan tushe da ƙari daban-daban. Ya dace da haɗin kai tsakanin kayan bangon ginin inorganic daban-daban. Ba mai guba ba ne, maras banƙyama, ƙarfin farko da saiti mai sauri, haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi da sauran halaye, kayan tallafi ne don ginin katako da ginin toshe; gypsum caulking wakili ne mai rata tsakanin allunan gypsum da mai gyara ga bango da fashe. Waɗannan samfuran gypsum suna da jerin ayyuka daban-daban. Bugu da ƙari ga rawar gypsum da masu cikawa masu alaƙa, mahimmancin batun shine cewa ƙarar ether na cellulose yana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Tun da gypsum ya kasu kashi gypsum anhydrous da hemihydrate gypsum, gypsum daban-daban yana da tasiri daban-daban akan aikin samfurin, don haka thickening, riƙewar ruwa da retardation yana ƙayyade ingancin kayan gini na gypsum. Matsalar gama gari na waɗannan kayan shine fashe da fashe, kuma ƙarfin farko ba zai iya isa ba. Don magance wannan matsala, shine zaɓi nau'in cellulose da hanyar amfani da fili na retarder. Dangane da wannan, methyl ko hydroxypropyl methyl 30000 an zaɓi gabaɗaya. -60000cps, adadin ƙarin shine 1.5% -2%. Daga cikin su, cellulose yana mai da hankali kan riƙe ruwa da jinkirtar da man shafawa. Duk da haka, ba shi yiwuwa a dogara da ether cellulose a matsayin mai retarder, kuma wajibi ne a ƙara citric acid retarder don haɗuwa da amfani ba tare da rinjayar ƙarfin farko ba. Riƙewar ruwa gabaɗaya yana nufin adadin ruwan da za a yi asarar ta halitta ba tare da shayar da ruwa na waje ba. Idan bango ya bushe sosai, shayar da ruwa da ƙawancen yanayi a kan ƙasan tushe zai sa kayan suyi asarar ruwa da sauri, kuma raguwa da fashe kuma za su faru. Ana haxa wannan hanyar amfani da busassun foda. Idan kun shirya bayani, don Allah koma zuwa hanyar shirye-shiryen maganin.
 
(5) Turmi mai hana ruwa
Turmi rufi sabon nau'in kayan rufe bangon ciki ne a yankin arewa. Abun bango ne da aka haɗa ta kayan rufewa, turmi da ɗaure. A cikin wannan abu, cellulose yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗawa da haɓaka ƙarfi. Gabaɗaya zaɓi methyl cellulose tare da babban danko (kimanin 10000eps), sashi shine gabaɗaya tsakanin 2 ‰-3‰), kuma hanyar amfani shine hadawar busasshen foda.
 
(6) wakili mai haɗin gwiwa
Zaɓi HPNC 20000cps don wakilin dubawa, zaɓi 60000cps ko fiye don mannen tayal, kuma mayar da hankali kan mai kauri a cikin ma'aunin mu'amala, wanda zai iya haɓaka ƙarfin ƙarfi da ƙarfin kibiya. Ana amfani da shi azaman wakili mai riƙe ruwa a cikin haɗin tayal don hana fale-falen daga bushewa da sauri da faɗuwa.
 
3. Halin sarkar masana'antu
(1) Masana'antu na sama
Babban albarkatun da ake buƙata don samar da ether cellulose sun haɗa da auduga mai ladabi (ko ɓangaren litattafan almara) da wasu abubuwan da ake amfani da su na yau da kullum, irin su propylene oxide, methyl chloride, soda caustic soda, caustic soda, ethylene oxide, toluene da sauran kayan taimako. Kamfanonin masana'antu na wannan masana'anta sun haɗa da auduga mai tsabta, masana'antar samar da ɓangaren itace da wasu masana'antun sinadarai. Canje-canjen farashin manyan kayan albarkatun da aka ambata a sama za su sami tasiri daban-daban akan farashin samarwa da farashin siyar da ether cellulose.
 
Farashin auduga mai ladabi yana da tsada sosai. Ɗaukar ginin abu sa cellulose ether a matsayin misali, a lokacin rahoton lokaci, farashin mai ladabi auduga lissafta 31.74%, 28.50%, 26.59% da kuma 26.90% na tallace-tallace farashin ginin abu sa cellulose ether bi da bi. Canjin farashin auduga mai ladabi zai shafi farashin samar da ether cellulose. Babban albarkatun kasa don samar da auduga mai ladabi shine lilin auduga. Tushen auduga na ɗaya daga cikin samfuran da ake samarwa a cikin aikin samar da auduga, galibi ana amfani da su don samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara, auduga mai ladabi, nitrocellulose da sauran kayayyaki. Amfani da kimar auduga da auduga sun bambanta sosai, kuma a fili farashinsa ya yi ƙasa da na auduga, amma yana da ƙayyadaddun alaƙa da hauhawar farashin auduga. Canje-canje a cikin farashin lilin auduga yana shafar farashin auduga mai ladabi.
 
Haɓakawa mai kaifi a cikin farashin auduga mai ladabi zai yi tasiri daban-daban akan sarrafa farashin samarwa, farashin samfur da ribar kamfanoni a cikin wannan masana'antar. Lokacin da farashin auduga mai ladabi ya yi tsada kuma farashin ɓangaren itace yana da arha, don rage farashi, ana iya amfani da ɓangaren itace a madadin da kari ga auduga mai ladabi, musamman don samar da ethers cellulose tare da ƙananan danko kamar su. Pharmaceutical da abinci sa cellulose ethers. Bayanai daga shafin yanar gizon hukumar kididdiga ta kasa sun nuna cewa, a shekarar 2013, yankin da ake noman auduga a kasata ya kai hekta miliyan 4.35, sannan yawan audugar da aka noma a kasar ya kai tan miliyan 6.31. Bisa kididdigar da kungiyar masana'antu ta kasar Sin Cellulose ta fitar, a shekarar 2014, jimillar auduga mai tacewa da manyan masana'antun da aka tace a cikin gida suka samar ya kai ton 332,000, kuma samar da danyen kayan yana da yawa.
 
Babban albarkatun kasa don samar da kayan aikin sinadarai na graphite sune karfe da carbon graphite. Farashin karfe da graphite carbon suna da ƙima mai ƙima na ƙimar samar da kayan aikin sinadarai na graphite. Canje-canjen farashin waɗannan albarkatun ƙasa zai sami wani tasiri akan farashin samarwa da farashin siyar da kayan aikin sinadarai na graphite.
 
(2) Masana'antu na ƙasa na cellulose ether
A matsayin "monosodium glutamate masana'antu", ether cellulose yana da ƙananan rabo na ether cellulose kuma yana da aikace-aikace masu yawa. Masana'antu na ƙasa sun warwatse a kowane fanni na rayuwa a cikin tattalin arzikin ƙasa.
 
A al'ada, masana'antar gine-ginen da ke ƙasa da masana'antar gidaje za su yi wani tasiri kan haɓakar ƙimar buƙatun kayan gini na ether. Lokacin da masana'antar gine-ginen gida da masana'antar gidaje ke haɓaka cikin sauri, buƙatun kasuwannin cikin gida na ƙirar kayan gini na cellulose ether yana haɓaka cikin sauri. Lokacin da haɓakar haɓakar masana'antar gine-ginen cikin gida da masana'antar gidaje ke raguwa, haɓakar buƙatun buƙatun kayan gini na cellulose ether a cikin kasuwannin cikin gida zai ragu, wanda zai haɓaka gasa a cikin wannan masana'antar tare da hanzarta aiwatar da rayuwar rayuwa. mafi dacewa tsakanin kamfanoni a cikin wannan masana'antar.
 
Tun daga shekara ta 2012, dangane da koma baya a masana'antar gine-ginen cikin gida da masana'antar gidaje, buƙatun ginin ether na kayan gini a cikin kasuwannin cikin gida bai taɓa canzawa sosai ba. Manyan dalilan su ne: 1. Gaba dayan masana'antar gine-ginen cikin gida da masana'antar gidaje suna da yawa, kuma jimillar buqatar kasuwa tana da yawa; Babban kasuwar mabukaci na kayan gini na cellulose ether sannu a hankali yana faɗaɗa daga wuraren da suka ci gaba da tattalin arziki da biranen matakin farko da na biyu zuwa yankuna na tsakiya da yamma da biranen mataki na uku, yuwuwar haɓakar buƙatun gida da faɗaɗa sararin samaniya; 2. Yawan adadin ether cellulose da aka ƙara yana lissafin ƙididdiga masu yawa na farashin kayan gini. Adadin da abokin ciniki ɗaya ke amfani da shi kaɗan ne, kuma abokan ciniki sun warwatse, wanda ke da saurin buƙata. Jimlar buƙatu a kasuwannin ƙasa yana da ɗan kwanciyar hankali; 3. Canjin farashin kasuwa shine muhimmin mahimmanci wanda ke shafar canjin tsarin buƙatu na kayan gini na ƙirar cellulose ether. Tun da 2012, farashin siyar da siyar da kayan gini mai daraja cellulose ether ya ragu sosai, wanda ya haifar da babban faɗuwar farashin samfuran tsakiyar-zuwa-ƙarshe, yana jawo ƙarin abokan ciniki don siye da zaɓi, ƙara buƙatar tsakiyar-zuwa. - high-karshen kayayyakin, da squeezing kasuwa bukatar da farashin sarari ga talakawa model.
 
Matsayin ci gaban masana'antar harhada magunguna da haɓakar haɓakar masana'antar harhada magunguna za su shafi buƙatun ƙirar sinadarai na cellulose ether. Haɓaka matsayin rayuwar mutane da masana'antar abinci da ke haɓaka suna haɓaka buƙatun kasuwa na ether mai darajar abinci.
 
6. Tsarin ci gaba na ether cellulose
Saboda bambance-bambancen tsari a cikin buƙatun kasuwa na ether cellulose, kamfanoni masu ƙarfi da rauni daban-daban na iya zama tare. Bisa la'akari da bambance-bambancen tsarin tsarin buƙatun kasuwa, masana'antun ether na gida sun ɗauki dabarun gasa daban-daban dangane da ƙarfin nasu, kuma a lokaci guda, dole ne su fahimci yanayin ci gaba da alkiblar kasuwa da kyau.
 
(1) Tabbatar da kwanciyar hankali na ingancin samfur zai kasance har yanzu babban mahimmin gasa na kamfanonin ether cellulose
Cellulose ether yana lissafin ƙananan kaso na farashin samar da mafi yawan masana'antu a cikin wannan masana'antar, amma yana da tasiri mai yawa akan ingancin samfur. Ƙungiyoyin abokan ciniki na tsakiya-zuwa-ƙarshen-ƙarshen dole ne su bi ta gwaje-gwajen dabara kafin amfani da wani nau'i na ether cellulose. Bayan kafa tsarin barga, yawanci ba sauki don maye gurbin sauran samfuran samfuran ba, kuma a lokaci guda, ana sanya buƙatu mafi girma akan ingancin kwanciyar hankali na ether cellulose. Wannan al'amari ya fi shahara a manyan fagage kamar manyan masana'antun kayan gini a gida da waje, kayan aikin magunguna, kayan abinci, da PVC. Don haɓaka gasa na samfuran, masana'antun dole ne su tabbatar da cewa inganci da kwanciyar hankali na batches daban-daban na ether cellulose da suke bayarwa za a iya kiyaye su na dogon lokaci, ta yadda za a samar da kyakkyawan sunan kasuwa.
 
(2) Haɓaka matakin fasahar aikace-aikacen samfur shine jagorancin ci gaba na kamfanonin ether na gida
Tare da haɓaka fasahar samarwa ta cellulose ether, matakin mafi girma na fasahar aikace-aikacen yana da amfani ga haɓaka cikakkiyar gasa na masana'antu da samar da ingantaccen dangantakar abokan ciniki. Shahararrun kamfanonin ether na cellulose a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba galibi suna ɗaukar dabarun gasa na "fuskantar manyan abokan ciniki + haɓaka amfani da amfani da ƙasa" don haɓaka amfani da ether na cellulose da dabarun amfani, da kuma daidaita samfuran samfuran bisa ga fagagen aikace-aikacen da aka raba daban-daban. don sauƙaƙe amfani da abokan ciniki, da kuma haɓaka buƙatun kasuwa na ƙasa. Gasar da masana'antun ether na cellulose a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ya tashi daga shigarwar samfur zuwa fasahar aikace-aikace